专题03 阅读理解之说明文一 (福建专用)-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

专题03 阅读理解之说明文一 （一） 【2023-2024学年福建省福建师范大学附属中学高一下学期期末】I am asked repeatedly why anyone would want to keep an “ugly” building or a building that is dirty and clearly in need of work. I guess you could say we preservationists (文物保护者) look at buildings through a different angle — an angle that can see the swan in the ugly duck, the story in the simple lines, and the book behind the cover. The Queen Emma Building is remembered by many as one of the ugliest buildings in town. Yet the angle from which a preservationist views the building is that it is uniquely constructed with an artistical sun shield to block the sunlight, a decorative wall designers used concrete bricks to form. Unfortunately, it was removed in 2011, making the building one of many contemporary buildings in town. Other times, when a beautiful site is replaced by a “horrible” building, people hate it and can’t get over their anger, even when that “horrible” building becomes an important part of our story. This is particularly true in San Francisco with many Victorian buildings, which are many preservationists’ favorite. Yes, it was a tragedy that many Victorian buildings. got torn down several decades ago, but those losses also tell another important story. It tells the story of the 1950s and 1960s when there was hope for a more equal society with inexpensive housing for the working class. Should that history be wiped from our memories? Preservation is not just about keeping pretty, well-kept buildings, but about holding on to parts of our history — not just the history of huge events, but the story of how everyone used to go to a certain corner market. Our history cannot be told only in buildings that meet someone’s criteria of beauty; sometimes our history is painful, but no less important. 5．Which section might the passage come from? A．Opinion and Views. B．Health and Well-being. C．Space and Exploration. D．Business and Finance. 6．How does the author feel about removing the sun shield of the Queen Emma Building? A．It’s incredible. B．It’s regrettable. C．It’s inspiring. D．It’s entertaining. 7．Why were many Victorian buildings in San Francisco tom down? A．To wipe the history of the Victorian era. B．To make land available for cheap housing. C．To ease the deep anger of the working class. D．To revive the architecture of the Victorian era 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To analyze the role of preservationists. B．To introduce buildings with historical value. C．To explain why architects make ugly buildings. D．To stress the significance of preserving “ugly” buildings. 【答案】5．A 6．B 7．B 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过艾玛女王大厦的太阳遮挡层被拆事件，以及旧金山维多利亚建筑被拆除的历史，强调保护这些“丑陋”建筑的重要性，因为它们承载着社会变迁和民众生活的记忆，是历史不可分割的一部分。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“I am asked repeatedly why anyone would want to keep an “ugly” building or a building that is dirty and clearly in need of work. I guess you could say we preservationists (文物保护者) look at buildings through a different angle—an angle that can see the swan in the ugly duck, the story in the simple lines, and the book behind the cover.(有人反复问我，为什么有人想保留一座“丑陋”的建筑或一座肮脏且显然需要修缮的建筑。我想你可以说，我们保护主义者从不同的角度看待建筑——一个可以看到丑小鸭里的天鹅、简单线条中的故事和封面下边的书的角度)”可知，本文主要介绍了作者对于保护建筑的看法，推测文章可能来自于“观点和看法”部分。故选A项。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“The Queen Emma Building is remembered by many as one of the ugliest buildings in town. Yet the angle from which a preservationist views the building is that it is uniquely constructed with an artistical sun shield to block the sunlight, a decorative wall designers used concrete bricks to form. Unfortunately, it was removed in 2011, making the building one of many contemporary buildings in town.(许多人认为，艾玛女王大厦是城里最丑陋的建筑之一。然而，保护主义者看待这座建筑的角度是，它是独特的，有一个艺术性的遮阳板来阻挡阳光，装饰墙设计师使用混凝土砖来形成。不幸的是，它在2011年被拆除，使这座建筑成为城里许多当代建筑之一)”可知，作者认为艾玛女王大厦的遮阳板被拆除是不幸的事，作者感觉这是很遗憾的。故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据第三段“This is particularly true in San Francisco with many Victorian buildings, which are many. preservationists’ favorite. Yes, it was a tragedy that many Victorian buildings. got torn down several decades ago, but those losses also tell another important story. It tells the story of the 1950s and 1960s when there was hope for a more equal society with inexpensive housing for the working class.(在旧金山尤其如此，那里有许多维多利亚式建筑，数量很多。保护主义者的最爱。是的，许多维多利亚时代的建筑都是悲剧。几十年前被拆除，但这些损失也讲述了另一个重要的故事。它告诉了20世纪50年代和60年代的故事，当时人们希望建立一个更平等的社会，为工人阶级提供廉价的住房)”可知，旧金山的许多维多利亚式建筑被拆除，是为了给工人阶级提供廉价的住房，为廉价住房提供土地。故选B项。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“I am asked repeatedly why anyone would want to keep an “ugly” building or a building that is dirty and clearly in need of work. I guess you could say we preservationists (文物保护者) look at buildings through a different angle—an angle that can see the swan in the ugly duck, the story in the simple lines, and the book behind the cover.(有人反复问我，为什么有人想保留一座“丑陋”的建筑或一座肮脏且显然需要修缮的建筑。我想你可以说，我们保护主义者从不同的角度看待建筑——一个可以看到丑小鸭里的天鹅、简单线条中的故事和封面下边的书的角度)”以及最后一段“Preservation is not just about keeping pretty, well-kept buildings, but about holding on to parts of our history—not just the history of huge events, but the story of how everyone used to go to a certain corner market. Our history cannot be told only in buildings that meet someone’s criteria of beauty; sometimes our history is painful, but no less important.(保护不仅仅是保留漂亮、保存完好的建筑，而是保留我们历史的一部分——不仅是重大事件的历史，还有每个人过去如何去某个街角市场的故事。我们的历史不能只在符合某人美丽标准的建筑中讲述；有时我们的历史是痛苦的，但同样重要)”可知，不仅要保护漂亮、保存完好的建筑，“丑陋”的建筑也需要被保护，作者写作的目的是强调保护“丑陋”建筑的重要性。故选D项。 （二） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州第一中学高一下学期期末】Anyone who experienced wet weather this summer will not be surprised to learn that this marks the fourth straight year the UK has endured a wet summer, a first in modern rainfall records dating back to 1914. This summer was only slightly wetter than usual, with the UK receiving 248.5 mm (9.78 inches) of rainfall — 10 percent above average, according to Met Office figures. The national rainfall average painted an interesting weather picture. Rain tended to fall in heavy showers, triggering flash floods. As a result, East Anglia in eastern UK experienced its third wettest August with more than double the normal rainfall, while the South East had one of its dullest Augusts, with only two-thirds of its usual sunshine. Yet, both areas had been dry and sunny for the previous five months and seemed to be heading for a long-lasting drought. In contrast, western and northwestern areas had the opposite experience — extremely wet in July, followed by a dry August. Remarkably, the North West had suffered from such a prolonged drought that it led to hosepipe (软水管) bans. Although some weather companies predicted an extremely hot barbecue summer, temperatures were only 0.6℃ above average across the UK. Even so, the first half of this summer saw Glastonbury enjoy a mud-free festival and Wimbledon remain hot and dry. While it didn’t break any temperature records, there were plenty of opportunities for barbecues this summer. 5．What was unusual about the weather in the UK this summer? A．It was rainy for the fourth summer in a row. B．It was the hottest summer on record. C．It had the least amount of sunshine ever. D．It had the biggest imbalance across the country. 6．What contributed to the weather patterns this year? A．The long-lasting drought. B．The geographic factors. C．Sudden heavy rain. D．Small amounts of sunshine. 7．What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage? A．People in Glastonbury celebrated a mud festival freely. B．Some weather companies did not give an accurate forecast. C．The western part of the UK was extremely wet in August. D．The extreme hot weather this summer led to fewer barbecues. 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了英国今年夏季的天气状况，包括连续四年的潮湿夏季、降雨量的分布不均以及气温的变化等。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Anyone who experienced wet weather this summer will not be surprised to learn that this marks the fourth straight year the UK has endured a wet summer, a first in modern rainfall records dating back to 1914.(任何在这个夏天经历过潮湿天气的人都不会感到惊讶地得知，这标志着英国连续第四年遭受湿润的夏季，这是自1914年以来现代降雨记录中的首次。)”可知，英国今年夏季的天气异常之处在于这是连续第四个潮湿的夏季，这在现代降雨记录中是首次出现。故选A项。 6．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Rain tended to fall in heavy showers, triggering flash floods(雨往往以大阵雨的形式降落，引发山洪暴发)”可知，今年夏季的天气模式主要是由突如其来的大雨导致的。故选C项。 7．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Although some weather companies predicted an extremely hot barbecue summer, temperatures were only 0.6℃ above average across the UK.( 尽管一些气象公司预测了一个极其炎热的烧烤夏季，但整个英国的温度只比平均温度高出0.6度)”可知，尽管一些天气公司预测今年夏季会非常热，但实际上全英国的气温只比平均水平高出0.6度，因此可以推断出一些天气公司的预测并不准确。故选B项。 （三） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市八县（市）协作校高一下学期期末】Empathy (同理心) is one of those strange qualities—something almost everyone wants, but few know how to truly give or receive it. In a world where self-satisfaction is emphasized, it is in short supply but high demand. This is all the more reason to teach the next generation what it means to have empathy for those around them.   What Is Empathy? — Many people confuse sympathy and empathy, but they are two distinct values. Empathy is not just the ability to understand someone's feelings; criminals often take advantage of people by appearing to understand their feelings and finally gaining their trust. Empathy is more than that. Not only is it the ability to recognize how someone feels, but it also values and respects the feelings of another person. It means treating others with kindness, dignity, and understanding. Kids Need To See Adults Show Empathy — While some children are gifted with naturally kind hearts, in most cases kids need to see empathy modeled by the adults around them. It begins with the way parents relate to their children. Parents who show an interest in the things that matter to their kids and respond to emotions in a positive and caring way are teaching the skill of empathy. Meet Emotional Needs —When children have their emotional needs met, two things happen. They learn how to meet the emotional needs of others and they are anchored in what they are receiving, meaning that they are secure enough to give to others when the need arises but first they need to receive. An empty jug cannot fill a cup. It's a good idea to talk to kids about emotions and how other people experience them. Give their emotions names (for example, jealousy, anger, and love) and teach them that these are normal. Talk to them about how to handle emotions in a positive way and point out situations where other people are experiencing emotions. Teach them about respecting the emotions of others and show them how to act in a situation where a response is required. 26．Why is it that the next generation are taught to have empathy? A．Because it's better to give than to receive. B．Because everyone lacks empathy. C．Because people tend to center themselves. D．Because empathy is a strange quality. 27．Which situation can empathy be used in? A．When a teacher is comforting a student about his failure in exams. B．When a mathematician is calculating the area of a farmland. C．When a criminal is cheating a victim. D．When a dancer is dancing to music. 28．What can be learnt from paragraph 3? A．Children are born with kind hearts B．Children can learn empathy by themselves. C．Children can learn empathy from seeing how their parents do that to them. D．Parents just interested in something that matter to their kids can teach their kids empathy 29．What does the underlined sentence “An empty jug cannot fill a cup” mean? A．An empty jug is too small to hold a cup. B．It's a must to talk to kids about emotions. C．Kids give empathy with their emotional needs met first. D．Adults should set an example to kids. 30．What is the main topic of the passage? A．How to distinguish sympathy and empathy. B．How to train kids to have empathy. C．How to help kids finish empathy-related tasks. D．Whether kids can be trained to be more empathetic. 【答案】26．C 27．A 28．C 29．C 30．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要阐述了同理心——这个当今世界稀缺的品质，对我们情感生活的重大意义，进而给出培养下一代的同理心的建议。 26．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Empathy(同理心) is one of those strange qualities—something almost everyone wants, but few know how to truly give or receive it. In a world where self-satisfaction is emphasized, it is in short supply but high demand.(同理心是最奇怪的品质之一——每个人都想拥有，但是很少有人知道如何真正给予或者接受它。在如今这个强调自我满足的世界，它是稀缺的，但同时人们对它的需求却是很大。)”可知，我们要教会下一代拥有同理心的原因，是因为如今世界的人们往往过于强调自我。故选C项。 27．推理判断题。根据第二段“Not only is it the ability to recognize how someone feels, but it also values and respects the feelings of another person. It means treating others with kindness, dignity, and understanding.(它不仅仅是能够察觉其他人感受的能力，更需要我们重视、尊重另一个人的感受。这意味着以善意、理解对待他人，且让他有尊严。)”可知，同理心意味着察觉且尊重他人的感受，并善意地让他们感到有尊严和被爱。由此推知，老师对考试失利的学生进行宽慰，是能够理解他们失落的情绪，别善意地理解他们的感受。故选A项。 28．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Kids Need To See Adults Show Empathy—While some children are gifted with naturally kind hearts, in most cases kids need to see empathy modeled by the adults around them. It begins with the way parents relate to their children. Parents who show an interest in the things that matter to their kids and respond to emotions in a positive and caring way are teaching the skill of empathy. (孩子需要看到成年人表现出同理心——虽然有些孩子天生善良，但在大多数情况下，孩子需要看到周围成年人的同理心。它从父母与孩子相处的方式开始。那些对孩子重要的事情表现出兴趣，并以积极和关爱的方式回应情绪的父母正在教授同理心技巧。)”可知，孩子需要看到成年人表现出同理心，孩子才能从父母那里学到产生同理心，故选C项。 29．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段划线句前文的内容“When children have their emotional needs met, two things happen. They learn how to meet the emotional needs of others and they are anchored in what they are receiving, meaning that they are secure enough to give to others when the need arises but first they need to receive.(孩子们的情感需求得到满足时，会发生两件事。他们会学习如何满足他人的情感需求，这基于他们接受的关怀。也意味着他们有足够的安全感，能够满足他人情感需求。当然首先他们的需求要得到满足。)”可知，孩子们只有自身的情感需求得到满足，才能有余力、更好地给予他人关怀，满足其他人的情感需求。由此推知，划线部分句子的意思与“自身情感需求首先得到满足”意思接近。故选C项。 30．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“This is all the more reason to teach the next generation what it means to have empathy for those around them.(这就是我们为什么要教会下一代拥有对周围人们的同理心是什么意思的原因。)”和第三段“Kids Need To See Adults Show Empathy(成人们需要为孩子们言传身教，以行为告诉他们何为同理心)”和最后一段“Teach them about respecting the emotions of others and show them how to act in a situation where a response is required.(教给孩子们尊重他人的感受，照顾他们的情绪，并且告诉他们如何在需要做出回应的场合正确行为。)”可知，全文先肯定了同理心对我们情感生活的意义，并阐述如何培养孩子的同理心。故选B项。 （四） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市九县（市、区）一中（高中）联考高一下学期期末】Nobody laughed when the UK comedy show Little Britain toured the US. Americans didn’t find the “British stereotypes(刻板印象)” funny. One character was a woman who was sick whenever she saw a foreigner. Another was a loud and rude 15-year-old girl shouting at her teachers. But back home, British people were laughing, thinking, “Yes! That’s exactly what we’re like!” A laugh is a laugh in any language, but the reasons for it can be very different. Britons and Americans speak the same language, but humor does not always translate. Take The Office as an example. This was originally a UK TV series but it was changed for the US. Both the US and UK series are set in a boring workplace in a boring town. But David Brent, the boss of the UK office, is not a nice guy like Michael Scott in the US version. “We had to make Michael Scott a slightly nicer guy,” wrote series creator Ricky Gervais. “He couldn’t be too mean.” Gervais said British people are different from Americans because “Britons cruelly make fun of people we like or dislike... and of ourselves”. He believes the differences between the American and British senses of humor are because of “our upbringing”. “Americans are brought up to believe they can be the next president of the United States,” he wrote. “Britons are told, ‘It won’t happen for you’.” Things usually turn out fine at the end of every US Office episode(集). But in David Brent’s office and in lots of UK comedies—the last scene is often sad. You are often left with the feeling that things just couldn’t get worse. For British people, this seems true r to life and so much funnier. It’s not just Britain and the US that have comic differences. Few foreigners would understand a Chinese cross-talk show, for example. Cultural differences are no laughing matter. But comic differences can be a window into a culture. 6．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To show that British humor is not funny at all. B．To show that Britain and America have different stereotypes. C．To show that American people don’t understand British people. D．To show how humor may mean different things in different cultures. 7．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “mean” in Paragraph 3? A．Great. B．Unkind. C．Average. D．Ugly-looking. 8．What can we infer from the article? A．Britons do not like to make fun of others. B．British comedy often has a moral message. C．American people are brought up to be more positive. D．Jokes are difficult to translate from one language into another. 9．Which statement accurately describes the character or narrative style of The Office? A．David Brent is quite a nice guy. B．Michael Scott is a rather mean guy. C．Episodes in the US version often end in a coring way. D．Episodes in the UK version often end on a hopeless note. 10．What is the author’s opinion of comic differences? A．They can partly show cultural differences. B．they show stereotypes of different cultures. C．They are slight differences that can be ignored. D．They help people communicate with each other. 【答案】6．D 7．B 8．C 9．D 10．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英美两国的人对幽默的理解以及他们的文化差异，且以英国版和美国版的《办公室》电视剧为例，分析了英式戏剧和美式戏剧的差异，最后指出戏剧在一定程度上展示了文化差异。 6．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Nobody laughed when the UK comedy show Little Britain toured the US. Americans didn’t find the ‘British stereotypes(刻板印象)’ funny. One character was a woman who was sick whenever she saw a foreigner. Another was a loud and rude 15-year-old girl shouting at her teachers. But back home, British people were laughing, thinking, ‘’Yes! That’s exactly what we’re like!’(当英国喜剧节目《小英国人》在美国巡演时，没有人笑。美国人并不觉得‘英国人的刻板印象’有趣。其中一个角色是一个看到外国人就生病的女人。另一个是一个吵闹粗鲁的15岁女孩诅咒她的老师。但在英国国内，英国人却在大笑，并在想，‘是的！我们就是这样的人!’)”可推知，第一段的目的是说明在不同的文化中，幽默可能意味着不同的东西。故选D项。 7．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文中“We had to make Michael Scott a slightly nicer guy(我们必须让 Michael Scott 成为一个稍微好一点的人)”以及“He couldn’t be too…(他不能太…)”可知，Michael Scott被人们塑造成一个有些友善的人，即他不可能太不友好，由此可知，画线词mean意思为“不友好的”。故选B项。 8． 推理判断题。根据第五段中“Americans are brought up to believe they can be the next president of the United States,(美国人从小就相信自己可以成为下一任美国总统，)”可知，美国人从小被教育要积极乐观。故选C项。 9． 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中“But in David Brent’s office and in lots of UK comedies—the last scene is often sad. (但在David Brent的《办公室》里——以及在许多英国喜剧里——最后一幕往往是悲伤的。)”可知，英剧经常以悲剧方式结束。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“But comic differences can be a window into a culture.(但喜剧差异可以成为了解一种文化的一扇窗户)”可推知，作者认为喜剧差异在一定程度上展示了文化差异。故选A项。 （五） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市联盟学校高一下学期期末】Gladiator (角斗士) stick figures drawn by young children more than 2000 years ago have been unearthed in the Ancient Roman city of Pompeii. Archaeologists discovered the figures drawn by children as young as six while digging the ruins of Pompeii, an ancient city near Naples, which described gladiators fighting in battle. Archaeologists also found the outlines of three small hands, two figures playing with a ball, a hunting scene possibly featuring a wild pig, and two fighters, one of whom is lying flat on the ground. “The drawings were found on the wall of a house known as the ‘Colonnaded Cenacle’ and were probably done by children aged six or seven,” said site director Dr Gabriel Zuchtriegel. Scientists in Naples believed the sketches were drawings of things the children had seen, rather than imagined. “In Pompeii, even young children were exposed to extreme violence between humans and between humans and animals in the sands of the ancient city,” Dr Zuchtriegel said. Gladiator fights were a popular form of entertainment in Ancient Rome. Gladiators were fighters who battled one another or animals in a public outdoor stadium called amphitheatre. Many gladiators were slaves (奴隶) who had been purchased by wealthy businessmen and made to light. The people of Pompon and other Roman cities regularly filled the amphitheatre to watch the bloody bottles much in the same way modern folk gather together to stadiums to watch football games. Other discoveries this week included a unique painting of a child with a small dog at his feet, found in the so-called “House of the Painters at Work”. At the entrance of that house, the skeletons (骨骼) of a man and a woman were discovered, an elderly couple that had probably tried to take shelter during the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79AD-a disaster that destoryed the entire city completely. 8．What do the figures mainly describe? A．Family events. B．Gladiator battles. C．Daily life activities. D．Imaginary creatures. 9．What did the children likely base their drawings on? A．School lessons. B．Their imagination. C．Stories told by adults. D．Things they observed. 10．What can be inferred about the skeletons found at the house entrance? A．They died in a battle. B．They were in poor health. C．They were seeking safety. D．They were visitors to the city. 11．What’s the best title for the text? A．The Daily Life of Ancient Pompeii B．Recent Archaeological Finds in Pompeii C．The Role of Gladiators in Roman Society D．Natural Disasters in Ancient Civilizations 【答案】8．B 9．D 10．C 11．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了在古罗马城市庞贝的遗址中发现了2000多年前由儿童绘制的角斗士图画，以及其他一些考古发现。 8．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Archaeologists discovered the figures drawn by children as young as six while digging the ruins of Pompeii, an ancient city near Naples, which described gladiators fighting in battle.”（考古学家在挖掘庞贝遗址时发现了由六岁左右的儿童绘制的描述角斗士在战斗的图画。）可知，这些图画主要描述的是角斗士的战斗，故选B。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Scientists in Naples believed the sketches were drawings of things the children had seen, rather than imagined.”（那不勒斯的科学家们认为，这些素描是儿童们所看到的事物，而不是他们想象的。）可推知，儿童们的画作很可能是基于他们观察到的事物，故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“At the entrance of that house, the skeletons (骨骼) of a man and a woman were discovered, an elderly couple that had probably tried to take shelter during the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79AD-a disaster that destoryed the entire city completely.”（在那个房子的入口处，发现了一个男人和一个女人的骨骼，他们可能是在公元79年维苏威火山爆发时试图寻找避难所的一对老夫妇，这场灾难完全摧毁了整个城市。）可推知，这对骨骼可能是在寻找安全的地方，故选C。 11．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Gladiator (角斗士) stick figures drawn by young children more than 2000 years ago have been unearthed in the Ancient Roman city of Pompeii.”（在古罗马城市庞贝出土了2000多年前由小孩子绘制的角斗士简笔画。）可知，短文主要介绍了在古罗马城市庞贝的遗址中发现了2000多年前由儿童绘制的角斗士图画，以及其他一些考古发现。所以短文的标题为“庞贝的最新考古发现”切题。故选B。 （六） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市六校高一下学期期末联考】Imagine you found a wallet containing a stranger’s contact details but no cash. Would you return it to its owner? Now imagine the same wallet contained a few banknotes. Would that change your response? Does it depend on the amount of money? And how do you think other people would react? Honesty makes the world go round. Without people trusting in one another, society would fall apart. Honesty is therefore studied academically. Most work in the area, though, takes place under controlled conditions in labs, often featuring (以……为特点) well-off and well-educated Westerners as its subjects. By contrast, Alain Cohn of the University of Michigan and his colleagues have taken such behavioral economics around the world, covering 40 countries, 355 cities and more than 17,000 people. As the team reported this week in Science, Dr Cohn’s research assistants entered public buildings. They handed in a wallet to the receptionist, saying they had found it on the street outside. Each wallet contained contact details. Importantly, some wallets also included $13.45, while others not. Then, the team simply waited to see who would return the wallet. In 38 of the 40 countries, the wallets with money were returned more often than those without (51% vs 40%). In addition, wallets containing a larger sum of money ($94.15) were even more likely (by about another 10%) to be returned than those with less. With greater temptation (诱惑), then, comes greater honesty —at least when it comes to lost wallets. Interestingly, though, such honesty is not reflected in people’s expectations of others. When surveyed, most of 299 volunteers predicted that the more money in a wallet, the less likely it would be returned. A certain doubt about the motives of others is probably good for survival. But the warm inner thought of  “doing the right thing” is also a powerful motivation. How this altruism developed is much debated—particularly when it extends, as in Dr Cohn’s experiments, to strangers whom the altruist has no expectation of ever meeting. Be that as it may, as this study shows, such altruism is real and universal. 8．How is Alain Cohn’s research different from the previous? A．It was carried out in controlled situations. B．More scientists participated in the research. C．It covered varied subjects and backgrounds. D．It took no account of well-educated Westerners. 9．What can we learn from the research? A．Rate of honesty varies among countries. B．People prefer returning wallets without money. C．The less money in a wallet, the higher rate of returning. D．Wallets with more money are more likely to be given back. 10．What can be inferred from paragraph 5? A．People are more honest than we expect. B．People tend to expect honesty from others. C．More money always means greater honesty. D．Most people lose honesty facing great temptation. 11．What does the underlined word “altruism” in the last paragraph mean? A．Doubt of others’ motivations. B．Understanding of people’s doubt. C．The motivation for survival. D．Concern for others’ needs. 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．A 11．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Alain Cohn博士进行了一项用金钱参与的研究，试图探测不同人的诚实度。研究表明，人们的诚实是真实而普遍的。 8．细节理解题。根据第二段“Most work in the area, though, takes place under controlled conditions in labs, often featuring (以……为特点) well-off and well-educated Westerners as its subjects. By contrast, Alain Cohn of the University of Michigan and his colleagues have taken such behavioral economics around the world, covering 40 countries, 355 cities and more than 17,000 people.(然而，该地区的大多数工作都是在受控条件下在实验室进行的，通常以富裕且受过良好教育的西方人为特点。相比之下，密歇根大学的Alain Cohn和他的同事们将这种行为经济学带到了世界各地，覆盖了40个国家、355个城市和17000多人)”可知，Alain Cohn的研究与以往不同，这表现在他的研究涵盖了不同的对象和背景。故选C项。 9．细节理解题。根据第四段“In 38 of the 40 countries, the wallets with money were returned more often than those without (51% vs 40%). In addition, wallets containing a larger sum of money ($94.15) were even more likely (by about another 10%) to be returned than those with less.(在40个国家中的38个国家，有钱的钱包比没有钱的钱包更经常被退回（51%对40%）。此外，与金额较少的钱包相比，金额较大（94.15美元）的钱包更有可能被退回（差距约10%）)”可知，研究表明，钱包里的钱越多，就越有可能被归还。故选D项。 10．推理判断题。根据第五段“With greater temptation (诱惑), then, comes greater honesty —at least when it comes to lost wallets. Interestingly, though, such honesty is not reflected in people’s expectations of others.(诱惑越大，诚实就越大——至少在钱包丢失的时候是这样。然而，有趣的是，这种诚实并没有反映在人们对他人的期望中)”可知，与对他人的期望相比，实际上，人们更诚实。故选A项。 11．词句猜测题。根据最后一段“A certain doubt about the motives of others is probably good for survival. But the warm inner thought of “doing the right thing” is also a powerful motivation. How this altruism developed is much debated—particularly when it extends, as in Dr Cohn’s experiments, to strangers whom the altruist has no expectation of ever meeting. Be that as it may, as this study shows, such altruism is real and universal.(对他人动机的某种怀疑可能有利于生存。但“做正确的事”这种温暖的内心想法也是一种强大的动力。altruism是如何发展起来的，尤其是当它延伸到利他主义者不希望遇到的陌生人时，就像科恩博士的实验一样。尽管如此，正如这项研究所表明的那样，这种altruism是真实而普遍的)”可知，尽管对他人动机的某种怀疑可能有利于生存，但是altruism是真实而普遍的，推测altruism表示的是关心他人的需求的行为，即Concern for others’ needs。故选D项。 （七） 【2023-2024学年福建省宁德市高一下学期期末】Brown mud is found on coastlines around the UK. It might not look very exciting but in fact it supports wildlife that does a very important job. Scientists in Scotland have just begun a study of coastal mud. They are sifting (筛选) through it to find the creatures living there, which could provide a natural solution to climate change. Some of the mud-burrowing (泥土穴居) creatures feed on tiny organisms such as algae and plankton. These organisms absorb carbon. If algae and plankton are left in the sea they eventually die, rot (腐烂) and give out carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming. Instead, many are pulled down into the sea bed by mud-burrowing creatures, where the carbon they contain is stored, for hundreds of years. Dr Ceri Lewis is leading a team of scientists who are measuring which creatures are best at storing carbon in the sea be d off the west coast of Scotland. “There are some fantastic, wonderful animals living in ocean mud, all doing these important jobs,” Lewis told The Times newspaper. In the area, there are at least 200 species of invertebrates (animals without backbones). The scientists’ work includes scooping up mud from the sea bed, sifting it to find the invertebrates, and measuring how much carbon each one stores. Lewis’s study is part of a huge five-year project called the Convex Seascape Survey. It is measuring how much carbon is stored in coastal areas all around the world, and how much more could be stored in the future. Lewis admits that mud isn’t the first thing people think of when looking for solutions to climate change, but, she says, “It couldn’t be a more important time to work out how we can best use nature’s power to lock carbon away.” 8．What can be learned about the mud-burrowing creatures? A．They can absorb carbon. B．They give out carbon in the sea. C．They help to lock carbon away. D．They contribute to global warming. 9．What does the underlined phrase “scooping up” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Spooning up. B．Making up. C．Looking up. D．Cleaning up. 10．Why does Lewis want to measure carbon in his study? A．To store much more carbon. B．To study the secrets of the sea. C．To sort out the creatures in the sea. D．To seek a natural solution to climate change. 11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Greater importance should be attached to coastal mud. B．Climate change depends on the amount of carbon. C．Human beings should use natural power to break down carbon. D．The most important time to measure costal mud is in the five years. 【答案】8．C 9．A 10．D 11．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了科学家在苏格兰开展了一项关于沿海泥土的研究，旨在寻找自然解决气候变化的方法。研究发现，泥土中的穴居生物能够吸收并储存碳，这有助于减少温室气体排放，对抗全球变暖。 8．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Some of the mud-burrowing (泥土穴居) creatures feed on tiny organisms such as algae and plankton. These organisms absorb carbon. If algae and plankton are left in the sea they eventually die, rot (腐烂) and give out carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming. Instead, many are pulled down into the sea bed by mud-burrowing creatures, where the carbon they contain is stored, for hundreds of years.(一些泥土穴居生物以微小的生物为食，如藻类和浮游生物。这些生物吸收碳。如果藻类和浮游生物留在海里，它们最终会死亡、腐烂并将二氧化碳 (CO₂) 气体释放到大气中，这会导致全球变暖。相反，许多藻类和浮游生物被泥土穴居生物拖入海底，它们所含的碳在那里被储存起来，长达数百年。)”可知，许多泥土穴居生物会将藻类和浮游生物拉入海底，其中所含的碳会被储存数百年。因此，这些泥土穴居生物有助于将碳封存起来。故选C。 9．词句猜测题。根据上文“Dr Ceri Lewis is leading a team of scientists who are measuring which creatures are best at storing carbon in the sea be d off the west coast of Scotland.(Ceri Lewis博士带领一组科学家在苏格兰西海岸附近的海域测量哪些生物最擅长储存碳。)”可知，此处指科学家的工作包括从海底舀起泥巴，筛选出来以找到无脊椎动物，并测量每个无脊椎动物储存的碳量。因此，“scooping up”应该是指用勺子等工具舀起泥巴，所以答案为A，即“Spooning up”（舀起）。故选A。 10．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Lewis’s study is part of a huge five-year project called the Convex Seascape Survey. It is measuring how much carbon is stored in coastal areas all around the world, and how much more could be stored in the future. Lewis admits that mud isn’t the first thing people think of when looking for solutions to climate change, but, she says, “It couldn’t be a more important time to work out how we can best use nature’s power to lock carbon away.”(路易斯的研究是一个名为“凸面海景调查”（Convex Seascape Survey）的五年大型项目的一部分。该项目正在测量全球沿海地区储存的碳量，以及未来可能储存的碳量。路易斯承认，在寻找应对气候变化的解决方案时，泥土并不是人们首先想到的东西，但她说，“现在正是我们找出如何最好地利用自然的力量来封存碳的关键时刻。”)”可知，Lewis的研究是凸面海景调查（Convex Seascape Survey）这一五年大项目的一部分，该项目旨在测量全球沿海地区储存的碳量以及未来可能储存的碳量。Lewis说，她研究碳是为了找到应对气候变化的自然解决方案。因此，她的目的是寻找自然方法来减少碳的排放和储存，以对抗全球变暖。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Lewis admits that mud isn’t the first thing people think of when looking for solutions to climate change, but, she says, “It couldn’t be a more important time to work out how we can best use nature’s power to lock carbon away.”(路易斯承认，在寻找应对气候变化的解决方案时，泥土并不是人们首先想到的东西，但她说，“现在正是我们找出如何最好地利用自然的力量来封存碳的关键时刻。”)”可知，泥土不是人们首先考虑解决气候变化问题的方案，但现在是更好地利用自然的力量来封存碳的关键时刻。因此，可以推断出，我们应该更加重视沿海地区的泥土，因为它们对碳的封存和减少气候变化的影响非常重要。故选A。 （八） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州市高一下学期期末】As the world deals with the rising temperatures brought by climate change, the demand for cooling solutions in hot, dry regions becomes increasingly pressing. However, traditional air conditioning systems produce massive greenhouse gases and use lots of energy. Facing these challenges, a research team from McGill University, UCLA, and Princeton have found an inexpensive, sustainable cooling method. Their approach not only offers a solution for cooling but also promises to address the problem of heat waves during electricity blackouts. The researchers set out to achieve a new standard in passive cooling (无动力制冷) within naturally conditioned buildings in hot climates such as Southern California. They aimed to address an important question: how can passive cooling techniques outperform traditional air conditioning units and improve indoor comfort? The key to this breakthrough lies in harnessing the potential of radiative (辐射的) cooling materials, specifically in the context of housing design. Traditionally, such materials have been employed to prevent roofs(屋顶) from overheating and improve heat rejection from cooling systems. However, the research team recognised that there is under-explored potential in integrating these materials into building design — they can not only remove waste indoor heat but also drive regular and healthy air changes. Lead author Remy Fortin stated, “We found we could maintain air temperatures several degrees below the surrounding temperature.”Remarkably, they achieved this success without giving up a healthy airing. This was never a piece of cake, considering air exchange can unintendedly introduce heat into the building when the goal is to keep the inside cooler than the outside. The researchers are hopeful that their findings will be used to positively impact communities suffering from climatic heating and heat waves. Salmaan Craig, the principal researcher expressed their expectations: “We hope that materials scientists, designers, and engineers will be interested in these results and that our work will inspire more broader thinking for how to integrate breakthroughs in radiative cooling materials with simple but effective solutions.” 12．What is the primary purpose of the research? A．To prevent power shortages. B．To improve air conditioners. C．To realise eco-friendly cooling. D．To produce new cooling chemicals. 13．What is a fruit of the research besides lower indoor temperatures? A．Healthy air changes. B．Clear sunshine. C．Cheap roof materials. D．Reduced coatings. 14．What does the underlined word “harnessing” in the paragraph 4mean? A．Taking care of. B．Losing sight of. C．Keeping track of. D．Making use of. 15．What can be expected of future research according to Craig? A．Stricter greening gas limits. B．Positive impact on community services. C．New papers on housing design techniques. D．More attention from different professionals. 【答案】12．C 13．A 14．D 15．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于如何在炎热气候中实现环保制冷的新研究，以及该研究的潜在应用和前景。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段的“As the world deals with the rising temperatures brought by climate change, the demand for cooling solutions in hot, dry regions becomes increasingly pressing. However, traditional air conditioning systems produce massive greenhouse gases and use lots of energy.(随着世界应对气候变化带来的气温上升，炎热干燥地区对冷却解决方案的需求变得越来越迫切。然而，传统的空调系统会产生大量的温室气体并消耗大量能源)”以及第二段的“Facing these challenges, a research team from McGill University, UCLA, and Princeton have found an inexpensive, sustainable cooling method.(面对这些挑战，来自麦吉尔大学、加州大学洛杉矶分校和普林斯顿大学的一个研究小组发现了一种廉价、可持续的冷却方法)”可知，这项研究的主要目的是实现环保的冷却方式。故选C。 13．细节理解题。根据第四段的“However, the research team recognised that there is under-explored potential in integrating these materials into building design — they can not only remove waste indoor heat but also drive regular and healthy air changes.(然而，研究小组认识到，将这些材料整合到建筑设计中的潜力尚未得到充分探索——它们不仅可以去除室内废热，还可以促进定期和健康的空气变化)”可知，除了降低室内温度外，这项研究还带来了健康的空气流通这一成果。故选A。 14．词句猜测题。根据划线单词所在句子“the potential of radiative (辐射的) cooling materials, specifically in the context of housing design(辐射冷却材料的潜力，特别是在住房设计方面)”以及“However, the research team recognised that there is under-explored potential in integrating these materials into building design — they can not only remove waste indoor heat but also drive regular and healthy air changes(然而，研究小组认识到，将这些材料整合到建筑设计中的潜力尚未得到充分探索——它们不仅可以去除室内废热，还可以促进定期和健康的空气变化)”可知，这项突破的关键在于利用辐射冷却材料的潜力，特别是在住房设计方面。所以划线单词的意思为“利用”。故选D。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段Salmaan Craig的话“We hope that materials scientists, designers, and engineers will be interested in these results and that our work will inspire more broader thinking for how to integrate breakthroughs in radiative cooling materials with simple but effective solutions.(我们希望材料科学家、设计师和工程师对这些结果感兴趣，我们的工作将激发更广泛的思考，如何将辐射冷却材料的突破与简单有效的解决方案相结合)”可推知，他期望未来的研究会吸引来自不同领域的专业人士的关注。故选D。 （九） 【2023-2024学年福建省厦门市高一下学期期末】NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a planet where it rains sand, in ground-breaking observation. The planet, WASP-107b, lying 200 light years away, was discovered in 2017 after astronomers spotted a distinct periodic light going on and off like a candle from its host star each time the planet passed in front of it. “It’s like a fly in front of a street lamp,” said Leen Decin, a professor at Institute of Astronomy of KU Leuven. “You see a slight dimming (变暗) of the light.” While Webb’s instruments found signs of water vapour (水蒸气) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on WASP-107b, they also found clouds of silicon dioxide (SiO2) that behave similar to water clouds on Earth, meaning that on WASP-107b, it rains sand. The planet’s atmosphere would feature something like Earth’s water cycle, but instead with sand cycling between solid and gas states. From the hotter, lower levels of the atmosphere, silicate vapour would rise up, cool and form tiny sands, too small to see. Eventually, these clouds of sand dust would become thick enough that they begin to rain back down to the lower layers of the atmosphere. Below a certain level, the sand would transform into vapour, completing the cycle. A central aim of the James Webb Space Telescope is to analyse the atmospheres of distant planets and search for biosignature gases that could show the presence of life. WASP-107b is not regarded as a likely candidate (候选), given its 1,000℃ climate and lack of a solid surface. However, the level of detail being got from targets like WASP-107b is seen as an encouraging sign. It’s the first time that we have been able to identify the chemical composition of clouds in the atmosphere of a distant planet, marking a significant leap in our understanding of the distant worlds. “The universe has so many surprises,” said Decin. “I do imagine that there may be various different choices for life to form on another planet. It might be very different from something you know here on Earth. We have to broaden our imaginations.” 12．How did astronomers discover the planet WASP-107b? A．By monitoring the movement of a fly. B．By studying the brightness of a street lamp. C．By comparing the distance of planets. D．By observing light change of its host star. 13．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The cycle of sand rain. B．The development of vapour. C．The feature of clouds. D．The temperature of atmosphere. 14．What can we know about WASP-107b according to paragraph 5? A．It has the same atmosphere as the Earth’s. B．It has signs indicating the presence of water. C．Its climate and surface conditions can’t support life. D．Its chemical composition disables cloud formation. 15．What is Decin’s attitude to the possibility of life in the universe? A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful. 【答案】12．D 13．A 14．C 15．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述美国宇航局太空望远镜发现了一颗下沙雨的行星。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“The planet, WASP-107b, lying 200 light years away, was discovered in 2017 after astronomers spotted a distinct periodic light going on and off like a candle from its host star each time the planet passed in front of it. ‘It’s like a fly in front of a street lamp,’ said Leen Decin, a professor at Institute of Astronomy of KU Leuven. ‘You see a slight dimming (变暗) of the light.’ (这颗名为WASP-107b的行星位于200光年之外，是在2017年被发现的，此前天文学家发现，每当这颗行星从它的主星前面经过时，它都会发出一种独特的周期性光，就像蜡烛一样忽明忽暗。‘这就像路灯前的一只苍蝇，’鲁汶大学天文学研究所教授Leen Decin说。‘你会看到光线轻微变暗。’)”可知，天文学家是通过观察主行星的光变化发现WASP-107b行星的。故选D。 13．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The planet’s atmosphere would feature something like Earth’s water cycle, but instead with sand cycling between solid and gas states. From the hotter, lower levels of the atmosphere, silicate vapour would rise up, cool and form tiny sands, too small to see. Eventually, these clouds of sand dust would become thick enough that they begin to rain back down to the lower layers of the atmosphere. Below a certain level, the sand would transform into vapour, completing the cycle. (这颗行星的大气特征类似于地球的水循环，但沙子在固体和气体状态之间循环。从较热的低层大气中，硅酸盐蒸汽会上升，冷却并形成微小的沙子，小得看不见。最终，这些沙尘云会变得足够厚，以至于它们开始向低层大气中降雨。在一定的高度以下，沙子会变成水蒸气，完成这个循环。)”可知，本段主要介绍沙雨的循环，故选A。 14．推理判断题。根据第五段中“A central aim of the James Webb Space Telescope is to analyse the atmospheres of distant planets and search for biosignature gases that could show the presence of life. WASP-107b is not regarded as a likely candidate (候选), given its 1,000℃ climate and lack of a solid surface. (詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜的一个中心目标是分析遥远行星的大气，寻找可能表明生命存在的生物特征气体。WASP-107b不被认为是可能的候选者，因为它的气候温度为1000℃，而且缺乏固体表面。)”可知，WASP-107b行星的气候和地表条件不适合生命生存，故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I do imagine that there may be various different choices for life to form on another planet. It might be very different from something you know here on Earth. We have to broaden our imaginations. (我确实认为，在另一个星球上形成生命可能有各种不同的选择。它可能与你在地球上所知道的非常不同。我们必须拓宽我们的想象力。)”可知，Decin对宇宙生命的可能性持积极态度，故选B。 （十） 【2023-2024学年福建省漳州市高一下学期期末】According to the great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, you have the potential (潜能) for greatness inside of you, but like most people, you will probably let it be destroyed by your own laziness. And just as it’s important not to spend all of our time in comfort, it’s also important not to spend it working too hard. You might argue that progress can be achieved through slavishness (苦干). But does it make any sense to achieve progress if it’s not enjoyable and if it doesn’t lead us to our potential? If we focus on progress simply for the progress itself, we may fail to live the meaningful life we are truly seeking. The solution to this problem, then, lies in the middle between laziness and slavishness. I call that middle joyful productivity (生产力). It’s about spending your energy in a way that allows you to make meaningful progress each day and avoid the disasters of laziness. As Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth of Nations, “…by reducing every man’s business to one simple operation, and by making this operation the only employment of his life, necessarily increases the skillfulness of the workman.” In his opinion, when you concentrate all of your attention on one area of expertise (专长), you can become a master in it. And when you become a master in that area, you can create things of value, thus promoting your productivity. And how do you pick a single area of expertise? It should be something that you are really interested in, because only then will you be able and willing to spend the huge amount of time and effort it takes to become a master in any field. The end of both laziness and slavishness begins with the discovery of your passions (热爱). Examine the things that caught your interest ever since you were a child before the world told you what you had to care about. The way forward lies within the examination of those early interests. 8．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Slavishness isn’t a good way to make progress. B．Comfort doesn’t contribute to a meaningful life. C．You can enjoy your life only by making progress. D．Slavishness helps develop one’s greatest potential. 9．In The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith stresses the significance of _______. A．increasing workmen B．focusing on one specific field C．mastering working skills D．creating valuable things 10．What is the function of the question in paragraph 5? A．To show the author’s confusion. B．To excite readers’ comment. C．To express an opposite opinion. D．To introduce the next topic. 11．What does the author suggest people do in the last paragraph? A．Care about the world. B．Treasure their childhood. C．Find their true passion. D．Prevent laziness. 【答案】8．A 9．B 10．D 11．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了要在懒惰和过度苦干之间找到平衡，追求有意义的生产力和自我实现。 8．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“And just as it’s important not to spend all of our time in comfort, it’s also important not to spend it working too hard. You might argue that progress can be achieved through slavishness (苦干). But does it make any sense to achieve progress if it’s not enjoyable and if it doesn’t lead us to our potential? If we focus on progress simply for the progress itself, we may fail to live the meaningful life we are truly seeking.(就像我们不应该把所有的时间都花在舒适上一样，我们也不应该把所有的时间都花在工作上。你可能会争辩说，通过苦干可以取得进步。但是，如果进步并不令人愉快，也不能引导我们发挥自己的潜能，那么这种进步有意义吗？如果我们仅仅为了进步本身而追求进步，我们可能会失去我们真正想要的有意义的生活。)”可知，第二段主要讲述了苦干不是一种好的进步方式。故选A。 9．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“As Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth of Nations, “…by reducing every man’s business to one simple operation, and by making this operation the only employment of his life, necessarily increases the skillfulness of the workman.”(正如亚当·斯密在《国富论》中所写的那样，“将每个人的工作减少到一个简单的操作，并使这个操作成为他一生的唯一职业，必然会提高工匠的熟练程度。”)”可知，他强调了在某一特定领域专注的重要性。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“And how do you pick a single area of expertise? It should be something that you are really interested in, because only then will you be able and willing to spend the huge amount of time and effort it takes to become a master in any field.(那你如何选择一个专业领域呢？它应该是你真正感兴趣的东西，因为只有这样，你才能并愿意投入大量的时间和精力，成为任何领域的佼佼者。)”可知，在第五段中，作者通过提问“你如何选择一个专业领域？”来引导读者思考，并为下一段引入新的主题做铺垫。因此，该问题的功能是引入下一个话题。故选D。 11．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The end of both laziness and slavishness begins with the discovery of your passions (热爱). Examine the things that caught your interest ever since you were a child before the world told you what you had to care about. The way forward lies within the examination of those early interests.(懒惰和苦干的终结始于你激情的发现。审视一下自从你还是个孩子以来就引起你兴趣的事情，那时世界还没有告诉你该关心什么。前进的道路在于审视这些早期的兴趣。)”可知，作者建议人们要找到自己的真正激情。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03 阅读理解之说明文一 （一） 【2023-2024学年福建省福建师范大学附属中学高一下学期期末】I am asked repeatedly why anyone would want to keep an “ugly” building or a building that is dirty and clearly in need of work. I guess you could say we preservationists (文物保护者) look at buildings through a different angle — an angle that can see the swan in the ugly duck, the story in the simple lines, and the book behind the cover. The Queen Emma Building is remembered by many as one of the ugliest buildings in town. Yet the angle from which a preservationist views the building is that it is uniquely constructed with an artistical sun shield to block the sunlight, a decorative wall designers used concrete bricks to form. Unfortunately, it was removed in 2011, making the building one of many contemporary buildings in town. Other times, when a beautiful site is replaced by a “horrible” building, people hate it and can’t get over their anger, even when that “horrible” building becomes an important part of our story. This is particularly true in San Francisco with many Victorian buildings, which are many preservationists’ favorite. Yes, it was a tragedy that many Victorian buildings. got torn down several decades ago, but those losses also tell another important story. It tells the story of the 1950s and 1960s when there was hope for a more equal society with inexpensive housing for the working class. Should that history be wiped from our memories? Preservation is not just about keeping pretty, well-kept buildings, but about holding on to parts of our history — not just the history of huge events, but the story of how everyone used to go to a certain corner market. Our history cannot be told only in buildings that meet someone’s criteria of beauty; sometimes our history is painful, but no less important. 5．Which section might the passage come from? A．Opinion and Views. B．Health and Well-being. C．Space and Exploration. D．Business and Finance. 6．How does the author feel about removing the sun shield of the Queen Emma Building? A．It’s incredible. B．It’s regrettable. C．It’s inspiring. D．It’s entertaining. 7．Why were many Victorian buildings in San Francisco tom down? A．To wipe the history of the Victorian era. B．To make land available for cheap housing. C．To ease the deep anger of the working class. D．To revive the architecture of the Victorian era 8．What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage? A．To analyze the role of preservationists. B．To introduce buildings with historical value. C．To explain why architects make ugly buildings. D．To stress the significance of preserving “ugly” buildings. （二） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州第一中学高一下学期期末】Anyone who experienced wet weather this summer will not be surprised to learn that this marks the fourth straight year the UK has endured a wet summer, a first in modern rainfall records dating back to 1914. This summer was only slightly wetter than usual, with the UK receiving 248.5 mm (9.78 inches) of rainfall — 10 percent above average, according to Met Office figures. The national rainfall average painted an interesting weather picture. Rain tended to fall in heavy showers, triggering flash floods. As a result, East Anglia in eastern UK experienced its third wettest August with more than double the normal rainfall, while the South East had one of its dullest Augusts, with only two-thirds of its usual sunshine. Yet, both areas had been dry and sunny for the previous five months and seemed to be heading for a long-lasting drought. In contrast, western and northwestern areas had the opposite experience — extremely wet in July, followed by a dry August. Remarkably, the North West had suffered from such a prolonged drought that it led to hosepipe (软水管) bans. Although some weather companies predicted an extremely hot barbecue summer, temperatures were only 0.6℃ above average across the UK. Even so, the first half of this summer saw Glastonbury enjoy a mud-free festival and Wimbledon remain hot and dry. While it didn’t break any temperature records, there were plenty of opportunities for barbecues this summer. 5．What was unusual about the weather in the UK this summer? A．It was rainy for the fourth summer in a row. B．It was the hottest summer on record. C．It had the least amount of sunshine ever. D．It had the biggest imbalance across the country. 6．What contributed to the weather patterns this year? A．The long-lasting drought. B．The geographic factors. C．Sudden heavy rain. D．Small amounts of sunshine. 7．What can be inferred from the last paragraph of the passage? A．People in Glastonbury celebrated a mud festival freely. B．Some weather companies did not give an accurate forecast. C．The western part of the UK was extremely wet in August. D．The extreme hot weather this summer led to fewer barbecues. （三） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市八县（市）协作校高一下学期期末】Empathy (同理心) is one of those strange qualities—something almost everyone wants, but few know how to truly give or receive it. In a world where self-satisfaction is emphasized, it is in short supply but high demand. This is all the more reason to teach the next generation what it means to have empathy for those around them.   What Is Empathy? — Many people confuse sympathy and empathy, but they are two distinct values. Empathy is not just the ability to understand someone's feelings; criminals often take advantage of people by appearing to understand their feelings and finally gaining their trust. Empathy is more than that. Not only is it the ability to recognize how someone feels, but it also values and respects the feelings of another person. It means treating others with kindness, dignity, and understanding. Kids Need To See Adults Show Empathy — While some children are gifted with naturally kind hearts, in most cases kids need to see empathy modeled by the adults around them. It begins with the way parents relate to their children. Parents who show an interest in the things that matter to their kids and respond to emotions in a positive and caring way are teaching the skill of empathy. Meet Emotional Needs —When children have their emotional needs met, two things happen. They learn how to meet the emotional needs of others and they are anchored in what they are receiving, meaning that they are secure enough to give to others when the need arises but first they need to receive. An empty jug cannot fill a cup. It's a good idea to talk to kids about emotions and how other people experience them. Give their emotions names (for example, jealousy, anger, and love) and teach them that these are normal. Talk to them about how to handle emotions in a positive way and point out situations where other people are experiencing emotions. Teach them about respecting the emotions of others and show them how to act in a situation where a response is required. 26．Why is it that the next generation are taught to have empathy? A．Because it's better to give than to receive. B．Because everyone lacks empathy. C．Because people tend to center themselves. D．Because empathy is a strange quality. 27．Which situation can empathy be used in? A．When a teacher is comforting a student about his failure in exams. B．When a mathematician is calculating the area of a farmland. C．When a criminal is cheating a victim. D．When a dancer is dancing to music. 28．What can be learnt from paragraph 3? A．Children are born with kind hearts B．Children can learn empathy by themselves. C．Children can learn empathy from seeing how their parents do that to them. D．Parents just interested in something that matter to their kids can teach their kids empathy 29．What does the underlined sentence “An empty jug cannot fill a cup” mean? A．An empty jug is too small to hold a cup. B．It's a must to talk to kids about emotions. C．Kids give empathy with their emotional needs met first. D．Adults should set an example to kids. 30．What is the main topic of the passage? A．How to distinguish sympathy and empathy. B．How to train kids to have empathy. C．How to help kids finish empathy-related tasks. D．Whether kids can be trained to be more empathetic. （四） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市九县（市、区）一中（高中）联考高一下学期期末】Nobody laughed when the UK comedy show Little Britain toured the US. Americans didn’t find the “British stereotypes(刻板印象)” funny. One character was a woman who was sick whenever she saw a foreigner. Another was a loud and rude 15-year-old girl shouting at her teachers. But back home, British people were laughing, thinking, “Yes! That’s exactly what we’re like!” A laugh is a laugh in any language, but the reasons for it can be very different. Britons and Americans speak the same language, but humor does not always translate. Take The Office as an example. This was originally a UK TV series but it was changed for the US. Both the US and UK series are set in a boring workplace in a boring town. But David Brent, the boss of the UK office, is not a nice guy like Michael Scott in the US version. “We had to make Michael Scott a slightly nicer guy,” wrote series creator Ricky Gervais. “He couldn’t be too mean.” Gervais said British people are different from Americans because “Britons cruelly make fun of people we like or dislike... and of ourselves”. He believes the differences between the American and British senses of humor are because of “our upbringing”. “Americans are brought up to believe they can be the next president of the United States,” he wrote. “Britons are told, ‘It won’t happen for you’.” Things usually turn out fine at the end of every US Office episode(集). But in David Brent’s office and in lots of UK comedies—the last scene is often sad. You are often left with the feeling that things just couldn’t get worse. For British people, this seems true r to life and so much funnier. It’s not just Britain and the US that have comic differences. Few foreigners would understand a Chinese cross-talk show, for example. Cultural differences are no laughing matter. But comic differences can be a window into a culture. 6．What is the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To show that British humor is not funny at all. B．To show that Britain and America have different stereotypes. C．To show that American people don’t understand British people. D．To show how humor may mean different things in different cultures. 7．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “mean” in Paragraph 3? A．Great. B．Unkind. C．Average. D．Ugly-looking. 8．What can we infer from the article? A．Britons do not like to make fun of others. B．British comedy often has a moral message. C．American people are brought up to be more positive. D．Jokes are difficult to translate from one language into another. 9．Which statement accurately describes the character or narrative style of The Office? A．David Brent is quite a nice guy. B．Michael Scott is a rather mean guy. C．Episodes in the US version often end in a coring way. D．Episodes in the UK version often end on a hopeless note. 10．What is the author’s opinion of comic differences? A．They can partly show cultural differences. B．they show stereotypes of different cultures. C．They are slight differences that can be ignored. D．They help people communicate with each other. （五） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市联盟学校高一下学期期末】Gladiator (角斗士) stick figures drawn by young children more than 2000 years ago have been unearthed in the Ancient Roman city of Pompeii. Archaeologists discovered the figures drawn by children as young as six while digging the ruins of Pompeii, an ancient city near Naples, which described gladiators fighting in battle. Archaeologists also found the outlines of three small hands, two figures playing with a ball, a hunting scene possibly featuring a wild pig, and two fighters, one of whom is lying flat on the ground. “The drawings were found on the wall of a house known as the ‘Colonnaded Cenacle’ and were probably done by children aged six or seven,” said site director Dr Gabriel Zuchtriegel. Scientists in Naples believed the sketches were drawings of things the children had seen, rather than imagined. “In Pompeii, even young children were exposed to extreme violence between humans and between humans and animals in the sands of the ancient city,” Dr Zuchtriegel said. Gladiator fights were a popular form of entertainment in Ancient Rome. Gladiators were fighters who battled one another or animals in a public outdoor stadium called amphitheatre. Many gladiators were slaves (奴隶) who had been purchased by wealthy businessmen and made to light. The people of Pompon and other Roman cities regularly filled the amphitheatre to watch the bloody bottles much in the same way modern folk gather together to stadiums to watch football games. Other discoveries this week included a unique painting of a child with a small dog at his feet, found in the so-called “House of the Painters at Work”. At the entrance of that house, the skeletons (骨骼) of a man and a woman were discovered, an elderly couple that had probably tried to take shelter during the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79AD-a disaster that destoryed the entire city completely. 8．What do the figures mainly describe? A．Family events. B．Gladiator battles. C．Daily life activities. D．Imaginary creatures. 9．What did the children likely base their drawings on? A．School lessons. B．Their imagination. C．Stories told by adults. D．Things they observed. 10．What can be inferred about the skeletons found at the house entrance? A．They died in a battle. B．They were in poor health. C．They were seeking safety. D．They were visitors to the city. 11．What’s the best title for the text? A．The Daily Life of Ancient Pompeii B．Recent Archaeological Finds in Pompeii C．The Role of Gladiators in Roman Society D．Natural Disasters in Ancient Civilizations （六） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市六校高一下学期期末联考】Imagine you found a wallet containing a stranger’s contact details but no cash. Would you return it to its owner? Now imagine the same wallet contained a few banknotes. Would that change your response? Does it depend on the amount of money? And how do you think other people would react? Honesty makes the world go round. Without people trusting in one another, society would fall apart. Honesty is therefore studied academically. Most work in the area, though, takes place under controlled conditions in labs, often featuring (以……为特点) well-off and well-educated Westerners as its subjects. By contrast, Alain Cohn of the University of Michigan and his colleagues have taken such behavioral economics around the world, covering 40 countries, 355 cities and more than 17,000 people. As the team reported this week in Science, Dr Cohn’s research assistants entered public buildings. They handed in a wallet to the receptionist, saying they had found it on the street outside. Each wallet contained contact details. Importantly, some wallets also included $13.45, while others not. Then, the team simply waited to see who would return the wallet. In 38 of the 40 countries, the wallets with money were returned more often than those without (51% vs 40%). In addition, wallets containing a larger sum of money ($94.15) were even more likely (by about another 10%) to be returned than those with less. With greater temptation (诱惑), then, comes greater honesty —at least when it comes to lost wallets. Interestingly, though, such honesty is not reflected in people’s expectations of others. When surveyed, most of 299 volunteers predicted that the more money in a wallet, the less likely it would be returned. A certain doubt about the motives of others is probably good for survival. But the warm inner thought of  “doing the right thing” is also a powerful motivation. How this altruism developed is much debated—particularly when it extends, as in Dr Cohn’s experiments, to strangers whom the altruist has no expectation of ever meeting. Be that as it may, as this study shows, such altruism is real and universal. 8．How is Alain Cohn’s research different from the previous? A．It was carried out in controlled situations. B．More scientists participated in the research. C．It covered varied subjects and backgrounds. D．It took no account of well-educated Westerners. 9．What can we learn from the research? A．Rate of honesty varies among countries. B．People prefer returning wallets without money. C．The less money in a wallet, the higher rate of returning. D．Wallets with more money are more likely to be given back. 10．What can be inferred from paragraph 5? A．People are more honest than we expect. B．People tend to expect honesty from others. C．More money always means greater honesty. D．Most people lose honesty facing great temptation. 11．What does the underlined word “altruism” in the last paragraph mean? A．Doubt of others’ motivations. B．Understanding of people’s doubt. C．The motivation for survival. D．Concern for others’ needs. （七） 【2023-2024学年福建省宁德市高一下学期期末】Brown mud is found on coastlines around the UK. It might not look very exciting but in fact it supports wildlife that does a very important job. Scientists in Scotland have just begun a study of coastal mud. They are sifting (筛选) through it to find the creatures living there, which could provide a natural solution to climate change. Some of the mud-burrowing (泥土穴居) creatures feed on tiny organisms such as algae and plankton. These organisms absorb carbon. If algae and plankton are left in the sea they eventually die, rot (腐烂) and give out carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas into the atmosphere, which contributes to global warming. Instead, many are pulled down into the sea bed by mud-burrowing creatures, where the carbon they contain is stored, for hundreds of years. Dr Ceri Lewis is leading a team of scientists who are measuring which creatures are best at storing carbon in the sea be d off the west coast of Scotland. “There are some fantastic, wonderful animals living in ocean mud, all doing these important jobs,” Lewis told The Times newspaper. In the area, there are at least 200 species of invertebrates (animals without backbones). The scientists’ work includes scooping up mud from the sea bed, sifting it to find the invertebrates, and measuring how much carbon each one stores. Lewis’s study is part of a huge five-year project called the Convex Seascape Survey. It is measuring how much carbon is stored in coastal areas all around the world, and how much more could be stored in the future. Lewis admits that mud isn’t the first thing people think of when looking for solutions to climate change, but, she says, “It couldn’t be a more important time to work out how we can best use nature’s power to lock carbon away.” 8．What can be learned about the mud-burrowing creatures? A．They can absorb carbon. B．They give out carbon in the sea. C．They help to lock carbon away. D．They contribute to global warming. 9．What does the underlined phrase “scooping up” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Spooning up. B．Making up. C．Looking up. D．Cleaning up. 10．Why does Lewis want to measure carbon in his study? A．To store much more carbon. B．To study the secrets of the sea. C．To sort out the creatures in the sea. D．To seek a natural solution to climate change. 11．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Greater importance should be attached to coastal mud. B．Climate change depends on the amount of carbon. C．Human beings should use natural power to break down carbon. D．The most important time to measure costal mud is in the five years. （八） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州市高一下学期期末】As the world deals with the rising temperatures brought by climate change, the demand for cooling solutions in hot, dry regions becomes increasingly pressing. However, traditional air conditioning systems produce massive greenhouse gases and use lots of energy. Facing these challenges, a research team from McGill University, UCLA, and Princeton have found an inexpensive, sustainable cooling method. Their approach not only offers a solution for cooling but also promises to address the problem of heat waves during electricity blackouts. The researchers set out to achieve a new standard in passive cooling (无动力制冷) within naturally conditioned buildings in hot climates such as Southern California. They aimed to address an important question: how can passive cooling techniques outperform traditional air conditioning units and improve indoor comfort? The key to this breakthrough lies in harnessing the potential of radiative (辐射的) cooling materials, specifically in the context of housing design. Traditionally, such materials have been employed to prevent roofs(屋顶) from overheating and improve heat rejection from cooling systems. However, the research team recognised that there is under-explored potential in integrating these materials into building design — they can not only remove waste indoor heat but also drive regular and healthy air changes. Lead author Remy Fortin stated, “We found we could maintain air temperatures several degrees below the surrounding temperature.”Remarkably, they achieved this success without giving up a healthy airing. This was never a piece of cake, considering air exchange can unintendedly introduce heat into the building when the goal is to keep the inside cooler than the outside. The researchers are hopeful that their findings will be used to positively impact communities suffering from climatic heating and heat waves. Salmaan Craig, the principal researcher expressed their expectations: “We hope that materials scientists, designers, and engineers will be interested in these results and that our work will inspire more broader thinking for how to integrate breakthroughs in radiative cooling materials with simple but effective solutions.” 12．What is the primary purpose of the research? A．To prevent power shortages. B．To improve air conditioners. C．To realise eco-friendly cooling. D．To produce new cooling chemicals. 13．What is a fruit of the research besides lower indoor temperatures? A．Healthy air changes. B．Clear sunshine. C．Cheap roof materials. D．Reduced coatings. 14．What does the underlined word “harnessing” in the paragraph 4mean? A．Taking care of. B．Losing sight of. C．Keeping track of. D．Making use of. 15．What can be expected of future research according to Craig? A．Stricter greening gas limits. B．Positive impact on community services. C．New papers on housing design techniques. D．More attention from different professionals. （九） 【2023-2024学年福建省厦门市高一下学期期末】NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a planet where it rains sand, in ground-breaking observation. The planet, WASP-107b, lying 200 light years away, was discovered in 2017 after astronomers spotted a distinct periodic light going on and off like a candle from its host star each time the planet passed in front of it. “It’s like a fly in front of a street lamp,” said Leen Decin, a professor at Institute of Astronomy of KU Leuven. “You see a slight dimming (变暗) of the light.” While Webb’s instruments found signs of water vapour (水蒸气) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on WASP-107b, they also found clouds of silicon dioxide (SiO2) that behave similar to water clouds on Earth, meaning that on WASP-107b, it rains sand. The planet’s atmosphere would feature something like Earth’s water cycle, but instead with sand cycling between solid and gas states. From the hotter, lower levels of the atmosphere, silicate vapour would rise up, cool and form tiny sands, too small to see. Eventually, these clouds of sand dust would become thick enough that they begin to rain back down to the lower layers of the atmosphere. Below a certain level, the sand would transform into vapour, completing the cycle. A central aim of the James Webb Space Telescope is to analyse the atmospheres of distant planets and search for biosignature gases that could show the presence of life. WASP-107b is not regarded as a likely candidate (候选), given its 1,000℃ climate and lack of a solid surface. However, the level of detail being got from targets like WASP-107b is seen as an encouraging sign. It’s the first time that we have been able to identify the chemical composition of clouds in the atmosphere of a distant planet, marking a significant leap in our understanding of the distant worlds. “The universe has so many surprises,” said Decin. “I do imagine that there may be various different choices for life to form on another planet. It might be very different from something you know here on Earth. We have to broaden our imaginations.” 12．How did astronomers discover the planet WASP-107b? A．By monitoring the movement of a fly. B．By studying the brightness of a street lamp. C．By comparing the distance of planets. D．By observing light change of its host star. 13．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The cycle of sand rain. B．The development of vapour. C．The feature of clouds. D．The temperature of atmosphere. 14．What can we know about WASP-107b according to paragraph 5? A．It has the same atmosphere as the Earth’s. B．It has signs indicating the presence of water. C．Its climate and surface conditions can’t support life. D．Its chemical composition disables cloud formation. 15．What is Decin’s attitude to the possibility of life in the universe? A．Negative. B．Positive. C．Cautious. D．Doubtful. （十） 【2023-2024学年福建省漳州市高一下学期期末】According to the great German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, you have the potential (潜能) for greatness inside of you, but like most people, you will probably let it be destroyed by your own laziness. And just as it’s important not to spend all of our time in comfort, it’s also important not to spend it working too hard. You might argue that progress can be achieved through slavishness (苦干). But does it make any sense to achieve progress if it’s not enjoyable and if it doesn’t lead us to our potential? If we focus on progress simply for the progress itself, we may fail to live the meaningful life we are truly seeking. The solution to this problem, then, lies in the middle between laziness and slavishness. I call that middle joyful productivity (生产力). It’s about spending your energy in a way that allows you to make meaningful progress each day and avoid the disasters of laziness. As Adam Smith wrote in The Wealth of Nations, “…by reducing every man’s business to one simple operation, and by making this operation the only employment of his life, necessarily increases the skillfulness of the workman.” In his opinion, when you concentrate all of your attention on one area of expertise (专长), you can become a master in it. And when you become a master in that area, you can create things of value, thus promoting your productivity. And how do you pick a single area of expertise? It should be something that you are really interested in, because only then will you be able and willing to spend the huge amount of time and effort it takes to become a master in any field. The end of both laziness and slavishness begins with the discovery of your passions (热爱). Examine the things that caught your interest ever since you were a child before the world told you what you had to care about. The way forward lies within the examination of those early interests. 8．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．Slavishness isn’t a good way to make progress. B．Comfort doesn’t contribute to a meaningful life. C．You can enjoy your life only by making progress. D．Slavishness helps develop one’s greatest potential. 9．In The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith stresses the significance of _______. A．increasing workmen B．focusing on one specific field C．mastering working skills D．creating valuable things 10．What is the function of the question in paragraph 5? A．To show the author’s confusion. B．To excite readers’ comment. C．To express an opposite opinion. D．To introduce the next topic. 11．What does the author suggest people do in the last paragraph? A．Care about the world. B．Treasure their childhood. C．Find their true passion. D．Prevent laziness. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$