专题04 阅读理解之说明文二 (福建专用)-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期期末真题分类汇编

专题04 阅读理解之说明文二 （一） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市闽侯县闽江口协作校高二下学期期末】For many students who desire to move around but not far freely, one of the most common vehicles is the bicycle. For such a seemingly simple invention, its story is not that simple. Most historians trace its origin back to 1817, when a German nobleman named Karl von Drais invented a wooden, two-wheeled machine that riders moved forward with their feet. His invention became popular in both England and France, where it eventually became known as the velocipede. Unfortunately, it was eventually banned as a danger to pedestrians and was rarely seen after the early 1820s. Things were quiet for several decades until the bicycle development took off in the 1860s. An important milestone happened in Paris in 1863 when pedals (踏板) were added to the front axle (轴) . This occurred in Pierre Michaux’s workshop, but it’s unclear whether he or his employee, Pierre Lallement, should be given credit for the innovation. Lallement moved to the United States, where he obtained a patent for “improvements in velocipedes” in 1866. These new machines proved to be popular, and the name “bicycle” had come into use by 1869. However, many people referred to them as “bone shakers”, which described their clunky ride due to a heavy wooden frame and steel wheels. In the 1870s, “high wheelers” or “penny-farthings” became popular. However, with a large front wheel and a much smaller rear wheel, they could be dangerous, if riders had to stop suddenly, as they would “take a header” when their momentum (动量) carried them over the front wheel onto their heads. Eventually, English inventor John Kemp Starley designed a “safety bicycle” with two same small wheels, a chain drive, and a set of gears. With tires added in and brake (刹车) systems bettered in the following decades, bicycle production had skyrocketed to over one million bicycles by 1899. Mass production of bicycles increased their popularity greatly, since they became affordable for the average person. Over the course of the 20th century, manufacturers continued to improve the features and design of bicycles as new technologies appeared. 8．Why did the early bicycle fail to be allowed after its invention? A．It was made of bad materials. B．It was pushed by riders’ feet. C．It was thought to be a threat to traffic safety. D．It had no patent from the official organization. 9．What change did the 1860s see in the bicycle? A．The update of its axle. B．The growth of employees in its factory. C．An advance in its production workshop. D．An improvement in its drive part. 10．What does the underlined word “clunky” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Easy and cheap. B．Practical and safe. C．Heavy and awkward. D．Convenient and simple. 11．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Bicycles’ Development Is Helpful to Environment B．Bicycles Have a Long and Rich History C．Bicycles Have Been Popular in the World D．The World Becomes Smaller Because of Bicycles （二） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州市泉港一中.泉州一中.石外分校联考高二下学期7月期末】 The steam engine, electric lighting, refrigeration. If you’re wondering what these things have in common, they’re examples of transformative technologies that lifted worker productivity. Does generative AI belong on that list? Hardly a day passes without some news of the great things that so-called large language models (LLMs) can do — from writing academic papers to designing buildings — along with projections on how many jobs will be wiped out as companies figure out ways to apply the new technology. But economists are divided on whether the likes of OpenAI’s ChatGPT or Google’s Bard have the potential to jump-start productivity growth worldwide. Researchers in a consulting firm project AI will deliver $4.4 trillion in economic benefits annually to the global economy, equal to 4.4% of global output in 2022 Harvard professor Neeley likens the birth of generative AI to the arrival of the Internet. “It is exactly that moment we are facing again — that vital moment that forever changes how we work, how we interact with one another, how we think, how we produce. We are at that moment again.” There are plenty of reasons to be skeptical, though. Robert Gordon, a professor at Northwestern University and author of The Rise and Fall of American Growth, argues that the Internet and AI haven’t been as revolutionary as what economists call general-purpose technologies, such as electricity. Worries about AI replacing workers have been at the center of a labor dispute in Hollywood writers and actors. A survey by Microsoft found that 49% of the people say they’re worried AI will replace their jobs. On the flip side, blue collar workers could benefit. “It won’t change blue-collar work, but it will change who can get out of blue collar work and get into better jobs,” an economic historian at Cornell University says. “We are living through one of those turning points in human history.” 28．Why does the author mention OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Bard? A．To introduce a debate. B．To define a concept. C．To make a prediction. D．To explain a technology. 29．What does the underlined word “likens” mean in paragraph 3? A．Contributes. B．Attaches. C．Compares. D．Changes. 30．What can we know about Robert Gordon? A．He is in favor of AI. B．He acts as an electricity professor. C．He is an economist and author. D．He suspects AI’s revolutionary role. 31．What does the economic historian think about blue collar work in the AI-era? A．Doubtful. B．Promising. C．Fascinating. D．Worrying. （三） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州市四校高二下学期7月期末】If you live in a region where winter weather is a regular risk, you are likely used to pouring salt on your sidewalks. But how does it work? And how much salt do humans pour onto our planet’s surface? The second question is easier to answer: a lot. Salt doesn’t directly melt ice, nor does it make snow simply disappear. Instead it makes water less likely to freeze in a phenomenon called freezing point depression. In the case of simple rock salt, which is a rawer, less pure version of table salt, each molecule (分子) splits into smaller elements. Normally, when water freezes into ice, its molecules line up to form a stable, orderly structure. Salt interrupts the process, however, and temperatures must drop lower to overcome that interruption and for freezing to occur. But if salt needs to interact with liquid water, how does it do anything when temperatures are stubbornly below freezing, and water should already be in the form of ice? That’s where cars help clear their own way by creating friction and, in turn, heat. The friction allows for the ice that has already frozen to melt a little bit, making it unlikely to freeze. Beyond rock salt’s ability to clear icy streets, it can also be destructive. Chloride ions (氯离子) can cause wear and tear on vehicles and facilities. Increasing chloride densities in North American lakes could begin to upset local ecology and degrade sources of drinking water. Many local governments are looking for alternatives to rock salt. Other salts such as magnesium chloride and calcium chloride work in the same way as rock salt, and they’re perhaps even more efficient. Some experiments are testing other ice-preventing solutions, including those that contain sugars instead of or in addition to salts. Another approach relies more heavily on sand, which can mechanically make roads safer. All of this experimentation is aimed at ensuring people can travel in any weather condition — a Herculean task when winter brings its worst. 28．What’s the purpose of the first sentence in Paragraph 2? A．To introduce the topic. B．To give some evidence. C．To define the phenomenon. D．To reveal the misconception. 29．How does salt work to disturb the process of freezing? A．By lowering the temperature. B．By melting and splitting itself. C．By lining up to form a solid structure. D．By stopping the formation of the structure. 30．What does the underlined word “densities” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Concentrations. B．Weights. C．Qualities. D．Salts. 31．What’s the last paragraph mainly talking about? A．Other salts won’t disturb local ecology. B．Efforts are being made to guarantee safe travels. C．Many alternatives are available to solve the problem. D．Bitter winter make it impossible to secure road safety. （四） 【2023-2024学年福建省漳州市高二下学期7月期末】Much of the conservation and climate change spotlight falls on tropical (热带的) forests. Given this, people might forget that forests in the temperate (温带的) areas — those found in large parts of North America, Europe and higher latitudes in Asia and Australia —also have the power to help limit climate change. Although preserving tropical rainforests is essential to climate progress, policy makers cannot neglect the important role of temperate forests. This Earth Week, we must turn our attention and dollars to these stretches of trees, or we will face the loss of an important tool in managing global warming. Temperate forests represent about 25percent of Earth’s arboreal lands. As temperatures have changed, temperate trees face threats of harmful invasive pests (侵入的害虫) from other regions, loss of forest lands from urban and farmland expansion. We believe the greatest emerging threat to temperate forests is wildfires that occur beyond normal historic frequency and severity. But surprisingly, widespread fire suppression (抑制), especially in dry forests in the West, has allowed a build-up of dangerous fuels like deadwood. These fuels, combined with the drought caused by climate change, have led to increasingly frequent and severe fires that kill enormous numbers of trees and release a large quantity of CO2 to the atmosphere in bad fires years in the United States. We need to reduce land-clearing for housing and agriculture, then allow trees to regrow where they have been removed, and protect and better care for the few temperate forests that still contain stands of very old trees. These old forests are some of the most carbon-dense ecosystems and possess unique biodiversity. Therefore, governments and landowners must make sure middle-aged forests that regrew after cutting will develop into the old-growth forests of tomorrow. We need to take advantage of current public funding for forest conservation and management and, at the same time, promote private investment to support restorative measures and sustainable forestry to capture the climate potential of temperate forests in the U. S. and elsewhere. 8．What is emphasized in the first paragraph? A．Temperate forests’ impact on climate change. B．Distribution of temperate forests. C．Conservation of tropical forests. D．Causes of global warming. 9．What does the underlined word “neglect” mean in the first paragraph? A．Ignore. B．Limit. C．Perform. D．Assess. 10．What caused the more frequent and severe wildfires in temperate forests? A．Increasing urbanization. B．Fire control practices. C．The invasive species. D．Farmland expansion. 11．Which of the following is a measure to protect temperate forests? A．Banning tree cutting. B．Restricting investment. C．Conserving old forests. D．Protecting farm land. （五） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州九县市高二下学期期末】In Oceanside, a coastal suburb about 40 miles north of San Diego, the palm trees wave and the temperature is almost perfect. Teenagers watch surfers ride glassy waves. Every day it feels like the most perfect summer day. There is just one problem: The sand is disappearing. While many visitors, and even lifelong Californians in the industrial state, might see wide areas of sand as part of the state’s natural beauty, the reality is that over decades, the coast has become a highly engineered wonder. Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica. But a range of forces have shrunk beaches all along California’s coastline. California could lose as much as 75% of its beaches by 2100, given the sea level rise related to climate change. Over time, beach sand gets s wept up into the water. Some of it moves towards other beaches. Besides, dams and concrete canals have reduced the amount of river sediment (沉淀物) flowing downstream that could help fill beaches as a supplement (补充). If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them. But in California, the development in many places along the coast has created a hard barrier, disturbing that natural evolution. Over the years, local governments worked together on a few major sand supplement projects. But those, still, have proved to be fleeting solutions. “Everything we do is a short-term fix,” said Gary Griggers, a professor specializing in coastal science. In recent years, as the sand’s disappearance grew more extreme, longtime Oceanside residents formed an organization called Save Oceanside Sand. A beach town cannot exist without a beach. Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches. “It’s really a race. I think there’s absolutely nothing we can do to hold back the Pacific Ocean,” said Gairy Griggers. 12．What does the author mean by mentioning the engineered wonder? A．Most visitors are engineers. B．California is an industrial state. C．It’s the perfect holiday vacation. D．The beach is artificially maintained. 13．What is a reason for the crisis of beaches along California’s coastline? A．Sand supplement has been added. B．Sea level rise results in climate change. C．Much river sediment is flowing downstream. D．Human intervention blocks the natural evolution. 14．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Efficient. B．Temporary. C．Sustainable. D．Complex. 15．Which of the following was done to preserve Californian beaches? A．Design contests were held. B．Dams and canals were built. C．Man-made beaches were expanded. D．Sand-themed postcards were published. （六） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市六校高二下学期期末】 The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults, we face a version(版本) of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism(机制) to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining (获取) calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch(不匹配) is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist (抵抗) tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative (有重大影响的) environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized (高度重视) new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now endlessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful (深思熟虑的) about our caloric consumption (热量消耗), we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 12．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers. C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 13．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ______. A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 14．What does the author suggest readers do? A．Absorb new information readily (欣然地). B．Use diverse information sources. C．Be selective information consumers. D．Protect the information environment. 15．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Marshmallow Test for Children. （七） 【2023-2024学年福建省厦门市高二下学期7月期末】Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, published 200 years ago, is often called the first modern work of science fiction — so much so that even people who haven’t read it know the story: an ambitious young scientist named Victor Frankenstein creates a human-like creature from the spare parts of dead bodies, but he loses control of his creation, and chaos follows. It reflects the anxieties over new ideas and new scientific knowledge that were about to transform the very fabric of life in the 19th century. Frankenstein is, of course, a work of fiction, but a good deal of real-life science informs Shelley’s masterpiece, beginning with the adventure story that frames Victor Frankenstein’s tale: that of Captain Walton’s voyage to the Arctic. Walton hopes to reach the North Pole where he might “discover the power that attracts the needle” — referring to the then-mysterious force of magnetism (磁力). The links between electricity and magnetism were a major subject of investigation during Shelley’s time, and a number of expeditions departed for the North and South Poles in the hope of discovering the secrets of the planet’s magnetic field. Erasmus Darwin is mentioned in the introduction to Frankenstein. There, Shelley claims that Darwin “preserved a piece of vermicelli in a glass case, till by some extraordinary means it began to move with a voluntary motion”. She adds, “Perhaps a dead body would be brought back to life; galvanism (电击法) had shown signs of such things: perhaps the component parts of a creature might be made, brought together, and given life.” However, Frankenstein serves as more than just a reflection on scientific effort; it is also a warning tale about the moral responsibilities of the creator. Victor’s scientific experiments blind him to the potential consequences of his work. When he realizes what damage the creature has done, he is overwhelmed with regret. But he fails to relate to the creature, which leads to the miserable events that follow. Victor Frankenstein’s failing isn’t his over-enthusiasm for science but his failing to connect emotionally with his creation. 12．What do we know about Frankenstein? A．It is influential. B．It reflects pop culture. C．It targets scientists. D．It is based on a real story. 13．Why does Captain Walton conduct his Arctic expedition? A．To map northern regions. B．To uncover a mysterious force. C．To trace the route of great voyagers. D．To distinguish electricity from magnetism. 14．What do Shelley’s words in paragraph 3 focus on? A．The significance of galvanism B．Her inspiration for the creature. C．The procedure for creating a being. D．Her support for Darwin’s research. 15．What message does Frankenstein convey? A．Adventure can inspire creativity. B．Regret can lead to miserable events. C．Creators should work out the origin of life. D．Scientific creations should include moral considerations. （八） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州晋江市高二下学期7月期末】A group of clams (河蚌) recently caught people’s attention after an article was posted by China Science Communication online. Although these clams are usually regarded as nothing more than delicious food, they work to monitor the local water quality in Poland. Gruba Kaska pumping station, which stands in the River Wisla, helps provide millions of liters of water to Warsaw, the capital of Poland. However, one particular concern for the water quality has been heavy metals, and researchers sought help from nature to solve this problem. Clams are sensitive to pollutants in their environment as they filter (过滤) water to feed on microorganisms (微生物). They shut their shells immediately after detecting “dangerous” water. Based on this, the researchers selected eight clams at a time and recorded the natural opening of their shells. After the clam “employees” become accustomed to the local water, they are placed in a specially designed container. With sensors stuck onto their shells, the clams are connected to a system that records how wide the shells are open. If four or more clams close their shells at the same time, an alarm will be set off and the water supply will be shut down. The result is reliable because the creatures are considering many different factors at the same time, according to ZME Science. Animals have long been helpers for human activities. Farmers in north Queensland, Australia, have been ordering different species of dung beetles (屎壳郎) to help clean up cattle waste, according to ABC News. As the number of cattle grows, their waste increases, leading to an enormous population of flies and a worsening environment. Dung beetles, however, take the waste and bury it. This way, they help improve soil quality. Similarly, cockroaches are used to deal with kitchen waste at several firms in China, according to a report of The Beijing News. About 300 million cockroaches are fed 15 tons of food waste on a daily basis, and they themselves are a good protein resource for livestock. 12．What is the new usage of clams? A．To solve the food shortage. B．To relieve people’s anxiety. C．To remove heavy metals sooner. D．To check the water quality. 13．What does “this” in paragraph 4 probably refer to? A．The clams are used to the local water. B．The clams prefer to close their shells. C．The clams are regarded as delicious food. D．The clams are sensitive to polluted water. 14．How did the researchers obtain the research finding? A．By selecting different kinds of clams. B．By referring to some historical records. C．By analysing the results of the records. D．By interviewing some experts of ZME Science. 15．What can be the best title for the text? A．Animals, Good Helpers of Humans B．Three Kinds of Amazing Animals C．A Special Way to Test Water Quality D．Animals, Far More than Tasty Food （九） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州晋江市五校高二下学期期末】Ever wonder how this season’s celebrations affect the environment? Guest blogger Krista Fairles takes an amusing look at this very topic. The holidays are a wonderful, cheerful time when most people wait for Santa to bring them presents. But I’m not like most people. I spend my time wondering just what the environmental impacts of Santa Claus and his reindeer are, and more importantly, how I can calculate those impacts. Lately I’ve been particularly curious as to whether Santa’s old sled is a clean green flying machine, or if he should be replacing his 8 reindeer with an environmentally-friendly car. I should mention that, surprisingly, I was unable to find statistics specific to Santa’s magical flying reindeer, so these calculations use numbers from various sources and may not represent actual pollution caused by Santa and his animals. In other words, don’t complain to the govenment about the damage Santa is causing the environment based on this article. Santa’s yearly trip around the globe is 44,000km long, twice the average of a North American driver. If we assume that the magic provides the altitude for this trip, then reindeer power only needs to push Santa’s sled forward. To complete the trip in 12 hours, I estimate they must travel at a speed of about 3100 km/h. To travel at this speed, for this length of time, the reindeer need to eat an incredible 980 million calories each! So the next question is: how much food is in 980 million calories? Well, if they’re eating corn, they’d need to eat 16, 500 lbs each-or 1.6 acres of food. Growing 12.8 acres of corn has its own implications for the environment that we’ll leave for another calculation. We now need to consider that during the global trip the reindeer are “letting out” some of that corn in the form of methane. A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons. With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO2, and the altitude increasing that damage by 1000% that another 20 times, we can put Santa’s round-trip emissions at 15,488 tons. This is much more than the 100 tons an environmentally-friendly car would release on the same trip! Bad Santa. 12．According to Paragraph 6, how many acres of corn would Santa need to feed 10 reindeer? A．1.6. B．16. C．12.8. D．128. 13．Which of the following statements would the writer most probably agree with? A．Christmas celebrations are really a waste of money. B．Vegetarians are more likely to survive than meat-eaters. C．Raising animals has a negative influence on environment. D．The car industry does less harm to environment than farming. 14．Which of the following words best describes the language style of the passage? A．Serious and boring. B．Cheerful and friendly. C．Academic and formal. D．Humorous and concerned. 15．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．Is Santa driving clean and green? B．Santa, watch where you’re going! C．Santa Claus is coming to town! D．Let’s reduce waste on Christmas celebrations! （十） 【2023-2024学年福建省宁德市市高二下学期7月期末】 The smallest object visible to the naked eye is a human egg cell. It measures just 0.1 millimetres in length. Beyond that limit, the world is completely invisible. Nanotechnology (纳米技术) is the field of science and engineering at a scale (规模) of one to a hundred nanometres. That’s a thousand to a hundred thousand times smaller than the smallest thing we can see. The tiny objects at this scale be have completely differently to the full-size structures we are used to. Gold changes colour from yellow to purple and becomes liquid at room temperature. Carbon transforms into an extraordinary electrical conductor. During the Cold War, a Nobel Prize winner, Richard Feynman, was investigating the possibility of science on anatomic (原子的) scale. Feynman wanted to miniaturize computers and create machines that could assemble molecules (分子) atom by atom. And he dreamed of a day when you could swallow your surgeon, delivering a life-saving robot into your body to perform surgeries. In the 1980s, two powerful new microscopes revealed the nanoworld in detail. The scanning tunnelling microscope used a very fine wire and an electric current to map even the thinnest of materials. At nanoscale, electrons behave like waves, allowing them to pass through solid objects. Another atomic force microscope could tell researchers about the chemical and physical properties of materials they could never hope to see with their own eyes. By the 1990s the field had exploded. Researchers observed carbon nanotubes for the first time—just a single atom thick. They were stronger than steel. In the years that followed scientists developed the ability to fold DNA like paper, and they discovered that it was possible to guide nanoparticles inside the body like homing missiles. Now, with science advancing at lightning speed, Feynman’s dreams are closer than ever. 32．Why does the author mention a human egg cell in paragraph 1? A．To give a definition. B．To explain a rule. C．To make a comparison. D．To make a prediction. 33．What did Feynman dream of nanotechnology? A．Electrons could pass through solid objects. B．Miniaturized computers could be created atom by atom. C．Nano robot would travel through the body and do operations. D．Nanomaterials could be engineered with extraordinary properties. 34．How did the two powerful microscopes help understand nanoworld? A．They made atoms visible. B．They helped obtain nanoscale features. C．They provided detailed images of atoms. D．They measured the electrical properties of materials. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Nanotechnology: From Theory to Reality B．Nanotech Innovations: Shaping Our World C．The Promising Prospect of Nanotechnology D．Journeying into the World of Nanotechnology （十一） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市闽侯县闽江口协作校高二下学期期末】 When Jeff Sparkman draws his cartoon superheroes with coloured pencils, he often has to ask other people to tell him what colour his masked men turned out to be because he’s colour blind. Now, a new smart phone application (app) can help him figure out what colours he’s using and how the picture looks to most everyone else. The DanKam app, available for iPhone and Android for $2.99, is an application that turns the vague (模糊的) colours that one percent of the population with colour-blindness see into the “true” colours as everyone else sees them. In America, an estimated 32 million colour-blind Americans—95% are males—can soon have their life improved. “DanKam takes the stream of data coming in through the phone’s camera and changes the colours slightly so they fall within the range that people who are colour-blind see,” developed Dan Kaminsky told CNET. He came up with the idea after watching the 2009 film Star Trek with a colour-blind friend. It was then that he got to know more about colourblindness like its varying types and degrees. A vast majority, for instance, have trouble seeing red or green due to a genetic defect (遗传缺陷), Blue-yellow colourblindness, however, is rarer and develops later in life because of aging, illness or head injuries, etc. He started experimenting with one of the most common representations of points in the RGB colour model. What the DanKam app attempts to do is clean up the colour space of the image or video signal so that colours can be visible to those suffering from viewing problems. “You can adjust the app to fit your needs. There is a range and not everyone who is colour-blind sees things the same,” Says Kaminsky. Sparkman, a copy editor at CNET, tried out the app and was pleased with the result: “It would be useful for dressing for a job interview,” he said. But using it for his art is “the most practical application”. It worked well on LED and other lights on electronic gadgets (器械), which means Sparkman can now identify the power light on his computer display green. 12．What can we know about DanKam from the first two paragraphs? A．It is used in the movie Star Trek. B．It is a new phone helping us create products. C．it can turn all unclear colours into true ones. D．It is designed to assist people with colourblindness. 13．How does DanKam work? A．It puts lights on electronic gadgets. B．It examines people’s types of colourblindness. C．It adjusts the colours to make colour-blind people see them. D．It shows the same representations of points in the model. 14．What can be inferred about colourblindness from the text? A．It is not always an inborn disease. B．It cannot be treated for ever. C．It is more commonly seen in the female. D．It makes patients unable to tell any colours. 15．What s Sparkman’s attitude towards DanKam? A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Favourable. D．Unconcerned. （十二） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市联盟校高二下学期期末】 Going with renowned ones like classic Chris-Craft boats is always the best choice for boat lovers. In the 1900s, Chris Smith started creating boats for fishing and enjoying the water and founded a company. These boats were hand-made, and his company faced a big success, so he became famous as Chris-Craft. A boat design is the first thing every potential buyer sees, and the ones made by Chris Craft have a recognizable timeless design, which is the choice of many boat lovers. They are made of high-quality, resistant and durable mahogany (红木), and can last forever with proper maintenance. The company has spent much time and money researching in order to find a perfect engine that will fit perfectly to the design of these vessels, and luckily for all of us boat lovers, they found it. It’s the engine that makes a boat an outstanding one, and that’s precisely where these vessels dominate the market, as they have one of the best engines. Okay, we can say that some boat has great engine, looks amazing, and how fuel consumption is far less than any other boat, but all those things would be for nothing if no one is aware that they exist. That is why advertising is of such big importance today. Of course, these vessels have been with us for quite some time now, but that doesn’t mean that a good marketing campaign and even luck haven’t played a big role. Namely, the owners understood the importance of advertising and set specific goals in order to achieve as many sales as possible, but there is something else that helped them gain even more popularity. We all have a favorite movie, but some movies are classic, and everyone loves them and has at least one sequel (续集) as their to-go option. That’s precisely the role of Bond movies. For some, these movies were the first time they saw Chris-Craft boats and all the luxury and craftsmanship of their design. Once again, great advertising has proven to be highly efficient, and Bond movies were a huge success for this company as they intrigued and interested even more people in buying a boat, and what’s even more important, precisely the model that’s been in the James Bond movie. 32．What can we infer from the first paragraph? A．Chris-Craft is quite popular with consumers. B．Chris-Craft is only a small-sized company. C．Chris-Craft has a long history in shipping. D．Chris-Craft is a successful business man. 33．What do we know about Chris-Craft products? A．Chris-Craft products are made of excellent materials. B．Chris-Craft products depend on proper maintenance. C．Boat lovers are deeply attracted by Chris-crafts’ outlooks. D．Chris-Craft products are sold at reasonable prices. 34．What is Paragraph 4 intended for? A．Outlining the importance of clever leaders. B．Outlining the importance of saving fuels. C．Emphasizing the importance of advertising. D．Emphasizing the importance of engines. 35．Which of the following makes Chris-Craft best known? A．Powerful engines. B．Bond movies. C．Perfect design. D．Long history. （十三） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州第一中学高二下学期期末】Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual from restrictions. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once. “This is important because people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances.” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in the Cornell University. “Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said. Lucas and his colleagues conducted three studies to reach their conclusion. In the first study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute “warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they wanted. Participants’ sense of power was manipulated (操纵) through role assignments, where they were either given a leadership role with control over resources or an employee role without control over resources. The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round. There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round. In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. Consistent with the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round. But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round. Results of the third study demonstrated that a different creativity task can also warm-up low-power people for an unrelated creativity task. “Given the high value of creative ideas for organizations, it is important to develop approaches that empower all employees to tap their creative potential,” Lucas said. “The low power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that does just this and overcomes power imbalance in the workplace: when pursuing creative work, let employees warm up first.” 12．Why is it important to boost lower-power workers’ creativity according to Lucas? A．To enhance competition. B．To encourage cooperation. C．To navigate power imbalance. D．To build a rich-get-richer dynamic 13．How did the participants feel the power in the first study? A．By competing with leaders. B．Through a random role selection. C．By working in different conditions. D．Through confusing role assignments. 14．What can best describe the relationship between power and creativity from the studies? A．It’s fixed. B．It’s dynamic. C．It’s unpredictable. D．It’s casual. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards low power warm-up effect? A．Encouraging. B．Negative. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. （十四） 【2023-2024学年福建省福建师范大学附属中学高二下学期7月期末】Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems. Many publicly available large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers — things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn’t stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as “jailbreaks”, making AI models disobey the rules. Now, Arush Tagade at Leap Laboratories and his co-workers have found a process of jailbreaks. They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona (角色), which is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse. This process is called “persona modulation (调节)”. Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently. There is also an idea in AI circles, one yet to be proven, that creating lots of rules for an AI to prevent it displaying unwanted behaviour can accidentally create a blueprint for a model to act that way. This potentially leaves the AI easy to be tricked into taking on an evil persona. “If you’re forcing your model to be good persona, it somewhat understands what a bad persona is,” says Tagade. Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled,” she says. 5．What does the AI jailbreak refer to? A．The technique to break restrictions of AI models. B．The initiative to set hard-coded rules for AI models. C．The capability of AI models improving themselves. D．The process of AI models learning new information. 6．What can we know about the persona modulation? A．It can help AI models understand emotions. B．It prevents AI learning via online conversations. C．It can make AI models adopt a particular persona. D．It forces AI models to follow only good personas. 7．What is Yinzhen Li’s attitude towards LLMs? A．Unclear. B．Cautious. C．Approving. D．Negative. 8．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．LLMs: Illegal Learning Models B．LLMs: The Latest Advancement C．AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge D．AI Jailbreaks: A Perfect Approach 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 阅读理解之说明文二 （一） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市闽侯县闽江口协作校高二下学期期末】For many students who desire to move around but not far freely, one of the most common vehicles is the bicycle. For such a seemingly simple invention, its story is not that simple. Most historians trace its origin back to 1817, when a German nobleman named Karl von Drais invented a wooden, two-wheeled machine that riders moved forward with their feet. His invention became popular in both England and France, where it eventually became known as the velocipede. Unfortunately, it was eventually banned as a danger to pedestrians and was rarely seen after the early 1820s. Things were quiet for several decades until the bicycle development took off in the 1860s. An important milestone happened in Paris in 1863 when pedals (踏板) were added to the front axle (轴) . This occurred in Pierre Michaux’s workshop, but it’s unclear whether he or his employee, Pierre Lallement, should be given credit for the innovation. Lallement moved to the United States, where he obtained a patent for “improvements in velocipedes” in 1866. These new machines proved to be popular, and the name “bicycle” had come into use by 1869. However, many people referred to them as “bone shakers”, which described their clunky ride due to a heavy wooden frame and steel wheels. In the 1870s, “high wheelers” or “penny-farthings” became popular. However, with a large front wheel and a much smaller rear wheel, they could be dangerous, if riders had to stop suddenly, as they would “take a header” when their momentum (动量) carried them over the front wheel onto their heads. Eventually, English inventor John Kemp Starley designed a “safety bicycle” with two same small wheels, a chain drive, and a set of gears. With tires added in and brake (刹车) systems bettered in the following decades, bicycle production had skyrocketed to over one million bicycles by 1899. Mass production of bicycles increased their popularity greatly, since they became affordable for the average person. Over the course of the 20th century, manufacturers continued to improve the features and design of bicycles as new technologies appeared. 8．Why did the early bicycle fail to be allowed after its invention? A．It was made of bad materials. B．It was pushed by riders’ feet. C．It was thought to be a threat to traffic safety. D．It had no patent from the official organization. 9．What change did the 1860s see in the bicycle? A．The update of its axle. B．The growth of employees in its factory. C．An advance in its production workshop. D．An improvement in its drive part. 10．What does the underlined word “clunky” in Paragraph 3 mean? A．Easy and cheap. B．Practical and safe. C．Heavy and awkward. D．Convenient and simple. 11．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Bicycles’ Development Is Helpful to Environment B．Bicycles Have a Long and Rich History C．Bicycles Have Been Popular in the World D．The World Becomes Smaller Because of Bicycles 【答案】8．C 9．D 10．C 11．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。介绍了自行车从19世纪初的雏形到现代的演变历程，包括关键创新、设计改进及大众化过程。 8．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Unfortunately, it was eventually banned as a danger to pedestrians and was rarely seen after the early 1820s.(不幸的是，它最终被禁止，因为它对行人有危险，在19世纪20年代初之后就很少见到了。)”可知，早期的自行车在发明后没有被允许使用是因为它被认为对行人构成威胁，即对交通安全构成了危险。故选C。 9．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“An important milestone happened in Paris in 1863 when pedals (踏板) were added to the front axle (轴).(1863年在巴黎，踏板被安装到前轴上，这是一个重要的里程碑。)”可知，19世纪60年代自行车的变化在于其驱动部分得到了改进，即在前轴上增加了踏板。故选D。 10．词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“These new machines proved to be popular, and the name “bicycle” had come into use by 1869. However, many people referred to them as “bone shakers”, which described their clunky ride due to a heavy wooden frame and steel wheels.(事实证明，这些新机器很受欢迎，到1869年，“自行车”这个名字就开始使用了。然而，许多人把它们称为“摇骨车”，形容它们clunky行驶，因为它们有沉重的木制框架和钢轮。)”可知，“clunky”描述的是由于沉重的木制框架和钢轮，骑行时的笨重和不灵活。C选项（又重又笨拙）符合题意。故选C。 11．主旨大意题。根据第一段中“For such a seemingly simple invention, its story is not that simple.(对于这样一个看似简单的发明，它的故事却没有那么简单。)”结合整篇文章讲述了自行车从1817年发明至今的发展历程，包括它的起源、重要里程碑、设计改进以及普及情况，因此最佳标题应概括为：自行车有着悠久而丰富的历史。故选B。 （二） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州市泉港一中.泉州一中.石外分校联考高二下学期7月期末】 The steam engine, electric lighting, refrigeration. If you’re wondering what these things have in common, they’re examples of transformative technologies that lifted worker productivity. Does generative AI belong on that list? Hardly a day passes without some news of the great things that so-called large language models (LLMs) can do — from writing academic papers to designing buildings — along with projections on how many jobs will be wiped out as companies figure out ways to apply the new technology. But economists are divided on whether the likes of OpenAI’s ChatGPT or Google’s Bard have the potential to jump-start productivity growth worldwide. Researchers in a consulting firm project AI will deliver $4.4 trillion in economic benefits annually to the global economy, equal to 4.4% of global output in 2022 Harvard professor Neeley likens the birth of generative AI to the arrival of the Internet. “It is exactly that moment we are facing again — that vital moment that forever changes how we work, how we interact with one another, how we think, how we produce. We are at that moment again.” There are plenty of reasons to be skeptical, though. Robert Gordon, a professor at Northwestern University and author of The Rise and Fall of American Growth, argues that the Internet and AI haven’t been as revolutionary as what economists call general-purpose technologies, such as electricity. Worries about AI replacing workers have been at the center of a labor dispute in Hollywood writers and actors. A survey by Microsoft found that 49% of the people say they’re worried AI will replace their jobs. On the flip side, blue collar workers could benefit. “It won’t change blue-collar work, but it will change who can get out of blue collar work and get into better jobs,” an economic historian at Cornell University says. “We are living through one of those turning points in human history.” 28．Why does the author mention OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Bard? A．To introduce a debate. B．To define a concept. C．To make a prediction. D．To explain a technology. 29．What does the underlined word “likens” mean in paragraph 3? A．Contributes. B．Attaches. C．Compares. D．Changes. 30．What can we know about Robert Gordon? A．He is in favor of AI. B．He acts as an electricity professor. C．He is an economist and author. D．He suspects AI’s revolutionary role. 31．What does the economic historian think about blue collar work in the AI-era? A．Doubtful. B．Promising. C．Fascinating. D．Worrying. 【答案】28．A 29．C 30．D 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章探讨了人工智能对整个社会的影响，并介绍了几位研究人员对人工智能的不同看法。 28．推理判断题。根据第二段“But economists are divided on whether the likes of OpenAI’s ChatGPT or Google’s Bard have the potential to jump-start productivity growth worldwide.(但对于OpenAI的ChatGPT或谷歌的Bard是否有潜力推动全球生产率增长，经济学家们存在分歧)”可推知，作者在本段提及ChatGPT和Bard是为了引出人工智能是否具有变革性作用的争论。故选A项。 29．词句猜测题。根据后文“It is exactly that moment we are facing again — that vital moment that forever changes how we work, how we interact with one another, how we think, how we produce. We are at that moment again.(这正是我们再次面临的关键时刻，这个关键时刻将永远改变我们的工作方式、我们与他人的互动方式、我们的思考方式、我们的生产方式。我们又回到了那个时刻)”可知，此处所说的回到那个时刻，是指前文提到的互联网出现的时刻，所以慈湖Neeley教授将生成式人工智能的出现比作互联网的出现。故划线词与Compares意义相近。故选C项。 30．细节理解题。根据第四段“Robert Gordon, a professor at Northwestern University and author of The Rise and Fall of American Growth, argues that the Internet and AI haven’t been as revolutionary as what economists call general-purpose technologies, such as electricity.(西北大学(Northwestern University)教授、《美国经济增长的兴衰》(The Rise and Fall of American Growth)一书的作者罗伯特·戈登(Robert Gordon)认为，互联网和人工智能并不像经济学家所说的通用技术那样具有革命性，比如电力)”可知，Robert Gordon教授不相信人工智能会起到革命性作用。故选D项。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It won’t change blue-collar work, but it will change who can get out of blue-collar work and get into better jobs(它不会改变蓝领工作，但会改变谁能摆脱蓝领工作，找到更好的工作)”可推知，康奈尔大学的一位经济历史学家认为人工智能时代的蓝领工作是有前途的。故选B项。 （三） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州市四校高二下学期7月期末】If you live in a region where winter weather is a regular risk, you are likely used to pouring salt on your sidewalks. But how does it work? And how much salt do humans pour onto our planet’s surface? The second question is easier to answer: a lot. Salt doesn’t directly melt ice, nor does it make snow simply disappear. Instead it makes water less likely to freeze in a phenomenon called freezing point depression. In the case of simple rock salt, which is a rawer, less pure version of table salt, each molecule (分子) splits into smaller elements. Normally, when water freezes into ice, its molecules line up to form a stable, orderly structure. Salt interrupts the process, however, and temperatures must drop lower to overcome that interruption and for freezing to occur. But if salt needs to interact with liquid water, how does it do anything when temperatures are stubbornly below freezing, and water should already be in the form of ice? That’s where cars help clear their own way by creating friction and, in turn, heat. The friction allows for the ice that has already frozen to melt a little bit, making it unlikely to freeze. Beyond rock salt’s ability to clear icy streets, it can also be destructive. Chloride ions (氯离子) can cause wear and tear on vehicles and facilities. Increasing chloride densities in North American lakes could begin to upset local ecology and degrade sources of drinking water. Many local governments are looking for alternatives to rock salt. Other salts such as magnesium chloride and calcium chloride work in the same way as rock salt, and they’re perhaps even more efficient. Some experiments are testing other ice-preventing solutions, including those that contain sugars instead of or in addition to salts. Another approach relies more heavily on sand, which can mechanically make roads safer. All of this experimentation is aimed at ensuring people can travel in any weather condition — a Herculean task when winter brings its worst. 28．What’s the purpose of the first sentence in Paragraph 2? A．To introduce the topic. B．To give some evidence. C．To define the phenomenon. D．To reveal the misconception. 29．How does salt work to disturb the process of freezing? A．By lowering the temperature. B．By melting and splitting itself. C．By lining up to form a solid structure. D．By stopping the formation of the structure. 30．What does the underlined word “densities” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Concentrations. B．Weights. C．Qualities. D．Salts. 31．What’s the last paragraph mainly talking about? A．Other salts won’t disturb local ecology. B．Efforts are being made to guarantee safe travels. C．Many alternatives are available to solve the problem. D．Bitter winter make it impossible to secure road safety. 【答案】28．D 29．D 30．A 31．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人们在冬天通过在路面撒盐来缓解雪后因道路结冰而造成的交通安全问题，并就此问题所带来的环境问题进行科普。 28．推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Salt doesn’t directly melt ice, nor does it make snow simply disappear.”（盐不会直接融化冰，也不会让雪消失。）以及第二句“Instead it makes water less likely to freeze in a phenomenon called freezing point depression.”（相反，它使水更不容易冻结，这种现象被称为冰点降低。）可知，第二段第一句的目的是揭示一个错误认知，纠正盐直接使雪和冰融化的错误想法。故选D项。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段“Normally, when water freezes into ice, its molecules line up to form a stable, orderly structure. Salt interrupts the process, however, and temperatures must drop lower to overcome that interruption and for freezing to occur.”（正常情况下，当水结冰时，它的分子会排成一行，形成一个稳定有序的结构。然而，盐会打断这一过程，而温度必须降得更低，才能克服这种干扰，从而发生冻结。）可知，盐会干扰水分子在结冰时形成稳定、有序的结构。故选D项。 30．词句猜测题。根据划线词所在的句子“Increasing chloride densities in North American lakes could begin to upset local ecology and degrade sources of drinking water.”（北美湖泊中氯化物densities的增加可能会扰乱当地生态，并使饮用水源退化。）可知，氯离子的浓度增加会是当地生态系统受到干扰，并使饮用水源退化。所以划线词的意思是“浓度”。故选A项。 31．主旨大意题。根据最后一段，尤其是“All of this experimentation is aimed at ensuring people can travel in any weather condition…”（所有这些试验都是为了确保人们在任何天气条件下都能出行。）可知，本段主要阐述地方政府正在努力确保冰雪天气人们出行安全。故选B项。 （四） 【2023-2024学年福建省漳州市高二下学期7月期末】Much of the conservation and climate change spotlight falls on tropical (热带的) forests. Given this, people might forget that forests in the temperate (温带的) areas — those found in large parts of North America, Europe and higher latitudes in Asia and Australia —also have the power to help limit climate change. Although preserving tropical rainforests is essential to climate progress, policy makers cannot neglect the important role of temperate forests. This Earth Week, we must turn our attention and dollars to these stretches of trees, or we will face the loss of an important tool in managing global warming. Temperate forests represent about 25percent of Earth’s arboreal lands. As temperatures have changed, temperate trees face threats of harmful invasive pests (侵入的害虫) from other regions, loss of forest lands from urban and farmland expansion. We believe the greatest emerging threat to temperate forests is wildfires that occur beyond normal historic frequency and severity. But surprisingly, widespread fire suppression (抑制), especially in dry forests in the West, has allowed a build-up of dangerous fuels like deadwood. These fuels, combined with the drought caused by climate change, have led to increasingly frequent and severe fires that kill enormous numbers of trees and release a large quantity of CO2 to the atmosphere in bad fires years in the United States. We need to reduce land-clearing for housing and agriculture, then allow trees to regrow where they have been removed, and protect and better care for the few temperate forests that still contain stands of very old trees. These old forests are some of the most carbon-dense ecosystems and possess unique biodiversity. Therefore, governments and landowners must make sure middle-aged forests that regrew after cutting will develop into the old-growth forests of tomorrow. We need to take advantage of current public funding for forest conservation and management and, at the same time, promote private investment to support restorative measures and sustainable forestry to capture the climate potential of temperate forests in the U. S. and elsewhere. 8．What is emphasized in the first paragraph? A．Temperate forests’ impact on climate change. B．Distribution of temperate forests. C．Conservation of tropical forests. D．Causes of global warming. 9．What does the underlined word “neglect” mean in the first paragraph? A．Ignore. B．Limit. C．Perform. D．Assess. 10．What caused the more frequent and severe wildfires in temperate forests? A．Increasing urbanization. B．Fire control practices. C．The invasive species. D．Farmland expansion. 11．Which of the following is a measure to protect temperate forests? A．Banning tree cutting. B．Restricting investment. C．Conserving old forests. D．Protecting farm land. 【答案】8．A 9．A 10．B 11．C 【导语】本文体裁为说明文。作者介绍了温带森林在应对气候变化中的重要性和面临的威胁，以及提出相应的保护措施，旨在强调对温带森林保护的必要性和紧迫性。 8．推理判断题。由文章第一段“Much of the conservation and climate change spotlight falls on tropical (热带的) forests. Given this, people might forget that forests in the temperate (温带的) areas — those found in large parts of North America, Europe and higher latitudes in Asia and Australia —also have the power to help limit climate change. Although preserving tropical rainforests is essential to climate progress, policy makers cannot neglect the important role of temperate forests. This Earth Week, we must turn our attention and dollars to these stretches of trees, or we will face the loss of an important tool in managing global warming. (保护和气候变化的焦点大多集中在热带森林上。考虑到这一点，人们可能会忘记温带地区的森林——那些在北美、欧洲以及亚洲和澳大利亚高纬度地区发现的森林——也有帮助限制气候变化的力量。尽管保护热带雨林对气候进展至关重要，但政策制定者不能忽视温带森林的重要作用。在这个“地球周”，我们必须把我们的注意力和资金转向这些大片的树木，否则我们将面临失去控制全球变暖的重要工具。)”可知，本段强调了温带森林对气候变化的影响。故选A。 9．词句猜测题。由文章第一段中的“Much of the conservation and climate change spotlight falls on tropical (热带的) forests. (保护和气候变化的焦点大多集中在热带森林上。)”、“Although preserving tropical rainforests is essential to climate progress, policy makers cannot (尽管保护热带雨林对气候进展至关重要，但政策制定者不能)”、“the important role of temperate forests (温带森林的重要作用)”可知，作者认为政策制定者不能忽视温带森林在限制气候变化中的重要作用，因此neglect在此处意为“忽视”。A. Ignore忽略；B. Limit限制；C. Perform执行；D. Assess评估。故选A。 10．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“But surprisingly, widespread fire suppression (抑制), especially in dry forests in the West, has allowed a build-up of dangerous fuels like deadwood. These fuels, combined with the drought caused by climate change, have led to increasingly frequent and severe fires that kill enormous numbers of trees and release a large quantity of CO2 to the atmosphere in bad fires years in the United States. (但令人惊讶的是，广泛的灭火，特别是在西部干燥的森林，已经允许像枯木这样的危险燃料的积累。这些燃料，再加上气候变化造成的干旱，导致了美国越来越频繁和严重的火灾，在严重的火灾年里，这些火灾杀死了大量的树木，并向大气中释放了大量的二氧化碳。)”可知，是由于过去的灭火措施导致了危险燃料的积累，加上气候变化引起的干旱，造成了温带森林更频繁和更严重的野火。故选B。 11．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Therefore, governments and landowners must make sure middle-aged forests that regrew after cutting will develop into the old-growth forests of tomorrow. (因此，政府和土地所有者必须确保砍伐后重新生长的中年森林将发展成为明天的原始森林。)”可知，保护老林是保护温带森林的一项措施。故选C。 （五） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州九县市高二下学期期末】In Oceanside, a coastal suburb about 40 miles north of San Diego, the palm trees wave and the temperature is almost perfect. Teenagers watch surfers ride glassy waves. Every day it feels like the most perfect summer day. There is just one problem: The sand is disappearing. While many visitors, and even lifelong Californians in the industrial state, might see wide areas of sand as part of the state’s natural beauty, the reality is that over decades, the coast has become a highly engineered wonder. Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica. But a range of forces have shrunk beaches all along California’s coastline. California could lose as much as 75% of its beaches by 2100, given the sea level rise related to climate change. Over time, beach sand gets s wept up into the water. Some of it moves towards other beaches. Besides, dams and concrete canals have reduced the amount of river sediment (沉淀物) flowing downstream that could help fill beaches as a supplement (补充). If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them. But in California, the development in many places along the coast has created a hard barrier, disturbing that natural evolution. Over the years, local governments worked together on a few major sand supplement projects. But those, still, have proved to be fleeting solutions. “Everything we do is a short-term fix,” said Gary Griggers, a professor specializing in coastal science. In recent years, as the sand’s disappearance grew more extreme, longtime Oceanside residents formed an organization called Save Oceanside Sand. A beach town cannot exist without a beach. Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches. “It’s really a race. I think there’s absolutely nothing we can do to hold back the Pacific Ocean,” said Gairy Griggers. 12．What does the author mean by mentioning the engineered wonder? A．Most visitors are engineers. B．California is an industrial state. C．It’s the perfect holiday vacation. D．The beach is artificially maintained. 13．What is a reason for the crisis of beaches along California’s coastline? A．Sand supplement has been added. B．Sea level rise results in climate change. C．Much river sediment is flowing downstream. D．Human intervention blocks the natural evolution. 14．What does the underlined word “fleeting” in Paragraph 4 mean? A．Efficient. B．Temporary. C．Sustainable. D．Complex. 15．Which of the following was done to preserve Californian beaches? A．Design contests were held. B．Dams and canals were built. C．Man-made beaches were expanded. D．Sand-themed postcards were published. 【答案】12．D 13．D 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。在圣地亚哥以北约40英里的海滨郊区，有一片怡人沙滩。殊不知，这片游客眼中的“自然风光”竟是人工造景。几十年来，这片沙滩的沙子在不断减少，当地的人们尝试了各种各样的方法，以拯救这片美丽的沙滩。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段“Millions of cubic yards of sand dug from other parts has been added in the last century to build the postcard-worthy beach like the one in Santa Monica.(在上个世纪，从其他地方挖出的数百万立方码的沙子被添加进去，建造了像圣莫尼卡那样值得明信片的海滩)”可知，这片沙滩的沙子是从别处搬来的，是靠人工维持的。故选D。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段“If the shoreline were allowed to evolve without human intervention, the beaches could continue to exist as we know them.(如果允许海岸线在没有人为干预的情况下进化，海滩可以继续以我们所知道的方式存在)”可知，人为干预阻碍了沙滩的自然进化，给沙滩带来了危机。故选D。 14．词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“Everything we do is a short-term fix(我们所做的一切都是短期的解决办法)”可知，这些解决方法都是短暂的。故划线词意思是“短暂的”。故选B。 15．细节理解题。根据第四段“Leaders here launched some international design competitions, aiming at finding new ways of getting and keeping sand on the city’s beaches.(这里的领导人发起了一些国际设计竞赛，旨在寻找新的方法来获取和保持城市海滩上的沙子)”可知，人们举行了一些国际的设计比赛活动，来拯救沙滩。故选A。 （六） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市六校高二下学期期末】 The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults, we face a version(版本) of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism(机制) to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining (获取) calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch(不匹配) is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist (抵抗) tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative (有重大影响的) environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized (高度重视) new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now endlessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful (深思熟虑的) about our caloric consumption (热量消耗), we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 12．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A．Take an examination alone. B．Show respect for the researchers. C．Share their treats with others. D．Delay eating for fifteen minutes. 13．According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between ______. A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains D．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit 14．What does the author suggest readers do? A．Absorb new information readily (欣然地). B．Use diverse information sources. C．Be selective information consumers. D．Protect the information environment. 15．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Marshmallow Test for Children. 【答案】12．D 13．C 14．C 15．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福棉花糖实验的原理，以及将其类比到成人面对信息诱惑时的自控挑战，强调在信息丰富的时代需谨慎选择信息消费。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励)”可知，孩子们需要等待15分钟后再吃糖果，才能得到第二份奖励。故选D。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining(获取) calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch(不匹配) is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist (抵抗) tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，随着我们重塑了周围的世界，大大减少了获取热量的成本和努力，我们的大脑仍然和数千年前一样，而这种不匹配是我们中许多人难以抗拒我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因)”可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据最后一段最后一句“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful(深思熟虑的) about our caloric consumption(热量消耗), we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，正如我们需要对自己的热量消耗更加深思熟虑一样，我们也需要对自己信息的消耗更加深思熟虑，抵制精神上“垃圾食品”的诱惑，才能最有效地管理我们的时间)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选C。 15．主旨大意题。根据全文内容及第二段“As adults, we face a version(版本) of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted(诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets —all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对一个版本的棉花糖测试。我们不被甜食所诱惑，而是被我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑所诱惑——所有这些设备都将我们连接到全球各种类型的信息传递系统，这些信息对我们的影响就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的影响一样)”可知，文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对的信息诱惑与自我控制问题，类比儿童面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，因此C选项“成年人的棉花糖测试”最适合作为文章标题。故选C。 （七） 【2023-2024学年福建省厦门市高二下学期7月期末】Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, published 200 years ago, is often called the first modern work of science fiction — so much so that even people who haven’t read it know the story: an ambitious young scientist named Victor Frankenstein creates a human-like creature from the spare parts of dead bodies, but he loses control of his creation, and chaos follows. It reflects the anxieties over new ideas and new scientific knowledge that were about to transform the very fabric of life in the 19th century. Frankenstein is, of course, a work of fiction, but a good deal of real-life science informs Shelley’s masterpiece, beginning with the adventure story that frames Victor Frankenstein’s tale: that of Captain Walton’s voyage to the Arctic. Walton hopes to reach the North Pole where he might “discover the power that attracts the needle” — referring to the then-mysterious force of magnetism (磁力). The links between electricity and magnetism were a major subject of investigation during Shelley’s time, and a number of expeditions departed for the North and South Poles in the hope of discovering the secrets of the planet’s magnetic field. Erasmus Darwin is mentioned in the introduction to Frankenstein. There, Shelley claims that Darwin “preserved a piece of vermicelli in a glass case, till by some extraordinary means it began to move with a voluntary motion”. She adds, “Perhaps a dead body would be brought back to life; galvanism (电击法) had shown signs of such things: perhaps the component parts of a creature might be made, brought together, and given life.” However, Frankenstein serves as more than just a reflection on scientific effort; it is also a warning tale about the moral responsibilities of the creator. Victor’s scientific experiments blind him to the potential consequences of his work. When he realizes what damage the creature has done, he is overwhelmed with regret. But he fails to relate to the creature, which leads to the miserable events that follow. Victor Frankenstein’s failing isn’t his over-enthusiasm for science but his failing to connect emotionally with his creation. 12．What do we know about Frankenstein? A．It is influential. B．It reflects pop culture. C．It targets scientists. D．It is based on a real story. 13．Why does Captain Walton conduct his Arctic expedition? A．To map northern regions. B．To uncover a mysterious force. C．To trace the route of great voyagers. D．To distinguish electricity from magnetism. 14．What do Shelley’s words in paragraph 3 focus on? A．The significance of galvanism B．Her inspiration for the creature. C．The procedure for creating a being. D．Her support for Darwin’s research. 15．What message does Frankenstein convey? A．Adventure can inspire creativity. B．Regret can lead to miserable events. C．Creators should work out the origin of life. D．Scientific creations should include moral considerations. 【答案】12．A 13．B 14．B 15．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》一书的内容以及其对科学和道德责任的反思。 12．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, published 200 years ago, is often called the first modern work of science fiction — so much so that even people who haven’t read it know the story”（玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦》出版于200年前，常被誉为第一部现代科幻小说，即使是那些没有读过这本书的人也知道这个故事）可推知，《弗兰肯斯坦》具有很大的影响力。故选A。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Walton hopes to reach the North Pole where he might “discover the power that attracts the needle” — referring to the then-mysterious force of magnetism”（沃尔顿希望能够到达北极，那里他可能“发现吸引指针的力量”——这是指当时神秘的磁力）可推知，沃尔顿进行北极探险的目的是为了揭示一个神秘的力量。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Perhaps a dead body would be brought back to life; galvanism (电击法) had shown signs of such things: perhaps the component parts of a creature might be made, brought together, and given life.”（她还说：“也许死人会复活；电击法已经表明了这类事情的迹象：也许一个生物的组成部分可以被制造出来，组合在一起，并赋予生命。”）可推知，雪莱在这段话中主要关注的是她对生物的创造灵感。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, Frankenstein serves as more than just a reflection on scientific effort; it is also a warning tale about the moral responsibilities of the creator.”（然而，《弗兰肯斯坦》不仅仅是对科学努力的反思；这也是一个关于造物主道德责任的警示故事。）可知，科学创造应该包括道德方面的考虑。故选D。 （八） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州晋江市高二下学期7月期末】A group of clams (河蚌) recently caught people’s attention after an article was posted by China Science Communication online. Although these clams are usually regarded as nothing more than delicious food, they work to monitor the local water quality in Poland. Gruba Kaska pumping station, which stands in the River Wisla, helps provide millions of liters of water to Warsaw, the capital of Poland. However, one particular concern for the water quality has been heavy metals, and researchers sought help from nature to solve this problem. Clams are sensitive to pollutants in their environment as they filter (过滤) water to feed on microorganisms (微生物). They shut their shells immediately after detecting “dangerous” water. Based on this, the researchers selected eight clams at a time and recorded the natural opening of their shells. After the clam “employees” become accustomed to the local water, they are placed in a specially designed container. With sensors stuck onto their shells, the clams are connected to a system that records how wide the shells are open. If four or more clams close their shells at the same time, an alarm will be set off and the water supply will be shut down. The result is reliable because the creatures are considering many different factors at the same time, according to ZME Science. Animals have long been helpers for human activities. Farmers in north Queensland, Australia, have been ordering different species of dung beetles (屎壳郎) to help clean up cattle waste, according to ABC News. As the number of cattle grows, their waste increases, leading to an enormous population of flies and a worsening environment. Dung beetles, however, take the waste and bury it. This way, they help improve soil quality. Similarly, cockroaches are used to deal with kitchen waste at several firms in China, according to a report of The Beijing News. About 300 million cockroaches are fed 15 tons of food waste on a daily basis, and they themselves are a good protein resource for livestock. 12．What is the new usage of clams? A．To solve the food shortage. B．To relieve people’s anxiety. C．To remove heavy metals sooner. D．To check the water quality. 13．What does “this” in paragraph 4 probably refer to? A．The clams are used to the local water. B．The clams prefer to close their shells. C．The clams are regarded as delicious food. D．The clams are sensitive to polluted water. 14．How did the researchers obtain the research finding? A．By selecting different kinds of clams. B．By referring to some historical records. C．By analysing the results of the records. D．By interviewing some experts of ZME Science. 15．What can be the best title for the text? A．Animals, Good Helpers of Humans B．Three Kinds of Amazing Animals C．A Special Way to Test Water Quality D．Animals, Far More than Tasty Food 【答案】12．D 13．D 14．C 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍河蚌在波兰用于监测水质的创新方法，以及其他动物如屎壳郎和蟑螂在不同场景下对人类的帮助，展现了动物在环境保护和资源处理中的实用价值，具有科普教育的意义。 12．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Although these clams are usually regarded as nothing more than delicious food, they work to monitor the local water quality in Poland. (虽然这些河蚌通常被认为只是美味的食物，但它们在波兰监测当地的水质。)”和第三段中的“They shut their shells immediately after detecting “dangerous” water. (它们在探测到“危险”水后立即关闭壳。)”可知，河蚌的新用途是监测水质，当它们检测到“危险”的水时，会立即关闭壳，从而帮助人们判断水质是否受到污染。故选D。 13．词句猜测题。根据第三段中的“They shut their shells immediately after detecting “dangerous” water. (它们在探测到“危险”水后立即关闭壳。)”和第四段中的“Based on this, the researchers selected eight clams at a time and recorded the natural opening of their shells. (在此基础上，研究人员一次选择了8只河蚌，并记录了它们壳的自然打开。)”可知，第四段中的this指代前面提到的内容，即河蚌对污染水体的敏感性，它们会在检测到污染物时闭合壳，基于这一特性，研究人员设计了监测系统。故选D。 14．推理判断题。根据第四段“Based on this, the researchers selected eight clams at a time and recorded the natural opening of their shells. After the clam “employees” become accustomed to the local water, they are placed in a specially designed container. With sensors stuck onto their shells, the clams are connected to a system that records how wide the shells are open. If four or more clams close their shells at the same time, an alarm will be set off and the water supply will be shut down. The result is reliable because the creatures are considering many different factors at the same time, according to ZME Science. (在此基础上，研究人员一次选择了8只河蚌，并记录了它们壳的自然打开。在河蚌“雇员”习惯了当地的水之后，它们被放置在一个特别设计的容器中。这些河蚌壳上装有传感器，它们与一个系统相连，该系统可以记录蛤壳张开的宽度。如果四只或四只以上的河蚌同时合上壳，就会发出警报，并关闭供水。根据ZME Science的说法，这个结果是可靠的，因为这些生物同时考虑了许多不同的因素。)”可知，研究人员通过记录河蚌自然开壳的情况，并分析这些记录结果，得出了研究发现。故选C。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段中的“Although these clams are usually regarded as nothing more than delicious food, they work to monitor the local water quality in Poland. (虽然这些河蚌通常被认为只是美味的食物，但它们在波兰监测当地的水质。)”和倒数第二段中的“Farmers in north Queensland, Australia, have been ordering different species of dung beetles (屎壳郎) to help clean up cattle waste, according to ABC News. (据美国广播公司新闻报道，澳大利亚昆士兰州北部的农民一直在订购不同种类的屎壳郎来帮助清理牛的粪便。)”和最后一段中的“Similarly, cockroaches are used to deal with kitchen waste at several firms in China, according to a report of The Beijing News. (同样，据《新京报》的一篇报道，中国的几家公司也用蟑螂来处理厨房垃圾。)”可知，文章主要介绍了河蚌、屎壳郎和蟑螂这三种动物如何在不同领域帮助人类，包括监测水质、处理粪便和转化厨房垃圾等，展现了动物作为人类好帮手的角色。因此，最合适的标题是选项A“Animals, Good Helpers of Humans (动物，人类的好帮手)”。故选A。 （九） 【2023-2024学年福建省泉州晋江市五校高二下学期期末】Ever wonder how this season’s celebrations affect the environment? Guest blogger Krista Fairles takes an amusing look at this very topic. The holidays are a wonderful, cheerful time when most people wait for Santa to bring them presents. But I’m not like most people. I spend my time wondering just what the environmental impacts of Santa Claus and his reindeer are, and more importantly, how I can calculate those impacts. Lately I’ve been particularly curious as to whether Santa’s old sled is a clean green flying machine, or if he should be replacing his 8 reindeer with an environmentally-friendly car. I should mention that, surprisingly, I was unable to find statistics specific to Santa’s magical flying reindeer, so these calculations use numbers from various sources and may not represent actual pollution caused by Santa and his animals. In other words, don’t complain to the govenment about the damage Santa is causing the environment based on this article. Santa’s yearly trip around the globe is 44,000km long, twice the average of a North American driver. If we assume that the magic provides the altitude for this trip, then reindeer power only needs to push Santa’s sled forward. To complete the trip in 12 hours, I estimate they must travel at a speed of about 3100 km/h. To travel at this speed, for this length of time, the reindeer need to eat an incredible 980 million calories each! So the next question is: how much food is in 980 million calories? Well, if they’re eating corn, they’d need to eat 16, 500 lbs each-or 1.6 acres of food. Growing 12.8 acres of corn has its own implications for the environment that we’ll leave for another calculation. We now need to consider that during the global trip the reindeer are “letting out” some of that corn in the form of methane. A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons. With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO2, and the altitude increasing that damage by 1000% that another 20 times, we can put Santa’s round-trip emissions at 15,488 tons. This is much more than the 100 tons an environmentally-friendly car would release on the same trip! Bad Santa. 12．According to Paragraph 6, how many acres of corn would Santa need to feed 10 reindeer? A．1.6. B．16. C．12.8. D．128. 13．Which of the following statements would the writer most probably agree with? A．Christmas celebrations are really a waste of money. B．Vegetarians are more likely to survive than meat-eaters. C．Raising animals has a negative influence on environment. D．The car industry does less harm to environment than farming. 14．Which of the following words best describes the language style of the passage? A．Serious and boring. B．Cheerful and friendly. C．Academic and formal. D．Humorous and concerned. 15．Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A．Is Santa driving clean and green? B．Santa, watch where you’re going! C．Santa Claus is coming to town! D．Let’s reduce waste on Christmas celebrations! 【答案】12．B 13．C 14．D 15．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。假期是一个美妙的，令人愉快的时候，大多数人等待圣诞老人给他们带来礼物。但是Krista Fairles以一种有趣的方式看待这个话题，他通过一系列的数字列举来分析了圣诞老人乘坐他的驯鹿派发圣诞礼物会对环境造成破坏。 12．细节理解题。根据第六段的“Well, if they’re eating corn, they’d need to eat 16, 500 lbs each-or 1.6 acres of food.(好吧，如果它们吃玉米，每头驯鹿需要吃16,500磅——或1.6英亩的食物)”可知，每头驯鹿需要吃1.6英亩的玉米。圣诞老人需要16英亩的玉米来喂养10头驯鹿。故选B。 13．推理判断题。根据最后一段“We now need to consider that during the global trip the reindeer are “letting out” some of that corn in the form of methane. A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons. With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO2, and the altitude increasing that damage by 1000% that another 20 times, we can put Santa’s round-trip emissions at 15,488 tons. This is much more than the 100 tons an environmentally-friendly car would release on the same trip!(我们现在需要考虑的是，在全球旅行中，驯鹿以甲烷的形式“释放”了一些玉米。一头休息的牛每年会产生110公斤的甲烷，那么每头会飞的驯鹿每年会释放大约4.8吨甲烷。甲烷对全球变暖造成的危害是二氧化碳的20倍，而海拔高度将其危害增加1000%，再增加20倍，我们可以把圣诞老人的往返排放量增加到15488吨。这比一辆环保汽车在同样的旅程中释放的100吨要多得多！)”推知，作者认为养动物对环境有负面影响，因为会产生大量的温室气体——甲烷。故选C。 14．推理判断题。作者在第二至四段中用了幽默的语言指出了圣诞老人乘坐驯鹿派发圣诞礼物会对环境造成破坏，而根据第五段中“To travel at this speed, for this length of time, the reindeer need to eat an incredible 980 million calories each! (要以这样的速度，在这么长的时间里，每只驯鹿需要吃下令人难以置信的9.8亿卡路里!)”，以及第七段中“A resting cow produces 110 kg of methane per year, so flying reindeer would each let out about 4.8 tons With methane causing 20 times the global warming damage of CO2.(一头休息的牛每年会产生110公斤的甲烷，那么每头会飞的驯鹿每年会释放大约4.8吨甲烷。甲烷对全球变暖造成的危害是二氧化碳的20倍)”列举的数字可以看出作者对此感到担忧，即这篇文章的语言风格是幽默且担忧的。故选D。 15．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Lately I’ve been particularly curious as to whether Santa’s old sled is a clean green flying machine, or if he should be replacing his 8 reindeer with an environmentally-friendly car.(最近我特别好奇，圣诞老人的旧雪橇是干净的绿色飞行机器，还是应该把他的8只驯鹿换成一辆环保汽车)”以及通读全文可知，作者分析了圣诞老人乘坐他的驯鹿派发圣诞礼物会对环境造成破坏，由此可知A项“Is Santa driving clean and green?(圣诞老人的代步工具是环保的吗)”作标题最恰当。故选A。 （十） 【2023-2024学年福建省宁德市市高二下学期7月期末】 The smallest object visible to the naked eye is a human egg cell. It measures just 0.1 millimetres in length. Beyond that limit, the world is completely invisible. Nanotechnology (纳米技术) is the field of science and engineering at a scale (规模) of one to a hundred nanometres. That’s a thousand to a hundred thousand times smaller than the smallest thing we can see. The tiny objects at this scale be have completely differently to the full-size structures we are used to. Gold changes colour from yellow to purple and becomes liquid at room temperature. Carbon transforms into an extraordinary electrical conductor. During the Cold War, a Nobel Prize winner, Richard Feynman, was investigating the possibility of science on anatomic (原子的) scale. Feynman wanted to miniaturize computers and create machines that could assemble molecules (分子) atom by atom. And he dreamed of a day when you could swallow your surgeon, delivering a life-saving robot into your body to perform surgeries. In the 1980s, two powerful new microscopes revealed the nanoworld in detail. The scanning tunnelling microscope used a very fine wire and an electric current to map even the thinnest of materials. At nanoscale, electrons behave like waves, allowing them to pass through solid objects. Another atomic force microscope could tell researchers about the chemical and physical properties of materials they could never hope to see with their own eyes. By the 1990s the field had exploded. Researchers observed carbon nanotubes for the first time—just a single atom thick. They were stronger than steel. In the years that followed scientists developed the ability to fold DNA like paper, and they discovered that it was possible to guide nanoparticles inside the body like homing missiles. Now, with science advancing at lightning speed, Feynman’s dreams are closer than ever. 32．Why does the author mention a human egg cell in paragraph 1? A．To give a definition. B．To explain a rule. C．To make a comparison. D．To make a prediction. 33．What did Feynman dream of nanotechnology? A．Electrons could pass through solid objects. B．Miniaturized computers could be created atom by atom. C．Nano robot would travel through the body and do operations. D．Nanomaterials could be engineered with extraordinary properties. 34．How did the two powerful microscopes help understand nanoworld? A．They made atoms visible. B．They helped obtain nanoscale features. C．They provided detailed images of atoms. D．They measured the electrical properties of materials. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．Nanotechnology: From Theory to Reality B．Nanotech Innovations: Shaping Our World C．The Promising Prospect of Nanotechnology D．Journeying into the World of Nanotechnology 【答案】32．C 33．C 34．B 35．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了纳米技术的发展历程，从最初的设想到现代的实现，以及纳米技术对我们世界的影响。 32．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“The smallest object visible to the naked eye is a human egg cell. It measures just 0.1 millimetres in length. Beyond that limit, the world is completely invisible. Nanotechnology (纳米技术) is the field of science and engineering at a scale (规模) of one to a hundred nanometres. That’s a thousand to a hundred thousand times smaller than the smallest thing we can see.(人眼能看到的最小物体是人的卵细胞。它的长度只有0.1毫米。超出这个范围，世界就完全看不见了。纳米技术是科学和工程领域的一个分支，其规模为一到一百纳米。这比我们能看到的最小的东西小一千到一万倍。)”可推知，作者在第一段提到了人类卵细胞是为了和纳米进行对比。故选C。 33．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“And he dreamed of a day when you could swallow your surgeon, delivering a life-saving robot into your body to perform surgeries.(他梦想有一天，你可以吞下你的外科医生，把一个拯救生命的机器人送到你的身体里来做手术。)”可知，他梦想的是纳米机器人能够穿过身体并进行手术。故选C。 34．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In the 1980s, two powerful new microscopes revealed the nanoworld in detail. The scanning tunnelling microscope used a very fine wire and an electric current to map even the thinnest of materials. At nanoscale, electrons behave like waves, allowing them to pass through solid objects. Another atomic force microscope could tell researchers about the chemical and physical properties of materials they could never hope to see with their own eyes.(上世纪80年代，两台功能强大的新型显微镜详细揭示了纳米世界。扫描隧道显微镜使用非常细的金属丝和电流来绘制甚至是最薄材料的图像。在纳米尺度上，电子表现得像波一样，使它们能够穿过固体物体。另一台原子力显微镜可以告诉研究人员他们永远无法亲眼看到的材料的化学和物理性质。)”可知，这两个强大的显微镜通过帮助获得纳米尺度的特征来帮助我们了解纳米世界。故选B。 35．主旨大意题。文章主要讲述了纳米技术的发展历程，从最初的设想到现代的实现，以及纳米技术对我们世界的影响。因此，最好的标题应该是D项“Journeying into the World of Nanotechnology”，即“进入纳米技术的世界”。故选D。 （十一） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市闽侯县闽江口协作校高二下学期期末】 When Jeff Sparkman draws his cartoon superheroes with coloured pencils, he often has to ask other people to tell him what colour his masked men turned out to be because he’s colour blind. Now, a new smart phone application (app) can help him figure out what colours he’s using and how the picture looks to most everyone else. The DanKam app, available for iPhone and Android for $2.99, is an application that turns the vague (模糊的) colours that one percent of the population with colour-blindness see into the “true” colours as everyone else sees them. In America, an estimated 32 million colour-blind Americans—95% are males—can soon have their life improved. “DanKam takes the stream of data coming in through the phone’s camera and changes the colours slightly so they fall within the range that people who are colour-blind see,” developed Dan Kaminsky told CNET. He came up with the idea after watching the 2009 film Star Trek with a colour-blind friend. It was then that he got to know more about colourblindness like its varying types and degrees. A vast majority, for instance, have trouble seeing red or green due to a genetic defect (遗传缺陷), Blue-yellow colourblindness, however, is rarer and develops later in life because of aging, illness or head injuries, etc. He started experimenting with one of the most common representations of points in the RGB colour model. What the DanKam app attempts to do is clean up the colour space of the image or video signal so that colours can be visible to those suffering from viewing problems. “You can adjust the app to fit your needs. There is a range and not everyone who is colour-blind sees things the same,” Says Kaminsky. Sparkman, a copy editor at CNET, tried out the app and was pleased with the result: “It would be useful for dressing for a job interview,” he said. But using it for his art is “the most practical application”. It worked well on LED and other lights on electronic gadgets (器械), which means Sparkman can now identify the power light on his computer display green. 12．What can we know about DanKam from the first two paragraphs? A．It is used in the movie Star Trek. B．It is a new phone helping us create products. C．it can turn all unclear colours into true ones. D．It is designed to assist people with colourblindness. 13．How does DanKam work? A．It puts lights on electronic gadgets. B．It examines people’s types of colourblindness. C．It adjusts the colours to make colour-blind people see them. D．It shows the same representations of points in the model. 14．What can be inferred about colourblindness from the text? A．It is not always an inborn disease. B．It cannot be treated for ever. C．It is more commonly seen in the female. D．It makes patients unable to tell any colours. 15．What s Sparkman’s attitude towards DanKam? A．Doubtful. B．Critical. C．Favourable. D．Unconcerned. 【答案】12．D 13．C 14．A 15．C 【导语】本文是说明文。主要介绍了一种能够帮助色盲患者识别颜色的应用软件以及人们对于这种应用软件的看法。 12．细节理解题。由文章第一段中的“Now, a new smart phone application (app) can help him figure out what colours he’s using and how the picture looks to most everyone else. (现在，一款新的智能手机应用程序可以帮助他弄清楚自己用的是什么颜色，以及大多数人对这张照片的看法。)”和第二段中的“The DanKam app, available for iPhone and Android for $2.99, is an application that turns the vague (模糊的) colours that one percent of the population with colour-blindness see into the “true” colours as everyone else sees them. (这款名为DanKam的应用程序在iPhone和Android上都有，售价2.99美元，它可以把1%的色盲患者看到的模糊颜色变成其他人看到的“真实”颜色。)”可知，DanKam应用程序是为了帮助色盲人群设计的，它能将色盲人士所见的模糊颜色转换为大多数人所见的“真实”颜色。故选D。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中““DanKam takes the stream of data coming in through the phone’s camera and changes the colours slightly so they fall within the range that people who are colour-blind see,” developed Dan Kaminsky told CNET. He came up with the idea after watching the 2009 film Star Trek with a colour-blind friend. (研发人员丹·卡明斯基在接受科技资讯网采访时表示：“DanKam通过手机摄像头接收数据流，然后稍微改变颜色，使其在色盲的人能看到的范围内。”)”可知，DanKam通过调整颜色使色盲人士能够看到它们。故选C。 14．推理判断题。从文章第四段中“A vast majority, for instance, have trouble seeing red or green due to a genetic defect (遗传缺陷), Blue-yellow colourblindness, however, is rarer and develops later in life because of aging, illness or head injuries, etc. (例如，由于遗传缺陷，绝大多数人无法看到红色或绿色，然而，蓝黄色盲是罕见的，并且由于年龄，疾病或头部受伤等原因在生命后期发展。)”可知，色盲并不总是先天性的疾病，比如蓝黄色盲可能因衰老、疾病或头部受伤等因素在生命后期出现。故选A。 15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Sparkman, a copy editor at CNET, tried out the app and was pleased with the result: “It would be useful for dressing for a job interview,” he said. But using it for his art is “the most practical application”. It worked well on LED and other lights on electronic gadgets (器械), which means Sparkman can now identify the power light on his computer display green. (Sparkman是CNET的一名文字编辑，他试用了这款应用，并对结果感到满意：“它对求职面试的着装很有用，”他说。但在他的艺术中使用它是“最实际的应用”。它在LED灯和其他电子产品上运行良好)，这意味着斯帕克曼现在可以识别他的电脑上的电源指示灯显示为绿色。)”可知，他对DanKam持支持和满意的态度。故选C。 （十二） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州市联盟校高二下学期期末】 Going with renowned ones like classic Chris-Craft boats is always the best choice for boat lovers. In the 1900s, Chris Smith started creating boats for fishing and enjoying the water and founded a company. These boats were hand-made, and his company faced a big success, so he became famous as Chris-Craft. A boat design is the first thing every potential buyer sees, and the ones made by Chris Craft have a recognizable timeless design, which is the choice of many boat lovers. They are made of high-quality, resistant and durable mahogany (红木), and can last forever with proper maintenance. The company has spent much time and money researching in order to find a perfect engine that will fit perfectly to the design of these vessels, and luckily for all of us boat lovers, they found it. It’s the engine that makes a boat an outstanding one, and that’s precisely where these vessels dominate the market, as they have one of the best engines. Okay, we can say that some boat has great engine, looks amazing, and how fuel consumption is far less than any other boat, but all those things would be for nothing if no one is aware that they exist. That is why advertising is of such big importance today. Of course, these vessels have been with us for quite some time now, but that doesn’t mean that a good marketing campaign and even luck haven’t played a big role. Namely, the owners understood the importance of advertising and set specific goals in order to achieve as many sales as possible, but there is something else that helped them gain even more popularity. We all have a favorite movie, but some movies are classic, and everyone loves them and has at least one sequel (续集) as their to-go option. That’s precisely the role of Bond movies. For some, these movies were the first time they saw Chris-Craft boats and all the luxury and craftsmanship of their design. Once again, great advertising has proven to be highly efficient, and Bond movies were a huge success for this company as they intrigued and interested even more people in buying a boat, and what’s even more important, precisely the model that’s been in the James Bond movie. 32．What can we infer from the first paragraph? A．Chris-Craft is quite popular with consumers. B．Chris-Craft is only a small-sized company. C．Chris-Craft has a long history in shipping. D．Chris-Craft is a successful business man. 33．What do we know about Chris-Craft products? A．Chris-Craft products are made of excellent materials. B．Chris-Craft products depend on proper maintenance. C．Boat lovers are deeply attracted by Chris-crafts’ outlooks. D．Chris-Craft products are sold at reasonable prices. 34．What is Paragraph 4 intended for? A．Outlining the importance of clever leaders. B．Outlining the importance of saving fuels. C．Emphasizing the importance of advertising. D．Emphasizing the importance of engines. 35．Which of the following makes Chris-Craft best known? A．Powerful engines. B．Bond movies. C．Perfect design. D．Long history. 【答案】32．A 33．A 34．C 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了Chris-Craft公司的成功之路，包括其产品特点、引擎优势、广告宣传以及与电影的合作等方面。 32．推理判断题。根据第一段“Going with renowned ones like classic Chris-Craft boats is always the best choice for boat lovers. In the 1900s, Chris Smith started creating boats for fishing and enjoying the water and founded a company. These boats were hand-made, and his company faced a big success, so he became famous as Chris-Craft.(与经典的Chris Craft船等知名船只同行，始终是船爱好者的最佳选择。20世纪初，克里斯·史密斯开始制造钓鱼和水上娱乐的船，并成立了一家公司。这些船是手工制作的，他的公司取得了巨大的成功，所以他以克里斯·克拉夫特而闻名)”可知，Chris-Craft这个品牌很受消费者的欢迎。故选A。 33．细节理解题。根据第二段中“They are made of high-quality, resistant and durable mahogany, and can last forever with proper maintenance.(它们由优质、耐用的桃花心木制成，经过适当的维护可以永远使用)” 可知，Chris-Craft公司的产品都是由高质量、耐腐蚀、耐用的红木制造的，即Chris-Craft产品由优质材料制成。故选A。 34．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Okay, we can say that some boat has great engine, looks amazing, and how fuel consumption is far less than any other boat, but all those things would be for nothing if no one is aware that they exist. That is why advertising is of such big importance today.(我们可以说，有些船拥有卓越的发动机，外观令人惊叹，燃油消耗远低于其他任何船只，但所有这些优点如果无人知晓就毫无意义。这就是为什么广告在今天显得如此重要)” 可知，本段主要强调广告营销的重要性。故选C。 35．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“That’s precisely the role of Bond movies . For some, these movies were the first time they saw Chris-Craft boats and all the luxury and craftsmanship of their design. Once again, great advertising has proven to be highly efficient, and Bond movies were a huge success for this company as they intrigued and interested even more people in buying a boat, and what’s even more important, precisely the model that’s been in the James Bond movie.(这正是邦德电影所扮演的角色。对一些人来说，这些电影是他们首次见到克里斯克拉夫特船艇及其设计中蕴含的所有奢华与工艺细节。再次证明了，出色的广告宣传效率极高，而邦德系列电影对这家公司来说是一个巨大的成功，因为它们激起了更多人购买船艇的兴趣，更重要的是，特别是那些出现在詹姆斯·邦德电影中的型号)”可知，通过在James Bond电影中展示，Chris-Craft的船只设计及其奢华和工艺吸引了大量观众的注意，使得更多人对购买这些船只感兴趣，特别是电影中出现的模型，故许多消费者是通过Bond 系列电影了解Chris-Craft 的产品的。故选B。 （十三） 【2023-2024学年福建省福州第一中学高二下学期期末】Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual from restrictions. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once. “This is important because people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances.” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in the Cornell University. “Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said. Lucas and his colleagues conducted three studies to reach their conclusion. In the first study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute “warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they wanted. Participants’ sense of power was manipulated (操纵) through role assignments, where they were either given a leadership role with control over resources or an employee role without control over resources. The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round. There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round. In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. Consistent with the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round. But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round. Results of the third study demonstrated that a different creativity task can also warm-up low-power people for an unrelated creativity task. “Given the high value of creative ideas for organizations, it is important to develop approaches that empower all employees to tap their creative potential,” Lucas said. “The low power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that does just this and overcomes power imbalance in the workplace: when pursuing creative work, let employees warm up first.” 12．Why is it important to boost lower-power workers’ creativity according to Lucas? A．To enhance competition. B．To encourage cooperation. C．To navigate power imbalance. D．To build a rich-get-richer dynamic 13．How did the participants feel the power in the first study? A．By competing with leaders. B．Through a random role selection. C．By working in different conditions. D．Through confusing role assignments. 14．What can best describe the relationship between power and creativity from the studies? A．It’s fixed. B．It’s dynamic. C．It’s unpredictable. D．It’s casual. 15．What is the author’s attitude towards low power warm-up effect? A．Encouraging. B．Negative. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 【答案】12．C 13．C 14．B 15．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍新的研究表明，没有权力的员工在多次参与创造性任务后，也能提高创造力。研究还发现，让员工先“热身”可以克服职场中的权力不平衡，激发所有员工的创造力。 12．推理判断题。根据第二段中Lucas的话“This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances.(这一点很重要，因为当拥有更多权力的人能够比那些权力较小的人更多地表达他们的创造性想法时，这就会导致富者更富的动态，从而加强这些权力不平衡)”和“Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage (了解如何提高低权力员工的创造力，可以帮助他们找到应对这种低权力劣势的正确方法)”可推知，卢卡斯认为提高低权力员工的创造力可以帮助他们应对这种低权力的劣势，即有助于找到应对权力不平衡的正确方法。故选C项。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Participants’ sense of power was manipulated (操纵) through role assignments, where they were either given a leadership role with control over resources or an employee role without control over resources.(通过角色分配来操控参与者的权力感，他们要么被赋予控制资源的领导角色，要么被赋予没有控制资源的员工角色)”可知，在第一项研究中，通过给参与者分配不同的角色，让他们在不同的条件下工作，从而感受到权力。故选C项。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段中“The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round. There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round.(研究发现，在热身赛中，权力大的人比权力小的人更有创造力。不过，在第二轮比赛中，创造力没有差异)”和第四段中“Consistent with the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round. But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round.(与第一项研究一致，研究发现，在第一轮比赛中，权力大的人比权力小的人更有创造力。但在第一轮之后，权力小的人的创造力赶上了权力大的人)”可知，在第一轮比赛中，权力大的人比权力小的人更有创造力，但在第一轮之后，权力小的人的创造力赶上了权力大的人，说明权力和创造力的关系是动态的。故选B项。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Given the high value of creative ideas for organizations, it is important to develop approaches that empower all employees to tap their creative potential,” Lucas said. “The low power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that does just this and overcomes power imbalance in the workplace: when pursuing creative work, let employees warm up first.” (卢卡斯说：“鉴于创意对组织的高价值，开发能让所有员工发挥创造力潜能的方法非常重要。低权力热身效应表明了一种简单的干预措施，它正是这样做的，并克服了职场中的权力不平衡：在进行创造性工作时，先让员工热热身。”)”可知，作者对于低权力热身效应是持鼓励态度的。故选A项。 （十四） 【2023-2024学年福建省福建师范大学附属中学高二下学期7月期末】Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems. Many publicly available large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers — things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn’t stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as “jailbreaks”, making AI models disobey the rules. Now, Arush Tagade at Leap Laboratories and his co-workers have found a process of jailbreaks. They found that they could simply instruct one LLM to convince other models to adopt a persona (角色), which is able to answer questions the base model has been programmed to refuse. This process is called “persona modulation (调节)”. Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently. There is also an idea in AI circles, one yet to be proven, that creating lots of rules for an AI to prevent it displaying unwanted behaviour can accidentally create a blueprint for a model to act that way. This potentially leaves the AI easy to be tricked into taking on an evil persona. “If you’re forcing your model to be good persona, it somewhat understands what a bad persona is,” says Tagade. Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled,” she says. 5．What does the AI jailbreak refer to? A．The technique to break restrictions of AI models. B．The initiative to set hard-coded rules for AI models. C．The capability of AI models improving themselves. D．The process of AI models learning new information. 6．What can we know about the persona modulation? A．It can help AI models understand emotions. B．It prevents AI learning via online conversations. C．It can make AI models adopt a particular persona. D．It forces AI models to follow only good personas. 7．What is Yinzhen Li’s attitude towards LLMs? A．Unclear. B．Cautious. C．Approving. D．Negative. 8．Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．LLMs: Illegal Learning Models B．LLMs: The Latest Advancement C．AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge D．AI Jailbreaks: A Perfect Approach 【答案】5．A 6．C 7．B 8．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能领域面临的一项新挑战——AI“越狱”。 5．词句猜测题。根据第一段“Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems. (人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种AI‘jailbreaks’比看起来要困难得多。)”以及第二段“Many publicly available large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have hard-coded rules that aim to prevent them from exhibiting racial or sexual discrimination, or answering questions with illegal or problematic answers — things they have learned from humans via training data. But that hasn’t stopped people from finding carefully designed instructions that block these protections, known as “jailbreaks”, making AI models disobey the rules. (许多公开可用的大型语言模型（LLMs），如ChatGPT，都有硬编码规则，旨在防止它们表现出种族或性别歧视，或者用非法或有问题的答案回答问题——这些都是它们通过训练数据从人类那里学到的。但这并没有阻止人们找到精心设计的指令，阻止这些保护措施，即所谓的‘jailbreaks’，使人工智能模型不遵守规则。)”可知，许多公开可用的大型语言模型都有硬编码规则阻止非法、歧视等内容，但是人工智能模型可以突破保护限制措施，互相欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的指令；由此可知，AI“jailbreak”指的是打破人工智能模型限制，使人工智能模型违反规则的技术。故选A。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“Tagade says this approach works because much of the training data consumed by large models comes from online conversations, and the models learn to act in certain ways in response to different inputs. By having the right conversation with a model, it is possible to make it adopt a particular persona, causing it to act differently. (Tagade表示，这种方法之所以有效，是因为大型模型消耗的大部分训练数据来自在线对话，模型学会以特定的方式响应不同的输入。通过与模型进行正确的对话，可以使其采用特定的角色，从而使其采取不同的行动。)”可知，“角色调节（the persona modulation）”可以通过与人工智能模型进行正确的对话让其采用特定的角色，采取不同的行动。故选C。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Yinzhen Li at Imperial College London says it is worrying how current models can be misused, but developers need to weigh such risks with the potential benefits of LLMs. “Like drugs, they also have side effects that need to be controlled,” she says. (伦敦帝国理工学院的Yinzhen Li表示，目前的模型可能会被滥用，这令人担忧，但开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLM的潜在好处。‘就像药物一样，它们也有需要控制的副作用，’她说。)”可知，Yinzhen Li认为，目前的模型可能会被滥用，但是开发者需要权衡这些风险与LLMs的潜在好处，由此可知，Yinzhen Li对LLMs持谨慎的态度。故选B。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Artificial intelligence models can trick each other into disobeying their creators and providing banned instructions for making drugs, or even building a bomb, suggesting that preventing such AI “jailbreaks” is more difficult than it seems. (人工智能模型可以欺骗对方不服从其创造者，提供被禁止的制造毒品的指令，甚至制造炸弹，这表明防止这种人工智能“越狱”比看起来更困难。)”以及下文内容可知本文介绍了人工智能“越狱”、研究者们发现的一个“越狱”过程——“角色调节”以及专家对其态度；由此可知，本文主要阐述人工智能发展面临的人工智能“越狱”这一新的挑战；C选项“AI Jailbreaks: A New Challenge (AI越狱：一个新的挑战)”能够概括文章主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选C。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 / 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$