Unit 1 Science and Scientists 词汇课件-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

1. severe [sɪ'vɪə(r)]: adj.极为恶劣的;十分严重的; 严厉的 severely adv.严重地; 严厉地; 严格地 a severe winter 严冬 severe competition 激烈的竞争 a heated/intense discussion 激烈的讨论 a severe crisis严重的危机 be severe on/with (= be strict with) 对……严厉 be severe with oneself 严于律己 2. diarrhoea[ˌdaɪə'rɪə] n.腹泻 (the runs: 腹泻) have/get diarrhoea/the runs: 腹泻; 拉肚子 3. dehydration [ˌdiːhaɪ'dreɪʃn]: n. 脱水 dehydrate vt. 使脱水，使干燥; vi.（人体的）脱水，失水 死于严重脱水 die from severe dehydration 4.frustrated　adj. 懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的 =depressed / upset / discouraged frustrate vt. 挫败；阻挠，使感到灰心 frustrating adj. 令人沮丧的 frustration n. 懊恼；沮丧；令人沮丧的事物 feel/be frustrated at/with... 对……感到沮丧/懊恼 (1) Disappointed and frustrated, the poor man made his way back to his family. (2)The frustrating result really frustrated me and I was so frustrated that nothing could relieve my frustration. 5. once and for all 最终地; 彻底地 all相关短语： all in all 总而言之 after all 毕竟 first of all 首先 above all 最重要的是 once相关短语： at once 立刻，马上 once and again 一而再，再三 all at once 突然；同时 contradictory [ˌkɒntrə'dɪktəri]: adj. 相互矛盾的; 对立的; 不一致的 __________ v. 反驳; 与…相矛盾 ____________ n. 反驳，矛盾 be contradictory to… 与……矛盾/相反 e.g.他说的话与他的行为自相矛盾/恰恰相反。 His words are contradictory to his behaviors. contradict contradiction Doctors had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread. 医生有两种截然不同的看法来解释霍乱的传播/蔓延。 We all hear contradictory voices inside our heads. 我们都会听到大脑里反对的声音。 6.contradictory adj. 相互矛盾的; 对立的 contradict v. 反驳; 与……相矛盾 contradiction n. 抵触; 矛盾; 矛盾的说法 be contradictory to 与...矛盾/对立 eg:His remark was contradictory to the truth. 7. infection [ɪn'fekʃn] n. 感染;传染 infect v. 传染; 使感染 infectious adj. 有传染性的 infected adj. 被感染的 be infected with/by 感染上……, 传染上…… eg:The official says that few people are infected with the virus thanks to the effective prevention. =bacterium [bækˈtɪərɪəm]: n. 细菌(复数bacteria ) 8.germ [dʒɜːm] n.[C]微生物; 细菌; 病菌 virus [ˈvaɪrəs]: n.[C]病毒; viral/ˈvaɪrəl/ adj. 病毒性的 go viral 疯狂传播,走红 9. subscribe [səbˈskraɪb] vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费) subscriber  n. 订阅人；定期捐款者；消费者 subscription  n. 订阅；订阅费；定期捐款 subscribe to　同意，赞同；订购；订阅；捐助 (1)Many companies have subscribed (subscribe) generously to the football club so far. (2)Each employee may subscribe for up to $2,00 worth of shares. (3)We no longer subscribe to the view that disabled people are unsuitable as teachers. (4) We no longer subscribe to the view that disabled people are unsuitable as teachers. 10. proof[pruːf]:n.[C&U]证据; 证明; 检验 ( proofs 复数) 近义词：evidence（不可数） prove v.证实，证明；证明是；结果是 (roof -- roofs chief -- chiefs) 11. household expenses / products 家庭开支/家用产品 household/domestic chores家务活 a household name一个家喻户晓的名字 household appliances家用电器 proof[pruːf]:n.[C&U]证据; 证明; 检验 复数: _________ _______ v.证实，证明；证明是；结果是 proofs prove John brought the proof that we needed. 约翰拿出了·我们需要的证据。 --- proof 作为后缀 ：防..的 waterproof bulletproof windproof 防水的 防弹的 防风的 In winter, we can buy some windproof quilt against wind. 冬天，我们可以买些防风被挡风。 You talk about proof, but all you offer are words. 你总是说证据，但你提供的只有言语。 12.multiple ['mʌltɪpl] adj. 数量多的; 多种多样的 multi- 前缀 “多种”： multimedia 多媒体/多媒体的 multinational 多国的 multifunctional 多功能的 multicultural 多元文化的 multiply v.大大增加/倍增；乘；繁殖 If you multiply 7 by 3, you get 21. 三七二十一 。 13.suspect [səˈspekt] v. 疑有, 怀疑 n.嫌疑犯; 嫌疑分子; 可疑对象 suspect sb. to be... 怀疑某人是…… suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 怀疑某人(做过)某事 a murder suspect 杀人嫌疑犯 the main/prime suspect 首要嫌疑人 (1)Judging from his abnormal behaviour, I suspected him to be(be) a thief. (2)The police suspected him of carrying drugs so they went through his bag, but found nothing. 14. blame [bleɪm] vt.把……归咎于；责怪；指责n.责备；指责 be to blame (for sth.) 该(为……)受责备；应该(为……)负责 blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎于某人 blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事责备某人 be blamed for 因……受谴责/责备 accept/bear/take the blame for sth. 对某事负责任 lay/put the blame on 把责任归咎于…… ① The failure of the experiment cannot be blamed on him alone. ② Mary, rather than you, is to blame (blame) for not finishing the work on time. ③ She blamed her husband on the failure of their marriage. ④ Blamed(blame) by the teacher, Mary was pulling a long face. 16. handle n.[C]把手; 拉手; 柄&v. 处理; 搬动; 操纵(车辆/动物/工具等) ①How to handle the machine is a puzzle to all the people there. ②He turned the handle and closed the door. ③They handle the problem once and for all. ①The police are expert at handling (handle) conflicts like this. ②Some people are brilliant with computers, but have no idea how to handle (handle) other people. ③Handle the handle (转动把手) and you will open the safe. 17. intervention[ˌɪntə'venʃn]:n.介入; 出面; 干涉 armed / military intervention 武装/军事干涉 intervene [ˌɪntəˈviːn]: v. 介入;干预 18. link　n.联系；纽带 vt.把……连接起来；相关联 a link between...(and...) ……(和……)之间的连接(联系) link A to/with B 将A与B联系/连接起来 link up (with sb./sth.) (与某人/某物)连接，结合 (1)There is a strong link between smoking and lung cancer. (2)Statistic showed that the infection of cholera was linked to the living conditions. (3)The space shuttle will link up with the space station this afternoon. 19.raw [rɔː]: adj. 未煮/生的; 未经处理的/原始的 raw meat cooked meat 20. pure [pjʊə(r)] adj.干净的; 纯的; 纯粹的 purify v. 使洁净，净化 pure gold / English 纯金/纯正的英语 by pure chance 纯属偶然 pure water 纯净水 21. substantial [səb'stænʃl] adj.大量的;价值巨大;牢固的;实质性的 substance n. 物质;材料;实质 substantial =considerable/numerous ; 价值巨大的; 重大的 substantial proof 证据确凿 substantial proof a substantial/dramatic/sharp change / decrease 大幅度的/戏剧性的/急剧的变化/减少 22. decrease [dɪ'kriːs] v.减少; 减小; 降低 n.减少; 降低: 减少量 increase v. 增加 decrease同义词: reduce/decline / go down / fall / drop decrease to... 减少到…… decrease by...减少了…… decrease from...to... 从……减少到…… on the decrease 正在减少 (1)The number of independent firms decreased from 198 to 96. (2)The price of wheat has decreased by 5%. (3) Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is on the decrease. (正在减少） 23.thanks to 幸亏；由于 表示“由于”的短语还有： owing to= due to on account of=because of= as a result of = as a consequence of ① Thanks to the correct leadership of the Party, China has entered a stage of rapid development. ② The town was cut off from the rest of the world because of the heavy snow. mechanical /məˈkænɪkl/ adj.机械的;发动机的;机器的 mechanic [mə'kænɪk] n. 机械师; 机械修理工 22 24. statistic[stə'tɪstɪk]:n.[C](常用复数)统计数字;统计资料; 统计学 population statistics 人口统计 figure [ˈfɪɡə(r)]: n. 数字; 身材; 人物 data数据 25. thinking [ˈθɪŋkɪŋ] n. 思想; 思维; 见解 thought n. 思想；关心；想法；思考 comes up with new thoughts 提出新的想法 on second thoughts经重新斟酌 critical thinking 批判性思维 26. transform [trænsˈfɔːm] vi.&vt. 改变，转变；使改变 trans- transfer转移 transmit传输/导/染 transport运输 transplant移植 translate翻译 transform A into B 把A变成B transform into 转变成；转化成；改造为 ① The way in which we work has undergone a complete transformation (transform) in the past decade. ② The movie transformed her almost overnight from an unknown schoolgirl into a superstar. transformation  n.  改变、转化(不可数); 具体变化(可数) transformable  adj. 可变形的；可变化的 transformer  n.  促使改变的人或物；变压器 astronomer /əsˈtrɒnəmə(r)/ n.天文学家 ★ 2019/04/10 25 astronomy /əsˈtrɒnəmi/ n.天文学 ★ 2019/04/10 26 27. epidemiology[ˌepɪˌdiːmi'ɒlədʒi]:n.流行病学 epidemics /ˌepɪˈdemɪk/n.流行病； microscope ['maɪkrəskəʊp]:n.[C]显微镜 拓： microphone 麦克风 microwave微波炉 ； binoculars[bɪˈnɒkjələz]:n.(用复数)双筒望远镜 telescope/ˈtelɪskəʊp/: n.[C]望远镜 28.initial [ɪ'nɪʃl] adj.最初的; 开始的;第一的 initially adv.开始; 最初 initiative [ɪˈnɪʃətɪv]: n. 倡议; 新方案 最初的=original / first / previous the initial letter of a word 单词的首字母 ①My initial (initially) reaction was to refuse. ②She came initially (initial) to spend a few days, but in the end she stayed for a whole month. 29. vaccine ['væksiːn] n. 疫苗 vaccinate v. 给……接种疫苗 vaccination / ˌvæksɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n / n. 接种疫苗， vaccinator / ˈvæksɪˌneɪtə(r) /n.牛痘接种员,接种器 30. solid ['sɒlɪd] adj.可靠的,固体的,坚实的 n. 固体 liquid : adj.液体的, 液态的 n.液体 gas 气体 solid evidence确凿证据 a solid foundation 坚实的基础 solid fuel 固体燃料 a solid ball 实心球 aerospace /ˈeərəspeɪs/ n.航空航天工业 30 31. cast [kɑːst] v.投掷;投射(光/影子);向……投以(视线/笑容) cast a glimpse of 一瞥 cast/shed/throw light on sth. 使(问题等)较容易理解 be cast down (by sth.) (因某事)沮丧，不愉快 ① Anyone would be cast down by such news as that. ② The moon cast (cast) bright light over the garden when I saw through the window. 32. shadow ['ʃædəʊ] n. 影子；阴影/阴暗处；黑眼圈 v.投阴影于…… cast a shadow on... 在某处投下/留下影子; 给...蒙上阴影 shadow play 皮影戏 in the shadows 在阴暗处 in the shadow of 在……阴影下 (1) He didn’t want to cast a shadow on their happiness. (2) I thought I saw a figure standing in the shadows. (3) Kate grew up in the shadow of her film star sister. concept /ˈkɒnsept/ n.概念;观念 ★ 2019/04/10 33 33. pour [pɔː(r)] v.倒出; 倾泻; 斟(饮料) ①pour out 倒出；倾吐/诉说(思想/感情/经历) ②pour down 流下；(雨)倾盆而下； ③pour into/in 涌进 1)She poured out all her troubles to him. 2)The rain continued to pour down. 3)Light was pouring into/in the courtyard. 34. concrete n.混凝土adj. 混凝土制的;确实的; 具体的（abstract 抽象的） plasma /ˈplæzmə/ n.血浆 35 35. patriotic [ˌpeɪtri'ɒtɪk] adj. 爱国的 patriotism n. 爱国主义；爱国精神 patriot n.爱国者 a great patriotic poet 爱国诗人 patriotic youth爱国青年 37. break out (战争、打斗等不愉快的事情)突然开始；爆发 break down出故障;失败;垮掉;分解 break in破门而入;打断(谈话等) break into强行闯入;突然……起来 break away from脱离;挣脱 break up打碎;分裂;解体 break through 突破 ① The family had escaped to America shortly before the war break out in 1939. ② Many people break through the poverty barrier in 2020 with the assistance of our government. ③ Your health will break down if you don’t pay attention to regular exercise ④ Close the door and windows carefully to prevent some strangers break into your house. aviation /ˌeɪvɪˈeɪʃn/ n.航空制造业;航空;飞行 38 38. defend [dɪ'fend] v.保卫; 防守; 辩解 defence n.防御;保卫 defensive adj.防御的，戒备的；防守的；百般辩解的 defend...from/against保护…免受;防御 defend oneself为自己辩护;自卫 in defence of为了保卫;为……辩护 ① Some people think that students should be trained to defend themselves against some attacks. ② When the dog attacked the boy, he defended himself (he) with a stick. ③All the people, men and women, young and old, were fighting against the flood in defence (defend) of their own homes. jet /ʤɛt/ n.喷气式飞机 40 39. assistant [ə'sɪstənt] n.助理; 助手 assistance n.帮助，援助 assist v.帮助 assist sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事 assist sb. in doing sth. 帮助某人做某事 assist sb. with sth. 帮助某人某事 with the assistance / help / aid of 在…的帮助下 under the guidance of 在…的帮助下 come/go to one’s assistance 来/去帮助某人 1)The teacher assists the children with their tasks. =The teacher assists the children in finishing (finish) their tasks. 2)He can walk only with the asssistance /help/aid of (在...帮助下）sticks. 40. in charge of 主管；掌管（表主动） charge v. 收费；要价；控告；充电 (1) take charge of 掌管/负责…… in the charge of 受……的管理；由……负责 in charge of 某人负责/主管某事 free of charge＝for free 免费 (2) charge sb. for sth. 为某物向某人收取费用 charge sb. with (doing) sth. 控告某人(做)某事 ① As long as you’ve paid in advance, we won’t charge you for delivery. ② The police charged the thief with stealing the jewels. ③ A series of activities related to study and sports are in the charge of the students in the English Department. missile /ˈmɪsaɪl/ n.导弹 43 leadership /ˈliːdəʃɪp/ n.领导;领导地位;领导才能 44 词汇拓展： lead [ li:d ] v. 引领，带路 leader [' li:də(r)] n. 领导者，首领 词缀拓展：- ship 后缀： (1)表示情况、状态、性质、关系 friendship n. 友谊，朋友关系 hardship n. 困苦，艰难 relationship n. 关联，关系 (2)表示身份，职位，资格，权限 citizenship n. 公民资格，公民身份 membership n. 会员身份，会籍 41. trace [treɪs] v.追溯; 追踪; 查出 n. 痕迹; 遗迹; 踪迹 trace sth. (back) (to sth.) 追溯(某物到……) trace the history of sth. 追溯……的历史 ① His father claims to be able to trace the family back to many centuries ago. ② These quotations cannot readily be traced (trace) to their sources. 42.outstanding [aʊt'stændɪŋ] adj.优秀的; 杰出的; 明显的 杰出的 splendid/remarkable/exceptional/splendid/superb/brilliant outstanding performance/achievement an outstanding figure 杰出人才 明显的=apparent / evident / distinct / clear 43. gifted [ˈgɪftɪd] adj.有天赋的；有天才的；天资聪慧的 gift n.礼物;天赋 =talented be gifted in ...　 在……方面有天赋　 be gifted with... 天生具备…… have a gift/talent for... 有……的天赋 show a talent for 显示出…天赋 ①Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. ②Brian is gifted (gift) in writing music; he is likely to be a Beethoven. ③I believe my father is a talented (talent) man. brilliant /ˈbrɪliənt/ adj.聪颖的;绝妙的;明亮的 ★ 2019/04/10 48 44. come down with 患（病）；染上（小病） come up with 提及；讨论；想出 come down 下来；降落 come about 发生 come to 总共，合计；苏醒 come across 偶然遇见，碰见；发现 come out (太阳等天体)出现；开花；出版，发行；为人所知 come into being 形成，产生 when it comes to 当谈到... ① Little Thomas come down with a disease at the weekend. ② I come across a group of children playing in the street. ③ New stars continued to come into being from the gas clouds of the disk. ④ Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own. ⑤ Can you tell me how the accident come about ? abstract /ˈæbstrækt/ adj.抽象的;理性的 n.（文献等的）摘要 51 45. steady [ˈstedi] adj.稳定的; 平稳的; 稳步的 steadily adv.稳定地; 坚定地; 坚固地 make steady progress 稳步进展 at a steady pace 以稳定的速度 a steady income/ job 稳定的收入/工作 46. fault n. 弱点；过错 be at fault 有过错；有责任 find fault with 挑剔，挑……的毛病 ① I was disappointed whenever the cook found fault with my work. ② I think the owners are at fault for not warning us. besides /bɪˈsaɪdz/ prep.除…之外（还）; adv. 而且;此外 ★ 2019/04/10 53 furthermore /ˈfɜːðəˈmɔː(r)/ adv.此外;再者 ★ 2019/04/10 54 above all /略/ 最重要的是;尤其是 ★ 2019/04/10 55 47.above all 最重要的是；尤其是 at all 根本；全然 after all 毕竟；终究 in all 总共；总计 all in all 总的来说，总而言之 first of all 首先，第一 ① Don’t get discouraged by setbacks. We are new to the work after all． ② All in all, the display has been a great success. ③ If you want to speak good English, you should above all listen to fluent English as often as possible. 48.shift n．改变；转换；轮班　vi.& vt.转移；挪动；转向 a shift in sth. 某方面的转变 a dramatic shift in public opinion 公众舆论的急剧变化 a shift of emphasis 重点的转移 working in shifts 轮班工作 49. vivid adj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的 vivid memories 清晰的记忆 a vivid imagination 活跃的想象力 a vivid description 生动的描述 give a vivid account of... 生动描述 EVCapture4.2.0软件录制 Lavf57.25.100 本视频由湖南一唯信息科技开发的EV录屏软件录制，www.ieway.cn EVCapture4.2.0软件录制 Lavf57.25.100 本视频由湖南一唯信息科技开发的EV录屏软件录制，www.ieway.cn $$