Unit 4 Adversity and Courage Words and Expressions 讲义-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第三册

新人教选择性必修三 Unit 4 Adversity and Courage Words and Expressions 1. adversity [ədˈvɜːsəti] n. 困境; 逆境 · adverse adj.不利的;相反的;敌对的 · dilemma n.(进退两难的)窘境; 困境 (1) meet with/encounter adversity 遇到逆境 (2) adverse conditions 不利条件 (3) adverse effect 不良反应 (4) in a dilemma 处于窘境，进退两难 (5) in trouble 处于麻烦中 (6) in need/in danger 在危难中 逆境出人才。 Adversity makes a man wise. 只有遇到真正的逆境，我们才知道自己是谁。 We don’t know who we are until we have faced real adversity. 她克服了逆境实现了她的梦想。 She overcame adversity to achieve her dreams. 他在逆境中表现出极大的勇气。 He showed great courage in adversity. 2.wage [weɪdʒ] n.工资/vt 开始、发动、进行（战争，战斗等） · wage 通常指按周领取的工资、工钱； · income 指收入、收益、所得； · pay 指工资、薪水； · salary 通常指按月发放的薪水、薪金 wage a trade war with China与中国开展贸易战 weekly/hourly wage 周薪/时薪 offer/pay/raise a wage 提供/支付/上调工资 3. bitter adj. adj.严寒的; 激烈而不愉快的; 味苦的 · bitterly adv.痛苦地 · bitterness n. 苦味，悲痛 bitter cold 严寒 bitter tears/a bitter experience辛酸的眼泪/痛苦的经历 bitter quarrels 激烈的争论 写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. The weather will soon pass from this bitter cold to more spring-like temperatures. 严寒 2. She is said to be very bitter about the way she was fired. 愤愤不平的 / 充满怨恨的 3. Some plants produce chemicals that taste bitter or cause an unpleasant reaction. （味道）苦的 4. I couldn’t have gone through that bitter period without your generous help.（2011 陕西）痛苦的 良药苦口 Good medicine is bitter in the mouth. 读后续写： 我好几周都沉浸在愤怒和痛苦中。 I have been overwhelmed/overcome by anger and bitterness for weeks. 无灵主语： Anger and bitterness have overwhelmed/overcome me for weeks． 4.expedition [ˌekspəˈdɪʃn] n.探险;远征;探险队 go on an expedition to ... 去...探险 exploration n. 探险 5. endurance n. 忍耐力；耐久力 endure v. 忍受; 持续 endurable adj.能忍耐的；可忍受的 unendurable adj.无法忍受的 endure doing sth 忍耐做某事 6.vigour [ˈvɪɡə(r)] n.精力;力量;活力=energy vigourous adj. 精力充沛的 =energetic vigorously/energetically adv. 精力充沛地;活泼地 be full of vigor/energy 充满活力 定期锻炼可以使我们精力充沛。 Regular exercise can help us be full of energy/vigour . 7.turn sb. down 拒绝(某人)；调低（音量） refuse ; reject turn sb. down 拒绝(某人) turn down/up the TV 降低(调高)电视的音量 turn to sb./sth.求助于某人，转向某物 turn in your homework交作业 turn on/off 打开/关闭按键 sb./sth. turn out (to be)原来是 it turns out +that 从句, 原来... as it turned out , adv.事实证明 8.qualified [ˈkwɒlɪfaɪd] adj.符合资格;具备……的知识 qualify vt. 符合资格 qualification n.资格，资历 quality n.质量 be qualified for...　可胜任…… be qualified to do sth. 有资格做某事 have (no) qualifications for (doing) ... (没)有(做)……的资格 have (no) qualifications to do (没)有(做)……的资格 【单句语法填空】 1) There is no doubt that he has qualifications to do(do)the work. 2) He’s been informed that he doesn’t qualify for the scholarship because of his academic background. 3) Just tell Mike whoever has a good knowledge of physics and history is qualified (qualify)for the position. 4) There is no doubt that he has qualification (qualify) to do the work. 5) The test will qualify you to drive ( drive) the new car. 9. enthusiastic [ɪnˌθjuːziˈæstɪk] adj.热情的;热心的 enthusiastically adv.热情地 enthusiasm n.热情 enthusiast n.爱好者 be enthusiastic about (doing sth.) 对(做某事)热情/感兴趣 with enthusiasm 热情地 have enthusiasm/passion for 热衷于... lose enthusiasm for 失去对.....的热情 enthusiasm for (doing) sth. 对(做)某事热情 【即学即练】 1) I am less enthusiastic about the idea of attending the expert's lecture on Sunday. 2) Although Rosemary had suffered from a serious illness for years, she lost none of her enthusiasm for life. 3) 我女儿对做志愿工作很热心,所以她马上报名。 Му daughter was enthusiastic about doing the voluntary work, so she signed up straight away. 10. aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等) 形近： abroad [əˈbrɔːd] adv. 到国外; 去国外; 在国外 be aboard the plane/ship 在飞机/船上 go abroad 出国 at home and abroad 国内外 11. cupboard [ˈkʌbəd ]: n. 橱柜; 壁橱; 衣柜 cup [kʌp]：n. 杯子; 茶杯; 奖杯 board [bɔːd]: n. 板子; 地板; 董事会 12 .assign [əˈsaɪn] vt.分派;布置;分配 assignment n.分配，任务. 双宾： assign sb. sth. ＝ assign sth. to sb. 分配给某人某物 assign sb. to sth. 指派某人(做)某一项工作 宾补： assign sb. to do sth. 指派某人做某事 assign sb. as + 职务. 指派某人担任某职务 1. They’ve assigned their best man to the job. 选派 2. The teacher has assigned each of us a holiday task. 分配 3. You will need to complete three written assignments per semester. 书面作业 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1. When I taught, I would assign a topic to children which they would write about. 2. Our first assignment (assign) was to read two short stories and then discuss which one was better. 13. steward [ˈstjuːəd ]: n. (轮船/飞机/火车上的)男乘务员; 男服务员 stewardess [ˌstjuːəˈdes]: n.女乘务员; 女服务员 servant [ˈsɜːvənt]: n. 仆人; 佣人; 公务员; passenger [ˈpæsɪndʒə]：n. 乘客; 旅客 14. envy [ˈenvi] n.&vt.羡慕;妒忌 envious adj. 嫉妒的 enviously adj. 嫉妒地 envy sb. sth. 羡慕某人某事 envy sb. doing sth. 羡慕某人做某事 be envious of 羡慕 出于嫉妒，他几乎不和Tom说话。 Out of envy, he hardly talk with Tom. 15.crush [krʌʃ] vt.毁坏;压坏;压碎 n.拥挤的人群 · crushing adj.毁坏性的 · crushed adj.被压碎的 a crushing defeat 一次惨败 a crushing blow一次沉重的打击 crushed peanuts花生碎 have a crush on sb.(短暂的)迷恋某人(不熟识的人) a crush of people 拥挤的人群 1. Eggs crushes easily. 鸡蛋容易压碎 。 2. This dress crushes easily. 这件衣服容易起皱 。 3. Her refusal crushed all our hopes. 她一拒绝,我们的希望全都 破灭_了。 4. The box was crushed when the car ran over it. 汽车碾过箱子时把它给_辗坏_____了。 · crash [kræʃ]： v./n. 坠毁; 猛撞; 碰撞; 撞击 · crowd [kraʊd]：n. 人群; 群众; 观众 v. 拥挤; 挤满; 塞满 16 .sink [sɪŋk] vi.沉没;下沉;下降 vt.使下沉;使沉没 n.洗碗池 (sank/sunk -- sunk) sink into the sea/anger 陷入,沉入 sink to the bottom of the sea 沉入海底 be sunk/lost in thought 陷入沉思中 sb's heart sinks 某人心沉了下去（指心情沮丧） a sinking feeling 不详的感觉,沮丧之情 一、用适当的介词填空。 1. The fish food will gradually sink _ to the bottom of the tank. 2. She sank back into her seat, tired. 3. She just sat there, sunk in thought. 二、根据所给提示，用适当的词块完成下列句子。 1. The kids watched as the coin sank to the bottom of the pool.（沉入池底）. 2. Her heart sank （她心里一沉）as she read the results. abandon [əˈbændən] vt.舍弃;抛弃;放弃 n. 放任；放纵 近：desert/give up abandoned adj.被遗弃的；放纵的；废弃的 abandonment n.离弃；遗弃 abandon oneself to　　沉溺/纵情于 be abandoned to 沉溺于 abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事 with abandon 放纵地 abandon [əˈbændən] vt.舍弃;抛弃;放弃 n. 放任；放纵 写出下列句子中画线部分精准的汉语释义。 1. The match was abandoned because of bad weather. 取消 2. The search for the missing sailors was abandoned after two days. 放弃 / 终止 3. Fearing further attacks, most of the population had abandoned the city. 离弃 4. The market might abandon the stock, and knock down its price. 清理 5. A shared bike is left abandoned at a bus stop. adj 被遗弃的 【即学即练】 1) Mr Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned a farm, which looked almost abandoned (abandon). 2) Playing computer games is harmful to your health. Don't abandon yourself to this kind of pleasure. 3) Bad customs and laws ought to be abandoned , since they are inappropriate for the development of the society. 4) People were shouting and cheering with abandon after the match. 5) We abandoned carrying (carry) out the plan for lack of money. 6)那些沉溺于电子游戏无法自拔的人不会成功。 Those who abandon themselves to computer games can’t succeed. 17. stove [ stəʊv ]: n. 炉具; 厨房灶具 stone n. 石头 cook [kʊk]：v. 煮; 烹饪; 烹调 n. 厨师; 炊事员 cooker [ˈkʊkə]：n. 炊具; 厨具 18. blanket [ˈblæŋkɪt ]: n. 毯子 carpet [ˈkɑːpɪt]：n. 地毯 a blanket of fog/snow/cloud 厚厚的一层雾 / 雪 / 云 19. belongings [bɪˈlɒŋɪŋz] n. [pl.]财物;动产 belong vi.属于 belong to 属于（无被动） personal belongings 个人财物 a sense of belonging 归属感 同类表达： savings 积蓄/ earnings 工资/leavings 剩饭/surroundings 环境/remains 剩余物,残留物,遗迹,遗体 ①When he joined the club, he felt a sense of belonging. (belong). ②Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are his and hers. ③The old house belonging (belong) to my grandfather is still in good condition. ④The taxi driver often reminds passengers to take their belongings when they leave the car. 20. miserable adj.痛苦的;令人难受的 miserably adv. 痛苦地; 悲惨地 misery n.痛苦；悲惨 a miserable cold day 令人难受的寒冷天气 这部话剧是个可悲的失败。 The play was a miserable failure. 21. voyage n. & vi. 航海；航行 (pl. voyages) a voyage in space 航天 go on a voyage around the world 做一次环游世界的旅行 trip: n. 旅行 (常指短途旅行) journey: n. 旅行; 旅程 (主要指时间较长、距离较远的陆上/水上/空中的旅行) tour: n. 旅游; 观光 (距离可长可短) travel: n. 旅行 (泛指旅行的行为) 22. navy n. 海军；海军部队 Chinese Navy (pl. navies) join the navy 参加海军 join the army 参加陆军 join the air force 参加空军 23 . decent /ˈdiːsnt/ adj.相当不错的;正派的;得体的 a decent place to live  a decent job/salary/job 24 .cosy adj.温馨的;舒适的（cozy） cosily adv.舒适地（cozily） cosiness n.舒适；安逸 （coziness） 25. selfish adj. 自私的 selfishly adv.自私地;任性地 selfishness n.自私 selfless adj. 无私的 selflessly adv. 无私地 It be selfish/selfless of sb to do... 某人做什么是自私的/无私的 26. good/bad-tempered adj. 脾气好的/坏的 get very bad-tempered 爱发脾气 27. genuine adj.真正的;真诚的;可信赖的 genuinely adv.真诚地 近：sincerely/honestly a genuine person 诚实可信的人 genuine concern for others 对他人真诚的关心 28 .perseverance n.毅力;韧性;不屈不挠的精神 · persevere vi. 坚持；孜孜以求 · perseverant adj.锲而不舍的 persevere in doing sth. 坚持做某事 persevere in one’s study 坚持不懈地学习 with perseverance adv. 坚持不懈地 面对逆境表现出极大毅力 show great perseverance in the face of adversities 决心、信心和毅力是成功的三大主要因素。 Determination, confidence and perseverance are the three main factors for success. 他孜孜不倦地学习小提琴。 He persevered in learning violin. 29 .resolve vi.&vt.决定;决心;解决(问题或困难) n.决心;坚定的信念 resolution n. 决议；解决；坚定 表“解决”： solve, settle, work out, figure out resolve to do sth. 决定做某事 resolve on doing sth 决定做某事 resolve an issue/a conflict/a crisis 解决问题/冲突/危机 strengthen one's resolve to do sth 坚定某人做...的决心 make a resolution to do sth. 决定做某事 写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. Barnet was desperate for money to resolve his financial problems. 解决 2. The government is pressing for an early resolution of the conflict. 解决 3. They made a resolution to lose all the weight gained during the Christmas period. 决心 4. The resolution was passed by a two-thirds majority. 决议 答案1. resolution [ˌrezəˈluːʃn] n.决议;解决;坚定 2. report 3. resolution 4.a 5.to be resolved 30. crew n. (轮船/飞机等上面的)全体工作人员；专业团队；一群人 staff n.全体职工/雇员 majority n. 大多数 minority n. 少数 (作主语谓语可用单 也可用复) 31 .cruel adj.残酷的;残忍的;冷酷的 cruelty n.残忍，残酷，不公 cruelly adv.残酷地 It is cruel to do sth. 做某事是残酷的 be cruel to sb/sth 对某人/物残忍的 我无法忍受虐待动物的人。 I can’t stand people who are cruel to animals. 32. thorough adj.深入的;彻底的;细致的 thoroughly adv.彻底地; 完全地 thoroughness n.彻底性；完全 a thorough knowledge of… 对……了解透彻 那份报告全面深入，给我留下了深刻的印象。 I was impressed by the thoroughness of the report. 33. furniture n.家具（un.） furnish vt.为……配备家具；提供 furnished adj.配备家具的 a piece / an item of furniture 一件家具 a set of furniture 一套家具 be furnished/ equipped with 配备着... 34. fortunately [ˈfɔːtʃənətli] adv.幸运地 · fortune n.运气，财富 · fortunate adj. 幸运的 · fortunately adv.幸运地 · misfortune n.不幸 · unfortunate adj. 不幸的 · unfortunately adv. 不幸地 make a fortune 发财，赚钱 seek/try one's fortune 碰运气 答案： 1. fortunately [ˈfɔːtʃənətli] adv.幸运地 2. a 3.Fortunately 4.Unfortunately 5. to visit 35. damp adj.潮湿的;湿气重的 dampness n.潮湿 dampen v.弄湿--damp 弄湿 36. recreation n.娱乐;消遣;游戏 recreational adj.娱乐的；消遣的 近：amusement/entertainment 37. guidance [ˈɡaɪdns] n.指导;引导;导航 guide vt. 指导，影响(某人的行为)；指导 n. 指南，手册，向导 guided tour 有导游的旅行 parental guidance 家长指引 under the guidance of... 在...的指引下 under sb.’s guidance 在某人的指导下 without the guidance of sb. 没有某人的指导 provide guidance 提供指导 personal guidance 亲自指导 ①Without the guidance (guide) of the outstanding sculptor, he couldn't have made ideal sculptures. ② Under his sister’s guidance, he is likely to complete the project. ③If you seek him, he will provide guidance ． ④All the activities take place under the guidance of an experienced teacher. 38. nephew /ˈnefjuː/ n.侄子;外甥 niece 侄女 39. advertising n.广告活动;广告业 advertise vt. & vi. 公布；宣传；做广告 advertiser n.广告商，广告公司 advertisement n.广告 advertise for... 为征求...而登广告 我们学校正在网上等广告要招聘一名英语老师。 Our school is advertising for an English teacher online. 40. corporate /ˈkɔːpərət/ adj.公司的;法人的;社团的 corporation 41. rough adj.汹涌的;粗糙的;粗略的 roughly adv. 大约; 粗暴地 roughness n.粗糙；凹凸不平 形近：tough [tʌf] adj. 艰难的/棘手的 a rough deal 不公平的待遇 42. navigator n.领航员；航行者 /ˈnævɪɡeɪtə/ navigate v.导航；确定（船、汽车等）的位置 navigation [ˌnævɪˈɡeɪʃn] n.导航; 领航; 航行 rough 一、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。 1. Because the areas used for playing fields are often rough and rocky, millions of real balls go flat within 24 hours.（2013 湖南）高低不平的 2. The Atlantic Ocean has personalities: sometimes peaceful and pleasant, on rare occasions rough and wild; always it is strong and striking.（2013 重庆改） 风浪大的 3. The first year was rough, but things have gotten better. 艰难的 4. We were only able to make a rough estimate of how much fuel would be required. 大致的 / 粗略的 43. loyal [ˈlɔɪəl] adj.忠诚的;忠实的 loyal adj.忠诚的 loyalty n.忠诚 disloyal adj. 不忠的 be loyal to 对...忠诚 44.motor /ˈməʊtə(r)/ n.发动机;马达 adj.有引擎的;机动车的 motor vehicles candidate /ˈkændɪdət/ n.候选人;应试者 45. make fire 生火 be on fire 着火了 catch fire 着火 set sth. on fire＝set fire to sth. 放火；放火烧某物 play with fire 玩火；冒险 put out a fire 灭火 ①为了把野兽吓跑，我们在夜幕降临时生火。 In order to scare the wild animals away, we made fire when the night fell. ②警方还没查出是谁放火烧了仓库。 The police haven’t found out who set fire to the storehouse. ③ 不要站得太靠近那个火炉，你的衣服可能着火。 Don’t stand too close to that stove. Your clothes may catch fire ④消防员终于扑灭了在加利福尼亚州的一场森林大火。 At last the firemen put out a big forest fire in California. 46.give off 放出(热、光、气味或气体) give out 发出/分发；公布；用尽 give in 屈服、让步； 上交 give up 投降；放弃；让出 give away 泄露；赠送；丧失 汽车每天释放出很多有害气体。 Cars give off much poisonous gas every day. 完成句子 (1)She decided to give these old clothes away. (2)It isn’t mine; I must give it back to the owner. (3)He will soon give up because he cannot win the game. (4)The English teacher gave out/away the examination papers at 7:50． (5)I can’t answer that puzzle; I give up/in 47.commitment [kəˈmɪtmənt] n.承诺;保证;奉献 · commit vt. 犯罪，承诺 · committed adj.忠诚的 · commitment n. 承诺 commit a crime/suicide/murder 犯罪/自杀/谋杀 commit oneself to doing sth. 承诺；保证做某事 be committed to doing sth. 致力于/全心全意地投入去做某事 make a commitment to... 对……作出承诺 make a commitment to do sth. 承诺/许诺做某事 写作同义异构：你还能想到哪些表示“专注于 / 致力于做某事”的表达？ devote oneself to be lost in focus on devote … to be absorbed in concentrate on be dedicated to sth be involved in be engaged in be employed in doing sth bury oneself in be occupied in put one’s heart into 【即学即练】 1) As for my major, I will choose Medcine,which, I know, is a long-term commitment(commit)and a decision. 2) Jack was a good man who was committed ( commit) to his family as well as to his work. 3) The Canadian government is committed to advancing ( advance) the equality in the use of English and French. 4.总理向全国人民承诺将会采取措施控制二氧化碳的排放量。 The Prime Minister made a commitment to the nation that he would take measures to_control the emission of carbon dioxide. 48.motive n.动机;原因;目的 motivate v. 使有动机；激发积极性；刺激 motivation n.动力，诱因；积极性 a motive for (doing) sth. 做某事的动机 motivate sb to do sth 激励某人做某事 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$