专题一 专题练(八) 议论文阅读-【步步高·考前三个月】2025年高考英语复习讲义课件（课件PPT+word教案）

专题练(八)　议论文阅读　(分值：40分) 知考法　明考向：议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、段落大意题、主旨大意题、观点态度题等都有可能出现。 (2023·全国乙，D改编) If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to ①reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of ②miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our ③first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠文本来讲述世界历史的局限性并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。 32．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．How past events should be presented. B．What humanity is concerned about. C．Whether facts speak louder than words. D．Why written language is reliable. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。根据第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world...you cannot do it through texts alone...many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.”可知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。 33．What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A．His report was scientific. B．He represented the local people. C．He ruled over Botany Bay. D．His record was one-sided. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段首句可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长只从自己的角度描述了问题，即他的记录是片面的。故选D。 34．What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Problem. B．History. C．Voice. D．Society. 答案　B 解析　词义猜测题。根据文章第一段可知，不能仅仅通过文本讲述历史，再根据画线词上文“The Caribbean Taino...can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice...only one half of a dialogue.”可知，物品同样能讲述历史，文字描述只能说明一半的历史。由此可推知，画线词所在句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”强调解读物品来了解历史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。 35．What’s the main idea of the text？(改编) A．Art works connect past and future. B．The limitation of the world history. C．History lies in both texts and objects. D．Accidental victories in the world history. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。根据第一、二段最后一句以及最后一段第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。故选C。 语境猜词 ①reconstruct＝(派)re＋construct重现 ②miscomprehension＝(派)mis＋comprehension 误解 ③first-hand＝(合)first＋hand第一手的；直接的 以上文章中第32题考查段落大意，第35题考查主旨大意，解题技法如下： A (2024·浙江嘉兴一模) It was a quiet morning in the library，and we ①librarians were enjoying a rather loud chat.Suddenly，a patron(常客) marched up to us，gave us an annoyed “Shush！” and went back to her seat.How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around? Well，it’s complicated.If you’re like me，a ②middle-aged woman，you probably remember libraries as places of silent reading.These days，however，libraries are more like active community centers. In the past，most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand.But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through ③hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers.Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids，including crafts，board games，and story times.These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent. Along with more programs for ever-younger children，technology today has played a part in the ④transformation of libraries into places where both kids and adults can use computers，make something on a 3D printer and more.In addition，many libraries now offer programs for adults，who can participate in book discussion，learn calligraphy，and even take college classes. Of course，libraries still need peaceful zones.These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.They are also less noisy in the early afternoons，after morning children’s programs and before the after-school kid crowd arrive. It’s clear to me now that on the day my colleagues and I were shushed by a patron，we should have been using our “library voices” as we talked.Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening. 语篇解读　这是一篇议论文。作者就图书馆现状提出自己的观点——图书馆应是一个热闹的地方。 1．How did the author respond to the patron’s behavior? A．She approved of it. B．She was disappointed at it. C．She hesitated about it. D．She was astonished at it. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句“How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around？”可知，作者对常客的行为感到很吃惊。故选D。 2．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The past and the present of libraries. B．The reason for the change of libraries. C．The activities for young children in libraries. D．The connection between libraries and readers. 答案　B 解析　段落大意题。根据第三段的“But growing knowledge about...has since caused a sea change in how libraries...These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent.”可知，本段主要讲图书馆改变的原因。故选B。 3．What can we learn about today’s libraries? A．They heavily depend on technology. B．They offer online programs for adults. C．They still provide silent reading places. D．They care much about time arrangement. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第五段的“These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.”可知，今天的图书馆仍然提供安静的阅读场所。故选C。 4．What would be the best title for the text? A．Libraries Should Be Loud B．Reading Can Be Fun in Libraries C．Libraries Make Learning Happen D．Library Programs Target Children 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。由最后一段最后两句“Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening.”以及上文可知，本文主要讲图书馆不应该如往常一样是一个安静的地方，而应该变得热闹起来。故选A。 语境猜词 ①librarian＝(派)librar(y)＋ian图书馆管理员 ②middle-aged＝(合)middle＋aged中年的 ③hands-on＝(合)hands＋on动手的，实际操作的 ④transformation＝(派)transform＋ation转变，变化 B (2024·四川成都二模) “Sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never harm me，” is an old saying my fourth-grade teacher once told me.I grew up thinking as long as people did not physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.She discussed two words: “and” and “but”，and explained how “but” can be one of the most destructive words. Then I realized I had been hurt by the word “but”，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word ①thoughtlessly.For example，when I was a teacher and edited my students’ stories，I would always say their content was good，but then I would add comments such as “but you need to make your characters more realistic”．I could have said，“Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.” In setting up guidelines for commenting on writers，I realize we need to praise each other，make helpful remarks，and then praise each other again，without using the word “but”．I remember a college professor who said，“There is no such thing as constructive criticism.Criticism is criticism.” She has now passed on，but her words remain with me always. My fourth-grade teacher’s quote was aimed at what she thought was harmless playground teasing，but even teasing hurts.Today，we can read sad news related to many stories where people have been terribly hurt by ugly words and suffered a lot.Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid ②seemingly unimportant words like “but”．Sticks and stones break our bones，but thoughtless words also do harm.They can leave marks for a lifetime. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者通过分享自己的经历、观察和思考，阐述了谨慎用词的重要性。 5．What changed the author’s attitude to hurtful words? A．A teacher’s advice. B．His personal experience. C．A college professor’s words. D．A story by Linda O’Connell. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“I grew up thinking as long as people didn’t physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.”可知，在读了琳达·奥康奈尔的故事《两个小词大影响》后，作者改变了对伤人话语的态度。故选D。 6．What message does the example in paragraph 2 convey? A．The author used “but” too often. B．The author could tolerate criticism. C．The misuse of “but” can hurt others. D．Realistic characters are needed in writing. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too...I could have said，‘Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.’”可知，第二段中作者给学生写评语的例子表明滥用“但是”会伤害别人。故选C。 7．Which words can best describe the author? A．Caring and self-reflective. B．Devoted and co-operative. C．Optimistic and open-minded. D．Honest and warm-hearted. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第一段和第二段中“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word thoughtlessly.”以及下文的举例可知，作者在受到启发后不仅意识到了“但是”这个词对自己的伤害，还反思了自己过去无意中用这个词伤害了他人的情况。这表明作者是一个关心他人，同时也善于自我反思的人。故选A。 8．What is the text mainly about? A．The benefits of learning from mistakes. B．The long-lasting effect of hurtful words. C．The importance of using words thoughtfully. D．The difference between physical and emotional harm. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中“Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid seemingly unimportant words like ‘but’．”以及全文可知，本文主要讲述的是谨慎用词的重要性。故选C。 语境猜词 ①thoughtlessly＝(派)thought＋less＋ly草率地；欠考虑地 ②seemingly＝(派)seeming＋ly貌似；表面上 C (2024·河南南阳一模) These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress，held in Nagpur，where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India ①self-reliant. The message to researchers is crystal clear：leaders see science as essential to national prosperity，well-being and，of course，②competitiveness.So，is research fit for the challenge of advancing，refining or critiquing these goals? Not exactly.And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training. As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.Students’ stipends(生活津贴) are not enough in most countries，creating a ③cost-of-living crisis.Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指导)． Furthermore，PhD candidates are ④inadequately prepared for the ⑤cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize ⑥cutting-edge science today.This is especially true for careers outside academic research，where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading. It is not all bad.Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed，or are reforming，PhD assessment that is largely unchanged since the nineteenth century.But in most places，and especially in low- and middle-income countries，a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper.In many countries，candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD，something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing. The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply.According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education，the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016；US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period.If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章指出虽然领导人普遍认为科学对于国家至关重要，但是目前的博士培养体系存在诸多挑战和困境。文章强调随着攻读博士学位人数的急剧增加，博士培养体系亟需做出改革，才能满足当今社会的期望。 9．Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph? A．To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape. B．To imply more researchers are in great demand in India. C．To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research. D．To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段“These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress...”可知，本段首先提出世界领导人几乎都会强调科学的重要性，然后提到印度总理的讲话内容，鼓励科学家从事能使国家自力更生的科学工作。由此推知，印度总理是作为例子来体现领导人对科研的重视。故选C。 10．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A．The reforms in science. B．The significance of mentorship. C．The creation of academic culture. D．The issues early-career researchers face. 答案　D 解析　段落大意题。根据第三段“...PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time...Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指导)．”可知，本段主要介绍了世界范围内的博士培养陷入困境已经有一段时间了，这些早期职业研究人员面临着生活成本危机、缺乏支持、监督质量低等问题。故选D。 11．Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training? A．Disappointed. B．Satisfied. C．Indifferent. D．Enthusiastic. 答案　A 解析　观点态度题。根据第二段末句“And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.”，第三段首句“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.”和第四段首句“Furthermore，PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today.”可知，作者认为博士培养已陷入困境，博士候选人没有为未来的工作做好充分准备，该培养需要进行根本性改革。由此可知，作者对博士培养很失望。故选A。 12．What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph? A．PhD education is developing gradually. B．The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay. C．The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US. D．The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing. 答案　B 解析　写作意图题。根据最后一段“The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply...If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.”可知，作者认为攻读博士学位的人数的上升加剧了博士培养体系的压力，这种体系需要做出改变才能满足社会的期望。由此可知，作者想表达博士培养改革刻不容缓。故选B。 语境猜词 ①self-reliant＝(合)self＋reliant自力更生的 ②competitiveness＝(派)compet(e)＋itive＋ness竞争力 ③cost-of-living＝(合)cost＋of＋living生活费的 ④inadequately＝(派)in＋adequate＋ly不充分地 ⑤cross-disciplinary＝(合)cross＋disciplinary跨学科的 ⑥cutting-edge＝(合)cutting＋edge前沿的 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题一　四选一阅读 专题练(八) 议论文阅读 议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题、段落大意题、主旨大意题、观点态度题等都有可能出现。 知考法　明考向 内容索引 做真题　悟技法 练模拟　提能力 (2023·全国乙，D改编) If you want to tell the history of the whole world，a history that does not privilege one part of humanity，you cannot do it through texts alone，because only some of the world has ever had texts，while most of the world，for most of the time，has not.Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements，and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. 做真题 悟技法 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依靠文本来讲述世界历史的局限性并强调了将物品纳入历史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重要性。 Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects，and some chapters of this book are able to do just that，but in many cases we simply can’t.The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict，at Botany Bay，between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.If we want to ①reconstruct what was actually going on that day，the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of ②miscomprehension from both sides，there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted，especially when only the victors know how to write.Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories.The Caribbean Taino，the Australian Aboriginals，the African people of Benin and the Incas，all of whom appear in this book，can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice.When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these，all our ③first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted，only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects. 32.What is the first paragraph mainly about? A.How past events should be presented. B.What humanity is concerned about. C.Whether facts speak louder than words. D.Why written language is reliable. √ 段落大意题。根据第一段“If you want to tell the history of the whole world...you cannot do it through texts alone...many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.”可知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。 33.What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? A.His report was scientific. B.He represented the local people. C.He ruled over Botany Bay. D.His record was one-sided. √ 推理判断题。根据第二段首句可推断，作者认为历史应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side，we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day.From the Australian side，we have only a wooden shield(盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot.”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明船长只从自己的角度描述了问题，即他的记录是片面的。故选D。 34.What does the underlined word “conversation” in paragraph 3 refer to? A.Problem. B.History. C.Voice. D.Society. √ 词义猜测题。根据文章第一段可知，不能仅仅通过文本讲述历史，再根据画线词上文“The Caribbean Taino...can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice...only one half of a dialogue.”可知，物品同样能讲述历史，文字描述只能说明一半的历史。由此可推知，画线词所在句“If we are to find the other half of that conversation，we have to read not just the texts，but the objects.”强调解读物品来了解历史的另一半。所以conversation指的是“历史”。故选B。 35.What’s the main idea of the text？(改编) A.Art works connect past and future. B.The limitation of the world history. C.History lies in both texts and objects. D.Accidental victories in the world history. √ 主旨大意题。根据第一、二段最后一句以及最后一段第二、三句和最后一句可知，本文讲述仅仅依靠文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。故选C。 ①reconstruct＝(派)re＋construct ______ ②miscomprehension＝(派)mis＋comprehension ______ ③first-hand＝(合)first＋hand __________________ 重现 误解 第一手的；直接的 语境猜词 以上文章中第32题考查段落大意，第35题考查主旨大意，解题技法如下： 返回 技法点拨 A (2024·浙江嘉兴一模) It was a quiet morning in the library，and we ①librarians were enjoying a rather loud chat.Suddenly，a patron(常客) marched up to us，gave us an annoyed “Shush！” and went back to her seat.How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around? 语篇解读　这是一篇议论文。作者就图书馆现状提出自己的观点——图书馆应是一个热闹的地方。 练模拟 提能力 Well，it’s complicated.If you’re like me，a ②middle-aged woman，you probably remember libraries as places of silent reading.These days，however，libraries are more like active community centers. In the past，most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand.But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through ③hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers.Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids，including crafts，board games，and story times.These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent. Along with more programs for ever-younger children，technology today has played a part in the ④transformation of libraries into places where both kids and adults can use computers，make something on a 3D printer and more.In addition，many libraries now offer programs for adults，who can participate in book discussion，learn calligraphy，and even take college classes. Of course，libraries still need peaceful zones.These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.They are also less noisy in the early afternoons，after morning children’s programs and before the after-school kid crowd arrive. It’s clear to me now that on the day my colleagues and I were shushed by a patron，we should have been using our “library voices” as we talked.Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening. 1.How did the author respond to the patron’s behavior? A.She approved of it. B.She was disappointed at it. C.She hesitated about it. D.She was astonished at it. 细节理解题。根据第一段最后两句“How strange for a group of librarians to be shushed by a patron! Shouldn’t it be the other way around？”可知，作者对常客的行为感到很吃惊。故选D。 √ 2.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A.The past and the present of libraries. B.The reason for the change of libraries. C.The activities for young children in libraries. D.The connection between libraries and readers. 段落大意题。根据第三段的“But growing knowledge about...has since caused a sea change in how libraries...These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent.”可知，本段主要讲图书馆改变的原因。故选B。 √ 3.What can we learn about today’s libraries? A.They heavily depend on technology. B.They offer online programs for adults. C.They still provide silent reading places. D.They care much about time arrangement. 细节理解题。根据第五段的“These days，many libraries have glassed-off study rooms or quiet areas.”可知，今天的图书馆仍然提供安静的阅读场所。故选C。 √ 4.What would be the best title for the text? A.Libraries Should Be Loud B.Reading Can Be Fun in Libraries C.Libraries Make Learning Happen D.Library Programs Target Children √ 标题归纳题。由最后一段最后两句“Still，it’s unlikely that libraries will ever return to the days when they were places of silence.There’s just too much fun and learning happening.”以及上文可知，本文主要讲图书馆不应该如往常一样是一个安静的地方，而应该变得热闹起来。故选A。 ①librarian＝(派)librar(y)＋ian _______________ ②middle-aged＝(合)middle＋aged ________ ③hands-on＝(合)hands＋on _____________________ ④transformation＝(派)transform＋ation ____________ 语境猜词 图书馆管理员 中年的 动手的，实际操作的 转变，变化 B (2024·四川成都二模) “Sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never harm me，” is an old saying my fourth-grade teacher once told me.I grew up thinking as long as people did not physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.She discussed two words: “and” and “but”，and explained how “but” can be one of the most destructive words. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。作者通过分享自己的经历、观察和思考，阐述了谨慎用词的重要性。 Then I realized I had been hurt by the word “but”，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word ①thoughtlessly.For example，when I was a teacher and edited my students’ stories，I would always say their content was good，but then I would add comments such as “but you need to make your characters more realistic”.I could have said，“Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.” In setting up guidelines for commenting on writers，I realize we need to praise each other，make helpful remarks，and then praise each other again，without using the word “but”.I remember a college professor who said，“There is no such thing as constructive criticism.Criticism is criticism.” She has now passed on，but her words remain with me always. My fourth-grade teacher’s quote was aimed at what she thought was harmless playground teasing，but even teasing hurts.Today，we can read sad news related to many stories where people have been terribly hurt by ugly words and suffered a lot.Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid ②seemingly unimportant words like “but”.Sticks and stones break our bones，but thoughtless words also do harm.They can leave marks for a lifetime. 5.What changed the author’s attitude to hurtful words? A.A teacher’s advice. B.His personal experience. C.A college professor’s words. D.A story by Linda O’Connell. √ 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中“I grew up thinking as long as people didn’t physically hurt each other，hurtful words were to be tolerated，but I changed my mind after reading Linda O’Connell’s story，Two Little Words with a Big Impact.”可知，在读了琳达·奥康奈尔的故事《两个小词大影响》后，作者改变了对伤人话语的态度。故选D。 6.What message does the example in paragraph 2 convey? A.The author used “but” too often. B.The author could tolerate criticism. C.The misuse of “but” can hurt others. D.Realistic characters are needed in writing. √ 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too...I could have said，‘Your content is good and making your characters more believable will make it even better.’”可知，第二段中作者给学生写评语的例子表明滥用“但是”会伤害别人。故选C。 7.Which words can best describe the author? A.Caring and self-reflective. B.Devoted and co-operative. C.Optimistic and open-minded. D.Honest and warm-hearted. √ 推理判断题。根据文章第一段和第二段中“Then I realized I had been hurt by the word ‘but’，and that I had wounded others，too，by using the word thoughtlessly.”以及下文的举例可知，作者在受到启发后不仅意识到了“但是”这个词对自己的伤害，还反思了自己过去无意中用这个词伤害了他人的情况。这表明作者是一个关心他人，同时也善于自我反思的人。故选A。 8.What is the text mainly about? A.The benefits of learning from mistakes. B.The long-lasting effect of hurtful words. C.The importance of using words thoughtfully. D.The difference between physical and emotional harm. √ 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中“Now I realize the importance of thinking before speaking，even to avoid seemingly unimportant words like ‘but’.”以及全文可知，本文主要讲述的是谨慎用词的重要性。故选C。 ①thoughtlessly＝(派)thought＋less＋ly __________________ ②seemingly＝(派)seeming＋ly ______________ 草率地；欠考虑地 貌似；表面上 语境猜词 C (2024·河南南阳一模) These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress，held in Nagpur，where he encouraged the nation’s researchers to do the science needed to make India ①self-reliant. 语篇解读　本文是一篇议论文。文章指出虽然领导人普遍认为科学对于国家至关重要，但是目前的博士培养体系存在诸多挑战和困境。文章强调随着攻读博士学位人数的急剧增加，博士培养体系亟需做出改革，才能满足当今社会的期望。 The message to researchers is crystal clear：leaders see science as essential to national prosperity，well-being and，of course，②competitiveness.So，is research fit for the challenge of advancing，refining or critiquing these goals? Not exactly.And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training. As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.Students’ stipends(生活津贴) are not enough in most countries，creating a ③cost-of-living crisis.Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指导). Furthermore，PhD candidates are ④inadequately prepared for the ⑤cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize ⑥cutting-edge science today.This is especially true for careers outside academic research，where the overwhelming majority of PhD candidates will be heading. It is not all bad.Universities in a small number of high-income countries have reformed，or are reforming，PhD assessment that is largely unchanged since the nineteenth century.But in most places，and especially in low- and middle-income countries，a candidate’s work is still evaluated using a single-authored paper.In many countries，candidates must publish in a journal before they get a PhD，something that critics say could fuel profitable publishing. The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply.According to the 2022 book Towards a Global Core Value System in Doctoral Education，the number of PhDs awarded in India increased from 17,850 in 2004 to 25,095 in 2016；US figures climbed from 48,500 to 69,525 over the same period.If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century. 9.Why is the India’s Prime Minister mentioned in the first paragraph? A.To indicate India’s serious scientific landscape. B.To imply more researchers are in great demand in India. C.To show leaders’ emphasis on scientific research. D.To demonstrate more and more people take an interest in science. √ 推理判断题。根据第一段“These days，there’s barely a world leader who doesn’t talk up science.For example，the India’s Prime Minister was the main performer at the annual Indian Science Congress...”可知，本段首先提出世界领导人几乎都会强调科学的重要性，然后提到印度总理的讲话内容，鼓励科学家从事能使国家自力更生的科学工作。由此推知，印度总理是作为例子来体现领导人对科研的重视。故选C。 10.What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A.The reforms in science. B.The significance of mentorship. C.The creation of academic culture. D.The issues early-career researchers face. √ 段落大意题。根据第三段“...PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time...Early-career researchers constantly report concerns about a constant lack of support and poor-quality supervision，with senior researchers rarely trained in mentorship(指导).”可知，本段主要介绍了世界范围内的博士培养陷入困境已经有一段时间了，这些早期职业研究人员面临着生活成本危机、缺乏支持、监督质量低等问题。故选D。 11.Which of the following best describes the author’s opinion on PhD training? A.Disappointed. B.Satisfied. C.Indifferent. D.Enthusiastic. √ 观点态度题。根据第二段末句“And it won’t be until there is fundamental reform to the gateway to a research career：PhD training.”，第三段首句“As Nature and other publications have frequently reported，PhD training worldwide has been in trouble for some time.”和第四段首句“Furthermore，PhD candidates are inadequately prepared for the cross-disciplinary working and large teams that characterize cutting-edge science today.”可知，作者认为博士培养已陷入困境，博士候选人没有为未来的工作做好充分准备，该培养需要进行根本性改革。由此可知，作者对博士培养很失望。故选A。 12.What does the author mainly intend to express in the last paragraph? A.PhD education is developing gradually. B.The reforms in PhD training admit of no delay. C.The number of PhDs awarded has increased in India and the US. D.The demand for researchers’ meeting society’s expectations is pressing. √ 写作意图题。根据最后一段“The system’s strains have become more obvious because the number of people doing PhD training has been rising sharply...If researchers are to meet society’s expectations，their training and mentoring must escape the nineteenth century.”可知，作者认为攻读博士学位的人数的上升加剧了博士培养体系的压力，这种体系需要做出改变才能满足社会的期望。由此可知，作者想表达博士培养改革刻不容缓。故选B。 ①self-reliant＝(合)self＋reliant ____________ ②competitiveness＝(派)compet(e)＋itive＋ness ________ ③cost-of-living＝(合)cost＋of＋living __________ ④inadequately＝(派)in＋adequate＋ly __________ ⑤cross-disciplinary＝(合)cross＋disciplinary ___________ ⑥cutting-edge＝(合)cutting＋edge ________ 自力更生的 竞争力 生活费的 返回 语境猜词 不充分地 跨学科的 前沿的 $$