专题03 【临考冲刺】常考语法速记版（全国通用）-2025年中考英语临考冲刺查缺补漏杜绝丢分

常考语法速记版 一．冠词 1. 不定冠词 a和an都用于可数名词单数前，但两者用法有区别： 若随后的单词以辅音音素开头用a若随后的单词以元音音素开头用an *某些以元音字母开头的单词用a，因为其第一个音是/j/。如：a university，a European language。 *某些以字母 h 开头的单词用an，因为这些单词的＂h＂不发音。如：an honest boy，an hour ago。 字母s，x，n，m，f等用an 如：there is an “s”in the word. *在序数词前表示“又一，再一”。如：I’ve tried three times. Let me try a fourth time. 2. 定冠词the the【口诀：独指方，高乐序，姓形专固定】 ① 独一无二的事物（the sun,the earth....） ② 特指 / 指双方都知道的事物（ I have a book .The book is cheap.） ③ 方位名词前（the east,the west,the left, the right.....） ④ 最高级前（the most beautiful） ⑤ 西洋乐器前（play the piano / violin...） ⑥ 序数词前（the first,the second....）→ 特殊情况：a +序数词（又，再....） ⑦ 外国姓氏+ s前（表示一家人，V复）→ The Greens ⑧ 形容词前（一类人，V复→ the old,the young, the rich....） ⑨ 专有名词前（the Great Wall ,the West Lake....） ⑩ 固定搭配（the other其他的） 3. 不用冠词（零冠词） ① 国家：China、Japan【除：the Unite States美国，the United Kingdom英国，the United Nations联合国】 【the USA美，the UK 英，the US美，the UN联合国】 ② 季节 in summer ③ 球类（play basketball） ④ 学科（maths、English.....） ⑤ 乘坐交通工具by（by bus 、by car） ⑥ 人名, 地名 ⑦ 星期（on Monday....） ⑧ 三餐（笼统说法：have breakfast → 具体+ a : have a delicious breakfast） ⑨ 下棋打牌（play chess、play cards） ⑩ 头衔，职称（The teacher makes me / monitor.） 短文填空(节选) 1.Xi’an is the capital city of Shaanxi province. It lies in 　 　 north of China. 2.He began learning it from his father when he was 　 　 child. 3.In the closing years of the Sui Dynasty， a terrible flood(洪水) happened on the Xiao River outside the city of Zhaozhou. 　 　 flood brought down a large stone bridge. 4.In order to protect the people forever， 　 　 four dragons turned into four rivers. 5.Shao’s craft is known as quilling(盘纸)： Quilling has 　 　 long history. 6.Now， Tang suits have become 　 　 kind of formal dress in China. 7.A primary school in Nanjing has just opened 　 　 herb farm. 8.During festival evenings， people hold lanterns to walk around 　 　 places they have lived and pray for peace. 9.If you are hoping to understand the British， meeting Paddington in films and books is one way to take 　 first step. 10.With a smile on her face， the old lady said， “He just wants me to eat 　 　 orange. I know that. So I give him some more.” 二．名词 规则变化 规则 例词 一般情况下加-s apple－apples　ruler－rulers 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的加-es bus－buses　box－boxes　watch－watches　brush－brushes 以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变成i再 加-es city－cities　country－countries 以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变成v，再加-es knife－knives　leaf－leaves 以o结尾的，有生命的加－es，无生命的加-s 在初中英语范围内加－es的主要有以下3个：tomato－tomatoes、potato－potatoes、hero－heroes 不规则变化： 1. 元音a变成e：例如man、woman：policemen、policewomen 「注意：German德国人；Roman罗马人；human人类；→ →复数+s」 2. 元音oo变ee：例如tooth；foot；goose鹅 3. 英法联军a变e；中日两国不用变，其他国人+s： Englishman；Frenchman；Chinese；Japanese；Americans；Australians 4. 全变：child → children；mouse → mice【老鼠】 5. 复合名词：boy/girl student 【复数：boy/girl students，只变后面】 man/woman teacher【复数：men/women teachers，前后都要变】 6. 单复同形：fish；deer；sheep 7. 形单意复：people人们；family家人；class班级（集体名词） 8. 形复意单：maths数学；politics政治【 学科—V单数 】 名词所有格 This is Jane and Mary's room. 【共同拥有，后面➕'s】 This are Jane's and Mary's rooms.【各自拥有，各自➕'s】 ★ 西方节日不加the，中国传统节日加the 【母亲/父亲节：Mother's day / Father's day】【 Teachers' day 教师节，Children's day 儿童节】 4.双重所有格 由“名词＋of＋’s所有格/名词性物主代词”构成。如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用双重所有格的形式来表示所有关系。 Mike is a friend of my father’s.Mike是我父亲的一位朋友。 These are two photos of mine.这些是我的两张照片。 【初中考点用to情况】： the key to the door 门的钥匙 the answer to the question问题的答案 the ticket to....门票 the way to 去...的路上 1.Historically， Xi’an has always been a city of art， industry and business that have placed it far in front of many other 　 　(city). 2.Now there are tigers of different 　 　(size) and the largest can be over two meters tall. 3.People had rebuilt the bridge many 　 　(time). But it was still washed away over and over again. 4.It’s practiced by over 100 million people in more than 150 　 　(country). 5.Chinese 　 　(family) believe that the Kitchen God will go back to Heaven before the Spring Festival， to tell Yu Huang about different activities of every family. ... This meal often includes 　 　(tradition) dishes like niangao and sweet rice balls， which are the symbol of wealth， unity(团结) and 　 　(happy). 6.They can change into fish and many other Sea 　 　(animal). There are many different stories about the Dragon Kings. 7.The potato plant， for example， will make tubers(块茎)－the 　 　(potato) that we eat. 8.The artists wear straw hats and sheep skin coats as a kind of 　 　(protect)， but accidents still happen. “Although it’s dangerous， I’m just happy to bring joy to people，” Liu said. 9.These nice 　 　(photo) were taken by my teachers last week. 10.Last winter holiday， we met some 　 　(German) in Harbin. They liked Harbin so much. 11.Jing Haipeng and his team are working in the space station. They’re our 　 　(hero). 12.Spiders are insects with eight 　 　(foot). 13.During a meal in the West， people use 　 　(knife) and forks most of the time. 14. If it is hard to imagine the clothing， here are some 　 　(example) of summer clothing from ancient China. 15. They can change into fish and many other sea 　 　(animal). 三．代词 一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词构成如下： 类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 第一人称 单数 I 复数 we 第二人称 单数 you 复数 you 第三人称 单数 he she it 复数 they 【拓展】 带有反身代词的常用短语 enjoy oneself help oneself to dress oneself leave sb. by oneself learn... by oneself come to oneself by oneself hurt oneself 疑问代词 特殊疑问句 = 特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句 （be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语+其他？） ↓ ▼（宾语从句中直接充当连词） 分类：①wh-- ：what、who、when、where、which、whom、whose... ②how类：how much（问价格/数量）how many（问数量） how long （问时间长度）how far （问距离） how old （问年龄）how often（问频率） how .... （问方式）how soon （问多快 → in+一段时间） 2.易混不定代词辨析 序号 不定代词 用法 例句 1 some Tom has some story books. Would you like some milk?　 any Are there any apples on the tree? There aren’t any buses. 2 both Tom’s parents are both doctors. all All of the books are very interesting. either Either of the books is interesting. neither Neither of his friends has come yet. 3 no one No one would like to go with her. none None of them has been to Beijing. 4 every Every time I go to see him,he is very busy. each Each of you can try twice. 5 many There are many books on the desk. much I have much homework to do. 6 few He has few friends here. a few There are a few apples in the basket. little There is little water in the bottle.　 a little Don’t worry. There is a little time left. 7 other Do you have any other ideas?　 the other I have two books. One is Chinese, the other is English.　 another Would you like another cup of tea? others Some went to the park,others visited the museum. the others Five students in our class are English,the others are Chinese. 1.Xi’an is a city always remaking 　 　(it) and looking forward， all the while keeping the best of the past. 2.He has led lots of young craftsmen(手艺人) in and near 　 　(he) village to make colored clay sculptures and the handicraft has become an important way for local people to get richer than before. 3.We do not know whether this story is true， but it tells 　 　(we) that rice has the same value as gold to the Chinese. 4.Happily， you already have five piggy banks， and you love putting money into 　 　. Please continue to save. 5.At last the dragons decided to help the people by 　 　(they).With sea water in their mouths， they flew up into the sky and poured the water over the earth. 四．数词 基数词 1.hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词 时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的 2.时间表达：顺读；逆读「to差；past过」—年月日「英语：日月年；月日年」 表达：September 25th,2022 25th September,2022 3. n + 基数词 (大写) = the +序数词+n（小写）： 例句：I am in CLass 1,Grade 7.【两个大写：Class One】 Lesson One =the first lesson 第一课 Unit One = the first unit 第一单元 4.数学运算：plus+ ,minus -,times/multiply ×,divided by ÷, is / equals = 例：8+2=10 (Eight plus two is ten.) 5.分数 子基母序，先子后母，分子>1，分母+s 2/3: two thirds, 3/5: three fifths.....特殊：1/2 a half, 1/4: a quarter 3/2：one and a half 例句：One third of students are boys. Three forths of the earth is water. 6.[倍数]：once, twice, three times.....[基数词 +times] ■倍数在比较级的前面 例句：My hair is twice longer than your hair. = My hair is twice as long as yours. 7.another +基数词+n复数 = 基数词+more+n复数：another two pens = two more pens “每一”：every +基数词+n复 = every +序数词+n单：「every two years = every second year」 序数词 (1)构成 序数词 构成 1～3 4～19 一般在基数词词尾加th构成。特殊： 、 、 、 20～90整十 先将基数词词尾y变成ie，再加th，如twenty→ 两位数或多位数(整数除外) 其他位数不变，仅将个位数变成序数词，如twenty one→ 【记忆口诀】 基变序，有规律，一二三特殊记，结尾字母t、d、d；其余词尾加th，其中例外用心记； 八去t，九去e，ve要用f替(eighth、ninth、fifth、twelfth)； 若以y来结尾，就用ie把y去(twentieth)！不论几百几十几，个位变化就可以。 2. the+序数词“第几次”；a +序数词 “又一次” ：a second chance又一次机会 注意：the 前面有物主代词/名词所有格，去the → this is my the first time..... 1.Women’s Tangzhuang has 　 　 styles： traditional， national and fashionable. Traditional style has Chinese designs with flowers. National style uses designs that are like poems or good luck signs. 2.The world’s oceans cover nearly three 　 　 (four) of the Earth’s surface. They are a great source of food for people around the world. 3.It was the 　 　 (two) time that they had held an open class for students on Earth. 五．介词 时间介词 (1) at、on 与in 介词 用法 示例 at at half past ten在十点半　　at that time在那时 at noon 在中午 at night在晚上 on on Monday在周一 on the evening of June 30th在6月30日的晚上 in in 2024 在2024年　　　　　in spring在春天 in the morning在早上 (2) in、after与before 介词 用法 示例 in The meeting will be held in 30 minutes. 会议将在三十分钟后召开。 after It began to rain after seven o’clock. 七点之后，天开始下雨了。 before You should wash your hands before meals. 你应该在饭前洗手。 (3) since与for 介词 用法 示例 since “自从……”，指从过去某时刻一直延续至今的一段时间，后接具体的时间点，主句用完成时态 It has rained since yesterday morning. 自从昨天上午以来，天一直在下雨。 for 指动作延续贯穿整个过程，后接时间段 My family has lived in the village for thirty years. 我家住在这个村庄已经三十年了。 2.方位介词 （1） 如图：p在o上面：above； 如图：B在o下面：below； Q在o正上面：over ； D在o正下面：under ； （2）in、on与to 介词 用法 图解助记 in “在……内部”，表示在某一地区的范围内 (属于该地区) on 表示两地相邻或接壤 to 表示在某一地区的范围外，并且两地不接壤 其他介词 on：接触面上面；above在…上方； over：在…正上方； ⚠ below：在…下方；under：在…正下方 在…旁边：by = beside < next to < near【距离越来越远】 在…之间：between (X=2) among (X=3) 穿过，经过：across（外部），through（内部），past（侧面） 例：go across the road 过马路，go through the forests穿过森林， swim across the river 💙 across 点到点的关系，through点到面的关系 位于：lie in（ 内部），lie on （相邻接壤），lie to（相邻不接壤） 除了…以外：except（不包含原事物）；besides = in addition to（包含原事物） but = only（除了…都没有，例如：nothing but，nobody but） in front of 在....的前面【范围外】，in the front of 在....前面【范围内部】 1.While Xi’an is a city 　 　 a long history， it is also very much a part of the modern world. 2.　 　 first， the clay tigers were all of the same small size. Now there are tigers of different sizes and the largest can be over two meters tall. 3.People had rebuilt the bridge many times. But it was still washed away over and over again. “What’s wrong 　 　 it？” Li Chun， the most famous local engineer at that time， asked himself. 4.Caitlin， a young German beginner， says， “Tai chi is a fun exercise， easy to learn， and you don’t have to be good 　 　 it to enjoy it. I love the feeling of calm I get from it.” 5.Although the living standards 　 　 ancient times cannot be compared to the modern time，the Chinese people actively explored ways to make their summers more comfortable. 6.That was because it hadn’t rained 　 　 a long time.The rice died and the people had no food to eat. 7.Yet， many foreigners don’t know much 　 　 this eastern game. Most of the search questions raised by them on the internet are mainly about how to play the game and where to play it. 8.Anyway， I’m really proud 　 　 you. I hope you can keep doing this. 9.If a plant is beginning to get more daylight， it knows it’s spring. Because 　 　 this， it may then start producing flowers. 10.It is in children’s book A Bear Called Paddington 　 　 a British writer Michael Bond. 六．连词 并列连词 (1) 常见并列连词 并列连词 用法 and but while or for so (2) 常见并列连词短语 连词短语 用法 both...and... either...or... neither...nor... not only...but also... Both she and I do well in English.我和她都擅长英语。 Not only you but also he wants to buy the book.不仅是你，而且他也想买这本书。 Neither he nor his children like fish.他和他的孩子们都不喜欢鱼肉。 从属连词 ①引导时间状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 用法 when while since until as as soon as ②引导条件状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 含义 用法 if 主从句的时态遵循“主将从现”的原则，即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时 unless as long as ③引导让步状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 用法 though/although “虽然，尽管”，一般可互换，都不与but连用 even if “即使”，表示一种假设情况 even though “尽管，虽然”，用于表示真实但出乎意料的情况 ④引导结果状语从句的连词 连词短语 用法 such...that so...that 【注意】当名词前面有 many、much、few、little等限定词时，应该用 so，而不能用such。 There were so many people in the street.街上有很多人。 ⑤引导目的状语从句的连词 连词短语 用法 so that in order that ⑥引导原因状语从句的连词 连词 用法 because 表直接原因；回答why 提出的问题 since “既然”，语气比because弱，表示众所周知的原因 as “因为，由于”，语气比since弱 ⑦引导方式状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 用法 as if/though 意为“似乎，好像”，与事实相反时，须用虚拟语气 as 意为“正如……” 1.The bell was first designed as an emergency alarm (警钟) to warn of danger， 　 　 it was very often used to tell people the time. 2.A new Zhaozhou Bridge was built. It was safe 　 　 beautiful. 3.It’s best to learn Tai Chi from a teacher， so you can either look for local clubs 　 　 ask at school about classes. 4.It’s easy for you to see Xiangqi played in China. People usually play it in parks， community centers， temples， and schools. 　 　 you go to any Chinese community in China or Southeast Asia， it would not be too hard to find people playing the game. 5.Shao fell in love with paintings and crafts 　 　 he was a child. 6.Emperors loved lions 　 　 they look strong. They kept lions as pets. 七．形容词、副词 1.变化规则 (1)规则变化 构成方法 例词 一般单音节词尾 near→nearer→nearest　fast→faster→fastest hard→harder→hardest 以不发音的字母e结尾的单音节词， nice→nicer→nicest　fine→finer→finest 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词， busy→busier→busiest early→earlier→earliest 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词， hot→hotter→hottest wet→wetter→wettest 部分双音节词或多音节词在原词前 beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful carefully→more carefully→most carefully (2)不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well many/much little badly/bad/ill far old 句型：【原则：两者用比较级，三者及以上用最高级】 ....adj /adv比较级 + than ..... 比...更.... ....adj /adv比较级 + than any other +单数名词.... 比其他更.... ....the +adj /adv比较级 + of the two ..... 两者中...更.... ....adj /adv比较级 + and + adj /adv比较级.... 越来越.... more and more + 【多音节/个别双音节】原级..... 越来越.... the + adj /adv比较级 , the + adj /adv比较级 越....越..... one of +the +adj 最高级+ in/of +名词复数..... 最....之一 the +adj /adv + 最高级+..... 第几大最..... 1.In central Xi’an there is the Bell Tower-the 　 　(large) bell tower remaining in China. 2.The handicraft has become an important way for local people to get 　 　(rich) than before. ... He 　 　(real) hopes that the sculpture handicraft will be passed down to the next generation. 3.He was 　 　(great) excited by the idea， and danced happily right at his desk. 4.As you make your movements， you breathe 　 　(deep) and naturally with meditation(冥想). 5.People believe that they are 　 　(power) Chinese gods. ...The rice died and the people had no food to eat. A few months later， the people’s life became much 　 　(bad). ...“It’s raining！” The people shouted， jumping 　 　 (happy). 6.These herbs were 　 　(wide) used in Chinese medicine and cooking. ...The herb planting courses at schools and universities across China get students 　 　(close) to TCM than before and help pass on the tradition. 7.Unlike the clothing often showed on TV，ancient Chinese wore clothing that was lighter and 　 　(thin) than modern imaginations. 8.Therefore， he was 　 　(high) respected by everyone. It was said that he could cure almost any disease. 9.However， Cangjie found that the job became much 　 　(hard) as the number of the things to record grew. ... One day， Cangjie was teaching a class. An old man listened to him 　 　(careful). 10.People roast tea leaves 　 　(light) before boiling them in a teapot on a stove. ... As one young person said， “It is very　 　(relax) to boil tea and chat with best friends.” 八．动词时态 初中阶段常见六种时态的构成及用法如下： 时态 句式结构 用法 常见标志词(组) 一般 现在时 ①表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表频度的时间状语连用 ②表示自然现象、科学事实、客观真理等 ③在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来 ④表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时表将来，但仅限于start、begin、go、come、leave、arrive等词 always、usually、often、 sometimes、every day、 once a week、 twice a day... 一般 过去时 ①表示过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态 ②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作 ③since引导的时间状语从句中，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时 ...ago、last...、yesterday、 in the past、just now... 一般 将来时 ①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态 ②“be going to＋动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事或有某种迹象表明要发生的事 tomorrow、 next day、 soon、in＋一段时间、 in the future... 现在 进行时 ①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态 ②表示一段时间内一直做的事情或现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态 ③表示计划或者安排好的将来要做的事情，此类动词有come、go、leave、fly、start、arrive等 now、at the moment、 at this time... 过去 进行时 表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作 at this time yesterday、at that time、at 6 a.m. yesterday... 现在 完成时 ①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，常与already、yet、ever等连用 ②表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在，并有可能持续下去，常与for、since连用，动词必须是延续性动词 recently、already、just、 yet、before、so far... 1.The city’s early history is often connected with Liu Bang， who started the Han Dynasty and made Xi’an his capital. He 　 　(give) it the name Chang’ an. ... The city wall-one of the few city walls still left in China-is a good example. It 　 　(go) around the city and is an important cultural site(遗址). 2.The Weifang government has 　 　(encourage) local people to learn traditional handicraft and make more money to get rid of poverty(脱贫). ... Nie 　 　(start) to learn to make clay tigers in 2010， the Year of the Tiger. 3.He 　 　(work) day and night at the drawing of the bridge and found out that the stone supports(支柱) couldn’t stand the force of the flood. 4.And all of her effort paid off. Soon after， TCM pharmacies 　 　(offer) to sell her products at their stores. 5.While studying in Baoding， Oumarou 　 　(join) the university’s wushu club and trained under Duan Shuxing， one of the coaches(教练). 三、看图写话 1.　leave for， tomorrow 　 　 2.　often， with　 　 3. 　be， for 20 years　 　 4.　now　 　 九．动词的语态 被动语态整体结构：be➕V过分➕（by sb 可省略） 3个一般时 一般现在时 一般过去时 一般将来时 2个进行时 现在进行时 过去进行时 3个完成时 现在完成时 现在 过去完成时 将来完成时 祈使句被动语态：don't➕be➕V过分 情态动词被动语态：情态动词➕be➕V过分 ⚠️被动语态中【主动表示被动】情况： ① 不及物动词 / 部分动词短语，无被动语态，用主动表被动 ② 系动词，主动表被动 ③ 及物动词表示主语某种性质，用主动表被动 ④ 动介短语用被动，动介短语看成整体 ⑤ ving形式表被动：need、want、require、worth ⑥ 常见开始/结束的一类词：begin、over、start （主动表被动） ⑦ 感官动词 / 使役动词【➕to】，表被动 重点词组 be used to do sth be made of/from be covered with/by be filled with=be full of be sold out be seen/noticed to do be made to do sth 常见句型 1. It is said that 从句 2. It is agreed that 从句 3. It is known that 从句 4. It is taken for granted that 从句 → 认为...理所应当 1.Are you interested in Chinese ancient legends？ If so， then you must have some ideas of the Dragon Kings. They can be 　 　(find) in many Chinese folk tales. 2.From the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties， luo was mainly 　 　(use) for the clothing of the officials of fifth rank or higher. 3.In 2008， it was officially 　 　(list) as a national intangible cultural heritage. 4.There can be thousands of rice plants in one paddy. Each plant is 　 　(call) a stalk(秆). 三、看图写话 1.　make， cotton　 2.　by， every day　 　 3.　surround， by　 　 4.　produce， 2019　 　 十．非谓语专题 一．不定式 1.非谓语「不带to」的不定式：一感+二听+三让+四看+半帮助 feel；hear；listen to；make；let；have；see；watch；notice；observe；help 2.不定式口诀： 计划要求去学习：intend，plan，mean，demand，learn 假装准备提申请：pretend，prepare，offer，apply 询问目的再决定：ask，aim，decide 希望选择不拒绝：wish，hope，expect，choose，refuse 碰巧失败担不起：happen，fail，afford 渴望设法再同意：desire，manage，agree，promise 二．动名词 想要成功要练习：feel like，succeed，practice 建议不逃不延期：suggest，escape，delay 坚持喜欢忍受嫉：keep，enjoy，stand，envy 承认错过免介意：admit，miss，avoid，mind 完成冒险不否定：finish，complete，risk，deny 区别同时+to do和+doing的词汇： try to do 努力；try doing 尝试 mean to do 打算，mean doing 意味着 can't help to do 不能帮助；can't help doing 情不自禁 regret，forget；remember【to do表示未做；doing表示已做】； stop；continue【to do表示另一事；doing表示同一件事】； want，need，require【to do表示主动，doing表示被动】， like，love，hate【to do表示具体；doing表示习惯】等。 begin/start to do【一般可互换，但是主语是物/表示心理状态的动词，只to do】 三．高频考点集锦 1. stop sth 停下来去做....、stop sth 停下正在做.... 2. had better (not) sth 最好（不）做.... 【 'd better 一般缩写 】 3. have sth 1请人做...【 I have my hair cut .】 2遭受 【 I have my wallet stolen.】 4. forget / remember sth【未做】 forget / remember sth【已做】 5. warn sb【not】 sth 警告某人不做....【warning警告n.】 6. feel like sth = want to do sth = would like do 想要做.... 7. 主动：make sb sth 使某人做.... → 被动：be made sth 被要求做... 8. be adj /adv enough ... sth足够.....做...【 live in 居住...不省略in】 9. 介词+ 【动名词理解】 10. be busy sth = be busy sth 忙于做...... 11. ask sb【not】 sth 叫某人不做.... 12. go on = continue继续【 继续另一件事】【 继续同一件事】 13. have some/ no time sth 有/无时间做.... 14. stop....【from】 sth 阻止做 = prevent / keep....from sth 15. protect...from 保护...免受.... 16. see / watch / notice /hear sb stnlh 看/听到某人做...【平时/全过程】 see / watch / notice /hear sb sth 看/听到某人做...【正在做】 表被动：be seen/watched /heard/noticed sth 17. I do what I can (help) you. → 表目的 18. There be sb sth 有某人正在做... 19. 疑问词+ to do ， to do 做什么， to do sth 20. the best way to do sth 做....的最好方式 21. It is adj sb to do sth【adj是形容sth】做....对某人来说.... It is adj sb to do sth【adj是形容sb】做....对某人来说.... I think / find + it adj sb to do sth【adj是形容sth】做....对某人来说.... I think / find + it adj sb to do sth【adj是形容sb】做....对某人来说.... 22. Why not sth ? = Why don't you sth ....为什么不.... 23. Would / Will you please ....+【not】V原... 24. try sth 尽力做....try sth 尝试做.....【 not 在非谓语前面】 25. be late school / work 迟到... 26. start / begin ...以...为首 27. I have something eat. 【 不定式作后置定语 】 28. borrow sth sb 【借进来】lend sth sb 【借出去】 29. can't help sth 不能帮助做.... can't help sth 情不自禁做.. 扩展： can't help but sth 不得不做.... 30. mind【物主代词】 sth介意做某事 Would you mind my /me opening the window? 31. be worth sth 值得做...【be worthy of doing sth 】 32. say + 具体内容，speak + 语言，tell 告知，talk 交谈【互动性】 33. spend on sth / doing / with sb 34. finish doing sth = complete doing sth完成做.... 1.It is best 　 　(know) as a center for software(软件) research， development and services. 2.One day， an idea came into his mind！ He thought of 　 　(build) bow-shaped arches(拱) instead of stone supports. 3.For example， she had difficulty 　 　(find) materials with traditional patterns. And there were no ready-made herbs. 4.But you must avoid 　 　(spend) money willy-nilly(随意地). Not only can it lead to some money problems， it can cause you to forget what’s important in life. 5.Du Fu received a traditional education but failed in the Imperial Examination(科举考试). As a result， he spent much of his youth 　 　(travel). 三、看图写话 1.　important，sort 　 　 2.　stick to　 　 3.　want， join　 　 4.　allow， museum　 　 十一．主谓一致 1.主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, like, but, except, besides, no less than, more than, rather than, including等介词短语，谓语动词仍用单数。如： Mike with his father been to England. 迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。 The students as well as the teacher present at the meeting. 学生们以及老师都出席了会议。 2由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果是指同一概念（and后没有定冠词）则谓语动词用单数形式。如： Their teacher and friend Mr. Li. 他们的老师和朋友是李先生。(老师和朋友指同一个人) The writer and teacher coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人) 3、就近一致的原则 指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。 （1）由or, either…or…, whether ... or ..., neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but… 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。如： Either my wife or I going. 要么我妻子去要么我去。 Not the students but I wrong. 不是学生错了，而是我错了。 Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else the answer. 你、我、任何人都不知道答案。 （2）there/here be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。 Here the boys I am looking for. 这些就是我正在寻找的男孩。 There a book and three pens on the desk. 书桌上有一本书和三支钢笔。 4、表示“时间，距离，金钱，重量，数目，长度”等复数名词、词组作主语时，一般被看做一个整体，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：Twenty miles is a long distance. 20英里是一段很长的距离。 Two months a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。 Forty dollars too expensive for the book. 这本书40美元太贵了。 十二．感叹句讲解 1. + a / an + adj + 可数单数n. + 主语 + 谓语！→ What a good boy / he is ! 2. + adj + 可数复数n. + 主语 + 谓语！ → What good advice / it is ! 3. + adj / adv + 主语 + 谓语！ → How good / the advice is !【不常见】 4. + adj + a / an + 可数单数n. + 主语 + 谓语！→ How good a boy / he is ! 备注：【 主语+谓语 】可以同时省略，同时存在 考点说明：what 和how的选择【解题技巧：倒推法】 what 中冠词a、an、the 、/、的选择 十三．宾语从句 引导词 主句 连词 宾语从句 that【可省略】 陈述句 whether/if【是否，不可省】 一般疑问句 特殊疑问词【不可省】 特殊疑问句 ⚠️备注：只用whether情况 whether…or not 宾语前置 介词后面 不定式前面 句子时态 ：主过从过去；主现从任意；客观现在时 句子语序 ：主语 + 谓语【 陈述 = 非疑问】 特殊情况：【总结：宾语从句 → 不定式 = 有非谓语的简单句】 1.主句谓语是hope，wish，promise，agree，choose，decide等等 主从句主语一致时，可以用【不定式】 I wish that I know the answer. = I wish to know the answer. 2.特殊疑问代词等引导的宾语从句可转为：疑问词➕不定式。 She doesn’t know what she should do. = she doesn’t know 3.当主句谓语动词是tell，ask，show，teach等后➕双宾语的词 从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转为：疑问词➕不定式。 Could you tell me how I can get to the street? = Could you tell me the street ? 宾语从句的反义疑问句▼否定转移： I don't think you are a boy, ? 否定转移：I think you are not a boy, ? 【从句进行反问】 否定转移条件：❶主句是第一人称❷主句是一般现在时❸动词：think,suppose,imagine,等 He doesn't think you are a boy, ? 【主句进行反问】 易错集锦 Do you know what's the matter with her ? 【what是主语】 I don't know what's her name. 【what是主语】 I want to know how old she is. 【how old 是整体】 十四．定语从句 ◈“定义”和“先行词”和“关系代词”的理解 先行词 关系代词 从句所充当成分 指“人” 主语/宾语 主语/宾语 宾语 定语（所有格） 指“物” 主语/宾语 主语/宾语 定语（所有格） 指“人”+“物” 主语/宾语 定语从句V和先行词的数一致 1.one of + n复 → V复：This is one of the books which were written by John. 2. the only one of + n复→ V单数 He is the only one of the boys that has learnt French. 3.非限制定语从句，which代表整体情况【V单】 He said he was a Frenchman,which was true. 【先行词是物】只用that情况 先行词由all，some，any，much等不定代词引导的时候 先行词由 和 等修饰的时候 先行词 时候 先行词指 的时候 主句里面有 的时候 先行词有 修饰时 先行词在定语从句中作表语，关系代词也作表语 例：she is no longer the person that she used to be. 【先行词是物】只用which情况 先行词本身是that时候 关系代词前面有逗号时候【非限制定语从句】 关系代词前有介词时候 句子中2个定语从句，一个that一个which 判断先行词在句中成分，句中作主宾定语【关系代词】 在句中作状语~ 【关系副词】= 介词+关系代词 时间状语 介词+whom【指人】 介词+which【指物】 地点状语 原因状语 十五．状语从句 引导 名词性从句 That ①只起连接作用，不做句子成分②在句中没有实际意义 ③在宾语从句中通常可以省略 The girl feels the weather is cold. if/whether ①表示“是否” ②不做句子成分 He asked me I knew Mike. I wonder he will come or not. 引导 状语从句 时间状语从句 （主将从现、 主过从过） when/while/as当...时候 I was sleeping she came in. I was sleeping she was running. I will tell her the news she comes to see me next week. after在...之后 I went to bed I finished my homework. before在...之前 I finished my homework I went to bed. as soon as一...就... I’ll call you up I arrive in Beijing. until直到...为止 I won’t go home ten o’clock. (not...until) since自...以来 I have had it I was ten years old. ha 地点状语从句 where there is a will,there is a way. you go,home is the best. wherever 原因状语从句 Because/as/since I was late for school this morning I stayed up late last night. 比较状语从句 than比 I’m taller you. as...as...与...一样 I am tall you. not as/so...as...不如 English is not difficult Math. 让步状语从句 although/though/while/even if/even though he has a cold,he still goes to school. 条件状语从句 （主将从现、 主情从现、 主祈从现） if如果 We will stay at home tomorrow it is rainy. unless除非 You will fail you work hard. as/so long as只要 You will get good grades you study hard. 方式状语从句 as像/与...一样 We did he told us. as if/as though好像 It seems it is going to rain. 目的状语从句 in order to/that目的是.../为了... I saved my money buy a bike. I saved my money I can buy a bike. I saved my money I can buy a bike. so that/so以便 结果状语从句 so/such...that...如此...以致于... It was cold we don’t want to go outside. It was a cold day we don’t want to go outside. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 常考语法速记版 一．冠词 1. 不定冠词 a和an都用于可数名词单数前，但两者用法有区别： 若随后的单词以辅音音素开头用a若随后的单词以元音音素开头用an *某些以元音字母开头的单词用a，因为其第一个音是/j/。如：a university，a European language。 *某些以字母 h 开头的单词用an，因为这些单词的＂h＂不发音。如：an honest boy，an hour ago。 字母s，x，n，m，f等用an 如：there is an “s”in the word. *在序数词前表示“又一，再一”。如：I’ve tried three times. Let me try a fourth time. 2. 定冠词the the【口诀：独指方，高乐序，姓形专固定】 ① 独一无二的事物（the sun,the earth....） ② 特指 / 指双方都知道的事物（ I have a book .The book is cheap.） ③ 方位名词前（the east,the west,the left, the right.....） ④ 最高级前（the most beautiful） ⑤ 西洋乐器前（play the piano / violin...） ⑥ 序数词前（the first,the second....）→ 特殊情况：a +序数词（又，再....） ⑦ 外国姓氏+ s前（表示一家人，V复）→ The Greens ⑧ 形容词前（一类人，V复→ the old,the young, the rich....） ⑨ 专有名词前（the Great Wall ,the West Lake....） ⑩ 固定搭配（the other其他的） 3. 不用冠词（零冠词） ① 国家：China、Japan【除：the Unite States美国，the United Kingdom英国，the United Nations联合国】 【the USA美，the UK 英，the US美，the UN联合国】 ② 季节 in summer ③ 球类（play basketball） ④ 学科（maths、English.....） ⑤ 乘坐交通工具by（by bus 、by car） ⑥ 人名, 地名 ⑦ 星期（on Monday....） ⑧ 三餐（笼统说法：have breakfast → 具体+ a : have a delicious breakfast） ⑨ 下棋打牌（play chess、play cards） ⑩ 头衔，职称（The teacher makes me / monitor.） 短文填空(节选) 1.Xi’an is the capital city of Shaanxi province. It lies in 　the　 north of China. 2.He began learning it from his father when he was 　a　 child. 3.In the closing years of the Sui Dynasty， a terrible flood(洪水) happened on the Xiao River outside the city of Zhaozhou. 　The　 flood brought down a large stone bridge. 4.In order to protect the people forever， 　the　 four dragons turned into four rivers. 5.Shao’s craft is known as quilling(盘纸)： Quilling has 　a　 long history. 6.Now， Tang suits have become 　a　 kind of formal dress in China. 7.A primary school in Nanjing has just opened 　a　 herb farm. 8.During festival evenings， people hold lanterns to walk around 　the　 places they have lived and pray for peace. 9.If you are hoping to understand the British， meeting Paddington in films and books is one way to take 　the　 first step. 10.With a smile on her face， the old lady said， “He just wants me to eat 　an/one　 orange. I know that. So I give him some more.” 二．名词 规则变化 规则 例词 一般情况下加-s apple－apples　ruler－rulers 以s、x、ch、sh结尾的加-es bus－buses　box－boxes　watch－watches　brush－brushes 以辅音字母加y结尾的，把y变成i再 加-es city－cities　country－countries 以f或fe结尾的，把f或fe变成v，再加-es knife－knives　leaf－leaves 以o结尾的，有生命的加－es，无生命的加-s 在初中英语范围内加－es的主要有以下3个：tomato－tomatoes、potato－potatoes、hero－heroes 不规则变化： 1. 元音a变成e：例如man、woman：policemen、policewomen 「注意：German德国人；Roman罗马人；human人类；→ →复数+s」 2. 元音oo变ee：例如tooth；foot；goose鹅 3. 英法联军a变e；中日两国不用变，其他国人+s： Englishman；Frenchman；Chinese；Japanese；Americans；Australians 4. 全变：child → children；mouse → mice【老鼠】 5. 复合名词：boy/girl student 【复数：boy/girl students，只变后面】 man/woman teacher【复数：men/women teachers，前后都要变】 6. 单复同形：fish；deer；sheep 7. 形单意复：people人们；family家人；class班级（集体名词） 8. 形复意单：maths数学；politics政治【 学科—V单数 】 名词所有格 This is Jane and Mary's room. 【共同拥有，后面➕'s】 This are Jane's and Mary's rooms.【各自拥有，各自➕'s】 ★ 西方节日不加the，中国传统节日加the 【母亲/父亲节：Mother's day / Father's day】【 Teachers' day 教师节，Children's day 儿童节】 4.双重所有格 由“名词＋of＋’s所有格/名词性物主代词”构成。如果在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词时，常用双重所有格的形式来表示所有关系。 Mike is a friend of my father’s.Mike是我父亲的一位朋友。 These are two photos of mine.这些是我的两张照片。 【初中考点用to情况】： the key to the door 门的钥匙 the answer to the question问题的答案 the ticket to....门票 the way to 去...的路上 1.Historically， Xi’an has always been a city of art， industry and business that have placed it far in front of many other 　cities　(city). 2.Now there are tigers of different 　sizes　(size) and the largest can be over two meters tall. 3.People had rebuilt the bridge many 　times　(time). But it was still washed away over and over again. 4.It’s practiced by over 100 million people in more than 150 　countries　(country). 5.Chinese 　families　(family) believe that the Kitchen God will go back to Heaven before the Spring Festival， to tell Yu Huang about different activities of every family. ... This meal often includes 　traditional　(tradition) dishes like niangao and sweet rice balls， which are the symbol of wealth， unity(团结) and 　happiness　(happy). 6.They can change into fish and many other Sea 　animals　(animal). There are many different stories about the Dragon Kings. 7.The potato plant， for example， will make tubers(块茎)－the 　potatoes　(potato) that we eat. 8.The artists wear straw hats and sheep skin coats as a kind of 　protection　(protect)， but accidents still happen. “Although it’s dangerous， I’m just happy to bring joy to people，” Liu said. 9.These nice 　photos　(photo) were taken by my teachers last week. 10.Last winter holiday， we met some 　Germans　(German) in Harbin. They liked Harbin so much. 11.Jing Haipeng and his team are working in the space station. They’re our 　heroes　(hero). 12.Spiders are insects with eight 　feet　(foot). 13.During a meal in the West， people use 　knives　(knife) and forks most of the time. 14. If it is hard to imagine the clothing， here are some 　examples　(example) of summer clothing from ancient China. 15. They can change into fish and many other sea 　animals　(animal). 三．代词 一、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词构成如下： 类别 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 第一人称 单数 I me my mine myself 复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称 单数 you you your yours yourself 复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称 单数 he him his his himself she her her hers herself it it its its itself 复数 they them their theirs themselves 【拓展】 带有反身代词的常用短语 enjoy oneself过得愉快 help oneself to随便吃…… dress oneself打扮自己 leave sb. by oneself把某人单独留下 learn... by oneself自学…… come to oneself苏醒 by oneself亲自 hurt oneself伤到某人自己；伤害自己 疑问代词 特殊疑问句 = 特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句 （be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语+谓语+其他？） ↓ ▼（宾语从句中直接充当连词） 分类：①wh-- ：what、who、when、where、which、whom、whose... ②how类：how much（问价格/数量）how many（问数量） how long （问时间长度）how far （问距离） how old （问年龄）how often（问频率） how .... （问方式）how soon （问多快 → in+一段时间） 2.易混不定代词辨析 序号 不定代词 用法 例句 1 some 用于肯定句或表示请求的疑问句中。 Tom has some story books. Would you like some milk?　 any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中。 Are there any apples on the tree? There aren’t any buses. 2 both 表示“两者都”。 Tom’s parents are both doctors. all 表示“三者或三者以上都”。 All of the books are very interesting. either 表示“两者中的任何一个”，作主语时谓语动词用单数。 Either of the books is interesting. neither 表示“两者都不”，作主语时谓语动词用单数。 Neither of his friends has come yet. 3 no one 指人，不能接of 短语。 No one would like to go with her. none 表示否定，可以指人或物，常接of短语。 None of them has been to Beijing. 4 every 表整体概念，只能作定语。不能与of短语连用。表示“每一”。 Every time I go to see him,he is very busy. each 强调个体，可作主语、宾语和定语等，可以指人或物。可以与of 短语连用。表示“每一个”。 Each of you can try twice. 5 many 修饰可数名词复数。 There are many books on the desk. much 修饰不可数名词。 I have much homework to do. 6 few 表“否定”，是“几乎没有”的意思，修饰可数名词。 He has few friends here. a few 表“肯定”，是“有一点”的意思，修饰可数名词。 There are a few apples in the basket. little 表“否定”，是“几乎没有”的意思，修饰不可数名词。 There is little water in the bottle.　 a little 表“肯定”，是“有一点”的意思，修饰不可数名词。 Don’t worry. There is a little time left. 7 other 泛指其他的，修饰复数名词。 Do you have any other ideas?　 the other 指“两者中的另一个”。 I have two books. One is Chinese, the other is English.　 another 指“三者或以上中的另一个”。 Would you like another cup of tea? others 泛指其他的人或物。 Some went to the park,others visited the museum. the others 特指其余的所有人或物。 Five students in our class are English,the others are Chinese. 1.Xi’an is a city always remaking 　itself　(it) and looking forward， all the while keeping the best of the past. 2.He has led lots of young craftsmen(手艺人) in and near 　his　(he) village to make colored clay sculptures and the handicraft has become an important way for local people to get richer than before. 3.We do not know whether this story is true， but it tells 　us　(we) that rice has the same value as gold to the Chinese. 4.Happily， you already have five piggy banks， and you love putting money into 　them　. Please continue to save. 5.At last the dragons decided to help the people by 　themselves　(they).With sea water in their mouths， they flew up into the sky and poured the water over the earth. 四．数词 基数词 1.hundred、 thousand、 million作数词时,不用复数,前面可以加上one, two, …等其它数词。用作名词 时复数表示“成…上…”,后面必须要有of,前面可以加上some,many,several等词。如：five hundred(五百), hundreds of(成百上千的), ten thousand(一万), thousands of(成千上万的), millions of(成百万的 2.时间表达：顺读；逆读「to差；past过」—年月日「英语：日月年；月日年」 表达：September 25th,2022 25th September,2022 3. n + 基数词 (大写) = the +序数词+n（小写）： 例句：I am in CLass 1,Grade 7.【两个大写：Class One】 Lesson One =the first lesson 第一课 Unit One = the first unit 第一单元 4.数学运算：plus+ ,minus -,times/multiply ×,divided by ÷, is / equals = 例：8+2=10 (Eight plus two is ten.) 5.分数 子基母序，先子后母，分子>1，分母+s 2/3: two thirds, 3/5: three fifths.....特殊：1/2 a half, 1/4: a quarter 3/2：one and a half 例句：One third of students are boys. Three forths of the earth is water. 6.[倍数]：once, twice, three times.....[基数词 +times] ■倍数在比较级的前面 例句：My hair is twice longer than your hair. = My hair is twice as long as yours. 7.another +基数词+n复数 = 基数词+more+n复数：another two pens = two more pens “每一”：every +基数词+n复 = every +序数词+n单：「every two years = every second year」 序数词 (1)构成 序数词 构成 1～3 first、second、third 4～19 一般在基数词词尾加th构成。特殊：fifth、eighth、ninth、twelfth 20～90整十 先将基数词词尾y变成ie，再加th，如twenty→twentieth 两位数或多位数(整数除外) 其他位数不变，仅将个位数变成序数词，如twenty one→twenty first 【记忆口诀】 基变序，有规律，一二三特殊记，结尾字母t、d、d；其余词尾加th，其中例外用心记； 八去t，九去e，ve要用f替(eighth、ninth、fifth、twelfth)； 若以y来结尾，就用ie把y去(twentieth)！不论几百几十几，个位变化就可以。 2. the+序数词“第几次”；a +序数词 “又一次” ：a second chance又一次机会 注意：the 前面有物主代词/名词所有格，去the → this is my the first time..... 1.Women’s Tangzhuang has 　three/3　 styles： traditional， national and fashionable. Traditional style has Chinese designs with flowers. National style uses designs that are like poems or good luck signs. 2.The world’s oceans cover nearly three 　fourths　 (four) of the Earth’s surface. They are a great source of food for people around the world. 3.It was the 　second　 (two) time that they had held an open class for students on Earth. 五．介词 时间介词 (1) at、on 与in 介词 用法 示例 at 表示具体时间点，用于钟点、时刻等名词前或一些固定短语中 at half past ten在十点半　　at that time在那时 at noon 在中午 at night在晚上 on 表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上；用于特定的日子、具体的日期、星期、节日前 on Monday在周一 on the evening of June 30th在6月30日的晚上 in 用在某个世纪、年份、月份、季节前； 泛指在上午、下午或晚上 in 2024 在2024年　　　　　in spring在春天 in the morning在早上 (2) in、after与before 介词 用法 示例 in “in＋一段时间”表示在一段时间之后，常用于将来时，对其提问用how soon The meeting will be held in 30 minutes. 会议将在三十分钟后召开。 after 表示“……之后” It began to rain after seven o’clock. 七点之后，天开始下雨了。 before 表示“在……之前” You should wash your hands before meals. 你应该在饭前洗手。 (3) since与for 介词 用法 示例 since “自从……”，指从过去某时刻一直延续至今的一段时间，后接具体的时间点，主句用完成时态 It has rained since yesterday morning. 自从昨天上午以来，天一直在下雨。 for 指动作延续贯穿整个过程，后接时间段 My family has lived in the village for thirty years. 我家住在这个村庄已经三十年了。 2.方位介词 （1） 如图：p在o上面：above； 如图：B在o下面：below； Q在o正上面：over ； D在o正下面：under ； （2）in、on与to 介词 用法 图解助记 in “在……内部”，表示在某一地区的范围内 (属于该地区) on 表示两地相邻或接壤 to 表示在某一地区的范围外，并且两地不接壤 其他介词 on：接触面上面；above在…上方； over：在…正上方； ⚠ below：在…下方；under：在…正下方 在…旁边：by = beside < next to < near【距离越来越远】 在…之间：between (X=2) among (X=3) 穿过，经过：across（外部），through（内部），past（侧面） 例：go across the road 过马路，go through the forests穿过森林， swim across the river 💙 across 点到点的关系，through点到面的关系 位于：lie in（ 内部），lie on （相邻接壤），lie to（相邻不接壤） 除了…以外：except（不包含原事物）；besides = in addition to（包含原事物） but = only（除了…都没有，例如：nothing but，nobody but） in front of 在....的前面【范围外】，in the front of 在....前面【范围内部】 1.While Xi’an is a city 　with　 a long history， it is also very much a part of the modern world. 2.　At　 first， the clay tigers were all of the same small size. Now there are tigers of different sizes and the largest can be over two meters tall. 3.People had rebuilt the bridge many times. But it was still washed away over and over again. “What’s wrong 　with　 it？” Li Chun， the most famous local engineer at that time， asked himself. 4.Caitlin， a young German beginner， says， “Tai chi is a fun exercise， easy to learn， and you don’t have to be good 　at　 it to enjoy it. I love the feeling of calm I get from it.” 5.Although the living standards 　of/in/during　 ancient times cannot be compared to the modern time，the Chinese people actively explored ways to make their summers more comfortable. 6.That was because it hadn’t rained 　for　 a long time.The rice died and the people had no food to eat. 7.Yet， many foreigners don’t know much 　about　 this eastern game. Most of the search questions raised by them on the internet are mainly about how to play the game and where to play it. 8.Anyway， I’m really proud 　of　 you. I hope you can keep doing this. 9.If a plant is beginning to get more daylight， it knows it’s spring. Because 　of　 this， it may then start producing flowers. 10.It is in children’s book A Bear Called Paddington 　by　 a British writer Michael Bond. 六．连词 并列连词 (1) 常见并列连词 并列连词 用法 and “和，而且”，表示并列或顺承关系 but “但是”，表示转折关系 while “然而”，表示转折关系 or “或者”，表示选择关系 for “因为”，表示因果关系 so “因此”，表示因果关系 (2) 常见并列连词短语 连词短语 用法 both...and... “两者都……”，可用于连接两个主语或宾语。连接两个并列的主语时谓语动词用复数形式 either...or... “或者……或者……”，可连接主语或宾语。连接主语时，遵循“就近原则”，即谓语动词和or后的主语保持人称和数的一致 neither...nor... “两者都不……”，用于句中表否定意义，可连接主语、宾语或表语等。连接主语时，遵循“就近原则”，即谓语动词要和nor后的主语保持人称和数的一致 not only...but also... “不但……而且……”，用于连接两个表示并列关系的成分，着重强调后者，可连接主语、谓语、宾语或表语等。连接主语时，遵循“就近原则”，即谓语动词要和 but also后的主语保持人称和数的一致 Both she and I do well in English.我和她都擅长英语。 Not only you but also he wants to buy the book.不仅是你，而且他也想买这本书。 Neither he nor his children like fish.他和他的孩子们都不喜欢鱼肉。 从属连词 ①引导时间状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 用法 when “当……的时候”，可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和非延续性动词连用 while “在……期间；与……同时”，后跟延续性动词，强调两个动作同时进行 since “从……以来”，后常跟一个过去的时间点；后跟从句时，从句常用一般过去时 until 用于肯定句，意为“直到……为止”，谓语动词是延续性动词 用于否定句，构成not...until， 意为“直到……才”，谓语动词是非延续性动词 as 表示“随着……”“一边……，一边……” as soon as “一……就……”，在句子中的位置比较灵活，而且可以用于各种时态 ②引导条件状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 含义 用法 if 如果 主从句的时态遵循“主将从现”的原则，即主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时 unless “如果不，除非”，相当于if...not as long as 只要 ③引导让步状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 用法 though/although “虽然，尽管”，一般可互换，都不与but连用 even if “即使”，表示一种假设情况 even though “尽管，虽然”，用于表示真实但出乎意料的情况 ④引导结果状语从句的连词 连词短语 用法 such...that “如此……以至于”，such后常跟名词，名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带 so...that “如此……以至于”，so后常跟形容词或副词 【注意】当名词前面有 many、much、few、little等限定词时，应该用 so，而不能用such。 There were so many people in the street.街上有很多人。 ⑤引导目的状语从句的连词 连词短语 用法 so that “为了；以便”，从句中常含情态动词can、could、may、might、would、should等 in order that “为了”，与so that 可互换 ⑥引导原因状语从句的连词 连词 用法 because 表直接原因；回答why 提出的问题 since “既然”，语气比because弱，表示众所周知的原因 as “因为，由于”，语气比since弱 ⑦引导方式状语从句的连词 连词(短语) 用法 as if/though 意为“似乎，好像”，与事实相反时，须用虚拟语气 as 意为“正如……” 1.The bell was first designed as an emergency alarm (警钟) to warn of danger， 　but　 it was very often used to tell people the time. 2.A new Zhaozhou Bridge was built. It was safe 　and　 beautiful. 3.It’s best to learn Tai Chi from a teacher， so you can either look for local clubs 　or　 ask at school about classes. 4.It’s easy for you to see Xiangqi played in China. People usually play it in parks， community centers， temples， and schools. 　If　 you go to any Chinese community in China or Southeast Asia， it would not be too hard to find people playing the game. 5.Shao fell in love with paintings and crafts 　when　 he was a child. 6.Emperors loved lions 　because　 they look strong. They kept lions as pets. 七．形容词、副词 1.变化规则 (1)规则变化 构成方法 例词 一般单音节词尾直接加-er，-est near→nearer→nearest　fast→faster→fastest hard→harder→hardest 以不发音的字母e结尾的单音节词，直接加-r或-st nice→nicer→nicest　fine→finer→finest 以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的词，变y为i，再加-er或-est busy→busier→busiest early→earlier→earliest 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节单词，双写这个辅音字母，再加-er或-est hot→hotter→hottest wet→wetter→wettest 部分双音节词或多音节词在原词前加more或most beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful carefully→more carefully→most carefully (2)不规则变化 原级 比较级 最高级 good/well better best many/much more most little less least badly/bad/ill worse worst far farther/further farthest/furthest old older/elder oldest/eldest 句型：【原则：两者用比较级，三者及以上用最高级】 ....adj /adv比较级 + than ..... 比...更.... ....adj /adv比较级 + than any other +单数名词.... 比其他更.... ....the +adj /adv比较级 + of the two ..... 两者中...更.... ....adj /adv比较级 + and + adj /adv比较级.... 越来越.... more and more + 【多音节/个别双音节】原级..... 越来越.... the + adj /adv比较级 , the + adj /adv比较级 越....越..... one of +the +adj 最高级+ in/of +名词复数..... 最....之一 the +adj /adv + 最高级+..... 第几大最..... 1.In central Xi’an there is the Bell Tower-the 　largest　(large) bell tower remaining in China. 2.The handicraft has become an important way for local people to get 　richer　(rich) than before. ...He 　really　(real) hopes that the sculpture handicraft will be passed down to the next generation. 3.He was 　greatly　(great) excited by the idea， and danced happily right at his desk. 4.As you make your movements， you breathe 　deeply　(deep) and naturally with meditation(冥想). 5.People believe that they are 　powerful　(power) Chinese gods. ...The rice died and the people had no food to eat. A few months later， the people’s life became much 　worse　(bad). ...“It’s raining！” The people shouted， jumping 　happily　 (happy). 6.These herbs were 　widely　(wide) used in Chinese medicine and cooking. ...The herb planting courses at schools and universities across China get students 　closer　(close) to TCM than before and help pass on the tradition. 7.Unlike the clothing often showed on TV，ancient Chinese wore clothing that was lighter and 　thinner　(thin) than modern imaginations. 8.Therefore， he was 　highly　(high) respected by everyone. It was said that he could cure almost any disease. 9.However， Cangjie found that the job became much 　harder　(hard) as the number of the things to record grew. ... One day， Cangjie was teaching a class. An old man listened to him 　carefully　(careful). 10.People roast tea leaves 　lightly　(light) before boiling them in a teapot on a stove. ... As one young person said， “It is very　relaxing　(relax) to boil tea and chat with best friends.” 八．动词时态 初中阶段常见六种时态的构成及用法如下： 时态 句式结构 用法 常见标志词(组) 一般 现在时 主语＋is/am/are＋其他； 主语＋动词原形/动词第三人称单数形式 ①表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态，常与表频度的时间状语连用 ②表示自然现象、科学事实、客观真理等 ③在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来 ④表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作，用一般现在时表将来，但仅限于start、begin、go、come、leave、arrive等词 always、usually、often、 sometimes、every day、 once a week、 twice a day... 一般 过去时 主语＋was/were＋其他； 主语＋动词过去式 ①表示过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态 ②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作 ③since引导的时间状语从句中，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时 ...ago、last...、yesterday、 in the past、just now... 一般 将来时 主语＋will/shall＋动词原形； 主语＋is/am/are going to＋动词原形 ①表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态 ②“be going to＋动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事或有某种迹象表明要发生的事 tomorrow、 next day、 soon、in＋一段时间、 in the future... 现在 进行时 主语＋is/am/are＋现在分词 ①表示此时此刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态 ②表示一段时间内一直做的事情或现阶段正在进行的动作或持续的状态 ③表示计划或者安排好的将来要做的事情，此类动词有come、go、leave、fly、start、arrive等 now、at the moment、 at this time... 过去 进行时 主语＋was/were＋现在分词 表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作 at this time yesterday、at that time、at 6 a.m. yesterday... 现在 完成时 主语＋have/has＋过去分词 ①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果，常与already、yet、ever等连用 ②表示动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在，并有可能持续下去，常与for、since连用，动词必须是延续性动词 recently、already、just、 yet、before、so far... 1.The city’s early history is often connected with Liu Bang， who started the Han Dynasty and made Xi’an his capital. He 　gave　(give) it the name Chang’ an. ... The city wall-one of the few city walls still left in China-is a good example. It 　goes　(go) around the city and is an important cultural site(遗址). 2.The Weifang government has 　encouraged　(encourage) local people to learn traditional handicraft and make more money to get rid of poverty(脱贫). ... Nie 　started　(start) to learn to make clay tigers in 2010， the Year of the Tiger. 3.He 　worked　(work) day and night at the drawing of the bridge and found out that the stone supports(支柱) couldn’t stand the force of the flood. 4.And all of her effort paid off. Soon after， TCM pharmacies 　offered　(offer) to sell her products at their stores. 5.While studying in Baoding， Oumarou 　joined　(join) the university’s wushu club and trained under Duan Shuxing， one of the coaches(教练). 三、看图写话 1.　leave for， tomorrow 　I am leaving for/will leave for/am going to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.　 2.　often， with　I often play chess with my friend.　 3. 　be， for 20 years　She/The woman has been a (math) teacher for 20 years.　 4.　now　The man/He is cooking now.　 九．动词的语态 被动语态整体结构：be➕V过分➕（by sb 可省略） 3个一般时 一般现在时 is / am / are➕V过分 一般过去时 was / were➕V过分 一般将来时 will be➕V过分 2个进行时 现在进行时 is / am / are➕being➕V过分 过去进行时 was / were➕being➕V过分 3个完成时 现在完成时 have / has been➕V过分 现在 过去完成时 had been➕V过分 将来完成时 will have been➕V过分 祈使句被动语态：don't➕be➕V过分 情态动词被动语态：情态动词➕be➕V过分 ⚠️被动语态中【主动表示被动】情况： ① 不及物动词 / 部分动词短语，无被动语态，用主动表被动 ② 系动词，主动表被动 ③ 及物动词表示主语某种性质，用主动表被动 ④ 动介短语用被动，动介短语看成整体 ⑤ ving形式表被动：need、want、require、worth ⑥ 常见开始/结束的一类词：begin、over、start （主动表被动） ⑦ 感官动词 / 使役动词【➕to】，表被动 重点词组 be used to do sth 被用来做… be made of/from 由…制成 be covered with/by 被…覆盖 be filled with=be full of 充满… be sold out 被卖完 be seen/noticed to do 被注意/听到… be made to do sth 被迫做… 常见句型 1. It is said that 从句 2. It is agreed that 从句 3. It is known that 从句 4. It is taken for granted that 从句 → 认为...理所应当 1.Are you interested in Chinese ancient legends？ If so， then you must have some ideas of the Dragon Kings. They can be 　found　(find) in many Chinese folk tales. 2.From the Han Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties， luo was mainly 　used　(use) for the clothing of the officials of fifth rank or higher. 3.In 2008， it was officially 　listed　(list) as a national intangible cultural heritage. 4.There can be thousands of rice plants in one paddy. Each plant is 　called　(call) a stalk(秆). 三、看图写话 1.　make， cotton　The dress is made of cotton.　 2.　by， every day　The flowers are watered by the girl every day.　 3.　surround， by　The house is surrounded by the trees.　 4.　produce， 2019　The camera was produced in 2019.　 十．非谓语专题 一．不定式 1.非谓语「不带to」的不定式：一感+二听+三让+四看+半帮助 feel；hear；listen to；make；let；have；see；watch；notice；observe；help 2.不定式口诀： 计划要求去学习：intend，plan，mean，demand，learn 假装准备提申请：pretend，prepare，offer，apply 询问目的再决定：ask，aim，decide 希望选择不拒绝：wish，hope，expect，choose，refuse 碰巧失败担不起：happen，fail，afford 渴望设法再同意：desire，manage，agree，promise 二．动名词 想要成功要练习：feel like，succeed，practice 建议不逃不延期：suggest，escape，delay 坚持喜欢忍受嫉：keep，enjoy，stand，envy 承认错过免介意：admit，miss，avoid，mind 完成冒险不否定：finish，complete，risk，deny 区别同时+to do和+doing的词汇： try to do 努力；try doing 尝试 mean to do 打算，mean doing 意味着 can't help to do 不能帮助；can't help doing 情不自禁 regret，forget；remember【to do表示未做；doing表示已做】； stop；continue【to do表示另一事；doing表示同一件事】； want，need，require【to do表示主动，doing表示被动】， like，love，hate【to do表示具体；doing表示习惯】等。 begin/start to do【一般可互换，但是主语是物/表示心理状态的动词，只to do】 三．高频考点集锦 1. stop to do sth 停下来去做....、stop doing sth 停下正在做.... 2. had better (not) do sth 最好（不）做.... 【 'd better 一般缩写 】 3. have sth done 1请人做...【 I have my hair cut .】 2遭受 【 I have my wallet stolen.】 4. forget / remember to do sth【未做】 forget / remember doing sth【已做】 5. warn sb【not】to do sth 警告某人不做....【warning警告n.】 6. feel like doing sth = want to do sth = would like to do 想要做.... 7. 主动：make sb do sth 使某人做.... → 被动：be made to do sth 被要求做... 8. be adj /adv enough ...to do sth足够.....做...【 live in 居住...不省略in】 9. 介词+doing 【动名词理解】 10. be busy doing sth = be busy with sth 忙于做...... 11. ask sb【not】to do sth 叫某人不做.... 12. go on = continue继续【 to do 继续另一件事】【 doing继续同一件事】 13. have some/ no time to do sth 有/无时间做.... 14. stop....【from】doing sth 阻止做 = prevent / keep....from doing sth 15. protect...from doing 保护...免受.... 16. see / watch / notice /hear sb do stnlh 看/听到某人做...【平时/全过程】 see / watch / notice /hear sb doing sth 看/听到某人做...【正在做】 表被动：be seen/watched /heard/noticed to do sth 17. I do what I can to help (help) you. → 表目的 18. There be sb doing sth 有某人正在做... 19. 疑问词+ to do ，what to do 做什么，how to do sth 20. the best way to do sth 做....的最好方式 21. It is adj for sb to do sth【adj是形容sth】做....对某人来说.... It is adj of sb to do sth【adj是形容sb】做....对某人来说.... I think / find + it adj for sb to do sth【adj是形容sth】做....对某人来说.... I think / find + it adj of sb to do sth【adj是形容sb】做....对某人来说.... 22. Why not do sth ? = Why don't you do sth ....为什么不.... 23. Would / Will you please ....+【not】V原... 24. try to do sth 尽力做....try doing sth 尝试做.....【 not 在非谓语前面】 25. be late for school / work 迟到... 26. start / begin with ...以...为首 27. I have something to eat. 【 不定式作后置定语 】 28. borrow sth from sb 【借进来】lend sth to sb 【借出去】 29. can't help to do sth 不能帮助做.... can't help doing sth 情不自禁做.. 💛扩展： can't help but do sth 不得不做.... 30. mind【物主代词】doing sth介意做某事 Would you mind my /me opening the window? 31. be worth doing sth 值得做...【be worthy of doing sth 】 32. say + 具体内容，speak + 语言，tell 告知，talk 交谈【互动性】 33. spend on sth / doing / with sb 34. finish doing sth = complete doing sth完成做.... 1.It is best 　known　(know) as a center for software(软件) research， development and services. 2.One day， an idea came into his mind！ He thought of 　building　(build) bow-shaped arches(拱) instead of stone supports. 3.For example， she had difficulty 　finding　(find) materials with traditional patterns. And there were no ready-made herbs. 4.But you must avoid 　spending　(spend) money willy-nilly(随意地). Not only can it lead to some money problems， it can cause you to forget what’s important in life. 5.Du Fu received a traditional education but failed in the Imperial Examination(科举考试). As a result， he spent much of his youth 　traveling　(travel). 三、看图写话 1.　important，sort 　It’s important to sort the rubbish.　 2.　stick to　He/The boy sticks to running.　 3.　want， join　I want to join the art/painting/drawing club.　 4.　allow， museum　It’s not allowed to take photos in the museum./ Taking photos isn’t allowed in the museum.　 十一．主谓一致 1.主语是单数时，尽管后面跟有with, together with, along with, as well as, like, but, except, besides, no less than, more than, rather than, including等介词短语，谓语动词仍用单数。如： Mike with his father has been to England. 迈克同他的父亲去过英格兰。 The students as well as the teacher were present at the meeting. 学生们以及老师都出席了会议。 2由and连接的两个名词作主语，如果是指同一概念（and后没有定冠词）则谓语动词用单数形式。如： Their teacher and friend is Mr. Li. 他们的老师和朋友是李先生。(老师和朋友指同一个人) The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人) 3、就近一致的原则 指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近他的主语。 （1）由or, either…or…, whether ... or ..., neither…nor…, not only…but also…, not…but… 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，根据就近原则决定谓语动词形式。如： Either my wife or I am going. 要么我妻子去要么我去。 Not the students but I was wrong. 不是学生错了，而是我错了。 Neither you, nor I, nor anyone else knows the answer. 你、我、任何人都不知道答案。 （2）there/here be句型be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。 Here are the boys I am looking for. 这些就是我正在寻找的男孩。 There is a book and three pens on the desk. 书桌上有一本书和三支钢笔。 4、表示“时间，距离，金钱，重量，数目，长度”等复数名词、词组作主语时，一般被看做一个整体，谓语动词通常用单数形式。如：Twenty miles is a long distance. 20英里是一段很长的距离。 Two months is a long holiday. 两个月是一个长假。 Forty dollars is too expensive for the book. 这本书40美元太贵了。 十二．感叹句讲解 1.What + a / an + adj + 可数单数n. + 主语 + 谓语！→ What a good boy / he is ! 2.What + adj + 可数复数n. + 主语 + 谓语！ → What good advice / it is ! 3.How + adj / adv + 主语 + 谓语！ → How good / the advice is !【不常见】 4.How+ adj + a / an + 可数单数n. + 主语 + 谓语！→ How good a boy / he is ! 备注：【 主语+谓语 】可以同时省略，同时存在 考点说明：what 和how的选择【解题技巧：倒推法】 what 中冠词a、an、the 、/、的选择 十三．宾语从句 引导词 主句 连词 宾语从句 that【可省略】 陈述句 whether/if【是否，不可省】 一般疑问句 特殊疑问词【不可省】 特殊疑问句 ⚠️备注：只用whether情况 whether…or not 宾语前置 介词后面 不定式前面 句子时态 ：主过从过去；主现从任意；客观现在时 句子语序 ：主语 + 谓语【 陈述 = 非疑问】 特殊情况：【总结：宾语从句 → 不定式 = 有非谓语的简单句】 1.主句谓语是hope，wish，promise，agree，choose，decide等等 主从句主语一致时，可以用【不定式】 I wish that I know the answer. = I wish to know the answer. 2.特殊疑问代词等引导的宾语从句可转为：疑问词➕不定式。 She doesn’t know what she should do. = she doesn’t know what to do. 3.当主句谓语动词是tell，ask，show，teach等后➕双宾语的词 从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可转为：疑问词➕不定式。 Could you tell me how I can get to the street? = Could you tell me how to get to the street ? 宾语从句的反义疑问句▼否定转移： I don't think you are a boy, are you ? 否定转移：I think you are not a boy, are you ? 【从句进行反问】 否定转移条件：❶主句是第一人称❷主句是一般现在时❸动词：think,suppose,imagine,等 He doesn't think you are a boy, does he ? 【主句进行反问】 易错集锦 Do you know what's the matter with her ? 【what是主语】 I don't know what's her name. 【what是主语】 I want to know how old she is. 【how old 是整体】 十四．定语从句 ◈“定义”和“先行词”和“关系代词”的理解 先行词 关系代词 从句所充当成分 指“人” who 主语/宾语 that 主语/宾语 whom 宾语 whose 定语（所有格） 指“物” which 主语/宾语 that 主语/宾语 whose 定语（所有格） 指“人”+“物” that 主语/宾语 定语从句V和先行词的数一致 1.one of + n复 → V复：This is one of the books which were written by John. 2. the only one of + n复→ V单数 He is the only one of the boys that has learnt French. 3.非限制定语从句，which代表整体情况【V单】 He said he was a Frenchman,which was true. 【先行词是物】只用that情况 先行词由all，some，any，much等不定代词引导的时候 先行词由序数词和最高级等修饰的时候 先行词本身是不定代词时候 先行词指人和物两者的时候 主句里面有who，whom的时候 先行词有the very / the only / the last 修饰时 先行词在定语从句中作表语，关系代词也作表语 例：she is no longer the person that she used to be. 【先行词是物】只用which情况 先行词本身是that时候 关系代词前面有逗号时候【非限制定语从句】 关系代词前有介词时候 句子中2个定语从句，一个that一个which 判断先行词在句中成分，句中作主宾定语【关系代词】 在句中作状语~ 【关系副词】= 介词+关系代词 when 时间状语 介词+whom【指人】 介词+which【指物】 where 地点状语 why 原因状语 十五．状语从句 引导 名词性从句 That ①只起连接作用，不做句子成分②在句中没有实际意义 ③在宾语从句中通常可以省略 The girl feels that the weather is cold. if/whether ①表示“是否” ②不做句子成分 He asked me if/whether I knew Mike. I wonder whether he will come or not. 引导 状语从句 时间状语从句 （主将从现、 主过从过） when/while/as当...时候 I was sleeping when she came in. I was sleeping while she was running. I will tell her the news when she comes to see me next week. after在...之后 I went to bed after I finished my homework. before在...之前 I finished my homework before I went to bed. as soon as一...就... I’ll call you up as soon as I arrive in Beijing. until直到...为止 I won’t go home until ten o’clock. (not...until) since自...以来 I have had it since I was ten years old. ha 地点状语从句 where Where there is a will,there is a way. Wherever you go,home is the best. wherever 原因状语从句 Because/as/since I was late for school this morning because I stayed up late last night. 比较状语从句 than比 I’m taller than you. as...as...与...一样 I am as tall as you. not as/so...as...不如 English is not as/so difficult as Math. 让步状语从句 although/though/while/even if/even though Although/Though/Even if/Even though he has a cold,he still goes to school. 条件状语从句 （主将从现、 主情从现、 主祈从现） if如果 We will stay at home tomorrow if it is rainy. unless除非 You will fail unless you work hard. as/so long as只要 You will get good grades as long as you study hard. 方式状语从句 as像/与...一样 We did as he told us. as if/as though好像 It seems as if it is going to rain. 目的状语从句 in order to/that目的是.../为了... I saved my money in order to buy a bike. I saved my money in order that I can buy a bike. I saved my money so that I can buy a bike. so that/so以便 结果状语从句 so/such...that...如此...以致于... It was so cold that we don’t want to go outside. It was such a cold day that we don’t want to go outside. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$