04阅读理解之词义猜测题课件-2025届高三英语一轮复习

阅读理解专题之 词义猜测题 1.题型特征 词义猜测题它可以是对一个单词的意义的推断,也可以是对一个短语或句子的意义的推断。词句猜测题既可以考查生词的意义,也可以考查熟词的新义,还可以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。在阅读理解题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,而要根据短文提供的语境,通过阅读上下文,根据已知的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或短语的含义。 2.常用的提问方式 (1) The word “…” refers to/ probably means/ could best be replaced by ________. (2) The word “…” is most likely to mean ___________. (3) What do you think the expression “…” stands for? (4) The underlined word/sentence in the … paragraph probably means that _____. (5) The word “…” is closest in meaning to … 【常考类型】 题型1 词义(词组)猜测题 考查考生猜测文章中某个生词或短语的含义,或考查该词能被哪个单词或短语代替 题型2 句意猜测题 考查考生准确理解作者的观点,尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点,以准确推断语句的含义 题型3 代词指代题 要求考生依据语境的逻辑关系,判断画线的人称代词或指示代词在文章中指代的对象 【常考类型】 2021-2024年高考全国卷阅读理解词义猜测题考查一览表 2024年 2023年 2022年 2021年 新高考全国I卷 1短语 shine through 1单词 declutter 1短语 embark on 1单词 decimate 新高考全国II卷 1短语 In the wrong hands 1短语 relate to 1短语 hit home for me 1短语 get up to mischief 全国甲卷 1短语 take this behavior up a notch 1短语 a dab hand 1短语 take the plunge 1短语 safe! safe! safe! 全国乙卷 -------- 1单词 conversation 1单词 maintenance 1单词 concede 考点解读 从以上表格可以看出，高考英语对于词义猜测题的考查，每年都有一到两题，它包括单词（词组）词义猜测、句子猜测和代词指代题。 在说明文尤其是科技类说明文中，作者通常会对一些关键词或专业术语进行解释。常见的有对该词下定义或后跟同位语、定语从句、冒号、破折号、括号等引出解释说明部分。通过阅读定义或解释部分，读者便可理解该词或短语的意思。     词义猜测题常用解题方法：解释说明法、逻辑关系法、语境法、构词法等。猜词题可以使用以下口决： 1.指代词：出现指代往前找，单复人物要看好； 2.半熟悉词，利用构词法：半生不熟看构词，结合语境来把持； 3.纯生词，则利用逻辑关系、同义解释、上下文语境：同义语境和逻辑,上下求索寻真义。 解题技巧 STAFF Jupiter is the biggest planet of them all 解题技巧 同义关系 构词法 指代关系 1 2 4 3 01解释说明法 定义，举例，定语，同位语，标点 04语境法 分析句子成分， 上下文语境 03逻辑关系法 转折，并列，因果关系 02构词法 合成，派生，转化 ...... 01解释说明（语法）法 01“解释说明法即语法法” 有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释。一般通过定义、定语从句、同位语短语或从句等来确定词义。 有时通过or, that is, that is to say, namely, in other words等来释义。 需要解释的单词和短语大多是专有名词、生僻词或文中较重要的词。标点符号，如逗号后的解释(名词同位语)、破折号后的解释、括号内的解释等。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify (意味，表明)等。这都是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。 2025年1月浙江省普通高校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷） C A novel design approach to gardening has been gaining in popularity worldwide. Referred to as matrix planting, this approach aims for nature to do a lot more of the heavy lifting in the garden, and even some of the designing. Eschewing fertilizers(化肥) and power tools, it’s based on an elegantly simple principle: to garden more like nature does. 28. What does the underlined word “Eschewing” in the first paragraph mean? A. Running out of.                     B. Keeping away from. C. Putting up with.                     D. Taking advantage of. 01“解释说明法即语法法”：利用冒号，破折号，同位语进行猜测; 1 原文：（2021年全国甲）A few minutes later， when I landed the trick， my friends beat their boards loud， shouting：“Safe！Safe！Safe！” And that’s what mattered—landing tricks， being a good skater. 9. What do the underlined words “Safe！Safe！Safe！” probably mean？ A.Be careful！ B.Well done！ C.No way！ Don’t worry！ 词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼，因此可以推出本句的Safe是赞美的含义，结合选项，故选B。 注意：同位语有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等表示。 3 12 2021年新高考全国II卷英语 B I have worked as a keeper at the National Zoo for 11 years. Spot and Stripe are the first tiger cubs（幼兽） that have ever been born here. Globally, a third of Sumatran cubs in zoos don't make it to adulthood, so I decided to give them round-the-clock care at home. As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo. 25. What do the underlined words “get up to mischief” mean in paragraph 3? A. Behave badly.  B. Lose their way.  C. Sleep soundly. D. Miss their mom. 3 词句猜测题。 根据画线词上文“As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around the house during the day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd ”（随着它们的活动越来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则它们会）以及后文“We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.”（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不把老虎们关在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。 02构词法 合成法是指两个或多个单词按照一定的组合规律组合在一起，形成一个新的单词。一般来说，新的合成词的意思就是各个组成词的意思的综合。 例如：workmate是由work（工作）和 mate（伙伴）组合成的新单词，它的意思是"工友，同事"。这样的单词在平时阅读中经常见到，也比较容易猜测出它们的意思。 1. 合成法 Compound 2. 派生法 派生法是英语单词的主要构成法，它是通过在基础词根上添加前缀或者后缀来构造新词。一般来说，前缀改变词义不改变词性；而后缀改变词性不改变词义。例如：dis-, un-,im-,in-,ir-,non-,mis-等是一些表示否定或者相反意思的前缀，它们用在单词的前面往往构成原单词的反义词。如：appear→disappear, possible→impossible, like→unlike, smoker→non-smoker等。又如前缀re-表示"又，再"；co-表示"共同"；mini-或者micro-表示"小的"；over-表示"过于"；super-表示"超级，极"；tele-表示"远的"等。 一个词根加上前缀和（或）后缀构成的单词 unbelievable 词根 root 前缀 prefix 后缀 suffix 前缀：一般改变 。 后缀：一般改变 。 词义 词性 2. 派生法 3.转化法 把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。例如：The author emptied all his pockets to find his ticket．empty由形容词转化用作动词，在此表示"掏空"的意思。又如：Widespread protests have placed the President under serious pressure.place由名词转化成动词，表示"安置，使……处于某位置"。 原文：Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But I’m just not creative.” 27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean？ A. Mistake. B. Drawback. C. Difficulty. D. Burden. （2016全国II卷第27题） 解析：根据构词法进行猜测，downside由down和side组成，字面意思为"下面的一边"，初步可以猜测出词义为"不足部分"。再根据画线单词后的"I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking"可知,我冒着失去那些有不同思维方式的学生的危险，说明我的这种教育方法也有不足之处。故画线词意为"缺点"。B。 Tip 2 根据构词法（合成、派生、转化等）进行猜测。 在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀或在后面加后缀，从而构成另外一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义了。 Exercise 4 （2024·广东湛江·统考一模）Now, a new study from the University of Plymouth adds another disappointing finding: Light pollution from coastal cities can trick corals into reproducing outside of the appropriate times when they would normally grow. 4. What does the underlined word “reproducing” mean? A. Produce young B. Create time C. Cause normal D. Lead to light pollution 03逻辑法 语言表达总是按照一定的逻辑关系展开的，根据语言的内在逻辑关系可以粗略地推断出生词词义或大致义域。对我们猜测词义帮助最大的逻辑关系有并列、转折和因果等。 因果关系(so/because，thus, therefore...); 转折关系(but/however...); thankfully / unfornately 让步关系(although/though...); 对比关系(otherwise/rather than/while/on the contrary...); 3.逻辑法 2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标全国Ⅱ卷)英语学科 C In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed (描绘) alone in many settings and poses —absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to. 30. What do the underlined words “relate to” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Understand.     B. Paint.        C. Seize. D. Transform. 6 【解答思路】第一步:扫描题干,找关键词。关键词: What, relate to, Paragraph 2, mean 第二步:根据关键词,定位信息。定位原文信息:These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.(第二段) 第三步:根据关键词和定位信息可知画线词所在的句子的意思:这些场景可能是数百年前绘制的,但它们记录了一些我们都能理解的时刻。根据句中的转折意义可推知,此处与画线短语“relate to”的意思最相近的为A项“理解、认识到”。故选 __A__。 反思：解题时,根据定位信息的语境排除B项的paint;而C项seize的意思是“抓住;占领;夺取”等,和画线词的语境也明显不符,故排除。 【技巧提示】依据题干信息,定位关键词语。单词或短语意义猜测题一般是对文章某一单词或短语内容的考查,且题目相对直接,所以不必通读细读全文,可通过题干信息来选择定位关键词。根据转折或对比关系进行猜测。在一个句子或段落中,有时会出现对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述,考生可以利用这种关系猜测词义。表示对比关系的词语主要有：however,but,instead,despite,unlike,yet,while,whereas,rather than,instead of,in spite of,on the contrary,on the other hand,in contrast等。 2024年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标Ⅱ卷） 英 语 D 　　In the wrong hands， such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code （代码） that powers AI but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable.She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic， making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which， by the close， will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 32.What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean？（） A.If read by someone poorly educated. B.If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C.If written by someone less competent. D.If translated by someone unacademic. 2 词义猜测题。根据画线短语后的but，thankfully ...into the understandable可知，坎贝尔有二十多年的专业经验，她能将令人头晕的东西转化为容易理解的东西。由此推测，画线短语In the wrong hands指的是如果换一个能力不如坎贝尔的人来写这本书。competent表示“足以胜任的，有能力的，称职的”。 How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer,” says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood (情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort. 28. The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone who ________. A. is good at handling pressure B. works hard to become successful C. has a natural talent for his job D. gets on well with his co-workers 2022年6月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）英语 C 4 词义猜测题。根据go-getter后面的提示词while可知，go-getter前面的eats lunch at his desk与其后面的chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office形成对比，突显前者的积极上进。B项指那些努力工作而获取成功的人，符合句意。故选B。 D As quantum computing attracts more attention and funding, researchers may mislead investors, journalists, the public and, worst of all, themselves about their work’s potential. If researchers can’t keep their promises, excitement might give way to doubt, disappointment and anger, Johnson warns. Lots of other technologies have gone through stages of excitement. But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.” And that brings me back to Taylor, who suggested that I read his book Q for Quantum. 33. What does the underlined word “prone” in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Open. B. Cool. C. Useful. D. Resistant. 2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）英语 开放的；易受损害的 4 词义猜测题。根据第三自然段“But something about quantum computing makes it especially prone to hype, Johnson suggests, perhaps because “‘quantum’ stands for something cool you shouldn’t be able to understand.”（ 但约翰逊表明，量子计算的某些方面使得它特别 prone被炒作，可能是因为“量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西。”）”可知，本句中含有一个原因状语从句，因为““量子”代表了一些你不应该理解的酷东西”，所以它特别容易被炒作。故prone意为“易于……的”。A. Open.开放的；易受损害的；B. Cool. 酷的；C. Useful. 有用的；D. Resistant. 有抵抗力的。故选A。 2021 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考 I 卷）英语 C When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America, the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat(栖息地). 29. What does the underlined word “decimate” mean in the first paragraph? A. Acquire. B. Export.   C. Destroy. D. Distribute. 3 根据第一段“Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources.(美洲原住民明智地保护了这些宝贵的自然资源。不幸的是，仅仅几十年的探险家和定居者就decimate这些资源的大部分)”可知，前后句形成转折，前一句陈述美洲原住民保护这些宝贵的自然资源，所以后句表示探险家和定居者破坏了这些自然资源，推测划线单词表示“破坏”，与destroy同义。故选C。 04语境法 04“语境法”：根据上下文语境暗示，如下定义、举例、重述等线索，猜测含义; 2024年普通高考适应性考试·九省联考  英 语 However， there are ways to win an argument every time.When you state your position， formulate （阐述） an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good.When you talk with someone who takes a stand， ask them to give you a reason for their view and spell out their argument fully. Assess its strength and weakness.Raise objections （异议） and listen carefully to their replies.This method will require effort， but practice will make you better at it. 30.What does the underlined phrase “spell out” in paragraph 3 probably mean？（　　）A.Defend. B.Explain. C.Conclude. D.Repeat. 1 词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句中的When you state your position， formulate （阐述） an argument和画线部分前的ask them to give you a reason for their view可知，当你陈述你的立场时，你需要阐述自己的论点；而当别人陈述自己的立场时，你也可以要求他们为自己的观点找出理由并充分“阐述”。由此推测，画线短语spell out意为“阐述，解释”。 Dogs are known for their impressive fetching habit， but cats take this behavior up a notch.Many cats will find random objects outside and bring them to their owners.This is a very old habit that’s been present in all kinds of predators （食肉动物）.Cats bring gifts for their owners to show they love you.These adorable little hunters are just doing something that it’s been in their nature since the beginning of time.So just go along with it！ 26.Which best explains the phrase “take ...up a notch” in paragraph 3？（　　） A.Perform appropriately.　　B.Move faster. C.Act strangely. D.Do better. 2024年普通高考适应性考试·全国甲卷  英 语 B 2 词义猜测题。画线短语前提到狗以其令人印象深刻的取物习惯而闻名，下文介绍了猫的行为，它们会将在外面找到的物品带到主人身边以表达它们的爱意。因此画线短语所在部分表明猫将这种行为提升了一个档次，它们在取物方面做得更好。 2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国甲卷）英语 C Ever since her childhood, Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge. After taking a degree at Chichester University in Related Arts, Ginni began to travel the world, eventually getting work teaching English in Japan and Chile. 28. Which of the following best explains “take the plunge” underlined in paragraph 2? A. Try challenging things. B. Take a degree. C. Bring back lost memories.           D. Stick to a promise. 4 词义猜测题。根据第二段第二句“but always longed to explore further”及下文去南极洲旅行可知，Ginni一直渴望深入探索世界。根据画线短语所在的句子可知，当她退休且她的儿子们独立生活后，她就有时间去做这些事情了。所以此处与画线短语意思相近的选项为A，表示做一些有挑战性的事情。故选A。 原文：We journalists live in a new age of storytelling, with many new multimedia tools. Many young people don't even realize it's new. For them, it’s just normal. This hit home for me as I was sitting with my 2-year-old grandson on a sofa over the Spring Festival holiday. I had brought a children's book to read. It had simple words and colorful pictures—a perfect match for his age. 24. What do the underlined words “hit home for me” mean in paragraph 2? A. Provided shelter for me. B. Became very clear to me. C. Took the pressure off me. D. Worked quite well on me. （2022新高考II卷第24题） 解析：根据上下文语境可知，作者是记者，生活在一个讲故事的新时代，有许多新的多媒体工具。许多年轻人甚至没有意识到它是新的。对他们来说，这很正常。而在春节假期，作者和两岁的孙子坐在沙发上看书时，尤其清楚认识到了这一点。故画线词意思是“我很清楚”。故选B。 5 2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（全国乙卷）英  语 C That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. 29. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 5 代词类 第一步:审读题干,判断代词(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助动词(do, does, did等)具体指代词的含义，如指代单数、复数、指人，物，还是一件事等。 第二步:返回原文，找到指代词→向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词，短语或句子。 第三步：将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。 2024年1月浙江省普通高校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷） B 　　（2024·1月浙江卷）When was the last time you used a telephone box？ I mean to make an actual phone call — not to shelter from the rain.Ages ago， right？ The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was ...2006.I was conducting auditions （试演） for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing， I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”. 24.What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to？（　　） A.The play. B.The shared house. C.The sofa. D.The telephone box. 2 代词指代题。根据第一段中的I was conducting auditions （试演） for my play in my tiny old shared house in London.和I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”可推断，作者是在合租房里安排试演，为了给一些有天赋的演员留下深刻印象而将合租房布置了一番。 2022年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新高考全国Ⅱ卷）英 语  C An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone." 30. What does the underlined word "something" in the last paragraph refer to? A. Advice. B. Data. C. Tests. D. Laws. 5 2022年6月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（浙江卷）英语 A Although my kindergarten experience feels like a century ago, the lessons I learned will stick in my mind forever. For the past three summers, I have worked in a government agency in New York. New immigrants—much like the little girl in the lunch line—flooded our office seeking help. I often had to be an interpreter for the Italian-speaking ones. As I served the role of vital communication link, I was reminded of my desperate struggle to converse before I learned English. I watched with great sympathy as elderly Italians tried to hold a conversation in Italian with people who did not speak the language. It suddenly became very clear to me how lucky I was to be fluent in two languages. 22. Who does “the little girl” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. An Italian teacher.    B. A government official. C. The author herself.    D. The author’s classmate. 4 THANK YOU $$