Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage-（课件PPT+Word教案）【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第四册教师用书（译林版2020）

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并完成下面的练习。 (改编自2022年浙江1月阅读C篇) ①Although the benefits of regular exercise are well documented，there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(痴呆症) in later life and ②if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.Lead researcher Dr Helena Hörder，of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden，said：“These findings are exciting ③because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.” For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test ④until they were tired out to measure their peak(最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. [自主发现] ④是时间状语从句；②是条件状语从句；①是让步状语从句；③是原因状语从句。 状语从句 一、概述 定义：状语是用来修饰谓语、形容词或副词，或是整个句子的成分。当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，该句子就是状语从句。 位置：状语从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，时间、条件、原因和让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号和主句隔开。 分类：根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、让步、结果、方式和比较等状语从句。 二、状语从句详解 (一)时间状语从句 1．when，while和as引导的时间状语从句 连词 含义及用法 例句 when “当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生 When you apply for a job，you must present your application.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的申请表。 while “当……时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生 When/While the teacher paraphrased the text in English，the students listened attentively and took notes.当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。 as “随着……”　“一边……一边……”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生 As it gets warmer and warmer，the trees begin to come to life. 随着天气越来越暖和，树木开始有了生机。 2.before和since引导的时间状语从句 连词 含义 常用句式 before 在……之前；还没有来得及……就……；趁着……；……才…… ①It will be/was＋一段时间＋before... 要过/过了……时间才…… ②It won’t be＋一段时间＋before...过不了多久就会…… ③It wasn’t＋一段时间＋before...没过多久就……了 since 自从……以来 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用一般过去时) Before they reached the house，a new great wave came，sweeping down trees，and sweeping them down too.他们还没到屋子，又一个巨浪打来，击倒了树，也击倒了他们。 If you miss this chance，it may be years before you get another one.如果你错过这个机会，可能要过很多年才能再得到一个。 It is/has been ten years since the criminal was arrested.那名罪犯被捕已经十年了。 3．表示“一……就……”的连词或短语引导的时间状语从句 (1)该类引导词有as soon as，the moment/minute/instant，immediately/directly/instantly等。 (2)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...结构中，主句用过去完成时，when或than所在的从句用一般过去时。 The new building programme will go ahead as soon as the government releases the funds. 政府一旦发放资金，新的建筑计划就会继续进行。 We had hardly/no sooner got to the destination when/than we set out to do some volunteer work there. ＝Hardly/No sooner had we got to the destination when/than we set out to do some volunteer work there. 我们一到达目的地，就开始做一些志愿者工作。 4．until/till引导的时间状语从句 (1)until/till用于肯定句时，其主句谓语动词为延续性动词； (2)not...until/till...句型中，主句的谓语动词为非延续性动词； (3)until可用于句首，而till不能； (4)not until 置于句首，主句要用部分倒装； (5)it is/was not until...that...强调句型。 As far as I know，his mother won’t go to bed until he returns home every evening. ＝As far as I know，not until he returns home every evening will his mother go to bed. ＝As far as I know，it is not until he returns home every evening that his mother will go to bed. 据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。 5．其他连接词引导的时间状语从句 every time/each time(每次)，after，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)，by the time(当……的时候) The first time I heard of Stephen Hawking，I was moved by his devotion to the research. 当我第一次听说斯蒂芬·霍金时，我就被他对研究的投入所感动。 By the time you come back，we’ll have completed the project. 到你回来的时候，我们将已完成这项工程。 (二)原因状语从句 连词 含义和用法 例句 because because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由，通常用于回答why引出的疑问句，语气最强 He didn’t take in what he read because his mind was focused on something else. 他看不懂所读的东西，因为他的心思都集中在别的事情上了。 as as引导的原因状语从句所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要强调 As it is snowing，we shall not climb the mountain.由于在下雪，我们便不去爬山了。 since/now that 表示人们已知的事实，不需要强调的原因，故常译为“既然” Now that/Since you’ve grown up you must learn to stand on your own two feet. 你既然已经长大成人，就得学会独立生活。 seeing (that) 鉴于；由于 Seeing (that) the weather is bad，we’ll stay at home.鉴于天气不好，我们将待在家里。 in that “因为；基于……的理由”，可以和because换用 I wonder whether his hearing is okay，in that he has turned the television up very loud. 我不知道他的听力是否还好，因为他把电视声音开得很大。 (三)结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so that(因此)，so...that...，such...that...等引导。 so...that...和such...that...引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”。结构形式如下： He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family. ＝So little money did he earn that he couldn’t support his family. 他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。 He is such a learned person that we admire him very much. ＝He is so learned a person that we admire him very much. ＝Such a learned person/So learned a person is he that we admire him very much. 他如此有学问，以至于我们非常钦佩他。 Linda phoned me on arrival so that I knew she was safe and sound. 琳达到达后给我打了电话，因而我知道她平安无事。 (四)让步状语从句 让步状语从句一般翻译为“尽管/即使……”，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说……”的感觉。 1．although/though引导的让步状语从句 although/though意为“虽然；尽管”，可与yet，still，nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 Although/Though they have been talking for a long time yet，he cannot make her believe him. 虽然他们谈了很长时间，他还是不能让她信任自己。 2．while引导的让步状语从句 while意为“虽然；尽管”，多用于正式文体，且多位于句首，相当于although。 While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive. 尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但不是所有的影响都是积极的。 3．as引导的让步状语从句 as意为“尽管，虽然”，从句多位于主句之前，而且必须使用倒装语序，此时可与though换用。 Child as/though he was，he helped me a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，他却帮了我很大的忙。 4．even if/though引导的让步状语从句 even if/though意为“即使，尽管”。 Set aside some time each day to practise speaking English，even if/though it is only five minutes. 每天抽出一点时间来练习说英语，哪怕只有五分钟。 5．“疑问词＋-ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”引导的让步状语从句 “疑问词＋-ever”表示“无论……”，引导让步状语从句时，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”。 However/No matter how hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down on the amount of food you eat. 无论你如何努力，不减少食量是很难减肥的。 6．whether...or...引导的让步状语从句 whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”，提供两种对比情况。 All people，whether they are old or young，rich or poor，have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster. 自从灾害发生以来，所有的人，无论他们是年老还是年幼，富有还是贫穷，都在尽他们最大的努力去帮助那些需要帮助的人。 (五)其他类型的状语从句 状语从句 连接词 地点状语从句 where，wherever等 目的状语从句 so that(为了)，in case(以免，以防)，for fear that(唯恐，以防)，in order that等 条件状语从句 if，unless (除非)，as/so long as(只要)，on condition that(只要)，in case (假使)，providing/provided (that)，supposing (that)(假使，倘若)等 方式状语从句 as，as if/though等 比较状语从句 as...as...，the same as，比较级＋than，the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...等 Just as the saying goes，where there is a will，there is a way. 俗话说，有志者事竟成。 He asked us to put it wherever we can see it. 他要求我们把它放在任何我们能看得见的地方。 I’ll speak slowly so that/in order that you can make sense of what I say. 我讲慢一点，以便你能理解我说的话。 As long as you don’t lose heart，you’ll succeed sooner or later. 只要你不灰心，你迟早会成功的。 Supposing (that) they refuse us，who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能向谁求助呢？ He acted as if he hadn’t heard any of it. 他表现得好像一点都没听过这件事一样。 Just as we sweep our rooms，we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的观点。 The more you exercise，the healthier you will be.你锻炼得越多，你就越健康。 三、状语从句的省略 1．时间、让步、方式、地点状语从句的省略 如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，或从句的主语是it，且状语从句的谓语中有be动词，可以将从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。 While (I was) in Beijing，I paid a visit to the Summer Palace. 在北京时，我参观了颐和园。 He often makes mistakes when (he is) speaking English.他说英语时经常出错。 The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though (she was) angry. 这位女老师沉默地离开了教室，好像生气了。 Though (it was) cold，he still wore a shirt. 虽然天气冷，但他仍然穿了一件衬衫。 2．条件状语从句的省略 (1)在if it is possible，if it is necessary，unless it is necessary等类似结构中，it is常省略。 Come tomorrow if (it is) possible. 如果可能的话就明天来吧。 Unless (it is) necessary，you’d better not refer to the dictionary. 如果不是必要，你最好不要查词典。 (2)在虚拟条件句中，如果从句谓语中含有had/were/should，则可省略if，把had/were/should提至句首引起倒装。 Were I(＝If I were) twenty now，I would join the army. 如果我现在二十岁，我就参军。 Had you come(＝If you had come) yesterday，you would have met her. 如果你昨天来，你就见到她了。 Should there be(＝If there should be) a flood，what should we do? 万一发生洪水，我们该怎么办？ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．It will not be long before the suspect is arrested. 2．However angry you feel，you shouldn’t shout at your children. 3．I have been looking for a job since I graduated from college. 4．As time goes by，his music is becoming more and more popular. 5．So honest a person is he that you can turn to him for help when you are in trouble. 6．Half an hour later，Mary still couldn’t get a taxi where the bus had dropped her. 7．I had hardly got to the office when my wife phoned and told me to go back home at once. Ⅱ.用适当的连词完成下面的短文 My classmate Michael studied very hard 1.after he went to senior high school.Every day he worked 2.until/till everyone else in our class left the classroom.He said he wouldn’t stop trying 3.unless/until he got satisfying scores in his studies.Hard 4.as/though he tried，he made little progress，but he didn’t lose heart at all 5.because/as he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day. 6．As time went by，he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Beijing at last.We had a get-together party 7.before we started our new life in university.Everyone had such a good time 8.that we didn’t want to say goodbye.When we stood 9.where we used to play and study，we couldn’t help thinking of our happy old days.We believed that we would never forget each other,10.wherever we would go or whatever we would do. 训练3　Grammar and usage　[分值：71.5分] Ⅰ.用适当的连词填空(每小题1.5分，共9分) 1．Two hours before my husband came back home from another job interview，my daughter climbed up to grab a glass vase from a high shelf. 2．I also water the flowers in the yard and tidy up my own bedroom whenever/when/if necessary. 3．Don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one. 4．Natural bird habitats are most commonly found where there is an ample supply of water for drinking，swimming and bathing. 5．Hardly had I fallen asleep when I felt a soft touch on my shoulder. 6．Whether you agree or not，the saying does reflect its vital role in the city’s evolution. Ⅱ.完成句子(每小题3分，共15分) 1．他坐到老人的对面以便能听得更清楚。 He sat opposite to the old man so that he could hear more clearly. 2．每次感冒，我的背部都会痛。 Every/Each time I catch a cold，I have a pain in my back. 3．一拿到自己的体检报告他就松了口气。 He finally got relieved the moment/the minute/the instant/immediately/directly/as soon as/instantly he got his medical examination report. 4．无论你多忙，你都应该去机场为他们送行。 However/No matter how busy you are，you should see them off at the airport. 5．如果您能给我这个机会，我将不胜感激。 I would be very grateful if you could offer me the opportunity. Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共20分) A The wind roils the Midwest plains as if it is searching for someone or something to carry away.Dust and chaff funnel into blinding clouds.The clatter of storms overhead makes it impossible to hear，and herds of bison(野牛) grow restless.The Omaha tribe has wandered these plains for generations，and now，it seems that the winds have brought back one of their own.Susan La Flesche has returned to the village where she was born.Not as a visitor，but as the region’s only doctor. When Susan was 8 years old，she waited at the bedside of an elderly woman writhing in pain.A doctor was called for.They waited.A messenger was sent.The doctor still didn’t come.Susan provided what comfort she could through the night，but by sunrise，the elderly woman had died.The episode both haunted and motivated Susan.She threw herself into her studies and earned her way to what is now Hampton University in Virginia—a historically significant college with a program for native American students.And she finished second in her class. Susan would never forget the childhood she enjoyed，full of powwows，buffalo hunts and the people she loved.But there was further to go.She enrolled in the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania，a tedious train ride away from the world she knew.It was 1886，and the Victorian age held stiff against the progress of women.In her graduation speech from Hampton，she told the East Coast audience，“Give us a chance.” Three years later，she became a doctor. Returning to the plains to serve her people was a difficult task.She opened an office in the government boarding school and began seeing patients.The lines were long，old and young seeking reprieve(缓解) from cholera and tuberculosis(肺结核) as well as a slew of other diseases.Susan worked long hours at her office but also braved the wind and snow，walking miles to make house calls.Her work was more than as a physician.She often acted as lawyer，accountant，priest，political liaison and counselor as she helped the Omahas navigate the new world.And Dr.Susan La Flesche was determined to spend her entire life helping her people navigate the storms. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了苏珊·拉·弗莱什因为家乡缺乏医疗资源于是想要成为一名医生，经过不懈努力完成了大学学业，回到了家乡开始为人民服务。 1．Why was the environment of the plain described in the first paragraph? A．To arose readers’ interest. B．To lead to the topic of the passage. C．To show the main idea of the passage. D．To introduce terrible conditions there. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句“苏珊·拉·弗莱什回到了她出生的村庄。不是作为访客，而是作为当地唯一的医生”可推知，第一段描述平原的环境是为了引入文章主题。故选B。 2．What contributed to Susan’s being a doctor? A．Local bad weather. B．Her passion for Medical Science. C．The opposition to women’s progress. D．The lack of medical resources in her hometown. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中“...The episode both haunted and motivated Susan.”可知，家乡缺乏医疗资源促使苏珊成为一名医生。故选D。 3．What can we learn about Susan’s college life? A．It was interesting. B．It went as expected. C．It was full of hardships. D．It was the same as her life in hometown. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段中“She enrolled in the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania，a tedious train ride away from the world she knew.It was 1886，and the Victorian age held stiff against the progress of women.”可知，苏珊的大学生活充满了艰辛。故选C。 4．Which words can best describe Susan? A．Intelligent and brave. B．Hard-working and helpful. C．Learned and modest. D．Optimistic and ambitious. 答案　B 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“She opened an office...worked long hours at her office but also braved the wind and snow，walking miles to make house calls.Her work was more than as a physician...”可推知，苏珊工作努力且乐于助人。故选B。 B (2024·辽宁大连高三上期末) Stories have long been employed to instill(灌输) moral and cultural values in young children，but there is little research exploring the effectiveness of such stories. “As parents，we want to know how effective the stories actually are in promoting honesty，” say lead author Kang Lee of the Dr.Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study at the University of Toronto and co-author Victoria Talwar of McGill University.“Is it ‘in one ear，out the other，’ or do children listen and take the messages to heart？” To find out，Lee and Talwar conducted an experiment with 268 children aged 3 to 7.Each child played a game that required guessing the identity of a toy based on the sound it made.In the middle of the game，the experimenter left the room for a minute，instructing the child not to glance at a toy left on the table.For most children，this temptation(诱惑) was too hard to resist.When the experimenter returned，she read the child a story，either The Tortoise and the Hare，The Boy Who Cried Wolf，Pinocchio，or George Washington and the Cherry Tree.Afterward，the experimenter asked the child to tell the truth about whether he or she glanced at the toy. Contrary to the experimenters’ expectations，Pinocchio and The Boy Who Cried Wolf，which associate lying with negative consequences，were no more effective at promoting honest behavior than a fable unrelated to honesty，in this case The Tortoise and the Hare.Only the made-up tale about young George Washington seemed to inspire the kids to admit glancing: Children who heard the tale in which the future first president was complimented because of admitting his mistake and rewarded a candy were three times more likely to tell the truth than their fellows who heard other stories. “Our study shows that to promote moral behavior such as honesty，emphasizing the positive outcomes of honesty rather than the negative consequences of dishonesty is the key，” note they.“This may apply to other moral behaviors as well.” They also warn that more research is necessary to determine whether moral stories influence kids’ behavior in the long term.Still，they have been quick to take advantage of the findings.Talwar reports a shift in her own parenting practices: “It really seems to work.I use this now with my child.” 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项关于道德故事的有效性的实验及其发现。 5．What is the aim of the experiment mentioned in the text? A．To find out which story is instructive at school. B．To make sure if the children can resist the temptation. C．To see the effectiveness of stories in promoting honesty. D．To ensure the precision in guessing the identity of the toy. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段中“As parents，we want to know how effective the stories actually are in promoting honesty”可推知，文中提到的实验的目的是看看故事在促进诚实方面的有效性。故选C。 6．What does the underlined word“complimented”mean in paragraph 4? A．Criticized. B．Praised. C．Ignored. D．Respected. 答案　B 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“the future first president was”和下文“because of admitting his mistake and rewarded a candy”可知，这位未来的第一任总统因承认错误而受到称赞，由此可知，compliment意为“称赞”。故选B。 7．What does Talwar mean in the last paragraph? A．She will apply the finding to her child. B．Her child shows a strong interest in moral stories. C．Her parents have changed their way of education. D．She perceives the positive influence of moral stories on her child. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Talwar reports a shift in her own parenting practices：‘It really seems to work.I use this now with my child.’”可知，她意识到道德故事对孩子的积极影响。故选D。 8．Which word can describe the author’s attitude in the text? A．Unclear. B．Contradictory. C．Sympathetic. D．Objective. 答案　D 解析　观点态度题。根据倒数第二段中“Our study shows that to promote moral behavior such as honesty，emphasizing the positive outcomes of honesty rather than the negative consequences of dishonesty is the key”和最后一段中“They also warn that more research is necessary to determine whether moral stories influence kids’ behavior in the long term.”可知，作者一方面指出了实验结果，另一方面又提出实验结果的局限性，由此可知，作者的态度是客观的。故选D。 Ⅳ.七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) (2024·湖北孝感高二上期末) Trust is the basic foundation of any relationship in both professional and personal capacity.Here are some ways to build trust and be trustworthy. Be always honest. Honesty is a virtue that must be cultivated(培养) fully if you desire to establish trust with others.Half-truths and white lies are a recipe for disaster. 1 Communicate effectively. Poor communication is one of the main reasons why trust is unable to be sustained(维持) in any environment.The failure to clarify your stand may lead to unpleasant assumption. 2 If you want to avoid any issues，it’s important to communicate openly and freely with other involved parties in the beginning. 3 Promises are not meant to be broken.Once you make a promise，it’s as binding(必须遵守的) as legal papers.It’s important that you honor your commitments if you’re interested in building trust. Do not be too quick in making decisions.There is no need to take too much pressure if you’re faced with a dilemma. 4 If the other part asks you to make a comment immediately and you have reservations about it，you can decline the task and say no in the beginning. Take the necessary time. 5 It’s an ongoing process that needs time to take root and develop effectively.Steady progress is possible only if it’s a regular activity; therefore，prepare to take small steps if you are looking for ways to build trust.Focus on the endgame and do not expect results in the beginning. A．Keep your word. B．Don’t take everything for granted. C．Trust cannot be earned in seconds. D．This can cause disagreements and the breaking of trust. E．Therefore，avoid them at all costs if you are trying to build trust. F．You’d better take the time to consider your approach from every angle. G．Make sure you are paying attention to old and new relationships equally. 1．答案　E 解析　根据本段主题句“Be always honest.”可知，本段强调的是：想要建立信任，必须始终诚实。E项“Therefore，avoid them at all costs if you are trying to build trust.”意义与上文一致，且E项中的“them”指代上文中的“Half-truths and white lies”。故选E项。 2．答案　D 解析　根据上文可知，想要建立信任，必须阐明立场，否则就会有不愉快的假设。D 项进一步说明：因不阐明立场而出现的不愉快的假设会导致分歧和不信任，与上文意义一致，符合语境。故选D项。 3．答案　A 解析　空处是本段的主题句。根据下文“Promises are not meant to be broken.”可知，本段主题是：要遵守诺言。A项“Keep your word.”符合语境。故选A项。 4．答案　F 解析　根据本段主题句“Do not be too quick in making decisions.”可知，本段强调：做决定要慎重。根据下文可知，我们可以不用立即做出决定，而是谨慎思考，甚至拒绝。F项“You’d better take the time to consider your approach from every angle.”说明我们需要谨慎思考，符合题意。故选F项。 5．答案　C 解析　根据本段主题句“Take the necessary time.”和下文可知，建立信任需要花费时间。C项“Trust cannot be earned in seconds.”说明信任的建立需要花时间，与主题相符，与下文意义一致；且下文中的“It”指代的就是C项中的“Trust”。故选C项。 Ⅴ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) The world is full of tick boxes，particularly in our social lives.We want answers and we want them now.From the popularity of the “yes man” to the “it’s okay to say no” revolution，it sometimes feels like we 1. (catch) in a tug-of-war between the two extremes.In reality，both “yes” and “no” have many hugely important 2. (apply) in life.But what about those situations that fall 3. between? Using “maybe” in my personal and professional life actually lowers my likelihood of breaking 4. promise，reduces disappointment，and makes communication better for everyone involved. Earlier this week，a friend of mine invited me to a play 5. (star) his son on Friday night.But I，being 6. (terrible) busy at that time，told him it was a “maybe”．It turned out that I ended up 7. (assign) an extra project.It was a pity that I missed his son’s play，but I was not that 8. (shame) of my absence. Of course，the concept can be used in ways that are irritating or harmful.A “maybe” that sparks joy for you can leave the other person in the dark if not employed responsibly.If possible，let the person who issues the invitation 9. makes the demand of you know roughly how long you’re going to think things over，so he/she knows 10. to expect. 语篇解读　这是一篇议论文。文章讲述对于别人的邀请，介于“可以”和“不行”之间的“可能”对邀请者来说更容易接受。 1．答案　are caught 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，空处为句子谓语，catch和主语we之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。be caught in意为“被困住”，且表达的是一般的情况，所以用一般现在时的被动语态，注意主谓一致。 2．答案　applications 解析　考查名词。分析句子及语境可知，空处为名词作宾语，意为“应用，运用”，且前面有many修饰，所以用名词复数。故填applications。 3．答案　in 解析　考查固定搭配。分析句子可知，此处意为“介于两者之间”，为固定短语in between。故填in。 4．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。分析句子可知，此处指“违背承诺”，promise在此处为可数名词，且发音是以辅音音素开头，所以用不定冠词a。break a promise意为“违背承诺”。 5．答案　starring 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，句子谓语动词为invited，且和空处无and连接，所以空处为非谓语，star和逻辑主语play之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词作定语，修饰play。故填starring。 6．答案　terribly 解析　考查副词。修饰形容词busy要用副词terribly。 7．答案　being assigned 解析　考查固定搭配和动词语态。表示“以……结束”为end up doing sth，且此处assign和逻辑主语I之间是被动关系，所以用动名词的被动形式。故填being assigned。 8．答案　ashamed 解析　考查形容词。分析句子可知，空处为形容词作表语，意为“羞愧的”，且此处与of搭配，故填 形容词ashamed。 9．答案　or 解析　考查连词。分析句子可知，空处连接who引导的定语从句中并列的谓语动词issues和makes，且两者之间是选择关系，所以用连词or。 10．答案　what 解析　考查代词。分析句子可知，句子为“疑问词＋不定式”结构作know的宾语，表示“期待什么”，所以用疑问代词what。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习。 (改编自2022年浙江1月阅读C篇) ①Although the benefits of regular exercise are well documented，there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(痴呆症) in later life and ②if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.Lead researcher Dr Helena Hörder，of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden， 语境感悟 said：“These findings are exciting ③because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.” For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test ④until they were tired out to measure their peak(最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. [自主发现] ____是时间状语从句； 是条件状语从句； 是让步状语从句；____是原因状语从句。 ④ ② ① ③ 语法总览 语法精讲 一、概述 定义：状语是用来修饰谓语、形容词或副词，或是整个句子的成分。当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，该句子就是状语从句。 位置：状语从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，时间、条件、原因和让步状语从句放在句首时需要用逗号和主句隔开。 分类：根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、让步、结果、方式和比较等状语从句。 状语从句 二、状语从句详解 (一)时间状语从句 1.when，while和as引导的时间状语从句 连词 含义及用法 例句 when “当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生 When you apply for a job，you must present your application.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的申请表。 连词 含义及用法 例句 while “当……时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生 When/While the teacher paraphrased the text in English，the students listened attentively and took notes.当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。 as “随着……”　“一边……一边……”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生 As it gets warmer and warmer，the trees begin to come to life. 随着天气越来越暖和，树木开始有了生机。 2.before和since引导的时间状语从句 连词 含义 常用句式 before 在……之前；还没有来得及……就……；趁着……；……才…… ①It will be/was＋一段时间＋before... 要过/过了……时间才…… ②It won’t be＋一段时间＋before...过不了多久就会…… ③It wasn’t＋一段时间＋before...没过多久就……了 since 自从……以来 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用一般过去时) Before they reached the house，a new great wave came，sweeping down trees，and sweeping them down too.他们还没到屋子，又一个巨浪打来，击倒了树，也击倒了他们。 If you miss this chance，it may be years before you get another one.如果你错过这个机会，可能要过很多年才能再得到一个。 It is/has been ten years since the criminal was arrested.那名罪犯被捕已经十年了。 3.表示“一……就……”的连词或短语引导的时间状语从句 (1)该类引导词有as soon as，the moment/minute/instant，immediately/directly/instantly等。 (2)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...结构中，主句用过去完成时，when或than所在的从句用一般过去时。 The new building programme will go ahead as soon as the government releases the funds. 政府一旦发放资金，新的建筑计划就会继续进行。 We had hardly/no sooner got to the destination when/than we set out to do some volunteer work there. ＝Hardly/No sooner had we got to the destination when/than we set out to do some volunteer work there. 我们一到达目的地，就开始做一些志愿者工作。 4.until/till引导的时间状语从句 (1)until/till用于肯定句时，其主句谓语动词为延续性动词； (2)not...until/till...句型中，主句的谓语动词为非延续性动词； (3)until可用于句首，而till不能； (4)not until 置于句首，主句要用部分倒装； (5)it is/was not until...that...强调句型。 As far as I know，his mother won’t go to bed until he returns home every evening. ＝As far as I know，not until he returns home every evening will his mother go to bed. ＝As far as I know，it is not until he returns home every evening that his mother will go to bed. 据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。 5.其他连接词引导的时间状语从句 every time/each time(每次)，after，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)，by the time(当……的时候) The first time I heard of Stephen Hawking，I was moved by his devotion to the research. 当我第一次听说斯蒂芬·霍金时，我就被他对研究的投入所感动。 By the time you come back，we’ll have completed the project. 到你回来的时候，我们将已完成这项工程。 (二)原因状语从句 连词 含义和用法 例句 because because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由，通常用于回答why引出的疑问句，语气最强 He didn’t take in what he read because his mind was focused on something else. 他看不懂所读的东西，因为他的心思都集中在别的事情上了。 as as引导的原因状语从句所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要强调 As it is snowing，we shall not climb the mountain.由于在下雪，我们便不去爬山了。 连词 含义和用法 例句 since/now that 表示人们已知的事实，不需要强调的原因，故常译为“既然” Now that/Since you’ve grown up you must learn to stand on your own two feet. 你既然已经长大成人，就得学会独立生活。 seeing (that) 鉴于；由于 Seeing (that) the weather is bad，we’ll stay at home.鉴于天气不好，我们将待在家里。 连词 含义和用法 例句 in that “因为；基于……的理由”，可以和because换用 I wonder whether his hearing is okay，in that he has turned the television up very loud. 我不知道他的听力是否还好，因为他把电视声音开得很大。 (三)结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so that(因此)，so...that...，such...that...等引导。 so...that...和such...that...引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”。结构形式如下： so＋形容词/副词＋that从句 so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that从句 so＋ many/few＋可数名词复数 much/little(少)＋不可数名词))＋that从句 such＋形容词＋ 不可数名词 可数名词复数 ＋that从句 such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that从句 He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family. ＝So little money did he earn that he couldn’t support his family. 他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。 He is such a learned person that we admire him very much. ＝He is so learned a person that we admire him very much. ＝Such a learned person/So learned a person is he that we admire him very much. 他如此有学问，以至于我们非常钦佩他。 Linda phoned me on arrival so that I knew she was safe and sound. 琳达到达后给我打了电话，因而我知道她平安无事。 (四)让步状语从句 让步状语从句一般翻译为“尽管/即使……”，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说……”的感觉。 1.although/though引导的让步状语从句 although/though意为“虽然；尽管”，可与yet，still，nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 Although/Though they have been talking for a long time yet，he cannot make her believe him. 虽然他们谈了很长时间，他还是不能让她信任自己。 2.while引导的让步状语从句 while意为“虽然；尽管”，多用于正式文体，且多位于句首，相当于although。 While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive. 尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但不是所有的影响都是积极的。 3.as引导的让步状语从句 as意为“尽管，虽然”，从句多位于主句之前，而且必须使用倒装语序，此时可与though换用。 Child as/though he was，he helped me a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，他却帮了我很大的忙。 4.even if/though引导的让步状语从句 even if/though意为“即使，尽管”。 Set aside some time each day to practise speaking English，even if/though it is only five minutes. 每天抽出一点时间来练习说英语，哪怕只有五分钟。 5.“疑问词＋-ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”引导的让步状语从句 “疑问词＋-ever”表示“无论……”，引导让步状语从句时，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”。 However/No matter how hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down on the amount of food you eat. 无论你如何努力，不减少食量是很难减肥的。 6.whether...or...引导的让步状语从句 whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”，提供两种对比情况。 All people，whether they are old or young，rich or poor，have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster. 自从灾害发生以来，所有的人，无论他们是年老还是年幼，富有还是贫穷，都在尽他们最大的努力去帮助那些需要帮助的人。 (五)其他类型的状语从句 状语从句 连接词 地点状语从句 where，wherever等 目的状语从句 so that(为了)，in case(以免，以防)，for fear that(唯恐，以防)，in order that等 条件状语从句 if，unless (除非)，as/so long as(只要)，on condition that(只要)，in case (假使)，providing/provided (that)，supposing (that)(假使，倘若)等 方式状语从句 as，as if/though等 比较状语从句 as...as...，the same as，比较级＋than，the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...等 Just as the saying goes，where there is a will，there is a way. 俗话说，有志者事竟成。 He asked us to put it wherever we can see it. 他要求我们把它放在任何我们能看得见的地方。 I’ll speak slowly so that/in order that you can make sense of what I say. 我讲慢一点，以便你能理解我说的话。 As long as you don’t lose heart，you’ll succeed sooner or later. 只要你不灰心，你迟早会成功的。 Supposing (that) they refuse us，who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能向谁求助呢？ He acted as if he hadn’t heard any of it. 他表现得好像一点都没听过这件事一样。 Just as we sweep our rooms，we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的观点。 The more you exercise，the healthier you will be.你锻炼得越多，你就越健康。 三、状语从句的省略 1.时间、让步、方式、地点状语从句的省略 如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，或从句的主语是it，且状语从句的谓语中有be动词，可以将从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。 While (I was) in Beijing，I paid a visit to the Summer Palace. 在北京时，我参观了颐和园。 He often makes mistakes when (he is) speaking English.他说英语时经常出错。 The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though (she was) angry. 这位女老师沉默地离开了教室，好像生气了。 Though (it was) cold，he still wore a shirt. 虽然天气冷，但他仍然穿了一件衬衫。 2.条件状语从句的省略 (1)在if it is possible，if it is necessary，unless it is necessary等类似结构中，it is常省略。 Come tomorrow if (it is) possible. 如果可能的话就明天来吧。 Unless (it is) necessary，you’d better not refer to the dictionary. 如果不是必要，你最好不要查词典。 (2)在虚拟条件句中，如果从句谓语中含有had/were/should，则可省略if，把had/were/should提至句首引起倒装。 Were I(＝If I were) twenty now，I would join the army. 如果我现在二十岁，我就参军。 Had you come(＝If you had come) yesterday，you would have met her. 如果你昨天来，你就见到她了。 Should there be(＝If there should be) a flood，what should we do? 万一发生洪水，我们该怎么办？ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.It will not be long the suspect is arrested. 2. angry you feel，you shouldn’t shout at your children. 3.I have been looking for a job I graduated from college. 4. time goes by，his music is becoming more and more popular. 5. honest a person is he that you can turn to him for help when you are in trouble. 达标检测 before However since As So 6.Half an hour later，Mary still couldn’t get a taxi the bus had dropped her. 7.I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned and told me to go back home at once. where when Ⅱ.用适当的连词完成下面的短文 My classmate Michael studied very hard 1. he went to senior high school.Every day he worked 2. everyone else in our class left the classroom.He said he wouldn’t stop trying 3. he got satisfying scores in his studies.Hard 4. he tried，he made little progress，but he didn’t lose heart at all 5. he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day. after until/till unless/until as/though because/as 6. time went by，he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Beijing at last.We had a get-together party 7. we started our new life in university.Everyone had such a good time 8. we didn’t want to say goodbye.When we stood 9._______ we used to play and study，we couldn’t help thinking of our happy old days.We believed that we would never forget each other, 10.__________ we would go or whatever we would do. As before that where wherever 本课结束 $$