UNIT 10 Section Ⅱ Lesson 1-（课件PPT+Word教案）【步步高】2024-2025学年高二英语选择性必修第四册教师用书（北师大版2019）

CONNECTIONS UNIT 10 Section Ⅱ Lesson 1 Part 1　课文整体理解 Part 2　长句难句分析 Part 3　语言知识学习 Part 4　语法项目精讲 整体理解 课文 3 Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What is the main idea of the passage? A.How people in the world are connected. B.How people in the world communicate with each other. C.Why the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is put forward. D.What the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is and how it develops. √ Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 The definition of the “Six Degrees of Separation” theory “Six Degrees of Separation”refers to the theory that any person on Earth  can be 1.__________ to any other person  through a chain of no more than five  other people.   connected The  development of the“Six Degrees of Separation”   theory   In the 1950s, two scientists attempted to prove the theory 2. ,  but failed. In 1967, Stanley Milgram  tried using a new method called the  “small-world problem” to 3.____the  theory.   mathematically test In 2001, Columbia University tried to  4._________ Milgram’s experiment on  the Internet known as the “5.___________  Small-world Project”.   recreate Columbia The  development of the“Six Degrees of Separation”   theory   In 2011, the University of Milan  analysed the 6.____________ between  721 million social media users and  found that 92 percent were connected   by only four stages, or five degrees  of separation.   How might you be connected to the  driver of the bus you 7.__________ take or the person who delivers your parcels?   The thinking of the “Six  Degrees of   Separation”theory relationship regularly Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1.What’s the purpose of the first paragraph? A.To give suggestions. B.To introduce the topic. C.To add background information. D.To offer scientific data. √ 2.How was the result of the attempt of the two scientists in the 1950s? A.Satisfying. B.Disappointing. C.Inspiring. D.Fruitless. √ 3.What do the two experiments in 2001 and in 2011 have in common? A.They were targeted at university students. B.They were both carried out on the Internet. C.They were carried out in the same university. D.They were referred to as “Columbia Small-world Project”. √ 4.How does the author develop the article? A.By listing figures. B.By comparing different opinions. C.By providing examples. D.By conducting a survey. √ Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 “Six Degrees of Separation” refers 1. the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.It was first talked about in a book 2._______ (call) Everything Is Different in 1929，in which Frigyes Karinthy introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early 3.___________(impress) of social networks.In 1967，an American sociologist chose some people randomly in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts. to called impressions Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people 4. (get) the parcels delivered.It was this research 5. inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.In the last few decades，the name of the theory 6.____________(use) as the title of a play and then a film.Then，more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast，among 7. the Oscar-winning film Babel and the television series Lost were 8. (particular) famous.In 2001，Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’ s experiment on the Internet.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain 9. (be) six. The most recent experiment 10. (conduct) in 2011，which also confirmed the theory. to get that has been used which particularly was was conducted 返 回 难句分析 长句 14 1.Research shows the average person only has regular communication with seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are (close) to us.(P8，Para.1) 结构分析：此句是 句。第二个and连接两个 从句作show的宾语，第一个从句省略了引导词 ；第二个从句中含有一个who引导的______从句，修饰 。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ between closest 复合 宾语 that 定语 people 研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个最亲近的人身上。 2.The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early _____________(impression) of social networks.(P8，Para.2) 结构分析：此句是 句。in which引导 从句；过去分词短语called Everything Is Different作 ，修饰a book。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ a impressions 复合 非限制性定语 后置定语 匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。 3.In 1967，an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried _______ (use) a new method to test the theory，which he called the“small-world problem”.(P8－9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是 句。which引导 从句，修饰the theory；过去分词短语called Stanley Milgram作 ，修饰an American sociologist。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ using 复合 非限制性定语 后置定语 1967年，美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆尝试用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。 4.Milgram told them to send the package a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger.(P9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是 句。they knew personally是省略了that/who的 从句；who引导 从句。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ to 复合 定语 定语 米尔格拉姆告诉这些人先把包裹给他们认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。 5.Once the parcel had been received this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to correct person.(P9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是 句。Once引导 从句，until引导_____ 从句。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ by the 复合 时间状语 时间 状语 一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到包裹被送到目标收件人手中。 6. (amazing)，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released，the results _________________ (publish) in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.(P9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是and连接的 句。前一个分句中it是 ，to get parcels delivered是真正的 ；后一个分句中once released是 从句的省略。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ Amazingly were published 并列复合 形式主语 主语 状语 令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发布在双月刊《今日心理学》上。 7.The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”，as almost all the characters had (random) met each other，or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in same plane crash.(P9，Para.4) 结构分析：此句是 句。as引导 ；the other characters knew是省略了引导词 的定语从句，修饰someone；before引导_____ 从句。 汉语翻译：_____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ randomly the 复合 原因状语从句 that 时间 状语 电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。 返 回 知识学习 语言 22 n.印象，感想[impress vt.使(人)印象深刻 impressive adj.给人深刻印象的；令人赞叹的] 1 • leave/make an impression on/upon...给……留下印象 • be impressed by/with...被……打动 impress sth on/upon sb＝impress sb with sth使某人铭记某事，使某人 意识到(……的重要性)；某事/物给某人留下深刻印象 impression (1)He was very impressed their dedication of the volunteers. (2)I want to make an impression my new classmates with my basketball skills. by/with on/upon (3)那位年轻的钢琴家以他令人难以置信的表演给观众留下了深刻的印象。(应用文写作之人物介绍) The young pianist ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________. 写作佳句 impressed the audience with his incredible performance/impressed his incredible performance on/upon the audience (4)杭州的美景给全世界的游客留下深刻的印象。(应用文写作之地点介绍) The beauty of Hangzhou __________________________________ _______ from all over the world. makes/leaves a deep impression on/upon visitors 2 vt. & n.发表，发布；释放 release • release...from...从……释放/放出/放走…… • on release发行，上映 (1)A much-anticipated epic film to mark the special event has just gone ____ release. (2)After the successful completion of the therapy，he was released ______ the hospital. on from (3)我将论述我发现的几种有效释放压力的方法。 I will discuss about few methods that ________________________ ______________. 写作佳句 I find effective in terms of releasing stress 3 (referred，referred，referring)参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是(reference n.提及；涉及；参考) refer to • refer to...as...把……当作…… • for reference 便于查阅/参考 in/with reference to关于；根据……而论 (1)[写出下列句子中加颜色词汇的汉语意思] ①If you meet with the new words about Latin，you can refer to a dictionary or turn to others for help. ______ ②We have reached an agreement that we will not refer to the dedication again. ______ ③People who work in offices are usually referred to as “white collar workers”. ________________ ④As the passage was stunning，he referred it to the editor. _________________ 查阅 提及 把……称作…… 把……提交给…… (2)You can get a chain of information on the network for (refer) when preparing for your paper. (3) reference to friction and conflicts，most people believe they are unavoidable. reference In/With (4)尽管这只是一本双月刊，你也可以把它当作有用的参考资料。 Though it is only a bimonthly version，______________________ ________________________. 写作佳句 you can also refer to it as a useful reference material 4 强调句型 It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”.(P9，Para.3) 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。 结构分析：此句是强调句型it was...that...，强调了主语this research。 • 基本结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。 • 一般疑问句结构：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？ • 特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他 成分？ • not...until...的强调句型为：It is/was not until...that... 注意：强调句型只能强调主语、宾语、表语、状语，但不能强调谓语动词。若强调的是人，可用who代替that，否则只能用that。 (1)There are always some ups and downs in our life，but it is the sufferings make us stronger. (2)It was on the farm we first worked together we met each other for the first time. (3)He didn’t realize the importance of good health until he got seriously ill. →______________________________________________________________ _______(升级为倒装句式) →___________________________________________________________________________(升级为强调句型) that where that Not until he got seriously ill did he realize the importance of good health. It was not until he got seriously ill that he realized the importance of good health. 返 回 (4)尽管这份礼物不值钱，但我非常珍惜它。在我看来，真正重要的是其中所包含的爱。(续写升华) Although the present isn’t worth much，I value it very much. ________________________________________________________________________________________________. 写作佳句 From my point of view/In my view，it’s the love contained in it that really counts/matters/makes a difference 项目精讲 语法 37 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成文后的练习 On 28 July 1976，Tangshan (1)was struck by an earthquake.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end.The ground (2)was covered by the bricks，and the wells (3)were filled with sand instead of water.A large city (4)was completely ruined.Volunteers from other areas (5)were sent to rescue the victims.When they arrived，many people (6)had been buried under the ruins，and many houses (7)had been destroyed.With the help of the government， 语境感悟 reporters saw that the old people and children (8)were being delivered to a safer place by soldiers who were there to dig out the trapped and bury the dead.Although food，water and electricity were hard to get，hope was not lost.Reports also said that people (9)were being well taken care of and waiting for shelters built for survivors.Meanwhile，a new Tangshan (10)was being built upon the earthquake ruins. [自主发现] 以上加颜色部分都是 。其中(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)是_______ ______的被动语态，构成是 ；(6)、(7)是 的被动语态，构成是 ；(8)、(9)、(10)是 的被动语态，构成是 。 被动语态 一般过 去时 was/were done 过去完成时 had been done 过去进行时 was/were being done 语法总览 语法精讲 过去时中的被动语态 英语中动词的语态可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。 一、结构 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态形式。下面主要讲解三种表示过去的被动语态。 时态 构成 一般过去时 was/were＋及物动词的过去分词 过去进行时 was/were being＋及物动词的过去分词 过去完成时 had been＋及物动词的过去分词 To our shock，some new computers were stolen last night. 令我们震惊的是，昨晚一些新电脑被盗了。 We couldn’t use the reading room，because it was being repaired. 我们不能使用阅览室，因为它正在被修缮。 When we got to the cinema，all the tickets had been sold out. 我们到达电影院时，票已经被售完了。 二、如何变被动语态 主动语态在变为被动语态时，通常都是将原来的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语若为人称代词，要将其变为主格；原来的谓语变为“be＋过去分词”形式；原来的主语在被动句中由by引出，主语若为人称代词，要变为宾格，有时by短语可以省略。 Someone broke the window. →The window was broken by someone. 有人打破了窗户。 Julia was drawing a picture. →A picture was being drawn by Julia. 朱莉娅正在画一幅画。 Tom had finished his homework before his mother came back home. →Tom’s homework had been finished before his mother came back home. 在妈妈回家前汤姆就已经把作业写完了。 三、使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题 1.“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语形式不变，但相应地成为主语补足语。在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。如： I saw her pass by the window. →She was seen to pass by the window. 我看见她从窗前经过。 The boss made Jim work overtime. →Jim was made to work overtime(by the boss). 老板让吉姆加班加点干活。 2.“主语＋谓语＋双宾语”结构变为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语。直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，句子有两种：一种可以转化为带介词to的结构，一种可以转化为带介词for的结构。如： She gave me a nice gift. →A nice gift was given to me by her./I was given a nice gift by her. 她给了我一件漂亮的礼物。 My mother made me a nice cake. →A nice cake was made for me by my mother. 妈妈给我做了一个漂亮的蛋糕。 3.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We laughed at him for his funny hat. →He was laughed at by us for his funny hat. 因为他的帽子很滑稽，我们嘲笑了他。 [注意]　不能使用被动语态的几种情况 1.不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，disappear，die，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。如： Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 2.有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：have，cost，lack，own，suit，hold(容纳)，fit，wish，belong to，suffer from，take part in，date back to等。如： The delicate vase on show dates back to Tang Dynasty. 展出的这个精美花瓶可追溯到唐代。 Our previous stadium could only hold no more than 200 audience. 我们原来的体育馆只能容纳不到200名观众。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.He told me that the novel (translate) into several languages. 2.Our money (run) out，so we could predict the endless trouble the next month. 3.After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it (decorate). 4.Since childhood，Linda has been made (work) on the farm from day to night. 达标检测 had been translated was running was being decorated to work 5.She (examine) by a doctor when I went to visit her. 6.It was the first time that he (praise) by his teacher in front of so many people. 7.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but __________ (hold) back thankfully by the shop window. 8.Professor Williams kept telling his students that the future __________ (belong) to the well-educated. was being examined had been praised was held belonged 9.A rescue worker risked his life to save two tourists who ___________ _________(trap) in the mountains for two days. 10.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________________(carry) out in the past years. had been trapped had been carried Ⅱ.根据本单元语法项目完成下面语段 Once I would like to live in a house which 1.________________ (surround) by green trees.I held the belief that if the walls 2.___________ (paint) yellow and green，the decorated rooms would seem larger. Therefore，I would be able to conduct experiments with music created by myself in a special room with delight.However，one day I dreamed that I managed to live in such a house in the deep forest but unfortunately I 3.__________________(trap) for three days after a heavy storm before my friend finally came to my rescue.I was scared and woke up，only to find that my neighbor’s house 4.____________________(decorate)，with noise going on. was surrounded were painted had been trapped was being decorated Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子 1.She was taken to the nearby hospital and __________________________ (立即实施了手术). 2.It really benefited me a lot to preview lessons，get actively involved in class，and review (被教的内容) after class. 3.The documents (正在被准备) for the meeting when the power went out. was operated on immediately what had been taught were being prepared 4.We can see past occurrences of climate change _____________________ ___________________(过去几百年里发生的). 5. (上周举办了英语演讲比赛)，with the intention of promoting our passion for English. 返 回 that took place over just a few hundred years An English speaking competition was held last week 本课结束 $$ Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1 Step 1　速读——整体理解文意 Ⅰ.明文章大意 What is the main idea of the passage? A．How people in the world are connected. B．How people in the world communicate with each other. C．Why the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is put forward. D．What the theory of “Six Degrees of Separation” is and how it develops. 答案　D Ⅱ.悉篇章结构 Step 2　细读——深度获取细节 1．Whats the purpose of the first paragraph? A．To give suggestions. B．To introduce the topic. C．To add background information. D．To offer scientific data. 答案　B 2．How was the result of the attempt of the two scientists in the 1950s? A．Satisfying. B．Disappointing. C．Inspiring. D．Fruitless. 答案　D 3．What do the two experiments in 2001 and in 2011 have in common? A．They were targeted at university students. B．They were both carried out on the Internet. C．They were carried out in the same university. D．They were referred to as “Columbia Small-world Project”． 答案　B 4．How does the author develop the article? A．By listing figures. B．By comparing different opinions. C．By providing examples. D．By conducting a survey. 答案　C Step 3　读后——课文语法填空 “Six Degrees of Separation” refers 1.to the theory that any person on Earth can be connected to any other person through a chain of no more than five other people.It was first talked about in a book 2.called(call) Everything Is Different in 1929，in which Frigyes Karinthy introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early 3.impressions(impress) of social networks.In 1967，an American sociologist chose some people randomly in the middle of America and asked them to send packages to a stranger in the state of Massachusetts.Amazingly，it only took between five and seven people 4.to get(get) the parcels delivered.It was this research 5.that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”．In the last few decades，the name of the theory 6.has been used(use) as the title of a play and then a film.Then，more films and TV programmes based on the concept were made and broadcast，among 7.which the Oscar-winning film Babel and the television series Lost were 8.particularly(particular) famous.In 2001，Columbia University tried to recreate Milgram’ s experiment on the Internet.The results confirmed that the average number of links in the chain 9.was(be) six.The most recent experiment 10.was conducted(conduct) in 2011，which also confirmed the theory. 1．Research shows the average person only has regular communication with between seven and fifteen people，and that most of our communication is in fact with five to ten people who are closest(close) to us.(P8，Para.1) 结构分析：此句是复合句。第二个and连接两个宾语从句作show的宾语，第一个从句省略了引导词that；第二个从句中含有一个who引导的定语从句，修饰people。 汉语翻译：研究表明，普通人只与7至15个人经常保持联系，而且其中大部分的交流实际上只发生在5到10个最亲近的人身上。 2．The Hungarian author Frigyes Karinthy published a book called Everything Is Different in 1929，in which he introduced the idea of friendship networks and his ideas influenced many of our early impressions(impression) of social networks.(P8，Para.2) 结构分析：此句是复合句。in which引导非限制性定语从句；过去分词短语called Everything Is Different作后置定语，修饰a book。 汉语翻译：匈牙利作家弗里吉斯·考林蒂在1929年出版了《一切皆不同》一书，书中介绍了朋友关系网的概念，许多早期关于社交网络的构想都受到他思想的影响。 3．In 1967，an American sociologist called Stanley Milgram tried using(use) a new method to test the theory，which he called the“small-world problem”．(P8－9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰the theory；过去分词短语called Stanley Milgram作后置定语，修饰an American sociologist。 汉语翻译：1967年，美国社会学家斯坦利·米尔格拉姆尝试用新的方法来验证这一理论，他称之为“小世界问题”。 4．Milgram told them to send the package to a person they knew personally who they thought might know the target stranger.(P9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是复合句。they knew personally是省略了that/who的定语从句；who引导定语从句。 汉语翻译：米尔格拉姆告诉这些人先把包裹给他们认为有可能认识目标收件人的熟人。 5．Once the parcel had been received by this person，he/she would send the parcel onto a contact of theirs until the parcel could be personally delivered to the correct person.(P9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是复合句。Once引导时间状语从句，until引导时间状语从句。 汉语翻译：一旦此人收到包裹，他或她就会将包裹再发给认识的人，直到包裹被送到目标收件人手中。 6．Amazingly(amazing)，it only took between five and seven people to get the parcels delivered，and once released，the results were published(publish) in the bimonthly magazine Psychology Today.(P9，Para.3) 结构分析：此句是and连接的并列复合句。前一个分句中it是形式主语，to get parcels delivered是真正的主语；后一个分句中once released是状语从句的省略。 汉语翻译：令人惊讶的是，这些包裹只需通过5至7个人就能送到正确的人手中。结果一经公布，便发布在双月刊《今日心理学》上。 7．The television series Lost also explored the idea of “Six Degrees of Separation”，as almost all the characters had randomly(random) met each other，or had met someone the other characters knew，before they were all in the same plane crash.(P9，Para.4) 结构分析：此句是复合句。as引导原因状语从句；the other characters knew是省略了引导词that的定语从句，修饰someone；before引导时间状语从句。 汉语翻译：电视连续剧《迷失》也探讨了“六度分隔”的理论，剧中失事飞机上几乎所有人物此前都曾偶遇，或曾遇见其他人物认识的人。 impression n．印象，感想[impress vt.使(人)印象深刻 impressive adj.给人深刻印象的；令人赞叹的] ·leave/make an impression on/upon...给……留下印象 ·be impressed by/with...被……打动 impress sth on/upon sb＝impress sb with sth使某人铭记某事，使某人意识到(……的重要性)；某事/物给某人留下深刻印象 (1)He was very impressed by/with their dedication of the volunteers. (2)I want to make an impression on/upon my new classmates with my basketball skills. [写作佳句] (3)那位年轻的钢琴家以他令人难以置信的表演给观众留下了深刻的印象。(应用文写作之人物介绍) The young pianist impressed the audience with his incredible performance/impressed his incredible performance on/upon the audience. (4)杭州的美景给全世界的游客留下深刻的印象。(应用文写作之地点介绍) The beauty of Hangzhou makes/leaves a deep impression on/upon visitors from all over the world. release vt. & n．发表，发布；释放 ·release...from...从……释放/放出/放走…… ·on release发行，上映 (1)A much-anticipated epic film to mark the special event has just gone on release. (2)After the successful completion of the therapy，he was released from the hospital. [写作佳句] (3)我将论述我发现的几种有效释放压力的方法。 I will discuss about few methods that I find effective in terms of releasing stress. refer to (referred，referred，referring)参考，查阅；涉及，提到；指的是(reference n．提及；涉及；参考) ·refer to...as...把……当作…… ·for reference 便于查阅/参考 in/with reference to关于；根据……而论 (1)[写出下列句子中黑体词汇的汉语意思] ①If you meet with the new words about Latin，you can refer to a dictionary or turn to others for help.查阅 ②We have reached an agreement that we will not refer to the dedication again.提及 ③People who work in offices are usually referred to as “white collar workers”．把……称作…… ④As the passage was stunning，he referred it to the editor.把……提交给…… (2)You can get a chain of information on the network for reference(refer) when preparing for your paper. (3)In/With reference to friction and conflicts，most people believe they are unavoidable. [写作佳句] (4)尽管这只是一本双月刊，你也可以把它当作有用的参考资料。 Though it is only a bimonthly version，you can also refer to it as a useful reference material. 强调句型 It was this research that inspired the phrase “Six Degrees of Separation”．(P9，Para.3) 正是这项研究启发了“六度分隔”这一说法。 结构分析：此句是强调句型it was...that...，强调了主语this research。 ·基本结构：It is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分。 ·一般疑问句结构：Is/Was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？ ·特殊疑问句结构：特殊疑问词＋is/was it＋被强调部分＋that/who＋其他成分？ ·not...until...的强调句型为：It is/was not until...that... 注意：强调句型只能强调主语、宾语、表语、状语，但不能强调谓语动词。若强调的是人，可用who代替that，否则只能用that。 (1)There are always some ups and downs in our life，but it is the sufferings that make us stronger. (2)It was on the farm where we first worked together that we met each other for the first time. (3)He didn’t realize the importance of good health until he got seriously ill. →Not until he got seriously ill did he realize the importance of good health.(升级为倒装句式) →It was not until he got seriously ill that he realized the importance of good health.(升级为强调句型) [写作佳句] (4)尽管这份礼物不值钱，但我非常珍惜它。在我看来，真正重要的是其中所包含的爱。(续写升华) Although the present isn’t worth much，I value it very much.From my point of view/In my view，it’s the love contained in it that really counts/matters/makes a difference. 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成文后的练习 On 28 July 1976，Tangshan (1)was struck by an earthquake.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end.The ground (2)was covered by the bricks，and the wells (3)were filled with sand instead of water.A large city (4)was completely ruined.Volunteers from other areas (5)were sent to rescue the victims.When they arrived，many people (6)had been buried under the ruins，and many houses (7)had been destroyed.With the help of the government，reporters saw that the old people and children (8)were being delivered to a safer place by soldiers who were there to dig out the trapped and bury the dead.Although food，water and electricity were hard to get，hope was not lost.Reports also said that people (9)were being well taken care of and waiting for shelters built for survivors.Meanwhile，a new Tangshan (10)was being built upon the earthquake ruins. [自主发现] 以上黑体部分都是被动语态。其中(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)是一般过去时的被动语态，构成是was/were done；(6)、(7)是过去完成时的被动语态，构成是had been done；(8)、(9)、(10)是过去进行时的被动语态，构成是was/were being done。 过去时中的被动语态 英语中动词的语态可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。 一、结构 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态形式。下面主要讲解三种表示过去的被动语态。 时态 构成 一般过去时 was/were＋及物动词的过去分词 过去进行时 was/were being＋及物动词的过去分词 过去完成时 had been＋及物动词的过去分词 To our shock，some new computers were stolen last night. 令我们震惊的是，昨晚一些新电脑被盗了。 We couldn’t use the reading room，because it was being repaired. 我们不能使用阅览室，因为它正在被修缮。 When we got to the cinema，all the tickets had been sold out. 我们到达电影院时，票已经被售完了。 二、如何变被动语态 主动语态在变为被动语态时，通常都是将原来的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语若为人称代词，要将其变为主格；原来的谓语变为“be＋过去分词”形式；原来的主语在被动句中由by引出，主语若为人称代词，要变为宾格，有时by短语可以省略。 Someone broke the window. →The window was broken by someone. 有人打破了窗户。 Julia was drawing a picture. →A picture was being drawn by Julia. 朱莉娅正在画一幅画。 Tom had finished his homework before his mother came back home. →Tom’s homework had been finished before his mother came back home. 在妈妈回家前汤姆就已经把作业写完了。 三、使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题 1．“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语形式不变，但相应地成为主语补足语。在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。如： I saw her pass by the window. →She was seen to pass by the window. 我看见她从窗前经过。 The boss made Jim work overtime. →Jim was made to work overtime(by the boss)． 老板让吉姆加班加点干活。 2．“主语＋谓语＋双宾语”结构变为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语。直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，句子有两种：一种可以转化为带介词to的结构，一种可以转化为带介词for的结构。如： She gave me a nice gift. →A nice gift was given to me by her./I was given a nice gift by her. 她给了我一件漂亮的礼物。 My mother made me a nice cake. →A nice cake was made for me by my mother. 妈妈给我做了一个漂亮的蛋糕。 3．一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We laughed at him for his funny hat. →He was laughed at by us for his funny hat. 因为他的帽子很滑稽，我们嘲笑了他。 [注意]　不能使用被动语态的几种情况 1．不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，disappear，die，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。如： Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 2．有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：have，cost，lack，own，suit，hold(容纳)，fit，wish，belong to，suffer from，take part in，date back to等。如： The delicate vase on show dates back to Tang Dynasty. 展出的这个精美花瓶可追溯到唐代。 Our previous stadium could only hold no more than 200 audience. 我们原来的体育馆只能容纳不到200名观众。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．He told me that the novel had been translated(translate) into several languages. 2．Our money was running(run) out，so we could predict the endless trouble the next month. 3．After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it was being decorated(decorate)． 4．Since childhood，Linda has been made to work(work) on the farm from day to night. 5．She was being examined(examine) by a doctor when I went to visit her. 6．It was the first time that he had been praised(praise) by his teacher in front of so many people. 7．I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but was held(hold) back thankfully by the shop window. 8．Professor Williams kept telling his students that the future belonged(belong) to the well-educated. 9．A rescue worker risked his life to save two tourists who had been trapped(trap) in the mountains for two days. 10．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past years. Ⅱ.根据本单元语法项目完成下面语段 Once I would like to live in a house which 1.was surrounded(surround) by green trees.I held the belief that if the walls 2.were painted(paint) yellow and green，the decorated rooms would seem larger.Therefore，I would be able to conduct experiments with music created by myself in a special room with delight.However，one day I dreamed that I managed to live in such a house in the deep forest but unfortunately I 3.had been trapped(trap) for three days after a heavy storm before my friend finally came to my rescue.I was scared and woke up，only to find that my neighbor’s house 4.was being decorated(decorate)，with noise going on. Ⅲ.根据提示补全句子 1．She was taken to the nearby hospital and was operated on immediately(立即实施了手术)． 2．It really benefited me a lot to preview lessons，get actively involved in class，and review what had been taught(被教的内容) after class. 3．The documents were being prepared(正在被准备) for the meeting when the power went out. 4．We can see past occurrences of climate change that took place over just a few hundred years(过去几百年里发生的)． 5．An English speaking competition was held last week(上周举办了英语演讲比赛)，with the intention of promoting our passion for English. 训练2　Lesson 1　[分值：70分] Ⅰ.单句语法填空(每小题1.5分，满分15分) 1．It was because her mother was ill that she didn’t go with us. 2．Father impressed me on/upon the importance of keeping promise. 3．It is better to read a few books carefully than to read many at random. 4．The winning numbers are randomly(random) selected by the computer. 5．I am writing with reference(refer) to your article on salaries for scientists. 6．While it sounds fine in theory，there is still some doubt whether it will work. 7．The person referred to at the conference just now was an expert in this field. 8．Although very tired(tire)，he still stayed up late to prepare for the coming test. 9．They gave me the impression(impress) that they were doing exactly what they wanted in life. 10．It took the firefighters two hours to release driver from the wreckage. Ⅱ.单句写作(应用文写作——道歉信)(满分15分) 1．我写信为我昨天的行为向你道歉。(apology) I am writing to make an apology to you for what I did yesterday. 2．我真的非常后悔因为这种小事跟你发生冲突。(come into conflict with) I really regret coming into conflict with you over such a small matter. 3．我一到家，就意识到我当时那样做完全是出于忌妒。 The moment I arrived home，I realized that I did it totally out of envy. 4．也是我的固执导致了我们之间的冲突，并且伤害你如此之深。(强调句型) It was also my being stubborn that caused the conflict between us and hurt you so much. 5．如果有可能，请接受我诚挚的道歉，我承诺以后再也不会发生这种事情了。(省略句) If possible，please accept my sincere apology and I promise it won’t happen any more. 组句成篇　以上句子可以加上过渡词语和其他联想内容组成一篇小短文。 Dear Mike， I am writing to make an apology to you for what I did yesterday.Thinking back，I realize how foolish and impulsive I was. I really regret coming into conflict with you over such a small matter.The moment I arrived home，I realized that I did it totally out of envy to you.My jealousy clouded my judgment，causing me to react in a way that hurt you.Moreover，it was also my being stubborn that caused the conflict between us and hurt you so much.I deeply regret not being more understanding and considerate of your feelings. If possible，please accept my sincere apology and I promise it won’t happen any more.I sincerely hope we can move past this and continue to build our friendship. Yours， Li Hua Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，满分10分) Next time you consider striking up a conversation with a stranger in line at the grocery store or while waiting at the laundry，keep in mind that it might be beneficial to your well-being.A recent study by a group of researchers found that there is a link between happiness and a term that the researchers coined called “relational diversity”． Using public data from sources like the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the World Health Organization，the researchers analyzed data sets and survey responses from people who had shared their daily habits，schedules and interactions.They noticed a clear relationship between relational diversity and overall levels of satisfaction. Hanne Collins，a Harvard Business School doctoral student who co-authored the study，says that relational diversity is composed of two elements：richness and evenness.Richness measures relationship categories，or how many kinds of people you interact with in a day.That could be your romantic partner，a family member，a neighbor or a stranger.“The more relationship categories they talk to in a day and the more even their conversations are across those categories，the happier they are.And we find this in a large sample across many countries，” Collins said.Evenness relates to the distribution of conversations among those different relationship categories.Some people may find themselves interacting with colleagues at work more than，say，their family members.“If you have a few conversations with colleagues，a few with friends，a few with a romantic partner or a couple of chats with strangers，that’s going to be more even across these categories，” Collins explained. Ultimately，Collins says，the study gives insight to the idea that humans are social creatures at heart.Having a support system is important，but it goes beyond your inner circle.“It’s about this mix.It’s about connecting with people who are close to you，who are maybe less close to you，who connect you with other people，who provide different kinds of support，” she said.“Essentially，the idea is that the more diverse your social connections，the happier you are and the higher your well-being.” 语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。研究人员分析了美国劳工统计局和世界卫生组织等来源的公开数据，并调查了被调查者所分享的日常习惯、日程安排和互动，发现幸福和社会关系多样性之间存在联系，鼓励大家要多和陌生人交流。 1．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The procedure of the research. B．The analysis of the research data. C．The significance of the research. D．The application of the research findings. 答案　A 解析　段落大意题。本段讲了研究人员通过分析数据和调查结果，注意到关系多样性和总体满意度之间的明显关系，即这一段主要讲述研究的过程。故选A。 2．How does Collins explain the findings in paragraph 3? A．By citing experts’ words. B．By presenting questions. C．By illustrating concepts. D．By making comparison. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段中“Hanne Collins says that...relational diversity is composed of two elements：richness and evenness”可知，柯林斯讲了关系多样性由两个要素组成：丰富性和均匀性。下文分别解释了什么是丰富性和均匀性。柯林斯主要通过阐述丰富性和均匀性这两个概念来解释研究发现。故选C。 3．What does Collins suggest people do in the last paragraph? A．Live a more positive life. B．Offer support to people nearby. C．Expand one’s inner circle. D．Connect with all kinds of people. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Essentially，the idea is that the more diverse your social connections，the happier you are and the higher your well-being(本质上，这个想法是，你的社交关系越多样化，你就越快乐，你的幸福感就越高)．”可知，柯林斯建议人们尽可能多地和不同的人进行社交。故选D。 4．Which is the best title for the text? A．Talking to Strangers Might Make You Happier B．Relational Diversity Decides Your Happiness C．Human Beings Are Social Creatures in Nature D．Finding Support Benefits Your Well-being 答案　A 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文，尤其第一段首句和最后一段中“Essentially，...the happier you are and the higher your well-being.”可知，这篇文章主要讲述一个人的幸福感和社交多样化有联系，和不同的陌生人群交流可能会使你更具幸福感。故选A。 Ⅳ.完形填空(每小题1分，满分15分) It isn’t every day that the future and the past get to meet on national television. When his wife of 72 years passed away six years ago，Peter Davies 1 he felt like “a lost soul”．The 100-year-old man from Macclesfield，England 2 to find new purpose in his life，so when his daughter suggested he offer his help at the local elementary school，he 3 to go for it. “I was married for 72 years，and when my wife died，life changed 4 ，” Peter explained.“My daughter suggested that，to get some 5 back into my life，I do something I’m 6 of doing.” Peter chose to 7 at a primary school，and he was a huge 8 with all of the children he tutored.He 9 reading into a fun game.Besides，his new 10 as a grandfatherly figure made him feel more connected to his community than ever before. “The 11 are great，” said Peter.“I’m sure I get more than the kids do.It is a lovely warm feeling that I 12 the community.I’m part of it.Moreover，my image is 13 .Wherever I go in the village，a child will shout ‘Hello Mr Davies.’ I feel 10 feet tall.” Recently he was 14 with a British Empire Medal(BEM) on television with the youngest recipient,18-year-old Dara McAnulty.“He is the future，and I am the past，” Peter said.“It’s just simple as that，it really is.I’m 15 for him.” 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲的是彼得·戴维斯在妻子去世六年之后，在女儿的建议下去当地小学当志愿者，与孩子们的接触让他重新找到了生活的意义，他也因此成为名人。 1．A.suspected B．admitted C．proved D．argued 答案　B 解析　suspect怀疑，猜想；admit承认，接纳；prove证明，证实；argue争论，辩论。根据空前“When his wife of 72 years passed away six years ago”以及空后“he felt like ‘a lost soul’”可以推断，妻子去世后，彼得·戴维斯承认自己就像一个迷路的人一样，此处指他在坦白自己内心的感受。故选B项。 2．A.struggled B．refused C．regretted D．pretended 答案　A 解析　struggle努力；refuse拒绝；regret遗憾；pretend假装。根据前文“Peter Davies he felt like ‘a lost soul’．”以及空后“to find new purpose in his life”可知，妻子的去世让彼得·戴维斯内心非常难过，所以他努力寻找新的生活目标。故选A项。 3．A.failed B．determined C．requested D．forgot 答案　B 解析　fail失败；determine决定；request要求；forget遗忘。根据后文“to go for it”以及“Peter chose to at a primary school，and he was a huge with all of the children he tutored.”可知，彼得·戴维斯接受了女儿的建议，决定去当地小学帮忙。故选B项。 4．A.dramatically B．temporarily C．casually D．secretly 答案　A 解析　dramatically剧烈地，明显地；temporarily暂时地；casually随意地；secretly秘密地。根据前文“he felt like ‘a lost soul’”和“I was married for 72 years，and when my wife died，life changed”可知，妻子的去世让彼得·戴维斯觉得自己就像一个迷路的人一样，此处指的是妻子的去世让生活发生了显著的变化。故选A项。 5．A.information B．creation C．affection D．meaning 答案　D 解析　information信息；creation创造；affection喜爱，爱慕；meaning意义。根据前文“The 100-year-old man from Macclesfield，England to find new purpose in his life”可知，此处指的是女儿希望彼得能够重新发现生活的意义所在。故选D项。 6．A.afraid B．tired C．ashamed D．capable 答案　D 解析　afraid害怕；tired疲惫的，厌倦的；ashamed羞愧的；capable足以胜任的。根据后文“Peter chose to at a primary school，and he was a huge with all of the children he tutored.”可知彼得受到孩子们的欢迎，说明他能胜任当小学老师这件事情。故选D项。 7．A.study B．perform C．volunteer D．investigate 答案　C 解析　perform表演，实施；volunteer自愿做；investigate调查。根据前文“so when his daughter suggested he offer his help at the local elementary school，he to go for it”可知女儿鼓励他到当地的一所小学去帮忙，即做志愿者。故选C项。 8．A.star B．scholar C．hit D．mode 答案　C 解析　scholar学者；hit打击，很受欢迎的人；mode模式。根据后文“Besides，his new as a grandfatherly figure made him feel more connected to his community than ever before.”可知彼得很受孩子们的欢迎。故选C项。 9．A.expanded B．transformed C．recovered D．compared 答案　B 解析　expand扩展，扩大；transform (使)改变(形态)；recover恢复；compare比较。根据空后“reading into a fun game”可知彼得将阅读变成了孩子们喜欢的游戏。故选B项。 10．A.responsibility B．challenge C．status D．mission 答案　C 解析　responsibility责任；challenge挑战；status地位，身份；mission使命。根据空后“as a grandfatherly figure”可知，此处指的是彼得对于孩子们来说作为爷爷般的新身份。故选C项。 11．A.kids B．instructors C．applicant D．assistants 答案　A 解析　instructor指导者；applicant申请人；assistant助手。根据后文“I’m sure I get more than the kids do.”和“Wherever I go in the village，a child will shout ‘Hello Mr Davies.’”可知，此处指的是彼得对于孩子们的表现很满意，称赞孩子们很棒。故选A项。 12．A.lead to B．object to C．adapt to D．belong to 答案　D 解析　lead to导致；object to反对；adapt to适应；belong to属于。根据后文“I’m part of it.”可知在彼得看来自己是这个社区的一分子。故选D项。 13．A.apparent B．tremendous C．flexible D．particular 答案　B 解析　apparent明显的；tremendous巨大的，极好的；flexible灵活的；particular特定的，挑剔的。根据后文“Wherever I go in the village，a child will shout ‘Hello Mr Davies.’ I feel 10 feet tall.”可知，不管彼得出现在村子的什么地方，都会有孩子与他打招呼，他感觉自己有10英尺高，所以可以看出他很受孩子们欢迎，他的形象在孩子们眼中是巨大的、极好的。故选B项。 14．A.remarked B．accompanied C．honoured D．impressed 答案　C 解析　remark评论；accompany陪同；honour尊重，授予荣誉；impress给……以印象，使铭记。根据空后“with a British Empire Medal(BEM) on television with the youngest recipient,18-year-old Dara McAnulty”可知彼得被授予了不列颠帝国勋章。故选C项。 15．A.concerned B．respectful C．embarrassed D．delighted 答案　D 解析　concerned担心的，关心的；respectful恭敬的，有礼貌的；embarrassed尴尬的；delighted高兴的。根据空前“with the youngest recipient,18-year-old Dara McAnulty”可知Dara McAnulty 18岁就获得了不列颠帝国勋章，所以彼得为他感到高兴。故选D项。 Ⅴ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，满分15分) (2024·新课标Ⅰ) Heatherwick Studio recently built a greenhouse at the edge of the National Trust’s Woolbeding Gardens.This beautiful structure，named Glasshouse，is at the centre of a new garden that shows how the Silk Road influences English gardens even in modern times. The latest 1. (engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective 2.__________ (function) structure that is also beautiful.The design features ten steel “sepals(萼片)” made of glass and aluminium(铝)．These sepals open on warm days 3. (give) the inside plants sunshine and fresh air.In cold weather，the structure stays 4. (close) to protect the plants. Further，the Silk Route Garden around the greenhouse 5. (walk) visitors through a journey influenced by the ancient Silk Road，by which silk as well as many plant species came to Britain for 6. first time.These plants included modern Western 7._________ (favourite) such as rosemary，lavender and fennel.The garden also contains a winding path that guides visitors through the twelve regions of the Silk Road.The path offers over 300 plant species for visitors to see，too. The Glasshouse stands 8. a great achievement in contemporary design，to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing(追溯) the steps along the Silk Route 9. brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the 10. (rich) of gardening in England. 语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Heatherwick工作室最近在国家信托基金会伍尔贝丁花园的边缘建造了一个动态温室，并详细描述了该温室的设计、功能、以及它如何与丝绸之路的历史和丝绸之路花园相结合。 1．答案　engineering 解析　考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空白处作定语修饰后面的名词，engineering在此处是名词作定语，engineering techniques意为“工程技术”。故填engineering。 2．答案　functional 解析　考查形容词。空处修饰名词structure，应用形容词作定语。故填functional。 3．答案　to give 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用动词不定式作目的状语，表示“为了给……提供……”。故填to give。 4．答案　closed 解析　考查形容词。空处用于stay(系动词)之后作表语，应用形容词closed，表示“紧闭的”。故填closed。 5．答案　walks 解析　考查时态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，空处为本句谓语动词，根据上下文语境可知，本句时态为一般现在时，主语the Silk Route Garden为单数，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。walk sb through...意为“带领某人穿过……”。故填walks。 6．答案　the 解析　考查冠词。固定搭配for the first time意为“第一次”。故填the。 7．答案　favourites 解析　考查名词复数。favourite是可数名词，意为“特别受喜爱的东西”，根据空后such as rosemary，lavender and fennel可知，空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favourites。 8．答案　as 解析　考查介词。根据句意可知，此处指的是Glasshouse“作为”当代设计的一项伟大成就。故填as。 9．答案　which/that 解析　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the Silk Route，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。 10．答案　richness 解析　考查名词。分析句子结构可知，空处应用名词richness，作介词of的宾语，表示“丰富性”。故填richness。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$