精品解析：2018年上海高考英语试卷（春考）（网络收集版）

绝密★启用前 2018年1月上海普通高等招生统一考试 英语试卷 (满分150分，考试时间120分钟) 考生注意： 答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。 1. Listening Comprehension Directions：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speaks. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Her working all day long. B. The family reunion. C. The annoying housework. D. The intense schedule. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】M: Kate, happy new year! Are you doing anything special? W: Oh, Bob, thanks! I’m very busy and very tired. My brothers and sisters joined us and we had a big dinner together. Q: What made Kate busy and tired? 2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The kids were frightened by the movie. B. The kids enjoyed the movie. C. The movie is not suitable for kids to see. D. The movie is quite boring. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】M: Caroline, could you take the kids to the movie Spider Man? W: Yeah... but don’t you think the movie is too violent for them? Q: What does the woman mean? 3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She is drinking tea at a table. B. She is interested in reading magazines. C. She likes the pictures in the magazines. D. She doesn’t know any Chinese. 【答案】D 【解析】 【原文】M: Take a seat here. There are some interesting magazines on the tea table. W: Thank you. I guess I can only understand the pictures because they are all Chinese magazines. Q: What can we know about the woman? 4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Supermarket. B. Drug store. C. Barber shop. D. Shopping center. 【答案】A 【解析】 【原文】M: I need toothpaste and shampoo. Do you think we can find a drug store here? W: I’m sure we can. But those items are often cheaper in the supermarkets. Let’s go down to the other end of the mall. Q: Where will the speakers most probably to go? 5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He likes cooking food himself. B. He thinks frozen food is healthier. C. He accepts the woman’s invitation. D. He prefers to buy frozen food. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】W: Why don’t you come over. I was thinking about doing some cooking. M: I suppose I could. It’ll probably be healthier than my frozen food options. Q: What does the man imply? 6. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. A full-time student. B. An exchange student. C. A visiting scholar. D. A part-time student. 【答案】A 【解析】 【原文】M: Is there any way I can take 6 courses? W: it depends. If you are a full-time student, you can. If you are a visiting scholar, a part-time student, or an exchange student, you can take up to 5 courses. Q: Who can take as many as 6 courses? 7. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She is bossy. B. She is shy. C. She is arrogant (傲慢的). D. She is trustworthy. 【答案】D 【解析】 【原文】M: Many of your colleagues describe you as soft-spoken, are you? W: Well. I’m not bossy. They seem to regard me as reliable. Q: How is the woman in her colleagues’ eyes? 8. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He’s a teacher. B. He’s a writer. C. He’s a businessman. D. He’s a journalist. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】W: John first worked as a businessman, and then a teacher. Ten years later, he quit his job and started to write novels. M: And he has been doing nothing else ever since Q: What is John now? 9. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. 1 hour. B. 2 hours. C. 3 hours. D. 4 hours. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】W: If we hurry, we can take the express train rather than the local train and save an hour. M: Great! The express train takes only two hours to get Shanghai. Q: How long does it take the local train to get to Shanghai? 10. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The bad weather stopped him. B. His shoes were worn out. C. He didn’t like the biking trip. D. He’s too tired to continue. 【答案】D 【解析】 【原文】W: I heard you did some hiking last weekend. M: Yes, I really wore myself out, so I stopped halfway Q: Why did the man give up the hiking trip halfway? Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation .After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several question. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the question will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 11. A. They became more active in water. B. Symptoms of depression disappeared. C. Their digestion developed. D. They suffered from depression. 12. A. Neon lights. B. Kindle screens. C. Overweight. D. Closed window curtains. 13. A. Turn off all the electronic devices. B. Read a book and drink some water. C. Take some sleep pills. D. Go on a diet and lose some weight. 【答案】11. D 12. D 13. A 【解析】 【原文】Researchers from Ohio State University exposed their lab mice to artificial light at night. And they found that it took only a few weeks for the mice to develop signs of depression, such as being less active, having less interest in their favorite foods and more anxiety when placed in water. The brains of the mice also showed similar changes to what occurs in depressed people. Artificial light at night like televisions, computer screens and night lights has been linked to other negative health effects. Nighttime lighting can disturb the body’s clock and increase the risk of overweight and certain diseases. The good news is that the signs of depression in the mice went away after they went back to a regular sleep schedule. That is eight full hours of darkness at night. This means that by unplugging the electronics and closing the window curtains in your bedroom, you may be able to undo some of the harmful effects of your smartphone letting out light all night. Questions: 11. What happened to the mice after they were exposed to artificial light at night for weeks? 12. Which of the following will not probably disturb your body’s clock? 13. What are you recommended to do at night according to the research? 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 14. A. 71 % of the poor live a day with less than ten dollars. B. The population of people live in poverty has decreased in the past decade. C. Economic growth has made global poverty worse than before. D. The middle class are now one step away from poverty. 15. A. The middle class has expanded in the 111 countries. B. The number of middle class has increased but it is not a global phenomenon. C. Great progress has been made for the people in poverty with impressive results. D. Once getting out of poverty, those people will live a better life. 16. A. The middle class would not allow those poor to make a better living. B. Whatever progress is made, nothing will be changed. C. Good changes are too tiny to make those poor live a totally different life. D. Developed countries suffer from the question from both poverty and the middle class. 【答案】14 A 15. B 16. C 【解析】 【原文】 Here’s the good news: global poverty has fallen by half over the past decade. But here’s the bad news: 71% percent of the world’s population remain low income or poor. They live off ten dollars or less a day according to a new Pew Research Center report that looked at changes in income for 111 countries between 2001 and 2011. Unlike in America, where the middle class has been facing difficulties in recent years, some researchers say that strong economic growth in developing countries has helped shrink poverty and expand the middle class globally. But the report from the center disagrees, saying that a global middle class is far from reality. “True, the global middle class nearly doubled over the decade to 13 percent in 2011, but it still represents a small part of the world’s population.” Professor Rickashcockle, associate director at the center, said, “The world has made tremendous progress in pulling people out of poverty, but most of the growth has been limited. People are potentially one step away from slipping back into poverty.” Questions: 14. What does the passage mainly tell us? 15 Which of the following statement is true according to the Pew Research Center report? 16. Which of the following worries professor Rickashcockle at the center? 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 17. A. A thunderstorm accident. B. A cable emergency. C. An appointment on Saturday. D. A computer system breakdown. 18. A. Lightning. B. Power failure. C. Cable cut. D. System failure. 19. A. Plug the TV off. B. Keep the cable connected. C. Stay at home. D. Call the cable center for sure. 20. A. On Saturday morning. B. On Saturday afternoon. C. On Tuesday morning. D. On Tuesday afternoon. 【答案】17. B 18. A 19. A 20. C 【解析】 【原文】M: Charter Cable, can I help you? W: Yes, hi, we have an emergency. Our TV went out in the middle of our favorite show American idol. M: I am sorry to hear that ma’am. Can I have your name and account number please? W: Yes, it’s GS (女生的名字) and my account number is 854452. M: Can you please give me the last four digits of your social security number. W: Yes, it’s 0253. M: Okay, our system is showing that there are strong thunderstorms in your area. Did you hear any noise when the TV went out? W: Yes, we heard a loud noise. M: Oh, your TV could have been struck by lightning. Is the TV still on? W: Yeah, it’s on but the stream is just all blank. M: Okay, please turn the TV off until one of our technicians can come out and take a look at it W: Can someone come right now to fix it? M: I don’t think so ma’am. Let me check our computer systems. The next available appointment is going to be next Tuesday morning. W: But today is Saturday! M: I am sorry, that’s the earliest available time. W; All right, I can be here Tuesday morning. What time? M: A technician will be there sometime between eight a.m. and eleven a.m.. W: Okay, I’ll be home during that time. M: Is there anything else I can do for you today? W: No, thank you M: Goodbye. 17. What are the two speakers mainly talking about? 18. According to the man, what caused the woman’s emergency? 19. What does the man suggest the woman do before the technician comes? 20. When is the technician most likely to arrive? II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. My Kid-Free Life I had expected to have more free time after my sons, Evan and Alex, each left for college and I do. The kitchen calendar looks spare. Rarely ____21____ I need to prepare family dinner every day. There is a lot ____22____ (little) laundry. When the boys were infants, I wondered how I ____23____ (spend) all the hours before they were born. ____24____ I have those hours back, I can focus on my own needs. I had also expected to worry about them when they were away. And I do. Did they get their flu shots (流感疫苗注射)?Will they remember the talks about “good choices”? On the other hand, the worry is mixed with relief. I have seen ____25____ vigorously they grow without me. Do I miss them? Yes. Both more and less than I’d guessed. Do I feel united for having lost my primary role in life? No, because over the year, I took great pride ____26____ the fact that my identity was not dependent on theirs. But, surprisingly, yes. ____27____ (be) a different kind of mother defines me now. The missing comes at unexpected moments: seeing the school bus drive by, starting to put too many plates on the table… When they have doubts about friendships or job prospects, I can only say, “I’m sure you will figure it out.” And yet, the spaces ____28____ (empty) by loss are more than filled by what I’ve found. I now have the chance ____29____ (see) them as the whole world does but also like no one else ever will. As adults I happened to help create. The rooms _____30_____ the boys used to live look vacant. I feel sadness but also joy. I knew they would leave, but they will find their way back. My home is empty. But overflowing. 【答案】21. do 22. less 23. had spent 24. Now that 25. how 26. in 27. Being 28. emptied 29. to see 30. where 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者的孩子长大离开家之后，她是如何面对新的生活状态的。 【21题详解】 考查倒装用法。句意：我很少每天都需要准备家庭晚餐。此句为否定副词“Rarely”位于句首引起的部分倒装句，句子时态为一般现在时，主语是“I”，实义动词是“need”，所以借助助动词“do”构成倒装结构。故填do。 【22题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：要洗的衣服少了很多。根据上文提到孩子们去上大学后作者的生活变化，这里表示洗衣服的量比以前“更少”了，“little”的比较级是“less”。故填less。 【23题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：当孩子们还是婴儿的时候，我在想他们出生前我是怎么度过的。根据时间状语从句“When the boys were infants”以及“wondered”可知，“在孩子们出生前度过那些时光”这个动作发生在“wondered”之前，即过去的过去，所以用过去完成时，其结构为“had + 过去分词”，“spend”的过去分词是“spent”。故填had spent。 【24题详解】 考查原因状语从句。句意：现在我有了这些时间，我可以专注于我自己的需求。根据前后句的逻辑关系，“I have those hours back”是“ I can focus on my own needs”的原因，“Now that” 表示“既然，由于”，引导原因状语从句，符合语境。首字母大写。故填Now that。 25题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：我看到它们在没有我的情况下成长得多么有活力。根据句子结构，“vigorously they grow without me” 是“seen”的宾语从句，“how”修饰副词“vigorously”，表示“他们在没有我的情况下成长得多么有活力”。故填how。 【26题详解】 考查固定短语。句意：不，因为在过去的一年里，我为自己的身份不依赖于他们而感到非常自豪。“take pride in...”是固定短语，意为“以…… 为傲”。故填in。 【27题详解】 考查动名词。句意：现在我是一个与众不同的母亲。分析句子结构，“____ (be) a different kind of mother”是句子的主语，动词作主语要用动名词形式，所以“be”的动名词是“Being”。首字母大写。故填Being。 【28题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：然而，因失去而空虚的空间被我找到的东西填满了。分析句子可知，“____ (empty) by loss”是后置定语，修饰“the spaces”，“the spaces”与“empty”之间是被动关系，即 “空间被失去所空出”，所以用过去分词作定语，“empty” 的过去分词是 “emptied”。故填emptied。 【29题详解】 考查动词不定式。句意：我现在有机会像整个世界一样看待他们，但也没有人能像其他人那样。“have the chance to do sth.”是固定短语，意为“有机会做某事”，所以此处为动词不定式形式。故填to see。 【30题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：男孩们过去住过的房间看起来空无一人。分析句子可知，“____ the boys used to live”是定语从句，先行词是“the rooms”，在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词 “where”引导定语从句。故填where。 Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. address B. fascination C. governed D. imposing E. offensive F. originally G. overlooking H. rebellion I. reminder J. randomly K. swept Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress (堡垒), but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both ____31____ and well-fortified the classic European castle is the pinnacle (小尖顶) of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the ____32____ of our culture. Castles were ____33____ built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror ____34____ through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English ____35____. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both ____36____ and defensive roles in military operations. Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from Which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom (领地). That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they ____37____ and paid tribute to the lord. They would ____38____ disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites ____39____ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily _____40_____ of the lord’s strength. 【答案】31. D 32. B 33. F 34. K 35. H 36. E 37. C 38. A 39. G 40. I 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了欧洲城堡的历史、功能和象征意义。 【31题详解】 考查形容词。句意：说到雄伟而坚固的建筑，经典的欧洲城堡是设计的巅峰。空后and连接的well-fortified为形容词，此处也应为形容词，构成并列表语成分，imposing“壮观的，雄伟的”为形容词，符合句意。故选D项。 【32题详解】 考查名词。句意：古堡历经岁月的变迁、发展，最终不再使用，但它们仍是我们文化的魅力所在。空前为定冠词the，此处为名词形式，fascination“魅力”为名词，符合句意。故选B项。 【33题详解】 考查副词。句意：城堡最初是1066年诺曼侵略者在英国建造的。此处为副词作状语修饰动词were built，originally“最初”为副词，符合句意。故选F项。 【34题详解】 考查动词短语。句意：当征服者威廉横扫英格兰时，他加强了关键阵地的防御，以确保他所占领的土地的安全。分析句子可知，此处为动词和空后的through构成动词短语作谓语成分，swept through“横扫，横扫”为动词短语，符合句意。故选K项。 【35题详解】 考查名词。句意：他建造的城堡使诺曼领主在受到英国叛乱的威胁时可以撤退到安全的地方。空前为介词by，此处为名词作宾语成分，rebellion“叛乱”为名词。符合句意。故选H项。 【36题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这样，城堡在军事行动中既起进攻作用，又起防御作用。空后and连接的defensive为形容词，此处也应为形容词形式作定语，offensive“进攻的”为形容词，符合句意。故选E项。 【37题详解】 考查动词。句意：那些社会地位低于领主的人会来报告他们所统治的土地的事务，并向领主进贡。分析句子可知，此处为动词作从句的谓语成分，governed“统治”为动词，符合句意。故选C项。 【38题详解】 考查动词。句意：他们会解决纠纷，处理生意，宴请，享受节日。分析句子可知，此处为动词作句子的谓语成分，结合空后“disputes”可知，address“解决”为动词，符合句意。故选A项。 【39题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：城堡建在可以俯瞰周围地区的显眼位置，经常隐约出现在许多农民生活的背景中，每天都在提醒着领主的力量。分析句子可知，此处为非谓语动词作后置定语修饰prominent sites，prominent sites和表示“俯瞰”的动词overlook为主动关系，所以为现在分词形式。故选G项。 【40题详解】 考查名词。句意：城堡建在可以俯瞰周围地区的显眼位置，经常隐约出现在许多农民生活的背景中，每天都在提醒着领主的力量。空处被形容词daily修饰，应为名词形式，reminder“提醒”为名词，符合句意。故选I项。 III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Humans hate markedly to give workers more than they deserve;and indeed many will settle for less to compensate work equitably. But is this impulse ____41____? Perhaps not, says psychological scientist Marie Schafer in Germany. According to Schafer, nobody has ever looked at how young children from different ____42____ think about merit when sharing rewards. There is reason to suspect that meritocracy may be more of a Western concept and value, so she and several colleagues decided to put this to the test, studying the ____43____ of children, four to 11 years old, in three different cultures. The idea was to test how much the children valued merit. So each child was given a number of sweets equal to the total number of fish in the catch, and was told to distribute the sweets any way he or she wanted — without adults in the room to influence them. If they valued merit, children should ____44____ the sweets according to shares of the catch. That is, if they had landed the same number of fish, they would choose to reward each one ____45____, but if one fared much better at fishing, rewards would also be disproportionate. In the case where they were simply given the fish, rewards should be unrelated to catch size — since no effort was involved. ____46____matters. That’s the main finding among many from the study, as described in a forthcoming issue of the journal Psychological Science. The German children distributed the spoils of the day precisely in proportion to ____47____, even when this meant a very unbalanced distribution of rewards. By contrast, children from the two rural African forager(狩猎) societies barely took merit into consideration at all. These findings suggest that the basic notion of merit and distributive justice is far from universal in our species, and that ____48____ is culturally defined. But why? The scientists offer some ____49____ on this. It could be that in large-scale societies like Germany, a meritocracy is ______50______ for regulating transactions between people who don’t know each other and may not interact again. The focus is on equitable interactions, because things won’t be “evened out” in the future. In small scale societies, ______51______, most exchanges take place between people who are ______52______ with one another. It may be more important in such societies to build long-term relationships based on equity — rather than to insist on equity in a single transaction. In egalitarian forager societies, such as the Haillom, _____53_____ is an important leveling mechanism, ______54______ asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony. Children may internalize these social values early on, and apply them even when the fishing trip is ______55______. 41. A. unblocked B. universal C. unconscious D. unique 42. A. cultures B. cases C. companies D. aspects 43. A. mood B. behavior C. emotion D. habit 44. A. collect B. load C. stress D. distribute 45. A. really B. deliberately C. equally D. happily 46. A. Scene B. Object C. Culture D. Trend 47. A. productivity B. benefit C. interest D. survey 48. A. tiredness B. business C. thickness D. fairness 49. A. feelings B. thoughts C. lives D. emotions 50. A. useful B. major C. small D. important 51. A. in a word B. in addition C. by contrast D. what’s more 52. A. familiar B. delighted C. satisfied D. same 53. A. cooperating B. smiling C. equaling D. sharing 54. A. forcing B. judging C. balancing D. experiencing 55. A. creative B. imaginary C. innovative D. logic 【答案】41. B 42. A 43. B 44. D 45. C 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. B 50. D 51. C 52. A 53. D 54. C 55. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了研究发现，来自不同文化的人在分享奖励时看待功绩是不同的。文章主要说明了不同的文化会产生不同的想法和行为。 【41题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但是这种冲动是普遍的吗？A. unblocked畅通的；B. universal普遍的；C. unconscious无意识的；D. unique独特的，唯一的。根据后文“Perhaps not, says psychological scientist Marie Schafer in Germany. According to Schafer, nobody has ever looked at how young children from different... think about merit when sharing rewards. There is reason to suspect that meritocracy may be more of a Western concept and value”可知，这里是在探讨这种给工人应得报酬的冲动是否是普遍的。故选B项。 【42题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据谢弗的说法，从来没有人研究过来自不同文化背景的孩子在分享奖励时对优点的看法。A. cultures文化；B. cases情况；C. companies公司；D. aspects方面。根据后文“so she and several colleagues decided to put this to the test, studying the... of children, four to 11 years old, in three different cultures”可知，这里说的是来自不同“文化（cultures）” 的孩子。故选A项。 【43题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们有理由怀疑，精英主义可能更多地是一种西方的观念和价值观，所以她和几位同事决定对此进行测试，研究三种不同文化中4至11岁儿童的行为。A. mood情绪；B. behavior行为；C. emotion情感；D. habit习惯。根据下文“four to 11 years old, in three different cultures”因为是研究不同文化中4到11岁孩子的情况，结合后文实验中孩子分配糖果的行为，这里应该是研究他们的“行为（behavior）”。故选B项。 【44题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：如果他们看重优点，孩子们应该根据收获的份额分配糖果。A. collect收集；B. load装载；C. stress强调；D. distribute分配。根据前文“So each child was given a number of sweets equal to the total number of fish in the catch, and was told to distribute the sweets any way he or she wanted”可知，这里说如果孩子们看重功绩，他们应该根据捕鱼量来“分配（distribute）”糖果。故选D项。 【45题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：也就是说，如果他们钓到相同数量的鱼，他们会选择平等地奖励每一条鱼，但如果其中一条在钓鱼方面表现得更好，奖励也会不成比例。A. really真正地；B. deliberately故意地；C. equally相等地；D. happily高兴地。根据前文“if they had landed the same number of fish”，如果他们捕到的鱼数量相同，那么他们会选择给每个人“相等地（equally）”奖励。故选C项。 【46题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：文化很重要。A. Scene场景；B. Object物体；C. Culture文化；D. Trend趋势。根据后文“These findings suggest that the basic notion of merit and distributive justice is far from universal in our species, and that... is culturally defined”可知，主要发现是“文化（Culture）”起着重要作用。故选C项。 【47题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：德国的孩子们将一天的战利品精确地按照生产力的比例分配，即使这意味着奖励的分配非常不平衡。A. productivity生产力；B. benefit益处；C. interest兴趣；D. survey调查。根据前文实验中根据捕鱼量（功绩）来分配糖果的描述，德国孩子精确地根据“生产力（productivity）”来分配当天的“战利品”，这里捕鱼量可以理解为一种生产力的体现。故选A项。 【48题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些发现表明，功绩和公平分配的基本概念在人类中远非普遍存在，公平是由文化定义的。A. tiredness疲劳；B. business生意；C. thickness厚度；D. fairness公平。根据前文“The German children distributed the spoils of the day precisely in proportion to ____7____, even when this meant a very unbalanced distribution of rewards.”提到的功绩和分配正义的概念，这里说的是“公平（fairness）”是由文化定义的。故选D项。 【49题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：科学家们对此提出了一些看法。A. feelings感受；B. thoughts想法；C. lives生活；D. emotions情感。根据后文“It could be that in large-scale societies like Germany…”对不同规模社会中公平概念不同的解释，这里科学家们对为什么会这样提供了一些“想法（thoughts）”。故选B项。 【50题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这可能是因为在像德国这样的大规模社会中，精英制度对于监管人们之间的交易很重要，这些人彼此不认识，可能不会再互动。A. useful有用的；B. major主要的；C. small小的；D. important重要的。根据后文“The focus is on equitable interactions, because things won’t be “evened out” in the future.”可知，在像德国这样的大规模社会中，精英制度对于规范不认识且可能不再互动的人之间的交易是 “重要的（important）”。故选D项。 【51题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：相比之下，在小规模社会中，大多数交流发生在彼此熟悉的人之间。A. in a word总之；B. in addition此外；C. by contrast相比之下；D. what’s more此外。根据前文“in large-scale societies like Germany”说的是大规模社会的情况，这里说小规模社会的情况，“by contrast”表示“相比之下”，符合语境，用来对比两种不同规模社会的情况。故选C项。 【52题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：相比之下，在小规模社会中，大多数交流发生在彼此熟悉的人之间。A. familiar熟悉的；B. delighted高兴的；C. satisfied满意的；D. same相同的。根据上文“people who don’t know each other and may not interact again”提到大规模社会里，这些人彼此不认识，由此可知，在小规模社会中，大多数交流发生在彼此“熟悉（familiar）”的人之间。故选A项。 【53题详解】 考查动名词词义辨析。句意：在像哈洛姆这样的平等主义游牧社会中，分享是一种重要的平衡机制，可以平衡财富的不对称，促进和谐。A. cooperating合作；B. smiling微笑；C. equaling使相等；D. sharing分享。在平等的狩猎社会中，比如 Haillom，“分享（sharing）”是一个重要的平衡机制。从后文“____ asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony”以及前文提到的分配问题可知，sharing 符合文意。故选D项。 【54题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：在像哈洛姆这样的平等主义游牧社会中，分享是一种重要的平衡机制，可以平衡财富的不对称，促进和谐。A. forcing迫使；B. judging判断；C. balancing平衡；D. experiencing经历。 根据句意以及下文“asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony”可知，分享这种机制可以“平衡（balancing）”财富的不对称并增加和谐。故选C项。 【55题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：孩子们可能很早就内化了这些社会价值观，甚至在钓鱼之旅是想象的时候也会应用它们。A. creative有创造力的；B. imaginary想象的；C. innovative创新的；D. logic逻辑的。根据上文“Children may internalize these social values early on”可知，孩子们可能很早就内化了这些社会价值观，并且即使捕鱼之旅是“想象的（imaginary）”，他们也会应用这些价值观。故选B项。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) We Have a Painter to Thank for Yellowstone Before artist Thomas Moran set foot in the park, it was seen as unhappy place. After, it was marketed as a wonderland. Before Thomas Moran arrived, Yellowstone in the popular imagination was a harsh, wild place pocked with hellish geysers. After the painter’s work was finished, Yellowstone was established as a national park and marketed as a wonderland. In 1871 Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson had joined the first U. S. government survey of the region. For two weeks Moran filled a sketchbook with the landscape’s most stunning sights. The survey results, Jackson’s photos, and Moran’s watercolors—the first color renderings of the area—were presented to Congress that fall. “The photographs were proof that what the artist was showing really existed,” says Eleanor Harvey, senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. In March 1872 lawmakers officially made Yellowstone a national park the world’s first. By April, Moran had transformed some of his sketches into a 7-by-l2-foot painting. The gold-splattered valley and billowing Lower Falls of “The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone” attracted the public. “It is too grand and wonderful for words,” declared the Ladies’ Repository that August, “and none can ever judge of its wonders from any engraving or photograph in mere black and white. Though Moran later painted Lake Superior, the Grand Canyon, and the Rockies, his reputation was so intertwined with Yellowstone that he took to signing his paintings “TYM,” for Thomas “Yellowstone” Moran. 56. What can we know about Yellowstone according to the passage? A. It was a popular park with geysers before Thomas Moran finished transformation. B. It was an imagination of a harsh and wild place. C. It became a national park with the efforts of Moran and Jackson. D. It is an attractive grand valley. 57. What does the “pocked” mean in the first sentence (paragraph 2)? A. Packed. B. Dotted. C. Blocked. D. Stuck. 58. What are the characteristics of Thomas Moran’s paintings about Yellowstone Park? A. Paying attention to color rendering of paintings. B. His magnificent and wonderful paintings. C. His reputation closely linked to Yellowstone Park. D. His paintings with nothing special. 59. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. The Significance of Thomas Moran’s paintings to Yellowstone Park. B. How Yellowstone Park is established as a National Park. C. The Great Painter—Thomas Moran. D. The process of Yellowstone Park being labelled as a fairyland. 【答案】56. C 57. B 58. B 59. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了托马斯·莫兰的绘画作品对黄石公园的意义。 【56题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Before Thomas Moran arrived, Yellowstone in the popular imagination was a harsh, wild place pocked with hellish geysers. After the painter’s work was finished, Yellowstone was established as a national park and marketed as a wonderland.(在托马斯·莫兰到来之前，黄石公园在大众的想象中是一个严酷、荒凉的地方，pocked地狱般的间歇泉。在画家的作品完成后，黄石公园被建立为国家公园，并被宣传为仙境)”以及第四段“The survey results, Jackson’s photos, and Moran’s watercolors—the first color renderings of the area—were presented to Congress that fall. “The photographs were proof that what the artist was showing really existed,” says Eleanor Harvey, senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum.(调查结果、杰克逊的照片和莫兰的水彩画——该地区的第一幅彩色渲染图——于那年秋天提交给了国会。史密森尼美国艺术博物馆的高级策展人Eleanor Harvey说：“这些照片证明了艺术家所展示的东西确实存在。”)”可知，在托马斯·莫兰的作品完成后，黄石公园被视立为国家公园并被宣传为仙境，并且杰克逊的照片和莫兰的水彩画提交后，高级策展人肯定了他们对黄石公园的依据，说明在莫兰和杰克逊的努力下，黄石公园成为了一个国家公园。故选C。 【57题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“Before Thomas Moran arrived, Yellowstone in the popular imagination was a harsh, wild place pocked with hellish geysers. After the painter’s work was finished, Yellowstone was established as a national park and marketed as a wonderland.(在托马斯·莫兰到来之前，黄石公园在大众的想象中是一个严酷、荒凉的地方，pocked地狱般的间歇泉。在画家的作品完成后，黄石公园被建立为国家公园，并被宣传为仙境)”可知，黄石公园被视为一个不快乐的地方。且根据空前的“wild place(荒凉的地方)”以及空后的“with hellish geysers(都是地狱般的间歇泉)”可知，黄石公园是一个荒芜的地方，满是地狱般的间歇泉，呼应了后文的“wonderland”；由此可知，pocked与dotted同义，dotted with意为 “布满，点缀着”。故选B。 【58题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“By April, Moran had transformed some of his sketches into a 7-by-l2-foot painting. The gold- splattered valley and billowing Lower Falls of “The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone” attracted the public. “It is too grand and wonderful for words,” declared the Ladies’ Repository that August, “and none can ever judge of its wonders from any engraving or photograph in mere black and white.(到了4月，莫兰已将其部分速写稿创作成一幅7×12英尺的巨幅油画。这幅《黄石大峡谷》中金辉泼洒的山谷与翻腾的瀑布群震撼了公众。“其壮丽绝非凡语所能形容，”《女士宝鉴》杂志在同年8月刊文中赞叹道，“任何黑白版画或照片都无法传递此地的奇绝之境)”可知，托马斯·莫兰的画作吸引了公众，并感叹“太宏大了，太精彩了。”，所以托马斯的画壮丽而精彩。故选B。 【59题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文以及根据第一段“Before artist Thomas Moran set foot in the park, it was seen as unhappy place. After, it was marketed as a wonderland.(在艺术家托马斯·莫兰踏入公园之前，它被视为一个不快乐的地方。之后，它被宣传为仙境)”以及最后一段“Though Moran later painted Lake Superior, the Grand Canyon, and the Rockies, his reputation was so intertwined with Yellowstone that he took to signing his paintings “TYM,” for Thomas “Yellowstone” Moran.(尽管莫兰后来还画过苏必利尔湖、大峡谷和落基山脉，但他的声誉与黄石公园紧密交织，以至于他开始在画作上署名“TYM”——即“黄石”莫兰（Thomas “Yellowstone” Moran）的缩写)”可知，文章主要讲述了托马斯·莫兰的绘画作品使黄石公园黄石公园从一个不快乐的地方变成了国家公园。所以A选项（托马斯·莫兰的绘画作品对黄石公园的意义），符合文章主旨。故选A。 (B) Why UPS Trucks, (Almost) Never Turn Left By favoring right-hand turns at all times — unless a left is unavoidable — the carrier saves millions of gallons of fuel each year, and avoids emissions equivalent to over 20,000 passenger cars. The practice started decades ago, before computers and GPS, and is now managed by a software that conjures the most efficient route for each truck. What’s wrong with turning left? Left-hand turns are generally considered unsafe and wasteful on right-hand driving roads , such as those in the U. S. “Left-turning traffic typically has to turn against a flow of oncoming vehicles,” explains Tom Vanderbilt, author of the book “ Traffic: Why We drive the way we do.” “This can not only be dangerous, but makes traffic build up, unless you install a dedicated left-turn ‘phase’, which is fine but basically adds 30 or 45 seconds to everyone else’s single time,” he said. A study on crash factors in intersection-related accidents from the U. S. National Highway Traffic Safety Association shows that turning left is one of the leading “critical pre-crash events” (an event that made a collision inevitable) , occurring in 22. 2 percent of crashes, as opposed to 1.2 percent for right turns. About 61 percent of crashes that occur while turning or crossing an intersection involve left turns, as opposed to just 3. 1 percent involving right turns. Left turns are also three times more likely to kill pedestrians than right ones, according to data collected by New York City’s transportation planners. The right way to save fuel “A left-hand turn is also less fuel efficient,” said Jack Levis, UPS Senior Director of Process Management, “because your car’s idling (未熄火) longer, which is also not good for your vehicle. ” UPS does not ban left turns outright, says Levis: “We will make left hand turns, but not ones that are unnecessary. We don’t need to go in circles all day long by making only right hand turns. We have tools analyze the number of left hand turn for each route, and we can work out which ones are avoidable.” The procedure in now incorporated in most countries around the world. To this end, the carrier created its own maps, which it says are more accurate that commercially available ones: “We can differentiate more important left-hand turns from unimportant ones. Google Maps has no concept of not making a left-hand turn, it just shows the most direct way to reach your destination. We have the ability to penalize some of those.” Levis told CNN. The system knows about parking lots, private driveways, variable speed limits and roads that are inaccessible for a truck. The software can give an undesirable left turn a penalty that adds 20 seconds to the estimated route lime. In that case, going around the block and turning always right might offset that 20-sccond penalty：“We were able to turn off left hand turns,” said Levis. Taking a longer route while still saving time and fuel might sound confusing, even to UPS drivers, according to Vanderbilt: “I’ve actually been to UPS’s logistics center and discussed this with their lead engineers.” he said. “A lot of individual drivers felt the new routing software was making their trips longer，but they were later proven wrong. This is the thing about traffic, it’s such a complex system that often the individual cannot get a sense of the overall efficiency of the system, and optimize accordingly. It’s also one of the counterintuitive, ‘slower-is-faster’ effects you often see in traffic.” The rule, says Levis, can also be applied to left-hand driving countries, such as Australia and the UK, where it discourages right-hand turns. 60. How much resources can UPS trucks save by avoiding turning left? A. UPS trucks will consume millions of gallons of fuel. B. The emission of UPS trucks is equivalent to that of over 2000 passenger cars. C. UPS trucks estimate to save 100,000 metric tons of C02 emission a year. D. UPS trucks estimate an increase of 6 to 8 miles per route. 61. In Tom Vanderbilt’s View, how to Deal with the Left Turn Problem in the United States? A. Install a dedicated left turn phase. B. Traffic planners manage road conditions。 C. Operators make their own traffic maps. D. National policy encourages left turn of vehicles. 62. Which of the following options is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A. It’s unsafe to turn left on right-hand driving roads. B. Turning left is resource-efficient on right-hand driving roads. C. Left turning is likely to cause traffic accidents. D. Left-turn is discouraged in all countries. 【答案】60. C 61. A 62. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了UPS卡车几乎从不左转的原因。 【60题详解】 细节理解题。根据图片信息“By avoiding left turns whenever possible , UPS estimates to save :100,000 metric tons of CO2 emissions a year.( UPS估计，通过尽可能避免左转，每年可节省10万吨二氧化碳排放。)”可知，UPS货车避免左转每年可节省10万吨二氧化碳排放。故选C项。 【61题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段““This can not only be dangerous, but makes traffic build up, unless you install a dedicated left-turn ‘phase’, which is fine but basically adds 30 or 45 seconds to everyone else’s single time,” he said.( 他说：“这不仅很危险，而且会造成交通堵塞，除非你设置一个专门的左转相位，这没问题，但基本上会给其他人增加30或45秒的时间。”)”可知，Tom Vanderbilt认为安装了专门的左转“相位”，可以解决左转问题。故选A项。 【62题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The rule, says Levis, can also be applied to left-hand driving countries, such as Australia and the UK, where it discourages right-hand turns.( Levis说，这条规则也适用于澳大利亚和英国等靠左行驶的国家，这些国家不鼓励右转。)”可知，所有国家都不鼓励左转这项陈述是错误的。故选D项。 (C) “Is data the new oil?” asked proponents of big data back in 2012 in Forbes magazine. By 2016, and the rise of big data’s turbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil,” stated Fortune. Amazon’s Neil Lawrence has a slightly different analogy: Data, he says, is coal. Not coal today, though, but coal in the early days of the 18th century, when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine. A Devonian ironmonger, Newcomen built his device to pump water out of the south west’s prolific tin mines. The Problem, as Lawrence told the Re-Work conference on Deep Learning in London. was that the pump was rather more useful to those who had a lot of coal than those who didn’t: it was good, but not good enough to buy coal in to run it. That was so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine, but in coal works near Dudley. So why is data coal? The problem is similar: there are a lot of Newcomens in the world of deep learning. Startups like London’s Magic Pony and SwiftKey are coming up with revolutionary new ways to train machines to do impressive feats of cognition, from reconstructing facial data from grainy images to learning the writing style of an individual user to better predict which word they are going to type in a sentence. And yet, like Newcomen, their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actually have copious (丰富的) amounts of raw material to work from. And so Magic Pony is acquired by Twitter, SwiftKey is acquired by Microsoft and Lawrence himself gets hired by Amazon from the University of Sheffield, where he was based until three weeks ago. But there is a coda to the story: 69 years later, James Watt made a nice tweak to the Newcomen steam engine, adding a condenser to the design. That change, Lawrence said, “made the steam engine much more efficient, and that’s what trigger the industrial revolution. Whether data is oil or coal, then, there’s another way the analogy holds up. A lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less. It’s not as impressive as teaching a computer to play Go or Pac-Man better than any human alive, but “data efficiency” is a crucial step if deep learning is going to move away from simply gobbling up oodles of data and spitting out the best correlations possible. “If you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,” points out Lawrence. That’s great if you want to categorize images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. ‘‘It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data. 63. According to the passage, why data is seen as the new coal? A. It can drive the steam engine to pump water. B. It can help people make more coals. C. It can help the areas of deep learning. D. It can help cure diagnose rare illnesses. 64. According to Lawrence, why big data is less helpful to diagnose rare illnesses? A. Because there is no such demand. B. Because it can only use to categorize images of cats. C. Because it’s unethical to acquire data by forcing people to become sick. D. Because it needs too much data. 65. Which areas are most likely to be successful in in-depth learning? A. Some small start-ups. B. Areas with large amounts of data. C. Coal and Petroleum Development Field. D. Areas for tackling rare diseases. 66. According to the content of the article, which is NOT TRUE about the big data? A. We still have a lot of work to study the big data. B. It requires countless data to be collected. C. The purpose of studying big data is to save parents’ costs. D “Data efficiency” is a critical step to explore more data. 【答案】63. C 64. C 65. B 66. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过类比“数据是新石油”和“数据是煤”的观点，探讨了大数据和深度学习领域的一个核心问题：数据的价值及其利用效率。 【63题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段的“So why is data coal? The problem is similar: there are a lot of Newcomens in the world of deep learning. (那么为什么数据是煤呢？问题是相似的：在深度学习的世界里，有很多像Newcomens这样的人)”以及后文提到的Magic Pony和SwiftKey等初创公司利用数据进行深度学习创新，但这些创新对拥有大量原始数据的人更有用。由此可知，数据被视为新的煤是因为它能帮助深度学习的领域。故选C。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“That’s great if you want to categorize images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. ‘‘It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data.” (如果你想对猫的图片进行分类，那很好，但如果你想用深度学习来诊断罕见疾病，那就没那么有用了。“强迫人们生病以获取数据通常被认为是不道德的。”)”可知，大数据在诊断罕见疾病方面帮助不大，因为强迫人们生病以获取数据是不道德的。故选C。 【65题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“If you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,” points out Lawrence. (Lawrence指出：“如果你看看深度学习成功的所有领域，它们都是数据丰富的领域。”)”可知，拥有大量数据的领域最有可能在深度学习中取得成功。故选B。 【66题详解】 细节理解题。根据本文主旨句“Whether data is oil or coal, then, there’s another way the analogy holds up. A lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less. (因此，无论数据是石油还是煤炭，这一类比还有另一层含义。目前人们正在开展大量工作，以确保我们能够用更少的数据做更多的事情)”及各段主要内容可知，文章主要讨论的是大数据的重要性、类比、应用以及面临的挑战，特别是数据效率的问题；C选项“研究大数据的目的是为了节省家长的成本”在文章中并未提及，且与文章主旨不符。故选C。 Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Most Important Thing You’re Not Discussing with Your Doctor Shared decision making requires you to be an active participant. Politicians and policymakers are discussing what parts of the Affordable Care Act to change and what to keep. While most of us have little control over those discussions, there is one health care topic that we can control: what we talk about with our doctor. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released the landmark publication Crossing the Quality Chasm 15 years ago. The report proposed six aims for improvement in the U.S. health system, identifying that health care should be patient-centered, safe, effective, timely, efficient and equitable. The idea that health care should be patient-centered sounds obvious, but what does that mean? The IOM defines it as care that is “respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values” and that ensures “patient values guide all clinical decisions.” For this to truly happen, doctors’ appointments need to cover more topics than how one is feeling and what can be done. Does your doctor know your values? ____67____ Fewer than half of people report that their physician or other health care provider ask about their goals and concerns for their health and health care. Your doctor can discuss medical tests and treatments without knowing your life goals, but sharing your values and needs with your doctor makes discussions and decisions more personalized and may lead to better health. How does patient-centered care happen? In order for your health care to center around you, your doctor needs to know your values, preferences and needs. Everyone is different. _____68_____ As a neurologist, when I’m working with a 76-year-old widow whose main goal is to remain independent in her home, we frame her care in that context. _____69_____ We discuss how a walker helps her be more independent rather than less, as she can move around her home more safely. When a stressed college student comes to my office for a bothersome tremor, his preference is to avoid medications that he might forget to take or that might harm his school performance. This guides our discussion of the pros and cons of different options, including using medications but also doing nothing, an option that almost half of patients feel strongly should always be discussed. _____70_____ In sharing their values and goals with me, these individuals enabled a health care approach that respected their needs and also responded to their life circumstances. A. We weigh benefits of medications versus the complexity of adding one more drug to her crowded pill box. B. If you answered no, you’re not alone. C. When your opinions are shared, you will find more potential about you. D. Your values and needs may also vary from one appointment to the next. E. The true difference relies on what you understand instead of what you see. F. A year from now after graduation, we’ll revisit the conversation, as his goals and needs may be different. 【答案】67. B 68. D 69. A 70. F 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨了患者与医生之间应加强以患者为中心的共同决策，强调患者应积极参与医疗讨论，并与医生分享自己的价值观、偏好和需求。 【67题详解】 空前“Does your doctor know your values?(你的医生知道你的价值观吗？)”提出了一个问题，空格处应该谈到和回答有关的内容，空后“Fewer than half of people report that their physician or other health care provider ask about their goals and concerns for their health and health care.(不到一半的人报告说，他们的医生或其他卫生保健提供者询问他们的目标和关心他们的健康和卫生保健)”说明只有不到一半的人说医生知道自己的价值观，也就是大部分人对空前问题的回答是否定的，B选项“If you answered no, you’re not alone.(如果你的回答是否定的，那么你并不孤单)”说明不止你一个的回答是否定的，承上启下，符合语境，故选B。 【68题详解】 空前“In order for your health care to center around you, your doctor needs to know your values, preferences and needs. Everyone is different.(为了让你的医疗保健以你为中心，你的医生需要知道你的价值观、偏好和需求。每个人都是不同的)”说明医疗中心需要知道每个人的价值观和需求，而这是因人而异的，空格处应该和不同的价值观和需求有关，D选项“Your values and needs may also vary from one appointment to the next.(你的价值观和需求也可能随着一次又一次的就医而变化)”说明了你的价值观和需求在不同的就医情况下是不同的，承接上文，符合语境，故选D。 【69题详解】 空前“As a neurologist, when I’m working with a 76-year-old widow whose main goal is to remain independent in her home, we frame her care in that context.(作为一名神经学家，当我为一位76岁的寡妇工作时，她的主要目标是在家里保持独立，我们在这个背景下为她设计护理)”说明了作者为一个寡妇设计护理，空格处应该说具体是怎么设计的，A选项“We weigh benefits of medications versus the complexity of adding one more drug to her crowded pill box.(我们权衡药物的好处与在她拥挤的药盒里再加一种药物的复杂性)”说明了作者如何为寡妇设计护理，承接上文，符合语境，故选A。 【70题详解】 空前“When a stressed college student comes to my office for a bothersome tremor, his preference is to avoid medications that he might forget to take or that might harm his school performance. This guides our discussion of the pros and cons of different options, including using medications but also doing nothing, an option that almost half of patients feel strongly should always be discussed.(当一个压力很大的大学生因为令人烦恼的震颤来到我的办公室时，他的首选是避免他可能忘记服用或可能影响他在学校表现的药物。这引导我们讨论不同选择的利弊，包括使用药物但不做任何事情，几乎一半的患者强烈认为应该总是讨论这个选择)”说明了作者在面对这个大学生的咨询时的做法，空格处也应该说对这个大学生的咨询的做法，F选项“A year from now after graduation, we’ll revisit the conversation, as his goals and needs may be different.(毕业一年后，我们会重新讨论这个话题，因为他的目标和需求可能会有所不同)”说明了这个学生毕业一年后作者将要对这个学生提供什么咨询，承接上文，符合语境，故选F。 IV. Summary Writing 71. Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. To Laugh Is Human Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Human learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 Scientists think humans are born with the ability to laugh, but why do we laugh? We laugh to feel closer to one another. Laughter helps us to be recognized so we laugh more in groups than when alone. Laughter also evolved from a more basic need to survive as it promoted cooperation, enabling humans to survive better. (59w) (be born with= be inborn/ accepted= recognized= identified/ be born out of= evolve from=come from =originate from) Laughter is unconscious, infectious and basic. It brings us a trustworthy, comfortable and honest feeling, thus better maintaining friendships. Chances are that we laugh more with others around, contributing to prompting recognition and feeling more connected with one another. Scientists assure that laughter resulted in greater cooperation between individuals in ancient times, as better cooperation leads to survival. (58w) We were born with the ability of helping and scientists think the reason why we laugh is that we feel connected with others and we want to be recognized by others. Besides, laughter helps people to cooperate to survive with. (40w) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说笑具有无意识、有感染力和基本的特点，能带给人值得信赖、舒适和诚实之感，利于维持友谊。人们与他人相处时可能笑得更多，这有助于促进彼此认可、增强联系。科学家认为在古代笑能促进人与人的合作，因为合作有助于生存。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. ②To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. ③Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. ④Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. 2.缜密构思 将第1、2两个要点进行整合，将第3、4两个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 It gives us a sense of trustworthiness, comfort and honesty, which helps us maintain friendships better. It’s possible that we laugh more when we're around other people, which helps promote mutual recognition and feel more connected to each other. Scientists are convinced that in ancient times, laughter promoted cooperation between people because better cooperation led to survival. 【点睛】[高分句型1] Chances are that we laugh more with others around, contributing to prompting recognition and feeling more connected with one another.（运用了that引导的表语从句） [高分句型2]Scientists assure that laughter resulted in greater cooperation between individuals in ancient times, as better cooperation leads to survival.（运用了that引导的宾语从句） V. Translation Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 少喝含糖的饮料，否则你会容易发胖。 (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Don’t drink too much sugary drinks/sugared beverages, or it is easy for you to gain weight. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、名词和祈使句结构。分析句子可知，这里考查“祈使句 + or + 陈述句”的结构，祈使句部分提出建议，or后面的陈述句部分说明不这样做会产生的后果 。表示“少喝含糖的饮料”可以意译为“不要喝太多含糖的饮料”，可翻译为don’t drink too much sugary drinks/sugared beverages，其中too much sugary drinks/sugared beverages(太多含糖的饮料)为名词短语作宾语；表示“否则你会容易发胖”应用or it is easy for you to gain weight，为“it is adj for sb to do sth”结构，其中to gain weight为不定式作逻辑主语。故翻译为Don’t drink too much sugary drinks/ sugared beverages, or it is easy for you to gain weight. 73. 在法庭上，他坚持自己没犯抢劫罪。(guilty) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】He insisted that he wasn’t guilty of robbing / robbery in court. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、名词和宾语从句。表示“坚称”应用insist，作主句谓语；从句中主语为he，“自己没犯抢劫罪”处理为宾语从句，表示“犯有……罪”短语为be guilty of，后跟动名词robbing或者名词robbery作宾语，表“抢劫”；表示“在法庭上”短语为in court，从句成份和意义都完整，用that引导。结合句意，描述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故翻译为He insisted that he wasn’t guilty of robbing/ robbery in court. 74. 你是不是同意，在心情愉快的时候，总会有创意出现？ (occur) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Do you agree creativity always occurs when you are in a good mood? 【解析】 【详解】考查状语从句。句子询问的是一般情况，用一般现在时，表示“你”用you，作主语，表示“同意”用agree，作谓语，主语为you，谓语用原形，助动词使用do，置于句首，首字母大写；agree后接省略that引导的宾语从句，表示“创意”用creativity，作从句的主语；表示“出现”用occur，作从句的谓语，结合句子意思和“总是”always可知，从句用一般现在时，主语creativity为不可数名词，谓语用第三人称单数形式occurs；表示“在心情愉快的时候”用when引导时间状语从句，从句主语you，be动词使用are，表语“心情愉快”in a good mood。故翻译为Do you agree creativity always occurs when you are in a good mood? 75. 当谈到办公室冲突的时候，专家建议应更多地反思自己，更多地换位思考，并及时与同事沟通。(when it comes to) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】When it comes to office conflicts, experts suggest one should reflect more on herself or himself, always put themselves in others’ shoes, and communicate with workmates in time. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型、虚拟语气。分析句子可知，这里时态应用一般现在时，表客观情况，表示“当谈到……的时候”应用句型when it comes to…；表示“办公室冲突”应用office conflicts；表示“专家建议”应用experts suggest，其后的宾语从句中谓语动词使用should+动词原形这种虚拟语气，宾语从句的引导词that可以省略；表示“（人们）应更多地反思自己，更多地换位思考，并及时与同事沟通”用三个并列的谓语动词，即one should reflect more on herself or himself, always put themselves in others’ shoes, and communicate with workmates in time，其中reflect on，表“反思”，为固定搭配， put oneself in others’ shoes，表“换位思考”，为常见表达。故翻译为When it comes to office conflicts, experts suggest one should reflect more on herself or himself, always put themselves in others’ shoes, and communicate with workmates in time. VI. Guided Writing 76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学的学生王磊，你校计划引进一个机器人担任餐厅服务员或者图书馆管理员，并在英语贴吧征求学生意见，你很感兴趣，决定回帖响应，你所写的内容应包括： 1. 你认为机器人适合担任的一个岗位，二选一； 2. 通过比较，阐述你选择的理由，可以从工作效率、服务范围等方面进行表述。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear headmaster, So appealing is your plan to introduce a robot to our school that I decide to respond to your asking for proposals. From my perspective, a robot is more suitable for the position of librarian. With regard to the range of service, a librarian needs not only to classify different kinds of books, put and find them in the right order on the right shelf but also keep a record of what books are borrowed and returned, while being a waiter in a restaurant involves serving the right dishes to the right table, do some cleaning and communicating with the diners. A robot can accomplish three or four librarians’ work of sorting and labeling books at the same time, whereas it is pale before a man in communicating and tackling the unexpected/unpredictable occasions. In terms of working efficiency, a robot may be more efficient in doing the programmed, mechanical and repetitive kind of work. Therefore, it is more advisable for the robot to undertake the duties of a librarian grouping countless books repeatedly, thus considerably improving the efficiency of a human librarian. However, when it comes to the work of a waiter, who needn’t work so heavily and fast as a librarian but do need react flexibly to the diners’ requirements, a robot won’t make a remarkable difference and even may not be more qualified than a man. In a nutshell, it is the mechanical work of a librarian that the robot is more competent at. Hope that my advice will be of great help to your decision. Wang lei 【解析】 【导语】本篇文本属于应用文。要求考生根据给定情境，在英语贴吧对学校计划引进机器人担任餐厅服务员或图书馆管理员这一征求意见的帖子进行回帖响应，表达自己的观点及理由。 【详解】1.词汇积累 有吸引力的：appealing → attractive 回应，答复：respond → reply 合适的：suitable → appropriate 高效的：efficient → effective 2.句式拓展 同义句转换 原句：From my perspective, a robot is more suitable for the position of librarian. 拓展句：From my perspective, it is the position of librarian that a robot is more suitable for. 【点睛】【高分句型1】So appealing is your plan to introduce a robot to our school that I decide to respond to your asking for proposals.（运用了so...that...引导的结果状语从句） 【高分句型2】In a nutshell, it is the mechanical work of a librarian that the robot is more competent at.（运用了it is... that...强调句型） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 绝密★启用前 2018年1月上海普通高等招生统一考试 英语试卷 (满分150分，考试时间120分钟) 考生注意： 答题前,务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名,并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上,在答题纸反而清楚地填写姓名。 1. Listening Comprehension Directions：In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speaks. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Her working all day long. B. The family reunion. C. The annoying housework. D. The intense schedule. 2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The kids were frightened by the movie. B. The kids enjoyed the movie. C. The movie is not suitable for kids to see. D. The movie is quite boring. 3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A She is drinking tea at a table. B. She is interested in reading magazines. C. She likes the pictures in the magazines. D. She doesn’t know any Chinese. 4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Supermarket. B. Drug store. C. Barber shop. D. Shopping center. 5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He likes cooking food himself. B. He thinks frozen food is healthier. C. He accepts the woman’s invitation. D. He prefers to buy frozen food. 6. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. A full-time student. B. An exchange student. C. A visiting scholar. D. A part-time student. 7. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She is bossy. B. She is shy. C. She is arrogant (傲慢的). D. She is trustworthy. 8. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He’s a teacher. B. He’s a writer. C. He’s a businessman. D. He’s a journalist. 9. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. 1 hour. B. 2 hours. C. 3 hours. D. 4 hours. 10. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The bad weather stopped him. B. His shoes were worn out. C. He didn’t like the biking trip. D. He’s too tired to continue. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation .After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several question. The passages and conversation will be read twice, but the question will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 11. A. They became more active in water. B. Symptoms of depression disappeared. C. Their digestion developed. D. They suffered from depression. 12. A. Neon lights. B. Kindle screens. C. Overweight. D. Closed window curtains. 13. A. Turn off all the electronic devices. B. Read a book and drink some water. C. Take some sleep pills. D. Go on a diet and lose some weight. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 14. A. 71 % of the poor live a day with less than ten dollars. B. The population of people live in poverty has decreased in the past decade. C. Economic growth has made global poverty worse than before. D. The middle class are now one step away from poverty. 15. A. The middle class has expanded in the 111 countries. B. The number of middle class has increased but it is not a global phenomenon. C. Great progress has been made for the people in poverty with impressive results. D. Once getting out of poverty, those people will live a better life. 16. A. The middle class would not allow those poor to make a better living. B. Whatever progress is made, nothing will be changed. C. Good changes are too tiny to make those poor live a totally different life. D. Developed countries suffer from the question from both poverty and the middle class. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 17. A. A thunderstorm accident. B. A cable emergency. C. An appointment on Saturday. D. A computer system breakdown. 18. A. Lightning. B. Power failure. C. Cable cut. D. System failure. 19. A. Plug the TV off. B. Keep the cable connected. C. Stay at home. D. Call the cable center for sure. 20. A. On Saturday morning. B. On Saturday afternoon. C. On Tuesday morning. D. On Tuesday afternoon. II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passages below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. My Kid-Free Life I had expected to have more free time after my sons, Evan and Alex, each left for college and I do. The kitchen calendar looks spare. Rarely ____21____ I need to prepare family dinner every day. There is a lot ____22____ (little) laundry. When the boys were infants, I wondered how I ____23____ (spend) all the hours before they were born. ____24____ I have those hours back, I can focus on my own needs. I had also expected to worry about them when they were away. And I do. Did they get their flu shots (流感疫苗注射)?Will they remember the talks about “good choices”? On the other hand, the worry is mixed with relief. I have seen ____25____ vigorously they grow without me. Do I miss them? Yes. Both more and less than I’d guessed. Do I feel united for having lost my primary role in life? No, because over the year, I took great pride ____26____ the fact that my identity was not dependent on theirs. But, surprisingly, yes. ____27____ (be) a different kind of mother defines me now. The missing comes at unexpected moments: seeing the school bus drive by, starting to put too many plates on the table… When they have doubts about friendships or job prospects, I can only say, “I’m sure you will figure it out.” And yet, the spaces ____28____ (empty) by loss are more than filled by what I’ve found. I now have the chance ____29____ (see) them as the whole world does but also like no one else ever will. As adults I happened to help create. The rooms _____30_____ the boys used to live look vacant. I feel sadness but also joy. I knew they would leave, but they will find their way back. My home is empty. But overflowing. Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. address B. fascination C. governed D. imposing E. offensive F. originally G. overlooking H. rebellion I. reminder J. randomly K. swept Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress (堡垒), but fortresses are not designed with the comfort of king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both ____31____ and well-fortified the classic European castle is the pinnacle (小尖顶) of design. Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they still command the ____32____ of our culture. Castles were ____33____ built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As William the Conqueror ____34____ through England, he fortified key positions to secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to retreat to safety when threatened by English ____35____. Castles also served as bases of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around, and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both ____36____ and defensive roles in military operations. Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from Which the lord would administer control over his fiefdom (领地). That is to say, the lord of the land would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would come to report the affairs of the lands that they ____37____ and paid tribute to the lord. They would ____38____ disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites ____39____ the surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’ lives and served as a daily _____40_____ of the lord’s strength. III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Humans hate markedly to give workers more than they deserve;and indeed many will settle for less to compensate work equitably. But is this impulse ____41____? Perhaps not, says psychological scientist Marie Schafer in Germany. According to Schafer, nobody has ever looked at how young children from different ____42____ think about merit when sharing rewards. There is reason to suspect that meritocracy may be more of a Western concept and value, so she and several colleagues decided to put this to the test, studying the ____43____ of children, four to 11 years old, in three different cultures. The idea was to test how much the children valued merit. So each child was given a number of sweets equal to the total number of fish in the catch, and was told to distribute the sweets any way he or she wanted — without adults in the room to influence them. If they valued merit, children should ____44____ the sweets according to shares of the catch. That is, if they had landed the same number of fish, they would choose to reward each one ____45____, but if one fared much better at fishing, rewards would also be disproportionate. In the case where they were simply given the fish, rewards should be unrelated to catch size — since no effort was involved. ____46____matters. That’s the main finding among many from the study, as described in a forthcoming issue of the journal Psychological Science. The German children distributed the spoils of the day precisely in proportion to ____47____, even when this meant a very unbalanced distribution of rewards. By contrast, children from the two rural African forager(狩猎) societies barely took merit into consideration at all. These findings suggest that the basic notion of merit and distributive justice is far from universal in our species, and that ____48____ is culturally defined. But why? The scientists offer some ____49____ on this. It could be that in large-scale societies like Germany, a meritocracy is ______50______ for regulating transactions between people who don’t know each other and may not interact again. The focus is on equitable interactions, because things won’t be “evened out” in the future. In small scale societies, ______51______, most exchanges take place between people who are ______52______ with one another. It may be more important in such societies to build long-term relationships based on equity — rather than to insist on equity in a single transaction. In egalitarian forager societies, such as the Haillom, _____53_____ is an important leveling mechanism, ______54______ asymmetries in wealth and increasing harmony. Children may internalize these social values early on, and apply them even when the fishing trip is ______55______. 41. A. unblocked B. universal C. unconscious D. unique 42. A. cultures B. cases C. companies D. aspects 43. A. mood B. behavior C. emotion D. habit 44. A. collect B. load C. stress D. distribute 45. A. really B. deliberately C. equally D. happily 46. A. Scene B. Object C. Culture D. Trend 47. A. productivity B. benefit C. interest D. survey 48. A. tiredness B. business C. thickness D. fairness 49. A. feelings B. thoughts C. lives D. emotions 50. A. useful B. major C. small D. important 51. A. in a word B. in addition C. by contrast D. what’s more 52 A. familiar B. delighted C. satisfied D. same 53. A. cooperating B. smiling C. equaling D. sharing 54. A. forcing B. judging C. balancing D. experiencing 55. A. creative B. imaginary C. innovative D. logic Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) We Have a Painter to Thank for Yellowstone Before artist Thomas Moran set foot in the park, it was seen as unhappy place. After, it was marketed as a wonderland. Before Thomas Moran arrived, Yellowstone in the popular imagination was a harsh, wild place pocked with hellish geysers. After the painter’s work was finished, Yellowstone was established as a national park and marketed as a wonderland. In 1871 Moran and photographer William Henry Jackson had joined the first U. S. government survey of the region. For two weeks Moran filled a sketchbook with the landscape’s most stunning sights. The survey results, Jackson’s photos, and Moran’s watercolors—the first color renderings of the area—were presented to Congress that fall. “The photographs were proof that what the artist was showing really existed,” says Eleanor Harvey, senior curator at the Smithsonian American Art Museum. In March 1872 lawmakers officially made Yellowstone a national park, the world’s first. By April, Moran had transformed some of his sketches into a 7-by-l2-foot painting. The gold-splattered valley and billowing Lower Falls of “The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone” attracted the public. “It is too grand and wonderful for words,” declared the Ladies’ Repository that August, “and none can ever judge of its wonders from any engraving or photograph in mere black and white. Though Moran later painted Lake Superior, the Grand Canyon, and the Rockies, his reputation was so intertwined with Yellowstone that he took to signing his paintings “TYM,” for Thomas “Yellowstone” Moran. 56. What can we know about Yellowstone according to the passage? A. It was a popular park with geysers before Thomas Moran finished transformation. B. It was an imagination of a harsh and wild place. C. It became a national park with the efforts of Moran and Jackson. D. It is an attractive grand valley. 57. What does the “pocked” mean in the first sentence (paragraph 2)? A. Packed. B. Dotted. C. Blocked. D. Stuck. 58. What are the characteristics of Thomas Moran’s paintings about Yellowstone Park? A. Paying attention to color rendering of paintings. B. His magnificent and wonderful paintings. C. His reputation closely linked to Yellowstone Park. D. His paintings with nothing special. 59. What does the passage mainly talk about? A. The Significance of Thomas Moran’s paintings to Yellowstone Park. B. How Yellowstone Park is established as a National Park. C. The Great Painter—Thomas Moran. D. The process of Yellowstone Park being labelled as a fairyland. (B) Why UPS Trucks, (Almost) Never Turn Left By favoring right-hand turns at all times — unless a left is unavoidable — the carrier saves millions of gallons of fuel each year, and avoids emissions equivalent to over 20,000 passenger cars. The practice started decades ago, before computers and GPS, and is now managed by a software that conjures the most efficient route for each truck. What’s wrong with turning left? Left-hand turns are generally considered unsafe and wasteful on right-hand driving roads , such as those in the U. S. “Left-turning traffic typically has to turn against a flow of oncoming vehicles,” explains Tom Vanderbilt, author of the book “ Traffic: Why We drive the way we do.” “This can not only be dangerous, but makes traffic build up, unless you install a dedicated left-turn ‘phase’, which is fine but basically adds 30 or 45 seconds to everyone else’s single time,” he said. A study on crash factors in intersection-related accidents from the U. S. National Highway Traffic Safety Association shows that turning left is one of the leading “critical pre-crash events” (an event that made a collision inevitable) , occurring in 22. 2 percent of crashes, as opposed to 1.2 percent for right turns. About 61 percent of crashes that occur while turning or crossing an intersection involve left turns, as opposed to just 3. 1 percent involving right turns. Left turns are also three times more likely to kill pedestrians than right ones, according to data collected by New York City’s transportation planners. The right way to save fuel “A left-hand turn is also less fuel efficient,” said Jack Levis, UPS Senior Director of Process Management, “because your car’s idling (未熄火) longer, which is also not good for your vehicle. ” UPS does not ban left turns outright, says Levis: “We will make left hand turns, but not ones that are unnecessary. We don’t need to go in circles all day long by making only right hand turns. We have tools analyze the number of left hand turn for each route, and we can work out which ones are avoidable.” The procedure in now incorporated in most countries around the world. To this end, the carrier created its own maps, which it says are more accurate that commercially available ones: “We can differentiate more important left-hand turns from unimportant ones. Google Maps has no concept of not making a left-hand turn, it just shows the most direct way to reach your destination. We have the ability to penalize some of those.” Levis told CNN. The system knows about parking lots, private driveways, variable speed limits and roads that are inaccessible for a truck. The software can give an undesirable left turn a penalty that adds 20 seconds to the estimated route lime. In that case, going around the block and turning always right might offset that 20-sccond penalty：“We were able to turn off left hand turns,” said Levis. Taking a longer route while still saving time and fuel might sound confusing, even to UPS drivers, according to Vanderbilt: “I’ve actually been to UPS’s logistics center and discussed this with their lead engineers.” he said. “A lot of individual drivers felt the new routing software was making their trips longer，but they were later proven wrong. This is the thing about traffic, it’s such a complex system that often the individual cannot get a sense of the overall efficiency of the system, and optimize accordingly. It’s also one of the counterintuitive, ‘slower-is-faster’ effects you often see in traffic.” The rule, says Levis, can also be applied to left-hand driving countries, such as Australia and the UK, where it discourages right-hand turns. 60. How much resources can UPS trucks save by avoiding turning left? A. UPS trucks will consume millions of gallons of fuel. B. The emission of UPS trucks is equivalent to that of over 2000 passenger cars. C. UPS trucks estimate to save 100,000 metric tons of C02 emission a year. D. UPS trucks estimate an increase of 6 to 8 miles per route. 61. In Tom Vanderbilt’s View, how to Deal with the Left Turn Problem in the United States? A Install a dedicated left turn phase. B. Traffic planners manage road conditions。 C. Operators make their own traffic maps. D. National policy encourages left turn of vehicles. 62. Which of the following options is NOT TRUE according to the passage? A. It’s unsafe to turn left on right-hand driving roads. B. Turning left is resource-efficient on right-hand driving roads. C. Left turning is likely to cause traffic accidents. D. Left-turn is discouraged in all countries. (C) “Is data the new oil?” asked proponents of big data back in 2012 in Forbes magazine. By 2016, and the rise of big data’s turbo-powered cousin deep learning, we had become more certain: “Data is the new oil,” stated Fortune. Amazon’s Neil Lawrence has a slightly different analogy: Data, he says, is coal. Not coal today, though, but coal in the early days of the 18th century, when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam engine. A Devonian ironmonger, Newcomen built his device to pump water out of the south west’s prolific tin mines. The Problem, as Lawrence told the Re-Work conference on Deep Learning in London. was that the pump was rather more useful to those who had a lot of coal than those who didn’t: it was good, but not good enough to buy coal in to run it. That was so true that the first of Newcomen’s steam engines wasn’t built in a tin mine, but in coal works near Dudley. So why is data coal? The problem is similar: there are a lot of Newcomens in the world of deep learning. Startups like London’s Magic Pony and SwiftKey are coming up with revolutionary new ways to train machines to do impressive feats of cognition, from reconstructing facial data from grainy images to learning the writing style of an individual user to better predict which word they are going to type in a sentence. And yet, like Newcomen, their innovations are so much more useful to the people who actually have copious (丰富的) amounts of raw material to work from. And so Magic Pony is acquired by Twitter, SwiftKey is acquired by Microsoft and Lawrence himself gets hired by Amazon from the University of Sheffield, where he was based until three weeks ago. But there is a coda to the story: 69 years later, James Watt made a nice tweak to the Newcomen steam engine, adding a condenser to the design. That change, Lawrence said, “made the steam engine much more efficient, and that’s what trigger the industrial revolution. Whether data is oil or coal, then, there’s another way the analogy holds up. A lot of work is going into trying to make sure we can do more, with less. It’s not as impressive as teaching a computer to play Go or Pac-Man better than any human alive, but “data efficiency” is a crucial step if deep learning is going to move away from simply gobbling up oodles of data and spitting out the best correlations possible. “If you look at all the areas where deep learning is successful, they’re all areas where there’s lots of data,” points out Lawrence. That’s great if you want to categorize images of cats, but less helpful if you want to use deep learning to diagnose rare illnesses. ‘‘It’s generally considered unethical to force people to become sick in order to acquire data. 63. According to the passage, why data is seen as the new coal? A. It can drive the steam engine to pump water. B. It can help people make more coals. C. It can help the areas of deep learning. D. It can help cure diagnose rare illnesses. 64. According to Lawrence why big data is less helpful to diagnose rare illnesses? A. Because there is no such demand. B. Because it can only use to categorize images of cats. C. Because it’s unethical to acquire data by forcing people to become sick. D. Because it needs too much data. 65. Which areas are most likely to be successful in in-depth learning? A. Some small start-ups. B. Areas with large amounts of data. C. Coal and Petroleum Development Field. D. Areas for tackling rare diseases. 66. According to the content of the article, which is NOT TRUE about the big data? A. We still have a lot of work to study the big data. B. It requires countless data to be collected. C. The purpose of studying big data is to save parents’ costs. D. “Data efficiency” is a critical step to explore more data. Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. The Most Important Thing You’re Not Discussing with Your Doctor Shared decision making requires you to be an active participant. Politicians and policymakers are discussing what parts of the Affordable Care Act to change and what to keep. While most of us have little control over those discussions, there is one health care topic that we can control: what we talk about with our doctor. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) released the landmark publication Crossing the Quality Chasm 15 years ago. The report proposed six aims for improvement in the U.S. health system, identifying that health care should be patient-centered, safe, effective, timely, efficient and equitable. The idea that health care should be patient-centered sounds obvious, but what does that mean? The IOM defines it as care that is “respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and values” and that ensures “patient values guide all clinical decisions.” For this to truly happen doctors’ appointments need to cover more topics than how one is feeling and what can be done. Does your doctor know your values? ____67____ Fewer than half of people report that their physician or other health care provider ask about their goals and concerns for their health and health care. Your doctor can discuss medical tests and treatments without knowing your life goals, but sharing your values and needs with your doctor makes discussions and decisions more personalized and may lead to better health. How does patient-centered care happen? In order for your health care to center around you, your doctor needs to know your values, preferences and needs. Everyone is different. _____68_____ As a neurologist, when I’m working with a 76-year-old widow whose main goal is to remain independent in her home, we frame her care in that context. _____69_____ We discuss how a walker helps her be more independent rather than less, as she can move around her home more safely. When a stressed college student comes to my office for a bothersome tremor, his preference is to avoid medications that he might forget to take or that might harm his school performance. This guides our discussion of the pros and cons of different options, including using medications but also doing nothing, an option that almost half of patients feel strongly should always be discussed. _____70_____ In sharing their values and goals with me, these individuals enabled a health care approach that respected their needs and also responded to their life circumstances. A. We weigh benefits of medications versus the complexity of adding one more drug to her crowded pill box. B. If you answered no, you’re not alone. C. When your opinions are shared, you will find more potential about you. D. Your values and needs may also vary from one appointment to the next. E. The true difference relies on what you understand instead of what you see. F. A year from now after graduation, we’ll revisit the conversation, as his goals and needs may be different. IV. Summary Writing 71. Directions：Read the following passage. Summarize the main point (s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. To Laugh Is Human Most of us don’t know why we laugh at some jokes and not at others. Scientists know that we are able to laugh at birth. Babies begin to laugh at three to four months of age, well before they produce their first words. What scientists are interested in is why we laugh. Scientists believe humans laugh with others primarily because it makes us feel connected with one another, which in turn gives us a sense of trust and comfort. To scientists, laughter is an unconscious reaction; consequently, when we laugh, others can be certain that it is an honest reaction, and honesty is key when building and maintaining friendships. Since laughter is seen as a social signal that we send to others, it can also help explain why it is so infectious. Studies have proven that when people see or hear something funny, they are 20 times more likely to laugh when they are with others than they are alone. Wanting to be accepted by others is part of human nature. And mirroring other people’s laughter is a way to signal to others that you feel the way they do, which makes us feel more connected with one another. Humans have not always laughed just so they can feel closer to others, however Scientists point out that this social function of laughter was born out of an even more fundamental human need. Laughter, they believe, came about because it contributed to our very survival as a species. Scientists assume that sharing laughter ensured our ancestors a higher survival rate because it led to greater cooperation between individuals. Human learned quickly that greater cooperation led to survival, and the brain in turn realized that laughing with others increased out chances of finding people to cooperate, hunt, eat, live, and eventually, survive with. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Translation Directions：Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 少喝含糖的饮料，否则你会容易发胖。 (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ 73. 在法庭上，他坚持自己没犯抢劫罪。(guilty) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ 74. 你是不是同意，在心情愉快的时候，总会有创意出现？ (occur) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ 75. 当谈到办公室冲突的时候，专家建议应更多地反思自己，更多地换位思考，并及时与同事沟通。(when it comes to) (汉译英) _______________________________________________________________________________ VI. Guided Writing 76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120 — 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学的学生王磊，你校计划引进一个机器人担任餐厅服务员或者图书馆管理员，并在英语贴吧征求学生意见，你很感兴趣，决定回帖响应，你所写的内容应包括： 1. 你认为机器人适合担任的一个岗位，二选一； 2. 通过比较，阐述你选择的理由，可以从工作效率、服务范围等方面进行表述。 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$Section a directions. In section a, you hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said, the conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about IT, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. one. Kate, happy new year. Are you doing anything special? Bob，thanks. I am very busy and very tired. My brother's and sisters joined us, and we had a big dinner together. Question what made kate busy and tired? Two, Caroline, could you take the kids to the movie? Spiderman. yeah, but don't you think the movie is too violent for them? Question, what does the woman mean? Three, take a seat here. There are some interesting magazines on the tea table. Thank you. I guess I can only understand the pictures because they are all chinese magazines. Question, what can we know about the woman? For I need toothpaste and shampoo. Do you think we can find a drug store here? I am sure we can, but those items are often cheaper in a supermarket. Let's go down to the other end of the more question. Where will the speakers most probably go? Five, why don't you come over? I was thinking about doing some cooking. I suppose I could. It'll probably be healthier than my frozen . food options. Question, watch the man in. Six, is there any way I can take six courses? IT depends. If you're a full time student, you can. If you are a visiting scholar, a part time student or an exchange student, you can take up to five courses. Question, who can take as many as six courses? Seven, many of your colleagues describe you as soft spoken, are you? Well, i'm not bossy. They seem to regard me as reliable question. how is the woman in her colleagues eyes? Eight, john first work as a business man and then a teacher. Ten years later, he quit his job and started to write novels. and he has been doing nothing else ever since. Question, what is john now? Nine, if we hurry, we can take the express train rather than the local train, and save an hour. great. The express train takes only two hours to get . to shanghai. Question, how long does IT take the local train to get to shanghai? Ten, I heard you did some hiking last weekend. Yes, I really warm myself out. So I stopped halfway. Question, why did the man give up the hiking trip pathway? Section b directions in section b, you'll hear two passages in one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passengers and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one and is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions eleven through thirteen are based on the following passage. Researchers from ohio state university expose their lab mice to artificial light at night, and they found that IT took only a few weeks for the most to develop signs of depression, such as being less of having less interest in their favorite food ds and more anxiety when placed in water. The brains of the mice also showed similar changes to what occurs, depressed people. Artificial light at night, like televisions, computer screens and night lights, has been linked to other negative health effects. Nighttime lighting can disturb the bodies clock and increase the risk of overweight and certain diseases. The good news is that the signs of depression in the mice went away after they went back to a regular sleep schedule, that is, eight, four hours of darkness and night. This means that by unplugging the electronics and closing the window curtains in your bedroom, you may be able to undo some of the harmful effects of your smart phone letting out light all night. Now listen again. Researchers from ohio state university expose their lab mice to artificial light at night, and they found that IT took only a few weeks for the mice to develop signs of depression, such as being less active, having less interest in their favorite foods and more anxiety in place in water. The brains of the mice also showed similar changes to what occurs depressed people. Artificial light at night, like televisions, computer screens and nightlight, has been linked to other negative health effects. Nighttime lighting can disturb the body's clock and increase the risk of overweight and certain diseases. The good news is that the signs of depression in the mice went away after they went back to a regular sleep schedule, that is, eight four hours of darkness at night. This means that by unplugging the electronics and closing the window curtains in your bedroom, you may be able to undo some of the harmful effects of your smartphone. Letting out light . all night questions eleven, what happened to the mice after they were exposed to artificial light at night for weeks? Twelve, which are the following, will most probably disturb your bodies clock. Thirteen, what are you recommended to do at night according to the research? Questions fourteen through sixteen are based on the following passage. Here's the good news. Global poverty has fAllen by half over the past decade. But here's the bad news. Seventy one percent of the world's population remained low income or poor. They live off ten dollars or less a day, according to a new pew research center report that looked at changes in income for one hundred and eleven countries between two thousand, one in two thousand and eleven. Unlike in america, where the middle class has been facing difficulties in recent years, some researchers say that strong economic growth in developing countries has helped shrink poverty and expand the middle class globally. But the report from the center disagrees, saying that a global middle class is far from reality. True, the global middle class nearly doubled over the decade to thirteen percent in two thousand eleven, but IT still represents a small part of the world's population. Professor rash cotler, associate director at the center, said. The world has made tremendous progress and pulling people out of poverty, but most of the growth has been limited. People are potentially one step away from slipping back into poverty. Now listen again. he is the good news. Global poverty has fAllen by half over the past decade. But here's the bad news. Seventy one percent of the will's pulag remain low income or poor. They live off ten dollars or last day, according to a new pew research center report that looked at changes in income for one hundred and eleven countries between two thousand and one and two thousand eleven. Unlike in america, where the middle class has been facing difficulties in recent years, some researchers say that strong economic growth in developing countries has held shrink poverty and expand the middle class globally. But the report from the center disagrees, saying that a global middle class is far from reality. True, the global middle class nearly doubled over the decades to thirteen percent in twenty eleven, but IT still represents a small part of the world's population. Professor raka coker, associate director at the center, said. The world has made tremendous progress in pulling people out of poverty, but most of the growth has been limited. People are potentially one step away from slipping back into poverty. Questions fourteen, what does the passage mainly tell us? Fifteen, which of the following statements is true, according to the pew research center report. Sixteen, which of the following worries professor reaction calculate at the center? Question seventeen, three, twenty are based on the following conversation. Charger table. Can I help you? yes. Key, we have an emergency. Our TV went out in the middle of our favorite show, american idol. I'm started to hear that. Man, can I have your name and account number. please? Yes, it's when step hanna, and my account number is eight, five, double, four, five, two. Can you please give me the last four digits of your social security number? Yes, it's zero to five, three. okay. Our system is showing that . there are strong thunderstorms in your area. Did you hear any noise when the TV went out? Yes, we heard a loud noise. Oh. your TV could have been struck by lightning. Is the TV still on? Yeah, it's on, but the screen is just all blank. Okay. please turn the TV off until one of our technicians can come out and take a look at IT. Can someone come right now to fix IT? I don't think so. Um let me check our computer systems. The next available appointment is going to be next tuesday morning. but today, saturday. I am sorry that's the earliest available time. All right, I can be here tuesday morning. What time a . technician will be there sometime between a am and eleven am? Okay, i'll be home during that time. Is there anything else I can do for you today? No, thank you. goodbye. Now listen again. Charger cable, can I help you? Yes, hi, we have an emergency. Our TV went out in the middle of our favorite show. american idol. I'm sorry to hear that. Man, can I have your name and account number please? Yes, it's when step nia. And my account number is eight, five, double, four, five. two. Can you please give me the last four digits of your social security number? Yes, it's zero to five, three. okay. Our system is showing that there are strong thunderstorms in your area. Did you hear any noise when the TV went out? Yes, we heard a loud noise of your . TV could have been struck by lightning. Is the TV still on? Yeah, it's on, but the screen is just all blank. Okay, please turn the TV off until one of our technicians can come out and take a look at IT. Can someone come right now to fix IT? I don't think so. Mam, let me check our computer systems. The next available appointment is going to be next tuesday morning. But today, saturday. I am sorry. That's the earliest developable time. Oh, right. I can be here tuesday morning. What time a . technician will be there sometime between am and eleven am? Okay, i'll be home during that time. Is there anything else I can do for you today? No, thank you. goodbye. Questions seventeen, what are the two speakers mainly talking about? Eighteen, according to the man, what caused the woman's emergency? Nineteen what does the man suggest the woman do before the technician comes? Twenty, when is the technician most likely to arrive? That's the end of listening comprehension. 听力部分。