精品解析：2022年上海高考英语试卷（春考）（网络收集版）

绝密★启用前 2022年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷） 英语试卷 （满分140分，考试时间120分钟） I. Listening Comprehension Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. By the shuttle bus. B. By a friend’s private car. C. By the subway. D. By a shared bike. 【答案】A 【解析】 【原文】M: Would you like me to give you a ride to the airport. The subway system has broken down. W: It’s very kind of you, but there is a shuttle service. Q: How will the woman most probably get to the airport? 2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Academic problems. B. A tour of Pearl Lake University. C. A Weekend travel plan. D. The motto of Pearl Lake University. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】W: I heard you made a tour of Pearl Lake university last Sunday. M: Yes, we arrived at 8 o’clock, and then two senior students showed us around the campus. We were deeply impressed. Q: What are the speakers mainly talking about? 3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The lady will go hiking next week. B. The lady took her kitten to the clinic last week. C. The man cares about the woman. D. The man didn't go hiking last week. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】W: I missed the hiking last week. I had to take my kitten to the clinic. M: What a pity! Is she alright now? Q: What can be learned from the conversation? 4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He wants to travel to Shanghai. B. He has found a suitable job. C. He graduated last month. D. His hometown may be Nantong. 【答案】D 【解析】 【原文】W: Are you going back to Nantong after graduation next month? M: I think so. After I graduate, I’ll go back home and try to get a job there. Q: What can be learned about the man? 5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Silent. B. Crazy. C. Relieved. D. Depressed. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】M: Have you got any news about the mountain climbers? W: The rescue team found them? Thank goodness. They survived the cold. Q: How does the woman most probably fee? 6. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He wants the house to have a garage and a garden. B. He just wants a space to sunbathe in his house. C. He wants to buy a villa. D. He likes European style decoration. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】W: Do you have any idea of our future house? For me, I don’t particularly care whether it has got a garden or a garage. M: Me, neither, I need just a little bit of space to sit out in when it’s warm. Q: What does the man mean? 7. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He is crazy about reading. B. He likes the decoration style of the library. C. He is a knowledgeable college student. D. He is a librarian. 【答案】A 【解析】 【原文】M: So you want to turn this room into a mini library? W: Yes, my son is a keen reader. Q: What can be learned about the woman son? 8. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She likes similar car models. B. She promised a refund within a week. C. She encouraged the man to buy the model car. D She has sold a lot of cars. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】M: I am wondering whether I should buy this model car. I already have a very similar one W: I see no reason not to. You are entitled to a refund within a week if you don’t like it. Q: What does the woman imply? 9. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He wants to leave the company. B. He is the project leader of the company. C. He thinks their hard work will be wasted. D. He will announce the progress of the project. 【答案】C 【解析】 【原文】W : You know what. The boss announced that the project we’ve been working on will be abandoned. M: So, our 8 months hard work just goes down the drain. Q: What does the man mean? 10. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. His child came home late and had no food. B. He has spared some food for his child. C. The whole family waited the child came back for dinner. D. He was very angry with his child’s behavior. 【答案】B 【解析】 【原文】W: Sorry, dad, I’m home late. M: We’ve all had our supper, but I’ve set aside a bite for you. Q: What does the man mean? Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or converstion, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the question will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 11. A. Method for sorting out refrigerator sundries. B. Preparation method of weight loss meal. C. Strategies to avoid excessive pre-dinner snacks D. The food on the plate is more delicious. 12. A. You can eat fried food before dinner. B. You can’t eat any food before dinner. C. You can only put your pre meal snacks on the plate. D. You can have a slice of toast in the afternoon. 13. A. This can reduce food intake. B. This can aggravate people’s body anxiety. C. This will make us eat more. D. This avoids making complex dinners. 【答案】11. C 12. D 13. A 【解析】 【原文】 Can’t resist picking from the fridge or cupboard before dinner? A little cheese, some biscuits and apple. It never seems like much. Yet, by the time dinner comes around, you are full. If this is you, here are two strategies to help you out. Think about what you are eating earlier in the day. If you are having a light lunch, then trying to last until dinner, you may be doing harm to yourself. By leaving it too long between food stops, you will get too hungry and overeat at dinner. Instead, try having a slice of toast or a piece of fruit and a cup of yogurt at about 3:30 pm. This should keep you going until dinner. So you can resist the pre-dinner snacking. The other strategy is that if you do have a snack before dinner,put it on a plate, instead of picking and paying no attention to what you are eating, arrange some food properly on a small plate, then sit down to eat your snack. Simply by doing this, you will eat a lot less and still be ready for the main event. Questions. 11.What is the speaker mainly talking about? 12.What does the speaker suggest you do if you have a light lunch? 13.According to the speaker, why should you put a pre-dinner snack on a plate? 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 14. A. 3,000 billion trees. B. 400 billion trees. C. 50 million trees. D. 15 billion trees. 15. A. Russia has always ranked first in the number of trees. B. Trees would be gone in the future at current removal rate. C. People will plant trees on the cultivated land. D. It is impossible to calculate the total number of trees. 16. A. To stop people from building houses endlessly. B. To draw people's attention to the importance of trees. C. To call on people to protect the homes of wild animals. D. To attract people to study the growth environment of trees. 【答案】14. A 15. B 16. B 【解析】 【原文】How many trees are there in the world?Until now, scientists could only guess the estimate of global tree number is approximately 400 billion. In the tree survey project — by using satellite images and on site counting in more than 50 countries, researchers at an American university counted more than 3,000 billion trees in the world, roughly 7 times more than previously estimated. Among all the countries, Russia is ranked first in the tree number. But researchers also warned the number of trees on earth has fallen by 46 % since the start of civilization Due to demand for wood and farmland, humans cut down more than 15 billion trees each year, replanting only 5 billion. At that rate, trees on earth will be gone in about three centuries. The projects goal is to draw attention to the importance of trees in the role in reducing the gravity of climate change. The projects' lead researcher says: Trees store huge amounts of carbon. They are among the most important and critical living things on carth. Questions. 1.According to the survey, how many trees are there in the world? 2.Which of the following is the most probable prediction based on the survey's findings? 3.What is the purpose of the project introduced in the passage? 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 17. A. Personal travel plan. B. Travel experience. C. Party dress. D. Organization of work. 18. A. Jerry will travel by high-speed rail. B. Jerry is Helen’s cousin. C. Jerry's parents live in Nanjing. D. Jerry is resting in his apartment now. 19. A. She knows the boss there. B. She booked the table a month earlier. C. Her friend works in this restaurant. D. She has a noble status. 20. A. Going for a picnic in the forest park. B. Resting in the apartment. C. Going to the Domingo restaurant for dinner. D. Going to Shanghai Museum. 【答案】17. A 18. C 19. B 20. A 【解析】 【原文】M: Helen, when is your brother Jerry getting into town? I haven’t seen him for ages. W: This Thursday, I will pick him up around 8:00 pm. M: Are you going to do anything together that night? W: No.I think he’ll be too tired and will probably just want to go to bed early. M: That’s true. It’s a long flight from Sanya. How long is he going to stay? W: Only till Monday, then he goes to Nanjing to see our parents. M: Do you have any special plans for Friday? W: You bet. He can relax in the apartment on Friday morning and then in the afternoon. We are going to the forest park with some friends to have a picnic. M: And then in the evening? W: I have booked a table in De Mingos, that Mexican restaurant. Do you know it? M: Yeah, one of the waiters I know told me it is extremely difficult to book a table there. W: Not if you call them carly enough, say a month earlier. M: What about Saturday? W: In the morning we are going to Shanghai museum. They’ve got an exhibition. Jerry will be interested in. After lunch, we’ll be doing some shopping. M: So I'm meeting you guys on Saturday evening at 8 oclock. W: Oh,Yes. The party is at Claire’s house. Come round here just before eight, and we can take a taxi over to Clares together. M: All right. Questions. 17. What are the two speakers mainly talking about? 18. What can be learmed about Jerry? 19.Why was the woman able to reserve a table in domain goes? 20.What will Jerry most probably be doing on Friday aftermoon? II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Lights of Aurora On the night of 2 September 1859, the dark sky over Europe and North America was suddenly full of light. The light did not come from the sun or the moon — and it had a strange colour. The light moved across the sky, ____21____ (come) and going, like clouds in a strong wind. In the United States, a man in Boston was using the telegraph to speak to a man in Portland, 160 km away. They both turned off the electricity for the telegraph, but ____22____ could still speak to each other for the next two hours. The electricity was coming from the light in the sky. How was this possible? And what was the light in the sky? The light is called the aurora. Usually, you can see it only at the very north of the earth, ____23____ it is called aurora borealis or Northern Lights, or at the very south, where it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights. But in 1859, something happened in the sun — a very large storm — and it moved the aurora across the middle of the earth. We do not think that his ever happened before 1859, and we know that it ____24____ (not happen) since then. Why does the aurora happen? And why can we only see it at the top or bottom of the earth? The aurora is made by something ____25____ (call) the ‘solar wind’ (wind from the sun). We cannot see this wind, or touch it. It is a wind of particles that travel away from the sun all the time at about 400 kilometres a second. Most of the particles never touch the earth. The earth has a kind of ‘wall’ around it that defends it ____26____ these particles. This wall is called the earth's magnetic field, and it pushes the particles away on either side. But the earth's magnetic field has two ‘windows’ in it: the magnetic north, and the magnetic south. At these places, the earth's magnetic field turns down into the earth. And some of the particles from the solar wind come through these magnetic ‘windows’. These solar particles crash into the particles that are already in our sky. And ____27____ this happens, we see the beautiful lines or clouds of light of the aurora. Alaska is a good place ____28____ (see) the aurora borealis, and you can also go to places like Iceland, Siberia, the north of Greenland, Norway, Sweden, and Scotland. To see the aurora australis, go to the south of Australia, Tasmania, or New Zealand. People travel thousands of kilometres to see the aurora, and they can never be sure ____29____ it will happen. But____30____ does see it says that they will never forget it. 【答案】21. coming 22. they 23. where 24. has not happened 25. called 26. against 27. when##as 28. to see 29. whether##if 30. whoever 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了极光。 【21题详解】 考查现在分词。句意：光在天空中移动，来来去去，就像强风中云。根据句子结构，空格处提示动词与“going”并列，所以形式应保持一致，且come与 The light为主动关系。故填coming。 【22题详解】 考查代词作作主语。句意：他们俩都关掉了电报机的电源，但在接下来的两个小时里，他们仍然可以互相交谈。根据句子结构，该句缺主语，结合前面的“They both turned off the electricity for the telegraph,”可知，后半句的主语也为“they”，故填they。 【23题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：通常，你只能在地球的最北边看到它，在那里它被称为北极光，或者在地球的最南边，它被称为南极光。空处引导定语从句，先行词为the very north of the earth，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，关系副词为where。故填where。 【24题详解】 考查现在完成时的否定结构。句意：我们不认为这种情况在 1859 年以前发生过，我们知道从那以后也没有发生过。此处的宾语从句缺谓语动词，结合“since”可知此处的时态为现在完成时，主语it表示单数意义，故填has not happened。 【25题详解】 考查过去分词作后置定语。句意：极光是由一种叫做“太阳风”（来自太阳的分高）的东西产生。根据句子的谓语动词 is made，判定空格处的动词为非谓语结构，而且分析句子结构可知，something与call为被动关系，此处应用动词的过去分词作后置定语修饰something，故填called。 【26题详解】 考查介词。句意：地球周围有一种“墙”，可以保护它不受这些粒子的影响。此处考查固定搭配 defend...against...“保卫……以免受……”，故填against。 【27题详解】 考查时间状语从句。句意：当这种情况发生时，我们就会看到美丽的极光线或云。 本段一开始提到“Why does the aurora happen? (为什么会发生极光？)”，可知本段解释了极光是如何发生的，那么此处说的应是“当这种情况发生时，我们就会看到美丽的极光线或云”，用when或as引导时间状语从句，故填when/as。 【28题详解】 考查动词不定式。句意：阿拉斯加是观赏北极光的好地方。根据句子谓语动词is判定空格处提示动词是非谓语动词结构，而此处考查的是句式：(It+is+a/an+名词+to+do+sth.)，故填to see。 【29题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：人们千里迢迢去看极光，却永远无法确定它是否会发生。此处引导宾语从句，表示“是否”，应用whether或if引导，故填whether或if。 【30题详解】 考查主语从句。句意：但是看到它的人都说他们永远不会忘记它。分析句子结构可知此句缺主语，而后面宾语从句的主语为 they，再结合前面提到的“人们千里迅通去看极光”，说明极光很受欢迎，可以推测出这里的句意为“但是看到它的人都说他们永远不会忘记它”，也就是“无论是谁看到了它都说永远不会忘记它”，故填whoever。 Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. characteristics B. diverse C. employ D. function E. issue F. integration G. hit H. military I. potential J. schemes K. wearers Future Fashion: Biometric Bodysuits A team of the Applied NanoBioscience Center at Arizona State University has built prototypes (原型) of biometric bodysuits. They can detect chemical attacks, deliver drugs to their ____31____, or even perfume scents if your body temperature rises too much. The ____32____ version of the Scentsory Chameleon Bodysuit incorporates fuel cells to provide a lightweight source of power for the soldier’s equipment. The civilian one can monitor your heart or blood pressure, deliver interactive games or simply work as a wearable computer. You will even be able to download new colors and patterns from the Web to change your appearance according to this article from East Valley Tribune in Arizona. Both versions should ____33____ the market within a few years. Frederic Zenhausern, director of the Applied NanoBioscience Center at ASU, has joined with Ghassan Jabbour, a professor at the University of Arizona, to develop two prototypes of “biometric bodysuits” that contain embedded sensors, power sources, microfluidic devices and other gadgets not normally associated with the latest Paris fashions. Such “smart” clothing could ____34____ future soldiers early warning of chemical attacks or automatically deliver insulin to diabetics, Zenhausemn said. “The biometric bodysuit shows how electronics and fluidics (流体学) can be incorporated into clothing to perform a wide range of ____35____ tasks, from highly functional to the aesthetic.” he said. The civilian Chameleon will have somewhat different ____36____. Its biometric outfit demonstrates how miniature electronics could be embedded in clothing to promote health. It is made of clear vinyl (乙烯基) and white plastics to show the placement of various electronic and fluidic devices. In the future, such an outfit could diagnose diseases and deliver medications to the wearer, monitor heart rate or blood pressure, deliver interactive games and other forms of entertainment or ____37____ as a wearable computer. Another possibility would be to download different designs from the Internet so the fabrio could change colors and patterns, Zenhausern said. And it could all be made to look stylish by the ____38____ of electronics and high-fashion designs, he said. In fact, the concept of embedding microelectronics in fabrics has ____39____ far beyond clothing. Sheila Kennedy, a Boston-based architect and visiting professor at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, sees possibilities to _____40_____ the technology in building design. As an example, she said window shades containing organic light emitting diodes (二极管) could produce electricity from sunlight that would help generate power. 【答案】31. K 32. H 33. G 34. E 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. F 39. I 40. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了亚利桑那州立大学应用纳米生物科学中心的一个团队已经制造出了生物识别紧身衣的原型。它们可以探测化学攻击，给佩戴者送去药物，甚至在你体温过高时发出香水味。 【31题详解】 考查名词。句意：它们可以探测化学攻击，给佩戴者送去药物，甚至在你体温过高时发出香水味。分析句子可知，空前their为形容词性物主代词，此处为名词形式，wearers“佩戴者”为名词，符合句意。故选K项。 【32题详解】 考查形容词。句意：军用版本的嗅觉变色龙紧身衣结合了燃料电池，为士兵的装备提供了一种轻量级的电源。分析句子可知，空后为名词version，此处为形容词作定语修饰该名词，military“军用的”为形容词，符合句意。故选H项。 【33题详解】 考查动词。句意：两种版本都将在几年内上市。分析句子可知，此处为动词作句子的谓语成分，hit the market“进入市场”为固定动词短语，符合句意。故选G项。 【34题详解】 考查动词。句意：Zenhausemn说，这种“智能”服装可以为未来的士兵提供化学攻击的早期预警，或者为糖尿病患者自动输送胰岛素。分析句子可知，空前could为情态动词，此处为动词和空前的情态动词构成谓语成分，issue“提供”为动词，符合句意。故选E项。 【35题详解】 考查形容词。句意：生物识别紧身衣展示了如何将电子和流体技术融入服装中，以执行各种各样的任务，从高功能到美学。分析句子可知，空后tasks为名词，此处为形容词作定语修饰该名词，diverse“各种各样的”为形容词，符合句意。故选B项。 【36题详解】 考查名词。句意：民用变色龙紧身衣将有一些不同的特点。分析句子可知，空前different为形容词，此处为复数名词形式，characteristics“特点”为名词，符合句意。故选A项。 【37题详解】 考查名词。句意：在未来，这样的装备可以诊断疾病并为佩戴者提供药物，监测心率或血压，提供互动游戏和其他形式的娱乐或作为可穿戴电脑的功能。分析句子可知，空前为or连接的entertainment为名词，此处也应为名词形式，构成并列结构，function“功能”为名词，符合句意。故选D项。 【38题详解】 考查名词。句意：他说，通过电子产品和高级时装设计的结合，这些东西看起来都很时尚。分析句子可知，空前为定冠词the，此处为名词形式，integration“结合”为名词，符合句意。故选F项。 【39题详解】 考查名词。句意：事实上，在织物中嵌入微电子的概念的潜力远远超出了服装。分析句子可知，空前has是谓语动词，此处为名词形式作宾语成分，potential“潜力”为名词，符合句意。故选I项。 【40题详解】 考查动词。句意：波士顿建筑师、哈佛大学设计研究生院客座教授希拉·肯尼迪（Sheila Kennedy）看到了在建筑设计中应用这项技术的可能性。分析句子可知，空前to为不定式符号，此处为动词原形，employ“应用，使用”为动词原形，符合句意。故选C项。 III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain and should not be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden counterparts, according to a team of experts. A review of research evidence concludes there is nothing to support claims that sugar-free versions of popular soft drinks can help ____41____ obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Industry-sponsored studies reporting “favourable” associations between diet drinks and weight loss may be biased, it claims. There have been concerns that diet drinks, known as artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), might lead people to consume more calories by ____42____ sweet flavour taste buds. The new study found that evidence ____43____ the healthiness of ASBs was inconclusive with randomised controlled trials (RCTs) producing mixed results. Senior investigator Professor Christopher Millett said: “A common perception, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because ‘diet’ drinks have no sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight loss when used as a(n) ____44____ for full sugar versions.” However, we found no solid evidence to support this. The researchers pointed out that research supported by food or beverage companies was more likely to find no evidence of links between sugary drink ____45____ and obesity than non-industry sponsored research. Similarly, ASB industry-sponsored research was “more likely to report favourable results and ____46____ regarding ASB effects on weight control”. In many cases, researchers had failed to disclose ____47____ of interest relating to links with the food industry, it was claimed. Co-author Dr Maria Carolina Borges said: “The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously when discussing whether ASBs are ____48____ alternatives to SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages). ” Leading British nutritionist Professor Susan Jebb said despite the mixed evidence, there was no reason to believe that replacing sugary drinks with artificially sweetened ____49____ did any harm. She said: “For people seeking to manage their weight, tap water is ____50____ the best drink to choose, for health and the environment, but for many people who are used to drinking sugary drinks, this will be too hard a change to ____51____. Artificially sweetened drinks are a step in the ____52____ direction to cut calories.” Dietician Professor Tom Sanders, was also critical of the research, calling it “an opinion piece rather than a(n) ____53____ review of the evidence”. He ____54____: “The conclusion that reduced sugar or sugar-free drinks should not be promoted or seen as part of a healthy diet seems unwarranted and likely to add to public ____55____.” 41. A. relieve B. oppose C. prevent D. bother 42. A. inserting B. stimulating C. enhancing D. securing 43. A. resulting from B. referring to C. depending on D. relating to 44. A. substitute B. proposal C. suspect D. implication 45. A. efficiency B. consumption C. distribution D. modernization 46. A. appointments B. instructions C. performances D. conclusions 47. A. threats B. matters C. conflicts D. appeals 48. A. adequate B. essential C. available D. deliberate 49. A. initiatives B. alternatives C. objectives D. representatives 50. A. without question B. beyond description C. around the corner D. in consequence 51. A. settle B. route C. mend D. make 52. A. wrong B. right C. proper D. opposite 53. A. democratic B. automatic C. systematic D. dramatic 54. A. transferred B. ranged C. accessed D. added 55. A. fascination B. ambition C. confusion D. isolation 【答案】41. C 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. B 46. D 47. C 48. A 49. B 50. A 51. D 52. B 53. C 54. D 55. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了研究表明，人工加糖饮料减肥效果及健康性存疑，行业资助研究可能存在偏见，证据不一；专家建议以自来水为佳，降低糖分摄入可作为减热量的过渡措施，但不宜过分推崇。 【41题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：一项对研究证据的审查得出结论，没有任何证据支持流行软饮料的无糖版本有助于预防肥胖和2型糖尿病等相关疾病的说法。A. relieve缓解；B. oppose反对；C. prevent阻止，预防；D. bother(使)烦恼，打扰。根据空前的“help”和空后的“obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes”可知，这里表示帮助预防肥胖和2型糖尿病等相关疾病。故选C。 【42题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：有人担心，被称为人工增甜饮料（ASB）的减肥饮料可能会刺激甜味味蕾，从而导致人们消耗更多的热量。A. inserting插入；B. stimulating激发，刺激；C. enhancing增强，促进；D. securing获得。根据空后的“sweet flavour taste buds”可知，这里表示刺激甜味味蕾。故选B。 【43题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这项新研究发现，与人工增甜饮料健康相关的证据是不确定的，随机对照试验（RCT）产生了喜忧参半的结果。A. resulting from由于；B. referring to提到，谈及；C. depending on取决于，依靠；D. relating to涉及，与……相关。根据空后“the healthiness of ASBs”可知，此处指的是与人工增甜饮料健康相关的证据。故选D。 【44题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：高级研究员Christopher Millett教授说：“一种可能受到行业营销影响的普遍看法是，因为‘减肥’饮料不含糖，所以当它们用作全糖版本的替代品时，一定会更健康，有助于减肥。”A. substitute代替者，代替物；B. proposal提议，建议；C. suspect嫌疑犯；D. implication含意，暗指。根据下文中的“ASBs are ___8___ alternatives to SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages)”可知，这里是alternatives的近义词复现，指的是全糖版本的替代品。故选A。 【45题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：研究人员指出，与非行业赞助的研究相比，由食品或饮料公司支持的研究更有可能没有发现含糖饮料摄入与肥胖之间存在联系的证据。A. efficiency效率；B. consumption消耗，消耗量，吃，喝；C. distribution分布，分发 ；D. modernization现代化。根据空前的“links between sugary drink”和空后的“and obesity”可知，此处指的是含糖饮料的摄入和肥胖之间的联系。consumption“消耗，吃，喝”符合语境。故选B。 【46题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：同样，人工增甜饮料行业赞助的研究“更有可能报告关于人工增甜饮料对体重控制影响的有利结果和结论”。A. appointments约会，预约；B. instructions说明；C. performances表现，演出；D. conclusions结论。根据空前的“favourable results and”可知，这里和results并列，表示关于人工增甜饮料的有利结果和结论。故选D。 【47题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：据称，在许多情况下，研究人员没有披露与食品行业相关的利益冲突。A. threats威胁；B. matters问题；C. conflicts冲突；D. appeals申诉，呼吁。根据空后的“of interest relating to links with the food industry”以及上文讲的人工增甜饮料行业和食品饮料公司赞助的研究所取得的对自己有利的结果可知，这里指的是与食品行业相关的利益冲突。故选C。 【48题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：合著者Marin Carolina Borges博士说：“在讨论人工增甜饮料是否足以替代含糖饮料（SSB）时，应该认真考虑关于人工增甜饮料对健康影响的确凿证据的缺乏以及行业资助研究中偏见的潜在影响。”A. adequate足够的，胜任的；B. essential极其重要的；C. available可获得的；D. deliberate故意的。根据空后的“alternatives to SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages)”可知，这里指的是人工增甜饮料是否足以替代含糖饮料。故选A。 【49题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：英国著名营养学家Susan Jebb教授表示，尽管证据喜忧参半，但没有理由相信用人工加糖的替代品取代含糖饮料会造成任何危害。A. initiatives倡议；B. alternatives可供选择的事物；C. objectives目标，目的；D. representatives代表。根据上文中的“ASBs are ___8___alternatives to SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages)”可知，这里是alternatives的原词复现，指的是人工加糖的替代品。故选B。 【50题详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：对于那些想控制体重的人来说，自来水无疑是健康和环境的最好的选择，但对于许多习惯于饮用含糖饮料的人而言，这将是一个难以做出的改变。A. without question毫无疑问；B. beyond description无法描述；C. around the corner即将发生；D. in consequence结果。根据空后的“the best drink to choose”及常识可知，对于健康和环境来说自来水无疑是最佳选择。故选A。 【51题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. settle解决；B. route按某路线发送；C. mend修理，修补；D. make做。根据上文“ but for many people who are used to drinking sugary drinks”以及空前的“a change”可知，此处指对于许多习惯于饮用含糖饮料的人而言，做出改变去喝自来水很难；这里不定式作后置定语，指的是“很难做出的改变”，make a change表示“做出改变”。故选D。 【52题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人工增甜饮料是朝着减少热量的正确方向迈出的一步。A. wrong错误的；B. right正确的；C. proper合适的；D. opposite相反的。根据文章第一句中的“Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain”和空后的“direction to cut calories”可知，人工增甜饮料不会增加体重，所以是向减少热量的正确方向迈进一步。故选B。 【53题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：营养学家Tom Sanders教授也对这项研究持批评态度，称其为“一篇观点文章，而不是对证据的系统审查”。A. democratic民主的；B. automatic自动的；C. systematic系统的；D. dramatic巨大的，戏剧的。根据rather than前的“an opinion piece”和空后的“review of the evidence”可知，他认为这项研究只是一篇观点文章，而不是对证据的系统审查。故选C。 【54题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他补充道：“少糖或无糖饮料不应被推广或视为健康饮食的一部分的结论似乎是没有根据的，可能会加剧公众的困惑。”A. transferred(使)转移，搬迁；B. ranged(在一定的范围内)变化，变动；C. accessed到达，进入；D. added补充说。根据前句中的“Dietitian Professor Tom Sanders, was also critical of the research, calling it”和空后的内容可知，这里是Tom Sanders教授补充说的内容。故选D。 【55题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意参考上题。A. fascination着迷；B. ambition志向，抱负；C. confusion困惑；D. isolation孤独。根据句中的“seems unwarranted”可知，他认为少糖或无糖饮料不应被推广或视为健康饮食的一部分的结论是没有根据的，这种言论会让公众感到困惑。故选C。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) If a single word can describe our daily life during those first three years, it is “scrounge” (讨要). Every waking moment we were concentrating on how the hell we would be able to save up enough dough (面团；钱) to do whatever it was we had to do. Usually it was just break even. And there's nothing romantic about it, either. Remember the famous stanza in Omar Khayyam? You know, the book of verses underneath the bough, the loaf of bread, the jug of wine and so forth? Substitute Scott on Trusts for that book of verses and see how this poetic vision stacks up against my idyllic existence. Ah, paradise? No, bullshit. All I'd think about is how much that book was (could we get it secondhand?) and where, if anywhere, we might be able to charge that bread and wine. And then how we might ultimately scrounge up the dough to pay off our debts. Life changes. Even the simplest decision must be scrutinized by the ever vigilant budget committee of your mind. “Hey, Oliver, let’s go see Becket tonight.” “Listen, it’s three bucks.” “What do you mean?” “I mean a buck fifty for you and a buck fifty for me.” “Does that mean yes or no?” “Neither. It just means three bucks.” Our honeymoon was spent on a yacht and with twenty-one children. That is, I sailed a thirty-six-foot Rhodes from seven in the morning till whenever my passengers had enough, and Jenny was a children’s counselor. It was a place called the Pequod Boat Club in Dennis Port (not far from Hyannis), an establishment that included a large hotel, a marina and several dozen houses for rent. In one of the tinier bungalows, I have nailed an imaginary plaque (匾牌): “Oliver and Jenny slept here.” I think it’s a tribute to us both that after a long day of being kind to our customers, for we were largely dependent on their tips for our income, Jenny and I were nonetheless kind to each other. I simply say “kind”, because I lack the vocabulary to describe what loving and being loved by Jennifer Cavilleri is like. Sorry, I mean Jennifer Barrett. Before leaving for the Cape, we found a cheap apartment in North Cambridge. I called it North Cambridge, although the address was technically in the town of Somerville and the house was, as Jenny described it, “in the state of disrepair”. It had originally been a two-family structure，now converted into four apartments, overpriced even at its “cheap” rental. But what the hell can graduate students do? It’s a seller’'s market. 56. What can we learn from the conversation between Oliver and Jenny? A. None of them wanted to see Becket. B. They didn’t have three bucks. C. Jenny was wasting money. D. Oliver was a thrifty man. 57. Why were Oliver and Jenny friendly to customers? A. They were both counselors for children. B. They needed to get tips from customers. C. They didn’t have enough room to live in. D. That was the rule on the yacht. 58. By “in the state of disrepair”, the author implies that ________. A. the apartment was very cheap B. the apartment was very expensive C. their accomodation is not decent D. their accomodation is very decent 59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. A couple’s debt repayment process B. A couple’s honeymoon trip C. A couple’s hard life D. A couple’s life on a yacht 【答案】56. D 57. B 58. C 59. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者夫妻刚结婚时期的艰难生活。 【56题详解】 推理判断题。根据对话内容“‘Hey, Oliver, let’s go see Becket tonight.’ ‘Listen, it’s three bucks.’ ‘What do you mean?’ ‘I mean a buck fifty for you and a buck fifty for me.’ ‘Does that mean yes or no?’ ‘Neither. It just means three bucks.’(‘Oliver，我们今晚去看Becket吧’‘听着，这是三美元。’‘你是什么意思？’‘我的意思是你的1美元50美分，我的1美元50美分。’‘这意味着是还是不是?’‘没有别的意思。这只意味着3美元。’)”可知，Jenny 提议要去看Becket，一共需要3美元，而在Oliver看来，这意味着Jenny要花1美元50美分，Oliver自己也要花1美元50美分，可见Oliver在精打细算。由此推知，他是个节俭的人。故选D项。 【57题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“I think it’s a tribute to us both that after a long day of being kind to our customers, for we were largely dependent on their tips for our income, Jenny and I were nonetheless kind to each other.(我认为这是对我们俩的一种赞扬，因为我们的收入很大程度上依赖于他们的小费，在漫长的一天对顾客友好之后，Jenny和我仍然对彼此友好)”可知，Oliver和Jenny对顾客友好是因为他们需要从顾客那里得到小费。故选B项。 【58题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“I called it North Cambridge, although the address was technically in the town of Somerville and the house was, as Jenny described it, ‘in the state of disrepair’. It had originally been a two-family structure, now converted into four apartments, overpriced even at its ‘cheap’ rental. (我把它叫做北剑桥，尽管严格来说，地址是在萨默维尔镇，而且正如Jenny所描述的那样，那所房子‘年久失修’。它原本是一个两户住宅结构，现在改成了四套公寓，即使是以‘便宜’的租金租住，价格也过高)”可推知，通过“年久失修”，作者暗示他们的住处不体面。故选C项。 【59题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第一段中“If a single word can describe our daily life during those first three years, it is ‘scrounge’(讨要). Every waking moment we were concentrating on how the hell we would be able to save up enough dough(面团；钱) to do whatever it was we had to do. (如果用一个词来形容我们头三年的日常生活，那就是‘讨饭’。在我们醒着的每一刻，我们都在考虑如何攒够钱来做我们必须做的事情)”可知，本文讲述了作者夫妻刚结婚时期的艰难生活。由此可知，C项A couple’s hard life(一对夫妇的艰难生活)适合作本文最佳标题。故选C项。 (B) Summer Camp Rules Whether it’s your child’s first year at camp, or they are a seasoned camper and need a little refresher, it’s a good idea to go over summer camp rules and guidelines before leaving for camp. Camp rules are in place to keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay. 1. Keep Your Personal Space Clean Since your child will be in close quarters with many other campers, it’s important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized. Go over ways for your child to stay organized and tidy before they leave for camp. When packing, make sure to provide a laundry bag to keep clean and dirty clothing separate. Utillize under bed space or put clothes on your shelves or cubbies rather than living out of your suitcase or camp trunk. It also helps to not over pack. Follow packing list guidelines closely so your child can find what they need without having to dig through piles of clothing that were not recommended. This also helps you child know what they have in their luggage so they pull out the sweatshirt when it gets cold, instead of thinking there wasn’t one in their bag. Remind your child of their camp account so they can purchase items from the camp store if necessary. 2. Valuables at Camp As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home. Even if your child has a bracelet or necklace that they never take off, there is still the chance that it could be lost while swimming or participating in camp activities. If you are thinking about bringing an expensive item of clothing, be prepared for it to get lost or damaged. You may be better off buying a new, less expensive version. To be on the safe side, don’t let your child bring anything irreplaceable or emotionally valuable to camp. 3. Play Nice Name calling, fighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prohibited at summer camp. Camp is a place to make friends, so aggressive behavior is not tolerated. Remind your child that they don’t have to be everybody’s best friend, but they do have to be friendly to everyone. Encourage your child to go into camp with the mindset of making a few new friends, and chances are they will leave camp having made more than a few. 4. Have Fun and Try New Things At the end of the day, summer camp is about getting out of your comfort zone, trying new things, and having a blast. Before your child leaves for camp, congratulate them for being brave enough to try sleepaway camp in the first place. Let them know that they’ve already won just by trying, and the fun part is just about to begin. Remind them again that summer camp rules exist only to improve the overall camp experience and to create a community of fun. 60. What is the purpose of clarifying the rules of summer camp? A Enrich children’s summer camp operation. B. Ensure the safety of children participating in summer camp. C. Cultivate children’s ability to survive in the wild. D. Help children develop good cleaning habits. 61. Which of the following behaviors is advocated by the summer camp? A. Take your favorite valuables. B. Fight with camping friends. C. Avoid participating in hazardous activities. D. Keep personal camping supplies in order. 62. What is the passage mainly about? A. Enjoy the unique fun brought by new things. B. Make good friends wherever you are. C. Follow the rules of summer camp. D. Get enough sleep before camping. 【答案】60. B 61. D 62. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了夏令营规则及其相关内容，旨在帮助孩子们更好地适应夏令营生活。 【60题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Camp rules are in place to keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay.(夏令营规则是为了确保夏令营社区的安全和夏令营活动的顺利进行)”可知，明确夏令营规则的目的是确保参加夏令营的孩子们的安全。故选B项。 【61题详解】 细节理解题。根据1. Keep Your Personal Space Clean部分中“Go over ways for your child to stay organized and tidy before they leave for camp. When packing, make sure to provide a laundry bag to keep clean and dirty clothing separate. Utilize under bed space or put clothes on your shelves or cabinets rather than living out of your suitcase or camp trunk.(在孩子离开去参加夏令营之前，和他们一起复习保持整洁有序的方法。打包时，一定要提供一个洗衣袋，将干净和脏的衣服分开。利用床下空间，或者把衣服放在架子或橱柜里，而不是一直从行李箱或露营箱里拿东西)”可知，夏令营倡导孩子们保持个人露营用品整洁有序。故选D项。 【62题详解】 主旨大意题。根据标题“Summer Camp Rules (夏令营规则)”和第一段中“it’s a good idea to go over summer camp rules and guidelines before leaving for camp.(在出发去夏令营之前，复习一下夏令营的规则和指南是个好主意)”可知，文章主要介绍的是参加夏令营要遵守的一些规则。故选C项。 (C) Conservationists go to war over whether humans are the measure of nature’s value. New Conservationists argue such trade-offs are necessary in this human-dominated epoch. And they support “re-wilding”, a concept originally proposed by Soule where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes, which then return to nature. New Conservationists believe the withdrawal could happen together with economic growth. The California-based Breakthrough Institute believes in a future where most people live in cities and rely less on natural resources for economic growth. They would get food from industrial agriculture, including genetically modified foods, desalination, intensified meat production and aquaculture, all of which have a smaller land footprint. And they would get their energy from renewables and natural gas. Driving these profound shifts would be greater efficiency of production, where more products could be manufactured from fewer inputs. And some unsustainable commodities would be replaced in the market by other, greener ones — natural gas for coal, for instance, explained Michael Shellenberger, president of the Breakthrough Institute. Nature would, in essence, be decoupled from the economy. And then he added a caveat: “We are not suggesting decoupling as the paradigm to save the world, or that it solves all the problems or eliminates all the trade-offs.” Cynics (悲观者) may say all this sounds too utopian , but Breakthrough maintains the world is already on this path toward decoupling. Nowhere is this more evident than in the United States, according to Iddo Wernick, a research scholar at the Rockefeller University, who has examined the nation’s use of 100 main commodities. Wernick and his colleagues looked at data carefully from the U.S. Geological Survey National Minerals Information Center, which keeps a record of commodities used from 1900 through the present day. They found that the use of 36 commodities (sand, ire ore, cotton, etc.) in the U.S. economy had peaked. Another 53 commodities (nitrogen, timber, beef, etc.) are being used more efficiently per dollar value of gross domestic product than in the pre-1970s era. Their use would peak soon, Wernick said. Only 11 commodities (industrial diamond, indium, chicken, etc.) are increasing in use (Greenwire, Nov. 6), and most of these are employed by industries in small quantities to improve systems processes. Chicken use is rising because people are eating less beef, a desirable development since poultry cultivation has a smaller environmental footprint. The numbers show the United States has not intensified resource consumption since the 1970s even while increasing its GDP and population, said Jesse Ausubel of the Rockefeller University. “It seems like the 20th-century expectation we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater consumption of resources,” Ausubel said. “But what we are seeing in the developed countries is, of course, peaks.” 63. What does the underlined word “trade-offs” refer to in the first paragraph? A. The balance between human development and natural ecology. B The profitability of import and export trade. C. The consumption of natural resources by industrial development. D. The difficult plight of economic growth. 64. Which of the following is true of the views of the new environmentalists? A. They believe that mankind should live in forests with rich vegetation. B. They believe that mankind will need more natural resources in the future. C. They believe that mankind is the master of the whole universe. D. They believe that mankind should limit economic growth. 65. What can we infer from the last paragraph of the passage? A. Natural resources cannot support economic development. B. More resource consumption will not occur in a certain period of time. C. Excessive resource consumption will not affect the ecological environment. D. All resource consumption in developed countries has reached a peak. 66. What is the passage mainly about? A. Urbanization and re-wildness. B. Human existence and industrial development. C. Socioeconomic development and resource consumption. D. Commodity trading and raw material development. 【答案】63. A 64. D 65. B 66. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。短文主要讨论了新保护主义者的观点，他们认为人与自然的平衡是必要的，提倡“重野化”概念，即人们应限制经济增长，减少对自然资源的依赖，提高生产效率，并从自然景观中退出，让自然回归，即讲述了经济发展与资源消耗相关的问题。 【63题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Conservationists go to war over whether humans are the measure of nature’s value.(自然保护主义者就人类是否是衡量自然价值的标准展开了战争)”可知，自然资源保护主义者倡导权衡人类与自然关系，以及“New Conservationists argue such trade-offs are necessary in this human-dominated epoch. And they support “re-wilding”, a concept originally proposed by Soule where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes, which then return to nature.(新自然保护主义者认为，在这个人类主导的时代，这种trade-offs是必要的。他们还支持“重野化”，这一概念最初是由Soule提出的，即人们减少经济增长，退出自然景观，然后回归自然)”可知，新自然保护主义者认为这种人与自然的平衡是必要的，trade-offs指的是人类发展与自然生态的平衡，A项表述符合文意。故选A。 【64题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“And they support “re-wilding”, a concept originally proposed by Soule where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes, which then return to nature.(他们支持“重新野生化”，这是Soule最初提出的一个概念，即人们抑制经济增长，退出景观，然后回归自然)”可知，新环保主义者认为人们应该限制经济增长，D选项“他们认为人类应该限制经济增长”正确。故选D。 【65题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段““It seems like the 20th-century expectation we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater consumption of resources,” Ausubel said. “But what we are seeing in the developed countries is, of course, peaks.”(Ausubel说：“这似乎是20世纪我们的期望，我们总是假设未来需要更多的资源消耗。但我们在发达国家看到的当然是峰值。”)”可知，现在的资源消耗是峰值，由此推知，在一段时间内不会出现更多的资源消耗。故选B。 【66题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Conservationists go to war over whether humans are the measure of nature’s value. New Conservationists argue such trade-offs are necessary in this human-dominated epoch. And they support “re-wilding”, a concept originally proposed by Soule where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes, which then return to nature.(自然保护主义者就人类是否是衡量自然价值的标准展开了战争。新自然保护主义者认为，在这个人类主导的时代，这种权衡是必要的。他们支持“重新野生化”，这是Soule最初提出的一个概念，即人们抑制经济增长，退出景观，然后回归自然)”和最后一段““It seems like the 20th-century expectation we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater consumption of resources,” Ausubel said. “But what we are seeing in the developed countries is, of course, peaks.”(Ausubel说：“这似乎是20世纪我们的期望，我们总是假设未来需要更多的资源消耗。但我们在发达国家看到的当然是峰值。”)”可知，短文主要讨论了新保护主义者的观点，他们认为人与自然的平衡是必要的，提倡“重野化”概念，即人们应限制经济增长，减少对自然资源的依赖，提高生产效率，并从自然景观中退出，让自然回归，因此，文章主要和社会经济发展、资源消耗有关。故选C。 Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries? When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. ____67____ Is this fair? This year, the government has distributed almost a $22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections, creators receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52. The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between $100 — 500 annually. Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work. E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. ____68____ But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, would not qualify for any remuneration. ____69____ Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet. One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free. Creators only receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52 for each book in public library collections. At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. ____70____ While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. A. However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books. 【答案】67. A 68. B 69. F 70. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了现在图书馆的电子图书借阅正在增加，而电子图书的作者也应该获得借阅带来的报酬。 【67题详解】 根据文章的标题“Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries?(图书馆出借电子书的作者应该得到报酬吗？)”，上文“When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes.(图书馆向公众出借图书时，作者和出版商会根据借阅权计划从政府那里获得报酬)”以及下文“Is this fair?(这公平吗？)”说明此处是对两种图书借阅所获收益情况的比较，以判定其是否公平。空处需要说明电子书借阅收益情况，和普通图书借阅的收益情况进行比较，以引出下面的问题。所以A项(However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books.然而，图书馆出借电子书的情况并非如此。)符合语境。故选A。 【68题详解】 上文“E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes (然而，这些这些借阅权计划不包括电子书)”以及下文“But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020.(但电子书借阅量正在增加，根据澳大利亚图书馆和信息协会的数据，到2020年，电子书可能会占图书馆藏书的20%)”说明电子书目前没有受到相关拨款政策的支持，但是电子书的借阅确实在不断增加。空处承上启下，B项中的This指代前文“这些这些借阅权计划不包括电子书”这件事，“e-books are minor in publishing”和下文中的“e-book lending is increasing”形成转折关系，所以B项This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing.(这现在可能不是什么大问题，因为电子书在出版中是次要的。)符合语境。故选B。 【69题详解】 上文“But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. (但电子书借阅量正在增加，根据澳大利亚图书馆和信息协会的数据，到2020年，电子书可能会占图书馆藏书的20%。此外，大多数（如果不是全部的话）自行出版的书籍都只是以数字格式出版的)”以及下文“Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013 , nothing has happened of yet.(尽管图书行业合作委员会已经在2013年的一份报告中提出了这样的建议，但目前还没有任何进展)”说明因为看到了电子书将来的发展趋势，所以相关部门已经提出了建议，但并未得到实施。空处承上启下，F项For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books.(出于这个原因，作者和出版商一直在与政府谈判，将借阅权计划扩展到电子书。)符合语境，其中的this指代上文中提到的“电子书借阅量正在增加”这件事，“talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books”和下文中的“the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal ”相呼应。故选F。 【70题详解】 上文“At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. (目前，就电子书而言，许多出版商选择不向图书馆出售这些书)”以及下段内容“While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. (虽然出版商向图书馆收取高昂的电子书价格，但作家们抱怨这些金额到不了他们手里)”说明电子书出版商未将电子书卖给图书馆，而是通过向图书馆收取费用获得相关收益。空处和上文是递进关系，并引出下文，表明出版商认为从读者支付更多费用的图书馆获得更多利润，但是这些钱并没有完全到作者的手里。所以C项Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more.(此外，出版商认为从读者支付更多费用的图书馆能获得更多利润。)符合语境。故选C。 IV. Summary Writing 71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram (记忆印记) — a physical change in brain tissue associated with a particular recollection. Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. “A memory looks more like a web in the brain than a single spot,” says neuroscientist and National Geographic Explorer Steve Ramirez of Boston University. That's because when a memory is created, it includes all the visual, auditory, and tactile inputs that make an experience memorable, and brain cells are encoded from all of those regions. Now, scientists are even able to track how memories move across the brain, like detectives finding footprints in the snow. While at MIT in 2013, Ramirez and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that make up one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work, mice reacted in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance. While mouse brains are less advanced than the human equivalent, Ramirez says they can still help neuroscientists understand how our memories work, too. In their current work, Ramirez and his colleagues are investigating whether positive and negative memories are stored in different groups of brain cells, and whether negative memories can be “overwritten” by positive ones. To prep mice for the experiments, the team injects the animals’ brains with a virus that contains fluorescent proteins and surgically implants optic fibers. The mice are then given a diet that prevents the virus from fluorescing until the researchers are ready to tag a positive or negative experience. Positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female mice for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. Once the mice have been conditioned to associate certain triggers with each experience, they undergo a short surgical operation so the scientists can stimulate the cells associated with the positive or negative engrams. They are finding that activating positive memories while a mouse is in a cage it associates with fear makes that mouse less fearful. Using a different technique, University of Toronto neuroscientist Sheena Josselyn was able to completely eliminate fear memories in mice. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Possible 1: Memory is like a net in the brain. Scientists can even track the movement of memory in the brain. At present, Sheena Josselyn, a neuroscientist at the University of Toronto, has used mice as experimental objects, using a different technology, which can completely eliminate the fear memory of mice. (49 words) Possible 2: Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. Scientists not only tracked the movement of memory in the brain, but also studied the storage location and interaction between positive memory and negative memory. (51 Words) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了神经系统科学家Steve Ramirez和同事利用老鼠进行实验，追踪记忆在大脑中移动的方式，该研究有助于神经科学家了解我们记忆的工作原理。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn’t isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. ②Now, scientists are even able to track how memories move across the brain, like detectives finding footprints in the snow. ③In their current work, Ramirez and his colleagues are investigating whether positive and negative memories are stored in different groups of brain cells, and whether negative memories can be “overwritten” by positive ones. ④Using a different technique, University of Toronto neuroscientist Sheena Josselyn was able to completely eliminate fear memories in mice. 2.缜密构思 将第1个要点进行改写，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. Scientists not only tracked the movement of memory in the brain, but also studied the storage location and interaction between positive memory and negative memory 【点睛】【高分句型1】Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue.（运用了that引导的宾语从句，对第一段内容进行了概括总结） 【高分句型2】Scientists not only tracked the movement of memory in the brain, but also studied the storage location and interaction between positive memory and negative memory.（运用了not only...but also连接的并列句，对二三四五段内容进行了概括，not only部分概括第二段内容，but also部分概括其他段落内容，非常凝练） V. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 他已经几十年没见过如此壮美的日出了。(since) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It is/It has been decades since he saw such a magnificent sunrise/so magnificent a sunshine. Or: Decades has passed since he last witnessed the imposing/ glorious/ splendid/impressive/ spectacular sunrise. Or: He hasn't seen such a magnificent sunrise in decades/ since decades ago. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词时态、形容词和状语从句。解析第一句：主句是“有好几年”，从句是since引导的状语从句，从句动词用一般过去时，主句用现在完成时或者it is+一段时间，所以主句翻译为“It is/It has been decades”，从句中主语是he，谓语是“看见”用saw，“如此壮丽的日出”用“such+冠词+形容词+名词”表示或者“so+形容词+冠词+名词”，翻译为“such a magnificent sunrise”，或者翻译为“so magnificent a sunshine”。故翻译为It is/It has been decades since he saw such a magnificent sunrise/so magnificent a sunshine. Or: Decades has passed since he last witnessed the imposing/ glorious/ splendid/impressive/ spectacular sunrise. Or: He hasn't seen such a magnificent sunrise in decades/ since decades ago. 73. 小张昨天在田里播下种子，期待来年的丰收。(sow)(汉译英) 【答案】Zhang sowed the seeds in the field yesterday, expecting a good harvest next year. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词。根据时间状语“昨天”可知，该句应使用一般过去时态，“小张昨天在田里播下种子”应译为Zhang sowed the seeds in the field yesterday；表示“期待来年的丰收”译为expect a good harvest next year；分析句子结构可知，后半句话应该是非谓语动词作状语，expect与其逻辑主语Zhang之间为主动关系，且与谓语动词sowed同时进行，所以使用现在分词短语作状语。故翻译为Zhang sowed the seeds in the field yesterday, expecting a good harvest next year.。 74. 鉴于不熟悉用手机打车的老人不在少数，这家公司提供了一系列服务来满足他们的需求。(a few) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Given (the fact) that/In consideration of the fact that/In (the) light of the fact that/In view of the fact that/ Considering (that) quite a few elderly people/senior citizens are unfamiliar with/ are not familiar with/are not skilled in taking a taxi with mobile phone/ using mobile phone to take a taxi, this company offers/ provides/ presents/ furnishes/ affords/ supplies a series of/a range of/an array of services to respond to/ cater to/ meet/ satisfy/ serve/ answer/address their needs/ demands. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型、名词短语和动词短语。句子陈述客观事实，用一般现在时；表示“鉴于……”为固定句型Given (the fact) that…/In consideration of the fact that/In (the) light of the fact that/In view of the fact that/ Considering (that) ；表示“相当多的老人”应为名词短语quite a few elderly people/senior citizens；表示“不熟悉”应为动词短语be unfamiliar/not familiar with/be not skilled in；表示“用手机打车”应为动词短语use mobile phone to take a taxi；此处use为动名词形式；表示“这家公司”为名词this company；表示“提供”为动词offers/provides/ presents/ furnishes/ affords/ supplies；表示“一系列服务”应为名词短语a series of /a range of/an array of services；表示“满足他们的需求”为动词短语 respond to/ cater to/ meet/ satisfy/ serve/ answer/address their needs/ demands。故翻译为：Given (the fact) that/In consideration of the fact that/In (the) light of the fact that/In view of the fact that/ Considering (that) quite a few elderly people/senior citizens are unfamiliar with/ are not familiar with/are not skilled in taking a taxi with mobile phone/ using mobile phone to take a taxi, this company offers/ provides/ presents/ furnishes/ affords/ supplies a series of/a range of/an array of services to respond to/ cater to/ meet/ satisfy/ serve/ answer/address their needs/ demands. 75. 正是因为贯彻了“顾客为本”的理念, 那家落寞已久的社区商场才得以重回大众视线。 (it) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It was because of the implementation of the “customer-oriented/ customer-based/ customer-first” principle/ philosophy that this long-filing/ almost- deserted/ dead-silent/ lifeless community shopping mall returned to public's attention/regained public's attention/came back to the sight of the public. Or: It was because the “customer-oriented” principle/ philosophy was implemented that this community shopping mall failing/that had been failing for a long time regained public's attention. 【解析】 【详解】考查强调句型和时态。分析可知，because of (因为)，implementation (贯彻)，“顾客为本”为customer-oriented/ customer-based/ customer-first principle/ philosophy，可用“It is +被强调部分+ that/who +其它”强调句型结构表达，此处被强调部分是原因状语because of the implementation of the “customer-oriented/ customer-based/ customer-first” principle/ philosophy，用that；主句部分谓语用一般过去时，“落寞已久的”为“long-filing/ almost- deserted/ dead-silent/ lifeless”，“社区商场”为“community shopping mall”，“重回大众视线”为“return to public's attention/regain public's attention/come back to the sight of the public.”故翻译为：It was because of the implementation of the “customer-oriented/ customer-based/ customer-first” principle/ philosophy that this long-filing/ almost- deserted/ dead-silent/ lifeless community shopping mall returned to public's attention/regained public's attention/came back to the sight of the public.Or: It was because the “customer-oriented” principle/ philosophy was implemented that this community shopping mall failing/that had been failing for a long time regained public's attention. VI. Guided Writing 76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-50 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，入冬以来，你校组织全校师生每周一至周五晨跑时间为7:30—7:50，休息5分钟后上第一节课。但有同学反映，晨跑后身体不适，因此学校委托学生会征询大家对晨跑的意见。请你给学生会写一封邮件，内容必须包括： (1) 你认为该晨跑安排中存在的问题； (2) 你改进建议及理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear Student Union, I am Li Ming, a Senior 3 student from Mingqi Middle School. I am writing to share my thoughts on the morning running arrangement. The current morning running from 7:30-7:50 followed by the first class after a 5-minute break has some problems. Firstly, running right before class doesn’t give students enough time to calm down. Secondly, running in the cold winter morning without proper warm - up can be harmful to our health, causing discomfort like muscle strains. I suggest starting the running 15 minutes earlier. This allows 20 minutes for running, 10 minutes for students to relax and adjust before class. Moreover, we should have a 5-minute guided warm-up activity before running. This way, we can better prepare our bodies for exercise and reduce the risk of injury. Thank you for considering my suggestions. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给学生会写一封邮件，反映晨跑的意见。 【详解】1.词汇积累 导致：causing→ leading to 建议：suggest → advise 此外：moreover→ what’s more 减少，降低：reduce→ decrease 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I am Li Ming, a Senior 3 student from Mingqi Middle School. 拓展句：I am Li Ming, who is a Senior 3 student from Mingqi Middle School. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Secondly, running in the cold winter morning without proper warm - up can be harmful to our health, causing discomfort like muscle strains.（运用了非谓语动词中的现在分词作状语。） 【高分句型2】The current morning running from 7:30 - 7:50 followed by the first class after a 5 - minute break has some problems.（运用了非谓语动词中的过去分词作后置定语修饰morning running。） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 绝密★启用前 2022年1月普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（上海卷） 英语试卷 （满分140分，考试时间120分钟） I. Listening Comprehension Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 1. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A By the shuttle bus. B. By a friend’s private car. C. By the subway. D. By a shared bike. 2. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Academic problems. B. A tour of Pearl Lake University. C. A Weekend travel plan. D. The motto of Pearl Lake University. 3. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. The lady will go hiking next week. B. The lady took her kitten to the clinic last week. C. The man cares about the woman. D. The man didn't go hiking last week. 4. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He wants to travel to Shanghai. B. He has found a suitable job. C. He graduated last month. D. His hometown may be Nantong. 5. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. Silent. B. Crazy. C. Relieved. D. Depressed. 6. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He wants the house to have a garage and a garden. B. He just wants a space to sunbathe in his house. C. He wants to buy a villa. D. He likes European style decoration. 7. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A He is crazy about reading. B. He likes the decoration style of the library. C. He is a knowledgeable college student. D. He is a librarian. 8. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. She likes similar car models. B. She promised a refund within a week. C. She encouraged the man to buy the model car. D. She has sold a lot of cars. 9. 【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. He wants to leave the company. B. He is the project leader of the company. C. He thinks their hard work will be wasted. D. He will announce the progress of the project. 10. 此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 A. His child came home late and had no food. B. He has spared some food for his child. C. The whole family waited the child came back for dinner. D. He was very angry with his child’s behavior. Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or converstion, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the question will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 11. A. Method for sorting out refrigerator sundries. B. Preparation method of weight loss meal. C. Strategies to avoid excessive pre-dinner snacks D. The food on the plate is more delicious. 12. A. You can eat fried food before dinner. B. You can’t eat any food before dinner. C. You can only put your pre meal snacks on the plate. D. You can have a slice of toast in the afternoon. 13. A. This can reduce food intake. B. This can aggravate people’s body anxiety. C. This will make us eat more. D. This avoids making complex dinners. 听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 14. A. 3,000 billion trees. B. 400 billion trees. C. 50 million trees. D. 15 billion trees. 15. A. Russia has always ranked first in the number of trees. B. Trees would be gone in the future at current removal rate. C. People will plant trees on the cultivated land. D. It is impossible to calculate the total number of trees. 16. A. To stop people from building houses endlessly. B. To draw people's attention to the importance of trees. C. To call on people to protect the homes of wild animals. D. To attract people to study the growth environment of trees. 听下面一段较长对话，回答以下小题。【此处可播放相关音频，请去附件查看】 17. A. Personal travel plan. B. Travel experience. C. Party dress. D. Organization of work. 18. A. Jerry will travel by high-speed rail. B. Jerry is Helen’s cousin. C. Jerry's parents live in Nanjing. D. Jerry is resting in his apartment now. 19. A. She knows the boss there. B. She booked the table a month earlier. C. Her friend works in this restaurant. D. She has a noble status. 20. A. Going for a picnic in the forest park. B. Resting in the apartment. C. Going to the Domingo restaurant for dinner. D. Going to Shanghai Museum. II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. The Lights of Aurora On the night of 2 September 1859, the dark sky over Europe and North America was suddenly full of light. The light did not come from the sun or the moon — and it had a strange colour. The light moved across the sky, ____21____ (come) and going, like clouds in a strong wind. In the United States, a man in Boston was using the telegraph to speak to a man in Portland, 160 km away. They both turned off the electricity for the telegraph, but ____22____ could still speak to each other for the next two hours. The electricity was coming from the light in the sky. How was this possible? And what was the light in the sky? The light is called the aurora. Usually, you can see it only at the very north of the earth, ____23____ it is called aurora borealis or Northern Lights, or at the very south, where it is the aurora australis or Southern Lights. But in 1859, something happened in the sun — a very large storm — and it moved the aurora across the middle of the earth. We do not think that his ever happened before 1859, and we know that it ____24____ (not happen) since then. Why does the aurora happen? And why can we only see it at the top or bottom of the earth? The aurora is made by something ____25____ (call) the ‘solar wind’ (wind from the sun). We cannot see this wind, or touch it. It is a wind of particles that travel away from the sun all the time at about 400 kilometres a second. Most of the particles never touch the earth. The earth has a kind of ‘wall’ around it that defends it ____26____ these particles. This wall is called the earth's magnetic field, and it pushes the particles away on either side. But the earth's magnetic field has two ‘windows’ in it: the magnetic north, and the magnetic south. At these places, the earth's magnetic field turns down into the earth. And some of the particles from the solar wind come through these magnetic ‘windows’. These solar particles crash into the particles that are already in our sky. And ____27____ this happens, we see the beautiful lines or clouds of light of the aurora. Alaska is a good place ____28____ (see) the aurora borealis, and you can also go to places like Iceland, Siberia, the north of Greenland, Norway, Sweden, and Scotland. To see the aurora australis, go to the south of Australia, Tasmania, or New Zealand. People travel thousands of kilometres to see the aurora, and they can never be sure ____29____ it will happen. But____30____ does see it says that they will never forget it. Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. characteristics B. diverse C. employ D. function E. issue F. integration G. hit H. military I. potential J. schemes K. wearers Future Fashion: Biometric Bodysuits A team of the Applied NanoBioscience Center at Arizona State University has built prototypes (原型) of biometric bodysuits. They can detect chemical attacks, deliver drugs to their ____31____, or even perfume scents if your body temperature rises too much. The ____32____ version of the Scentsory Chameleon Bodysuit incorporates fuel cells to provide a lightweight source of power for the soldier’s equipment. The civilian one can monitor your heart or blood pressure, deliver interactive games or simply work as a wearable computer. You will even be able to download new colors and patterns from the Web to change your appearance according to this article from East Valley Tribune in Arizona. Both versions should ____33____ the market within a few years. Frederic Zenhausern, director of the Applied NanoBioscience Center at ASU, has joined with Ghassan Jabbour, a professor at the University of Arizona, to develop two prototypes of “biometric bodysuits” that contain embedded sensors, power sources, microfluidic devices and other gadgets not normally associated with the latest Paris fashions. Such “smart” clothing could ____34____ future soldiers early warning of chemical attacks or automatically deliver insulin to diabetics, Zenhausemn said. “The biometric bodysuit shows how electronics and fluidics (流体学) can be incorporated into clothing to perform a wide range of ____35____ tasks, from highly functional to the aesthetic.” he said. The civilian Chameleon will have somewhat different ____36____. Its biometric outfit demonstrates how miniature electronics could be embedded in clothing to promote health. It is made of clear vinyl (乙烯基) and white plastics to show the placement of various electronic and fluidic devices. In the future, such an outfit could diagnose diseases and deliver medications to the wearer, monitor heart rate or blood pressure, deliver interactive games and other forms of entertainment or ____37____ as a wearable computer. Another possibility would be to download different designs from the Internet so the fabrio could change colors and patterns, Zenhausern said. And it could all be made to look stylish by the ____38____ of electronics and high-fashion designs, he said. In fact, the concept of embedding microelectronics in fabrics has ____39____ far beyond clothing. Sheila Kennedy, a Boston-based architect and visiting professor at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, sees possibilities to _____40_____ the technology in building design. As an example, she said window shades containing organic light emitting diodes (二极管) could produce electricity from sunlight that would help generate power. III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain and should not be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden counterparts, according to a team of experts. A review of research evidence concludes there is nothing to support claims that sugar-free versions of popular soft drinks can help ____41____ obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Industry-sponsored studies reporting “favourable” associations between diet drinks and weight loss may be biased, it claims. There have been concerns that diet drinks, known as artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), might lead people to consume more calories by ____42____ sweet flavour taste buds. The new study found that evidence ____43____ the healthiness of ASBs was inconclusive with randomised controlled trials (RCTs) producing mixed results. Senior investigator Professor Christopher Millett said: “A common perception, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because ‘diet’ drinks have no sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight loss when used as a(n) ____44____ for full sugar versions.” However, we found no solid evidence to support this. The researchers pointed out that research supported by food or beverage companies was more likely to find no evidence of links between sugary drink ____45____ and obesity than non-industry sponsored research. Similarly, ASB industry-sponsored research was “more likely to report favourable results and ____46____ regarding ASB effects on weight control”. In many cases, researchers had failed to disclose ____47____ of interest relating to links with the food industry, it was claimed. Co-author Dr Maria Carolina Borges said: “The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously when discussing whether ASBs are ____48____ alternatives to SSBs (sugar-sweetened beverages). ” Leading British nutritionist Professor Susan Jebb said despite the mixed evidence, there was no reason to believe that replacing sugary drinks with artificially sweetened ____49____ did any harm. She said: “For people seeking to manage their weight, tap water is ____50____ the best drink to choose, for health and the environment, but for many people who are used to drinking sugary drinks, this will be too hard a change to ____51____. Artificially sweetened drinks are a step in the ____52____ direction to cut calories.” Dietician Professor Tom Sanders, was also critical of the research, calling it “an opinion piece rather than a(n) ____53____ review of the evidence”. He ____54____: “The conclusion that reduced sugar or sugar-free drinks should not be promoted or seen as part of a healthy diet seems unwarranted and likely to add to public ____55____.” 41. A. relieve B. oppose C. prevent D. bother 42. A. inserting B. stimulating C. enhancing D. securing 43. A. resulting from B. referring to C. depending on D. relating to 44. A. substitute B. proposal C. suspect D. implication 45. A. efficiency B. consumption C. distribution D. modernization 46. A. appointments B. instructions C. performances D. conclusions 47. A. threats B. matters C. conflicts D. appeals 48. A. adequate B. essential C. available D. deliberate 49. A. initiatives B. alternatives C. objectives D. representatives 50. A. without question B. beyond description C. around the corner D. in consequence 51. A. settle B. route C. mend D. make 52. A. wrong B. right C. proper D. opposite 53. A. democratic B. automatic C. systematic D. dramatic 54. A. transferred B. ranged C. accessed D. added 55. A. fascination B. ambition C. confusion D. isolation Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) If a single word can describe our daily life during those first three years, it is “scrounge” (讨要). Every waking moment we were concentrating on how the hell we would be able to save up enough dough (面团；钱) to do whatever it was we had to do. Usually it was just break even. And there's nothing romantic about it, either. Remember the famous stanza in Omar Khayyam? You know, the book of verses underneath the bough, the loaf of bread, the jug of wine and so forth? Substitute Scott on Trusts for that book of verses and see how this poetic vision stacks up against my idyllic existence. Ah, paradise? No, bullshit. All I'd think about is how much that book was (could we get it secondhand?) and where, if anywhere, we might be able to charge that bread and wine. And then how we might ultimately scrounge up the dough to pay off our debts. Life changes. Even the simplest decision must be scrutinized by the ever vigilant budget committee of your mind. “Hey, Oliver, let’s go see Becket tonight.” “Listen it’s three bucks.” “What do you mean?” “I mean a buck fifty for you and a buck fifty for me.” “Does that mean yes or no?” “Neither. It just means three bucks.” Our honeymoon was spent on a yacht and with twenty-one children. That is, I sailed a thirty-six-foot Rhodes from seven in the morning till whenever my passengers had enough, and Jenny was a children’s counselor. It was a place called the Pequod Boat Club in Dennis Port (not far from Hyannis), an establishment that included a large hotel, a marina and several dozen houses for rent. In one of the tinier bungalows, I have nailed an imaginary plaque (匾牌): “Oliver and Jenny slept here.” I think it’s a tribute to us both that after a long day of being kind to our customers, for we were largely dependent on their tips for our income, Jenny and I were nonetheless kind to each other. I simply say “kind”, because I lack the vocabulary to describe what loving and being loved by Jennifer Cavilleri is like. Sorry, I mean Jennifer Barrett. Before leaving for the Cape, we found a cheap apartment in North Cambridge. I called it North Cambridge, although the address was technically in the town of Somerville and the house was, as Jenny described it, “in the state of disrepair”. It had originally been a two-family structure，now converted into four apartments, overpriced even at its “cheap” rental. But what the hell can graduate students do? It’s a seller’'s market. 56. What can we learn from the conversation between Oliver and Jenny? A. None of them wanted to see Becket. B. They didn’t have three bucks. C. Jenny was wasting money. D. Oliver was a thrifty man. 57. Why were Oliver and Jenny friendly to customers? A. They were both counselors for children. B. They needed to get tips from customers. C They didn’t have enough room to live in. D. That was the rule on the yacht. 58. By “in the state of disrepair”, the author implies that ________. A. the apartment was very cheap B. the apartment was very expensive C. their accomodation is not decent D. their accomodation is very decent 59. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. A couple’s debt repayment process B. A couple’s honeymoon trip C. A couple’s hard life D. A couple’s life on a yacht (B) Summer Camp Rules Whether it’s your child’s first year at camp, or they are a seasoned camper and need a little refresher, it’s a good idea to go over summer camp rules and guidelines before leaving for camp. Camp rules are in place to keep the camp community safe and camp operations running smoothly throughout their stay. 1. Keep Your Personal Space Clean Since your child will be in close quarters with many other campers, it’s important that they understand the necessity of keeping their sleeping and living areas organized. Go over ways for your child to stay organized and tidy before they leave for camp. When packing, make sure to provide a laundry bag to keep clean and dirty clothing separate. Utillize under bed space or put clothes on your shelves or cubbies rather than living out of your suitcase or camp trunk. It also helps to not over pack. Follow packing list guidelines closely so your child can find what they need without having to dig through piles of clothing that were not recommended. This also helps you child know what they have in their luggage so they pull out the sweatshirt when it gets cold, instead of thinking there wasn’t one in their bag. Remind your child of their camp account so they can purchase items from the camp store if necessary. 2. Valuables at Camp As a best practice, we recommend leaving all valuables at home. Even if your child has a bracelet or necklace that they never take off, there is still the chance that it could be lost while swimming or participating in camp activities. If you are thinking about bringing an expensive item of clothing, be prepared for it to get lost or damaged. You may be better off buying a new, less expensive version. To be on the safe side, don’t let your child bring anything irreplaceable or emotionally valuable to camp. 3. Play Nice Name calling, fighting, bullying, and arguing are strictly prohibited at summer camp. Camp is a place to make friends, so aggressive behavior is not tolerated. Remind your child that they don’t have to be everybody’s best friend, but they do have to be friendly to everyone. Encourage your child to go into camp with the mindset of making a few new friends, and chances are they will leave camp having made more than a few. 4. Have Fun and Try New Things At the end of the day, summer camp is about getting out of your comfort zone, trying new things, and having a blast. Before your child leaves for camp, congratulate them for being brave enough to try sleepaway camp in the first place. Let them know that they’ve already won just by trying, and the fun part is just about to begin. Remind them again that summer camp rules exist only to improve the overall camp experience and to create a community of fun. 60. What is the purpose of clarifying the rules of summer camp? A. Enrich children’s summer camp operation. B. Ensure the safety of children participating in summer camp. C. Cultivate children’s ability to survive in the wild. D. Help children develop good cleaning habits. 61. Which of the following behaviors is advocated by the summer camp? A. Take your favorite valuables. B. Fight with camping friends. C. Avoid participating in hazardous activities. D. Keep personal camping supplies in order. 62. What is the passage mainly about? A. Enjoy the unique fun brought by new things. B. Make good friends wherever you are. C. Follow the rules of summer camp. D. Get enough sleep before camping. (C) Conservationists go to war over whether humans are the measure of nature’s value. New Conservationists argue such trade-offs are necessary in this human-dominated epoch. And they support “re-wilding”, a concept originally proposed by Soule where people curtail economic growth and withdraw from landscapes, which then return to nature. New Conservationists believe the withdrawal could happen together with economic growth. The California-based Breakthrough Institute believes in a future where most people live in cities and rely less on natural resources for economic growth. They would get food from industrial agriculture, including genetically modified foods, desalination, intensified meat production and aquaculture, all of which have a smaller land footprint. And they would get their energy from renewables and natural gas. Driving these profound shifts would be greater efficiency of production, where more products could be manufactured from fewer inputs. And some unsustainable commodities would be replaced in the market by other, greener ones — natural gas for coal, for instance, explained Michael Shellenberger, president of the Breakthrough Institute. Nature would, in essence, be decoupled from the economy. And then he added a caveat: “We are not suggesting decoupling as the paradigm to save the world, or that it solves all the problems or eliminates all the trade-offs.” Cynics (悲观者) may say all this sounds too utopian , but Breakthrough maintains the world is already on this path toward decoupling. Nowhere is this more evident than in the United States, according to Iddo Wernick, a research scholar at the Rockefeller University, who has examined the nation’s use of 100 main commodities. Wernick and his colleagues looked at data carefully from the U.S. Geological Survey National Minerals Information Center, which keeps a record of commodities used from 1900 through the present day. They found that the use of 36 commodities (sand, ire ore, cotton, etc.) in the U.S. economy had peaked. Another 53 commodities (nitrogen, timber, beef, etc.) are being used more efficiently per dollar value of gross domestic product than in the pre-1970s era. Their use would peak soon, Wernick said. Only 11 commodities (industrial diamond, indium, chicken, etc.) are increasing in use (Greenwire, Nov. 6), and most of these are employed by industries in small quantities to improve systems processes. Chicken use is rising because people are eating less beef, a desirable development since poultry cultivation has a smaller environmental footprint. The numbers show the United States has not intensified resource consumption since the 1970s even while increasing its GDP and population, said Jesse Ausubel of the Rockefeller University. “It seems like the 20th-century expectation we had, we were always assuming the future entailed greater consumption of resources,” Ausubel said. “But what we are seeing in the developed countries is, of course, peaks.” 63. What does the underlined word “trade-offs” refer to in the first paragraph? A. The balance between human development and natural ecology. B. The profitability of import and export trade. C. The consumption of natural resources by industrial development. D. The difficult plight of economic growth. 64. Which of the following is true of the views of the new environmentalists? A. They believe that mankind should live in forests with rich vegetation. B. They believe that mankind will need more natural resources in the future. C. They believe that mankind is the master of the whole universe. D. They believe that mankind should limit economic growth. 65. What can we infer from the last paragraph of the passage? A. Natural resources cannot support economic development. B. More resource consumption will not occur in a certain period of time. C. Excessive resource consumption will not affect the ecological environment. D. All resource consumption in developed countries has reached a peak. 66. What is the passage mainly about? A. Urbanization and re-wildness. B. Human existence and industrial development. C. Socioeconomic development and resource consumption. D. Commodity trading and raw material development. Section C Directions: Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentence can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. Should Writers Be Paid for Their E-books Lent by Libraries? When libraries lend books to the public, authors and publishers receive remuneration from the Government under the Lending Rights schemes. ____67____ Is this fair? This year, the government has distributed almost a $22 million under these Public Lending Rights and Educational Lending Rights Schemes. For each book in public library collections, creators receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52. The amount that each claimant receives is often not very significant, with the majority of authors receiving between $100 — 500 annually. Still, a previous study has revealed that this remuneration constitutes the second most important source of income for creators from their creative work. E-books, however, are not covered by these Lending Rights schemes. ____68____ But e-book lending is increasing and, according to the Australian Library and Information Association, e-books are likely to reach 20% of library holdings by 2020. Also, most, if not all, self-published titles are done so in digital format only. Such self-published titles, if lent by libraries, would not qualify for any remuneration. ____69____ Although the Book Industry Collaborative Council made such proposal already in a report of 2013, nothing has happened of yet. One of the main reasons why e-books are not covered is that e-book lending is quite different from print book lending. In case of print books, authors and publishers are arguably losing on customers and revenues when libraries loan their books for free. Creators only receive $2.11 and publishers receive $0.52 for each book in public library collections. At present, in the case of e-books, many publishers chose not to sell these books to libraries. ____70____ While publishers charge libraries high prices for e-books, writers complain that these amounts do not reach them. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. A. However, this is not the case when libraries lend e-books. B. This may not be a big issue now, for e-books are minor in publishing. C. Also, publishers assume get more profits from libraries where readers pay them more. D. Publishing contracts often don’t specify whether and how much authors receive for e-books sales or for e-lending. E. Extension alone would do little if the current funds under the schemes were merely re-distributed from books to e-books. F. For this reason, authors and publishers have been talking the Government into extending the Lending Rights Schemes to e-books. IV. Summary Writing 71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Neuroscientists usually define a singular memory as an engram (记忆印记) — a physical change in brain tissue associated with a particular recollection. Recently, brain scans revealed that an engram isn't isolated to one region of the brain and instead manifests as a colorful splattering across the neural tissue. “A memory looks more like a web in the brain than a single spot,” says neuroscientist and National Geographic Explorer Steve Ramirez of Boston University. That's because when a memory is created, it includes all the visual, auditory, and tactile inputs that make an experience memorable, and brain cells are encoded from all of those regions. Now, scientists are even able to track how memories move across the brain, like detectives finding footprints in the snow. While at MIT in 2013, Ramirez and his research partner Xu Liu had a breakthrough: They were able to target the cells that make up one engram in a mouse's brain and then implant a false memory. In their work, mice reacted in fear to a particular stimulus even when they had not been conditioned in advance. While mouse brains are less advanced than the human equivalent, Ramirez says they can still help neuroscientists understand how our memories work, too. In their current work, Ramirez and his colleagues are investigating whether positive and negative memories are stored in different groups of brain cells, and whether negative memories can be “overwritten” by positive ones. To prep mice for the experiments, the team injects the animals’ brains with a virus that contains fluorescent proteins and surgically implants optic fibers. The mice are then given a diet that prevents the virus from fluorescing until the researchers are ready to tag a positive or negative experience. Positive memories are created by putting male mice in cages with female mice for an hour, and negative memories are created by putting the mice in cages that deliver brief foot shocks. Once the mice have been conditioned to associate certain triggers with each experience, they undergo a short surgical operation so the scientists can stimulate the cells associated with the positive or negative engrams. They are finding that activating positive memories while a mouse is in a cage it associates with fear makes that mouse less fearful. Using a different technique, University of Toronto neuroscientist Sheena Josselyn was able to completely eliminate fear memories in mice. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ V. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 他已经几十年没见过如此壮美的日出了。(since) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 73. 小张昨天在田里播下种子，期待来年的丰收。(sow)(汉译英) 74. 鉴于不熟悉用手机打车的老人不在少数，这家公司提供了一系列服务来满足他们的需求。(a few) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ 75. 正是因为贯彻了“顾客为本”的理念, 那家落寞已久的社区商场才得以重回大众视线。 (it) (汉译英) ____________________________________________________________________________________ VI. Guided Writing 76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-50 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是明启中学高三学生李明，入冬以来，你校组织全校师生每周一至周五晨跑时间为7:30—7:50，休息5分钟后上第一节课。但有同学反映，晨跑后身体不适，因此学校委托学生会征询大家对晨跑的意见。请你给学生会写一封邮件，内容必须包括： (1) 你认为该晨跑安排中存在的问题； (2) 你的改进建议及理由。 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$You have heard one. Would you like me to give you a right to the airport? The subway system has broken down. It's very kind of you, but there is a shuttle service question. How will the woman most probably get to the airport? Two, I heard you made a tour of perl lake university last sunday. Yes, we arrived at eight o'clock, and then two senior students showed us around the campus. We were deeply impressed. Question, what are the speakers mainly talking about? Three, I missed the hiking last week. I had to take my kitten to the clinic. What a pity is. SHE. All right. Now question. what can be learned from the conversation? For are you going back to none after graduation next month? I think so. After I graduate, i'll go back home and try to get a job there. Question, what can be learned about the main. Five, have you got any news about the mountain climbers? Yes, the rescue team found them. Think, goodness, they survived the cold. Question, how does the woman most probably feel? Six, do you have any idea of our future house for me? I don't particularly care whether he has got a garden or a garage. Me, neither. I need just a little bit of space to sit out in when it's warm. Question, what does the man mean? Seven, so you want to turn this room into a mini library? Yes, my son is a keen reader. Question, what can be learned about the woman's sun? Eight, I am wondering whether I should buy this model car. I already have a very similar one. I seen no reason not to. You are entitled to a refund within a week. If you don't like IT question. what does the woman imply? Nine, you know what? The boss announced that the project we've been working on will be abandoned. So our eight months hard work just goes down the drain. Question, what does the man mean? Ten, sorry, dad, i'm home late. We've all . had our supper, but i've set aside a bite for you. Question, what does the man mean? Section b directions in section b, you will hear two passages and one longer conversation. After each passage, your conversation, you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard. Questions eleven to thirteen are based on the following passage. Can't resist picking from the fridge or covered before dinner. A little cheese, some biscuits and apple IT never seems like much. Yet by the time dinner comes around, you are full. If this is you, here are two strategies to help you out. Think about what you are eating earlier in the day. If you are having a light lunch, then trying to last and tell dinner, you may be doing harm to yourself by leaving IT too long between food stops, you will get too hungry and over eat at dinner. Instead, try having a slice of toast or a piece of fruit and a cup of yoga at about three thirty pm. This should keep you going until dinner, so you can resist the pre dinner snacking. The other strategy is that if you do have a snack before dinner, put IT on a plate. Instead of picking and paying no attention to what you are eating, arrange some food properly on a small plate, then sit down to eat your snack. Simply by doing this, you will eat a lot less and still be ready for the main event. Now listen again. countries picking from the french or covered before dinner, a little cheese, some biscuits and apple IT never seems like much. Yet by the time dinner comes around, you are full. If this is you, here are two strategies to help you out. Think about what you are eating earlier in the day. If you are having a light lunch, then trying to last until dinner, you may be doing harm to yourself. By leaving IT too long between food stops, you will get too hungry and over eat at dinner. Instead, try having a slice of toast to a piece of fruit and a cup of yogurt at about three thirty P. M. This should keep you going until dinner, so you can resist the pre dinner snacking. The other strategy is that if you do have a snack before dinner, put IT on a plate. Instead of picking and paying no attention to what you are eating, arrange some food properly on a small plate, then sit down to eat your snack. Simply by doing this, you will eat a lot less and still be ready for the main event. Questions a lot than what is the speaker mainly talking about. Twelve, what does the speaker suggest you do if you have a light lunch? Thirteen, according to the speaker, why should you put a free dinner snack on a plate? Questions fourteen through sixteen are based on the following passage. how many trees are there in the world? Until now, scientists could only guess the estimate of global tree number is approximately four hundred billion in the tree survey project by using satellite images and on site counting in more than fifty countries, researchers at an american university counted more than three thousand billion trees in the world, roughly seven times more than previously estimated. Among all the countries, russia is ranked first in the tree number, but researchers also warned that the number of trees on earth has fAllen by forty six percent since the start of civilization. Due to demand for wood and farmland, humans cut down more than fifteen billion trees each year, replanting only five billion at that rate. Trees on earth will be gone in about three centuries. The project goal is to draw attention to the importance of trees in the role in reducing the gravity of climate change. The project lead researcher says trees store huge amounts of carbon. They are among the most important and critical living things on earth. Now listen again. how many trees are there in the world? Until now, scientists could only guess the estimate of global tree number is, appropriately, four hundred billion in the tree survey project. By using satellite images and on sight counting in more than fifty countries, researchers at an american university counted more than three thousand billion trees in the world, roughly seven times more than previously estimated among all the countries, russia is ranked first in the tree number, but researchers also warned that the number of trees on earth has fAllen by forty six percent since the start of civilization. Due to demand for worden farmland, humans cut down more than fifteen billion trees each year, replanting only five billion at that rate. Trees on earth will be gone in about three centuries. The project goal is to draw attention to the importance of trees and their role in reducing the gravity of climate change, the projects lead researcher says tree store huge amounts of carbon. They, among the most important and critical living things on earth. Questions fourteen, according to the survey, how many trees are there in the world? Fifteen, which of the following is the most probable prediction based on the surface findings? Sixteen, what is the purpose of the project introduced in the passage? Question seventeen, three, twenty are based on the following conversation. Helen, when is your brother Jerry getting into town? I haven't seen him for ages this thursday. I will pick him up around eight. P. M. Are you going to do anything together that night? No, I think he'll be too tired, and we'll probably just want to go to bed early. That's true. It's a long flight from sania. How long is he going to stay . only till monday? Then he goes to nanjing to see her parents. Do you have any special plans for friday? You bet he can relax in the apartment on friday morning. And then in the afternoon, we are going to the forest park with some friends to have a picnic. And then in the evening . I have booked a table in domingos, that mexican restaurant. Do you know? IT. yeah, one of the wait, as I know, told me that is extremely difficult to book a table there. Not if you call them early enough, say, a month earlier. What about saturday . in the morning? We are going to shanghai museum. They've gotten an exhibition Jerry will be interested in after lunch we'll be doing some shopping. So i'm meeting you guys on saturday evening at eight o'clock. Oh yes, the party is at clear house. Come around here just before eight, and we can take a taxi over, declares together. All right. Now listen again. Helen, when is your brother Jerry getting into town? I haven't seen him for ages. This thursday. I will pick him up around eight P. M. Are you going to do anything together that night? No, I think he'll be too tired and we'll probably just want to go to bed early. That's true. It's a long flight from santa. How long is he going to stay? Only till monday? Then he goes to nanjing to see our parents. Do you have any special plans for friday? You bet he can relax in the apartment on friday morning. And then in the afternoon, we are going to the forest park with some friends to have a picnic. And then in the evening. I have booked a table in domingos, that mexican restaurant, do you know? IT. yeah. One of the wait, as I know, told me that is extremely difficult to book a table there. Not if you call them early enough, say, a month earlier. What about saturday in the morning? We are going to shanghai museum. They've gotten an exhibition Jerry will be interested in. After lunch, we'll be doing some shopping. So I meeting you guys on saturday evening at eight o'clock. Oh yes, the party is at clear house. Come around here just before eight, and we can take a taxi over the clares together. All right. Questions seventeen. What are the two speakers may be talking about? Eighteen, what can be learned about Jerry? Nineteen, why was the woman able to reserve a table in domingos? Twenty, what will Jerry most probably be doing on friday afternoon? That's the end of listening comprehension. 听力部分到此结束。关注微信公众号，上海初高中英语教学，海量名校名师资源，助您升学一臂之力。