Unit 1 Section Ⅰ Vocabulary(课件PPT+Word教案)-【步步高】2024-2025学年高一英语必修第三册教师用书（译林版2020）

Section Ⅰ　Vocabulary Ⅰ.写重点词汇 1．soil n．土壤；国土，领土，土地 2．overseas adj.海外的，国外的 adv.在海外，向国外 3．million num.一百万；许多，大量 4．species n．(pl.species)种，物种 5．wildlife n．野生动植物，野生生物 6．beneath prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上 7．living adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n．生计，谋生；生活方式 8．thus adv.因此，从而；这样 9．impact n．影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响；冲击 10．damage vt.& n．损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 11．climate n．气候；倾向，风气 12．medal n．奖章，勋章 13．image n．形象；图像；意象 14．track vt.& vi.跟踪，追踪 n．足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线 15．habitat n．生活环境，栖息地 16．nowhere adv.无处，哪里都不 17．resident n．居民，住户 18．chief n．首领，最高领导人 adj.主要的；首席的 19．committee n．委员会 20．protest vi.反对，抗议 vt.反对；坚持声称，申辩 n．抗议，反对 21．process n．过程，进程；步骤，流程 vt.加工，处理 22．policy n．政策，方针；原则 23．branch n．(政府或机构)部门；分部；树枝；支流；分支 24．strategy n．策略，行动计划；策划，部署 25．subway n．地铁；地下人行道 26．former adj.昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的 27．official n．官员，要员 adj.公务的；正式的，官方的 28．poverty n．贫穷，贫困；贫乏 29．in turn相应地，转而 30．break down使分解(为)，使变化(成) 31．breathe life into给……带来起色，注入活力 32．due to由于，因为 33．build up逐渐增加，扩大 34．come up with想出，想到 35．call for (公开)要求；需要 36．spring to mind突然记起(或想到) 37．get rid of摆脱，丢弃，扔掉 38．give rise to使发生(或存在) Ⅱ.悟拓展词汇 1．harm n．& vt.伤害，损害→harmful adj.有害的→harmless adj.无害的 2．region n．地区，区域；行政区→regional adj.地区的，区域的 3．length n．长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长→long adj.长的→lengthen v．加长 4．variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体→vary v．变化→various adj.各种不同的，各种各样的 5．mass n．大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj.大批的，广泛的→massive adj.巨大的；非常严重的 6．towering adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的→tower n．塔 v．高于，超过 7．survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难→survival n．幸存；生还→survivor n．幸存者 8．nutrient n．营养素，营养物→nutrition n．营养；滋养→nutritional adj.营养(物)的→nutritious adj.有营养的；营养丰富的 9．disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪→disappearance n．消失→appear vi.出现→appearance n．外表，外观；出现 10．agriculture n．农业，农学→agricultural adj.农业的；农艺的 11．extinction n．灭绝，绝种→extinct adj.灭绝的，绝种的 12．global adj.全球的；全面的→globe n．球体；地球 13．application n．应用，运用；申请→apply v．应用；申请；涂；有关→applicant n．申请人 14．organization n．组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理→organize vt.组织→organizer n．组织者→organized adj.有组织的；有条理的 15．absolutely adv.绝对地，完全地；极其→absolute adj.绝对的，完全的 16．entirely adv.完全地，全部地，完整地→entire adj.完全的 17．profit n．利润，收益；好处 vi.& vt.获益，得到好处→profitable adj.有利可图的；有益的→profitless adj.无益的；无利可图的 18．defence (AmE defense) n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守→defend vt.保护；防御；辩白→defensive adj.防御的；保护的 19．economic adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的→economical adj.节约的；经济的→economy n．经济→economist n．经济学家→economics n．经济学 20．recycle vt.回收利用，再利用→recyclable adj.可回收的→recycling n．回收利用 21．poison vt.污染；毒死，毒害 n．毒物，毒药→poisonous adj.有毒的 22．chemical n．化学制品 adj.化学的；化学作用的→chemistry n．化学→chemist n．化学家 23．consequence n．结果，后果；重要性→consequent adj.随之发生的→consequently adv.因此；结果 24．further adj.更多的，更进一步的 adv.较远，更远；进一步 vt.促进，增进→far adj.& adv.远(的)→farther adj.& adv.更远(的)→furthest/farthest adj.& adv.最远(的) Ⅲ.认阅读词汇 1．They believed that the greater the diversity is，the more stable the ecosystem will be.生态系统 2．This book is the perfect introduction to the seven continents.大洲 3．We do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity.生物多样性 4．Brazil nut is an excellent food for skin health.巴西坚果 5．In Hangzhou，there is a kind of water lily whose pads are so huge that a person can stand on them.睡莲 6．He went into the jungle，searching until he found a fallen tree of a certain species of hardwood.阔叶树 7．The elephant is a kind of mammal that can’t jump.哺乳动物 8．There’s no doubt that a jaguar can finish you off in a few seconds.美洲虎 9．Some animals，such as bears，frogs and snakes，sleep in winter.青蛙 10．A cold spring will provide a natural check on the number of insects.昆虫 11．Microorganism is an important natural product resource.微生物 12．Humans take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.氧气　碳 13．After a summer here the poorest sheep and cattle grow strong and fat.牛 14．It is believed that greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming.温室气体 15．More than seven million people have been affected by drought.旱灾 16．Students interested are welcome to come to take a brochure.小册子 17．Clearly，if you are spending more than your income，you’ll need to tighten your belt.腰带 18．Most scientists agree that Nessie is neither a whale nor a shark.鲸　鲨鱼 19．Images of deer and hunters decorate the cave walls.鹿 20．In the past few decades，several animal species have been labeled extinct，including the Chinese paddlefish and Yangtze River dolphin.海豚 21．Most of my friends are moving outside the city to avoid the noise，smog and traffic of the city.烟雾 harm n．& vt.伤害，损害(harmful adj.有害的 harmless adj.无害的；无恶意的) •do/cause harm to sb/sth＝do/cause sb/sth harm对……有害 There is no harm in doing sth.做某事并无害处。 do (sb) more harm than good (对某人)弊大于利 •be harmful to...对……有害 (1)The doctor says that this material is harmless(harm) to human beings and has no impact on our health. (2)(2023•新课标Ⅰ)The task John set for himself was to remove harmful(harm) substances from some sludge(污泥)． [写作佳句] (3)(话题写作之礼仪文化)你与朋友吃饭时注意餐桌礼仪没有坏处。 There is no harm in paying attention to table manners while you are eating with friends. (4)(应用文写作之建议信)不可否认，过度使用互联网在一定程度上损害了我们的身心健康。 ①There is no denying that overusing the Internet to some extent harms our physical and mental health.(harm vt.) ②There is no denying that overusing the Internet to some extent does/causes harm to our physical and mental health.(harm n．) ③There is no denying that overusing the Internet to some extent is harmful to our physical and mental health.(harmful) variety n．不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体(various adj.各种各样的，各种不同的 vary v．改变；不同) •种类繁多的；各种各样的 •vary from...to...从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动 vary with...随着……而变化 vary in...在……方面变化/有差异 (1)(2022•全国甲)Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange，but they are important in various(vary) countries. (2)(2021•新课标Ⅰ)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America，the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety(vary) of wildlife. (3)The scenery of the Three Gorges varies with the season，and you can enjoy different pleasures. [写作佳句] (4)(话题写作之活动安排)对于你们的来访，我们安排了各种各样的活动，包括欢迎晚会、校园游览和京剧表演。 For your visit here，we have arranged a variety of/varieties of/various activities，including a welcome party，a campus tour and a Beijing Opera performance. (5)(话题写作之个人生活)我有许多爱好，从打篮球到弹钢琴不等。 ①I have a number of hobbies，varying from playing basketball to playing the piano.(非谓语动词) ②I have a number of hobbies，which vary from playing basketball to playing the piano.(定语从句) survive vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难(survival n．生存；幸存 survivor n．生还者，幸存者) survive sth幸免于……；从……中活下来 survive on依靠……生活 survive sb by＋时间　比某人多活…… survive from...从……时留存/流传下来 (1)It is necessary that we master some basic skills，which will greatly increase our chances of survival(survive)． (2)Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe，surviving on entirely discarded(丢弃的) food. (3)Although the old lady suffered from a serious illness，she still survived her husband by 5 years. [写作佳句] (4)据这位专家说，有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来的。 According to the expert，some strange customs have survived from earlier times. (5)(读后续写之升华句)生活不在于如何从暴风雨中幸存，而在于学会在雨中翩翩起舞。 Life isn’t about how to survive the storm while it’s about learning to dance in the rain. application n．应用，运用；申请(apply v．应用，运用；申请；涂抹，敷 applicant n．申请人) apply (to sb) for sth (向某人)申请某物 apply to do sth申请做某事 apply to适用于 apply sth to sth把某物应用/涂抹于…… apply oneself to致力于/集中精力于……(to为介词) (1)He has applied to the school for scholarship and his application(apply) is under discussion. (2)Since last year，he has been applying himself to studying(study) traditional Chinese medical science. (3)The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training to new faces in the testing stage. [写作佳句] (4)(2021•新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)他往杰夫的手上涂了一些药，然后开始帮助他们清理残局，扔掉了烤焦的面包片。 He applied some medicine to Jeff’s hand，and then set out to help them clean up the mess，throwing away the burnt toast. (5)(应用文写作之申请信)得知画廊将在下个月举办中国画展览，我写信申请成为一名志愿者。 Knowing that a Chinese painting exhibition will be held at the gallery next month，I am writing to apply to become a volunteer. defence (AmE defense) n．辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守(defend vt.保卫；保护) •in defence of保护……；为了保卫……；为……辩护 •defend...against/from...防御；保护……以免…… defend oneself自卫；为自己辩护 (1)The monument is in memory of the soldiers who died in defence(defend) of their country. (2)A strategy was put forward at the meeting to defend the Lijiang River against/from being polluted. (3)When a dog was approaching，I picked up a stick to defend myself(I)． [写作佳句] (4)(读后续写之动作描写)看到这条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护他的儿子。 Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed to defend his son/in defence of his son like an arrow. (5)(2020•浙江7月，读后续写)我和妻子用胡椒喷雾保护我们自己不受北极熊的攻击。 My wife and I used pepper spray to defend ourselves from/against being attacked by the polar bear. consequence n．结果，后果；重要性(consequent adj.作为结果的；随之发生的consequently adv.所以；因此；结果) as a consequence＝in consequence＝consequently＝as a result结果；因此 as a consequence of＝in consequence of＝as a result of由于，因为 (1)My car broke down and consequently(consequent) I was late and was blamed by the boss. (2)Be careful of what you say，for it will find its echo；be careful of what you do，for it will show its consequence(consequent)． [写作佳句] (3)昨天下雨了，因此高尔夫比赛被取消了。 ①It rained yesterday，and as a consequence/in consequence/consequently/as a result，the golf match was canceled. ②The golf match was canceled as a consequence of/in consequence of/as a result of the rain yesterday. in turn相应地，转而；轮流，依次 by turns轮流，交替 take turns to do sth轮流做某事 it’s one’s turn to do sth轮到某人做某事 it turns/turned out that...结果是…… (1)Bernard and John took turns to sell(sell) popcorn in the market. (2)The audience reacted warmly and excitedly as each of the women spoke in turn. [写作佳句] (3)轮到我做演讲了。结果我鼓舞人心的演讲吸引了所有的师生，这使我欣喜若狂。 It was my turn to deliver a speech.It turned out that my inspiring speech appealed to all the students and teachers，which made me wild with joy. due to由于，因为(due adj.由于，因为；预定的；预期的；到期的；适当的；应支付；应得到，应归于 n．应有的权利；应得到的东西) be due to do sth预期做某事 be due to sb应支付/归于某人 be due for sth预定做某事；应得到某物 (1)一词多义 ①She intended to take the test only one month before the due date in June.到期的 ②The dictionary of the tenth edition is due to be published next month.预期的 ③That book is due to me，but I haven’t received it yet.应归于 ④The flight is put off due to heavy smog.由于 [写作佳句] (2)(话题写作之活动安排)活动定于下周六上午9点在报告厅举行。 The activity is due to be held in the lecture hall at 9 am next Saturday. come up with想出，想到 come about发生，产生 come across偶遇；被理解；无意中发现 come out出版；开花；出现；结果是 come to共计，达到 come on加油；到来；得了吧 come up升起；被提出；发生；发芽；走近 when it comes to...当谈到…… 注意：come up with为及物动词短语；come up为不及物动词短语。 用come的相关短语填空 (1)It is said that the book about wildlife will come out next month. (2)(应用文写作之建议信)When it comes to English learning，I have the following practical suggestions to share.Firstly，when you come across unfamiliar words，don’t always refer to the dictionary.Furthermore，when teachers’ questions come up in class，you should try to come up with answers.Lastly，if you fail，you must say to yourself，“Come on！” call for (公开)要求；需要 call up使回忆起；给……打电话 call in叫来；召来；召回 call off取消；停止 call on/upon拜访(某人)；号召 call at拜访(某个地点) 用call的相关短语填空 (1)Mr White was to call at my house after he finished his speech. (2)The sports meeting has been called off due to the bad weather. (3)The problem is that studying those species calls for a lot of patience. (4)I stared at these pictures on the wall，which called up memories of our class trip. [写作佳句] (5)(应用文写作之环境保护)地球日前一周，我们学校周围张贴了海报，呼吁我们保护环境。 A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，calling on/upon us to protect our environment. spring to mind突然记起(或想到) make up one’s mind下定决心 change one’s mind改变主意 将……记在心中 fix one’s mind on/upon...全神贯注于…… [写作佳句] (1)诚实和可靠是人们在谈到这个人时就会想到的两个词。 Honesty and reliability are the two words that spring to mind when people talk about the man. (2)(读后续写之人物描写)一旦他下定决心做某件事，什么都不能够改变他的主意。他将全神贯注于他正在做的事情，直到实现目标。 Once he has made up his mind to do something，nothing can change his mind.He will fix his mind on/upon what he is doing until he achieves his goal. (3)(应用文写作之建议信)首先，记住你目前的主要任务是增强你的体质。 First of all，keep/bear in mind that at present your main task is to build up your body. 高考热点微练 Ⅰ.一词多义 A．分解　B．(身体等)垮掉　C．(谈判等)失败　D．(情感等)失控　E．打破，消除 1．He broke down and wept when he heard the news. D 2．Getting young people together will help to break down the barriers between them. E 3．Talks between the two sides had broken down，which made us disappointed. C 4．Her health broke down under the pressure of work. B 5．Chemicals in the body break down our food into useful substances. A A．n.足迹，轨迹　B．n.小路，小径　C．n.跑道　D．v.跟踪，追踪 6．It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a muddy track. B 7．We saw wild animals’ tracks near the cave.We guessed they may be deer’s. A 8．The research project involves tracking the careers of 400 graduates. D 9．The teacher asked them to run five times round the track as punishment. C A．地带，地区　B．腰带　C．传送带 10．Our roles in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt.Attach icing(糖霜) ears.Apply icing eyes and nose. C 11．A belt of trees grows between the two fields，which looks beautiful. A 12．I was upset that the belt I just bought couldn’t meet round my waist. B Ⅱ.熟词生义 1．It will take a week for your application to be processed.v.审核，受理(文件、请求等) 2．Representatives of the other branches were against the new strategy.n.政府部门 训练1　Vocabulary　[分值：70分] Ⅰ.单词拼写(每小题1分，共10分) 1．These creatures have survived for millions(百万) of years. 2．He earns his living(生计) by teaching at a language school. 3．The building work will go ahead，despite protests(抗议) from local residents. 4．It’s a pity that farmland in this region has been completely poisoned(毒害) by chemicals. 5．A good way to protect species(物种) under threat of extinction is to let them go back to zoos and breed them there. 6．Masses of people love to skate in Japan，Norway or Canada. 7．Our company didn’t make a profit on the project，and instead it lost a lot of money. 8．He was surprised that many species of wildlife had disappeared from our planet forever. 9．Plenty of habitats of wild animals were destroyed.As a consequence，most of them disappeared. 10．A wide variety of measures should be taken to protect the wild animals，animals close to extinction in particular. Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) 1．I want to thank you in person for the impact you have had on/upon my life. 2．The topic he came up with at the meeting caused a heated discussion. 3．We will hold a meeting to discuss the plan at length(long) next week. 4．If you want to make some achievements in literature，you must apply yourself to it. 5．Sadly，the storm in this region did a lot of damage to the crops，causing a great loss. 6．Excellent performances on the stage call for confidence and unique professional skills. 7．We should take some specific measures to defend the soil from being washed(wash) away. 8．The sports meeting，originally due to be held(hold) last Friday，was finally delayed because of the bad weather. 9．We ought to raise awareness of the danger of pollution and its harmful(harm) effects on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans. 10．If he couldn’t draw on this clue to find his way out of the forest，there would be little chance of survival/surviving(survive)． Ⅲ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，共17.5分) A Urban gardens are valuable assets(资产) to communities.They provide green spaces to grow sustainable food，build community cohesion(凝聚力)，make new friends，connect with the earth，and much more.So，let’s check out our list of 4 inspiring urban gardens in the US. Gotham Greens Where：New York & Chicago What：Gotham Greens first started in Brooklyn and now has four locations in New York City and Chicago.Their flagship farm in Brooklyn produces over 100,000 pounds of greens per year.But it doesn’t just produce healthy local vegetables.It is using high-tech greenhouses with solar panels to make sure the food grown is healthy and sustainable. Baltimore Urban Gardening with Students Where：Baltimore，Maryland What：The Baltimore Urban Gardening with Students(BUGS) program encourages students to get their hands dirty and plant vegetables through their after-school and summer programs.Many of these kids don’t have access to green spaces and have never had the opportunity to grow food. Revision Urban Farm Where：Boston，Massachusetts What：Revision Urban Farm in Boston works in partnership with the Revision Family Home—a shelter for 22 homeless parents and their kids.The farm provides these families with information on healthy eating，and access to the farm’s fresh vegetables.The organization also provides job training to help families escape the cycle of poverty. Swale Where：New York What：Swale，a floating food forest located on a large boat，is an innovative project meant to inspire citizens to rethink the relationship between our cities and our food.This urban garden serves as both a living art exhibit and an educational farm.Food forests are sustainable gardens that include vegetables，fruit，nut trees，bushes，herbs，and vines—each one complementing the other in a symbiotic(共生的) relationship. 语篇解读　本文是一篇应用文。城市花园是社区的宝贵资产。它们为种植可持续粮食、建立社区凝聚力提供绿色空间。文章主要介绍了几个城市花园。 1．What is special about Gotham Greens? A．It offers homeless families information on healthy eating. B．It creates a sustainable garden on a large boat. C．It provides job training for students. D．It uses high-tech greenhouses to grow healthy food. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据文章Gotham Greens部分中的“It is using high-tech greenhouses with solar panels to make sure the food grown is healthy and sustainable.”可知，Gotham Greens的特别之处是使用了高科技温室种植健康的食物。故选D项。 2．Which urban garden offers first-hand farming experience? A．Baltimore Urban Gardening with Students. B．Swale. C．Revision Urban Farm. D．Gotham Greens. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据文章Baltimore Urban Gardening with Students部分中的“The Baltimore Urban Gardening with Students(BUGS) program encourages students to get their hands dirty and plant vegetables”可知，这里鼓励学生把手弄脏，亲手种植食物，由此可以推测出，该城市花园能向学生提供直接的耕作经验。故选A项。 3．What do these four urban gardens have in common? A．They create job opportunities for farmers. B．They are inspirational projects in New York. C．They are beneficial to communities. D．They have educational and entertaining purposes. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“Urban gardens are valuable assets(资产) to communities.They provide greenspaces to grow sustainable food，build community cohesion(凝聚力)，make new friends，connect with the earth，and much more.”可知，城市花园对社区有很多积极的影响。由此可以推出，后文提到的四个城市花园都对社区有益处。故选C项。 B It’s sometimes a challenge for scientists to explain clearly just how widely certain ecosystems in some certain areas around the world are being threatened.There’s nothing fuzzy about the term “extinction vortex(旋涡)”，however.That’s what one of the world’s most important forests—Brazil’s Atlantic Forest—is now being called.Since colonization(殖民地化) in the 16th century，the forest has been reduced from over 1.1 million square kilometers to 0.143 million square kilometers.Now a new judgement of the variety of creatures in this place has reached some equally shocking results.More than half of the subtropical forest’s local mammal(哺乳动物) species have been wiped out. “These habitats are now often severely incomplete，limited to not enough large forest remains，and trapped in an open-ended extinction vortex.This has never been recorded in both history and pre-history and can be directly the result of human activity，” said Carlos Peres，a biologist. The study found that top meat-eating animals，like jaguars and pumas，were the most destructed.But when you’re talking about this great ecological destruction，everything takes a hit. Researchers compared large- and medium-sized mammals in the forest from the past 30 years.Basic records came from those taken when the area was first colonized by Europeans in the 16th century.This was a place that left European naturalists in surprise when it was first discovered，with its greenness and with the amount of creature diversity. The health of the forest’s mammals is seen as an important sign because mammals are most helpful in helping plants spread their seeds，and also in controlling animal populations. “The mammal diversity of the once grand Atlantic Forest has been largely reduced to a pale shadow of its former self，” said Peres. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述巴西森林的面积和哺乳动物物种大幅减少，成为“灭绝旋涡”。 4．What does the underlined word “fuzzy” in the first paragraph mean? A．Valuable. B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Impossible. 答案　B 解析　词义猜测题。根据画线词前一句“It’s sometimes a challenge for scientists to explain clearly just how widely certain ecosystems in some certain areas around the world are being threatened.”以及画线词所在句中的“however”表转折可知，虽然有时科学家很难清楚地解释世界上某些地区的某些生态系统受到威胁的程度，但“灭绝旋涡”这个词并没有什么模糊之处，故可推知fuzzy意为“不清楚的，模糊的”，故选B。 5．Why is the Brazilian forest called “extinction vortex”？ A．Because it is ever colonized by Europeans. B．Because it is home to large forest mammals. C．Because it is continually being destroyed. D．Because it is reduced to a small forest in area. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段中“Since colonization(殖民地化) in the 16th century，the forest has been reduced...More than half of the subtropical forest’s local mammal(哺乳动物) species have been wiped out.”和第二段中“These habitats are now often severely incomplete，limited to not enough large forest remains，and trapped in an open-ended extinction vortex.”可知，巴西森林被称为“灭绝旋涡”是因为它不断地被破坏，故选C。 6．How did researchers study the Brazilian forest? A．By measuring the area of the forest. B．By surveying the plant diversity. C．By counting the creatures in the forest. D．By judging the recordings of mammals. 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中“Researchers compared large- and medium-sized mammals in the forest from the past 30 years.Basic records came from those taken when the area was first colonized by Europeans in the 16th century.”可知，研究人员是通过研究30年来有关哺乳动物的记录来研究巴西森林的，故选D。 7．What is the main idea of the text? A．The decrease in Brazilian forests. B．The future of the forest’s mammals. C．The variety of creatures in forests. D．The ecosystems around the world. 答案　A 解析　主旨大意题。根据全文内容，尤其是第一段中“That’s what one of the world’s most important forests—Brazil’s Atlantic Forest...More than half of the subtropical forest’s local mammal(哺乳动物) species have been wiped out.”可知，文章主要讲述巴西森林面积和哺乳动物物种大大减少，成为“灭绝旋涡”。故选A。 Ⅳ.七选五(每小题2.5分，共12.5分) Wetlands，making up about 6% of Earth’s land surface，are found on every continent except for Antarctica. 1 Protecting against floods. 2 The plants and soil in wetlands act as natural sponges(海绵)，storing excess water during heavy rainfall or storms.Thus，wetlands can reduce the risk of flooding in surrounding areas. Purifying(净化) water.Wetlands have exceptional abilities to purify water.Acting as natural filters，the plants，soil and micro creatures in wetlands remove sediments，excess nutrients and pollutants from water sources. 3 And the water can be suitable for various uses such as drinking，irrigation and supporting aquatic life.Wetlands are particularly effective in removing harmful chemicals，heavy metals and excessive nitrogen and phosphorus(磷)，which can otherwise cause water pollution. 4 Wetlands are incredibly productive ecosystems，providing habitats for a diverse range of plant and animal species.The complex and dynamic wetland environments support a lot of amphibians，birds，fish，mammals，reptiles and invertebrates.Many of these species are dependent on wetlands for survival，using them as breeding grounds，feeding areas and nurseries.Wetlands also serve as important stopover sites for migratory birds，offering them crucial resting and feeding areas during their long journeys. Fighting climate change.Aside from these vital functions，wetlands also play a significant role in fighting climate change. 5 They act as carbon(碳) sinks，absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere，thus mitigating the greenhouse effect and reducing the impacts of climate change.Moreover，wetlands help regulate local and regional climates by influencing the temperature，humidity and rainfall patterns.They act as natural cooling systems，reducing heat island effects and moderating the local temperature. However，the world’s wetlands are being lost at an alarming rate.Restoration and conservation projects offer hope that these ecosystems can be saved. A．Supporting life. B．Protecting birds. C．This process helps to improve water quality. D．The water stored in wetlands can be drunk. E．Wetland plants have remarkable carbon storage capabilities. F．Wetlands play an important role despite their small coverage. G．Wetlands play a crucial role in protecting against floods. 1．答案　F 解析　根据上文“Wetlands，making up about 6% of Earth’s land surface，are found on every continent except for Antarctica.”及下文对湿地作用的介绍可知，虽然湿地覆盖面积小，但是也有很重要的作用。由此可知，F项能够承上启下，符合语境。故选F。 2．答案　G 解析　根据上文“Protecting against floods.”以及下文“Thus，wetlands can reduce the risk of flooding in surrounding areas.”可知，湿地能防止洪水泛滥，可以减少周围地区遭受洪水的风险。由此可知，湿地在阻止洪水方面起着至关重要的作用。G项能够承接上下文，符合语境。故选G。 3．答案　C 解析　根据上文“Purifying(净化) water.Wetlands have exceptional abilities to purify water.Acting as natural filters，the plants，soil and micro creatures in wetlands remove sediments，excess nutrients and pollutants from water sources.”可知，湿地有特殊的净化水的能力，能够改善水质。由此可知，C项能够承接上文，符合语境。故选C。 4．答案　A 解析　根据下文“Wetlands are incredibly productive ecosystems，providing habitats for a diverse range of plant and animal species.”可知，湿地为各种动植物物种提供栖息地，能够支持生命。由此可知，A项适合作本段主题句，符合语境。故选A。 5．答案　E 解析　根据下文“They act as carbon(碳) sinks，absorbing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere，thus mitigating the greenhouse effect and reducing the impacts of climate change.”可知，湿地具有碳存储能力。由此可知，E项能够引起下文，符合语境。故选E。 Ⅴ.语法填空(每小题1.5分，共15分) Every September，kids of all ages leap from the 1. (start) line of the Louis Tewanima Footrace on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona.Many have come from nearby Hopi villages，and others have travelled from faraway places 2. (take) part in the race. Running is very important within Hopi culture.Long before they used modern cars，the Hopi relied on running to travel great distances，deliver 3. (message)，and care for their corn and fields.But the Hopi also ran for 4. (religion) reasons.Hopi runners of the past would run far beyond Hopi lands as 5. prayer for rain.They believed that they could attract rain clouds to follow them home with their swiftness of foot. Hopi youth 6. (instruct) to run on dirt trails according to Hopi customs and to study the graceful movements of deer and antelope in order to learn from 7.________(they)．Elders teach youngsters to run with good hearts,8. (keep) the well-being of the entire Hopi community in mind. And so at the annual footrace，high on top of Second Mesa，Hopi children run not just to show respect 9. Louis Tewanima 10. was an Olympic medalist or for the chance of winning prize.They also run for their people，for their villages，and to continue the long tradition of distance running in Hopi society. 1．答案　starting 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，start在句中作定语，应用其现在分词来表示后面line的用途。故填starting。 2．答案　to take 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，take在句中应用非谓语动词形式，此处用不定式作目的状语。故填to take。 3．答案　messages 解析　考查名词复数。message表示“信息”，是可数名词，空前没有冠词，表示数量大于一，应用复数形式。故填messages。 4．答案　religious 解析　考查形容词。修饰后文名词reasons应用形容词religious，作定语。故填religious。 5．答案　a 解析　考查冠词。此处修饰名词prayer，表示数量一，且prayer发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。 6．答案　are instructed 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语youth和谓语之间是被动关系，且陈述客观事实，故用一般现在时的被动语态，主语Hopi youth表示复数意义，be动词应用复数。故填are instructed。 7．答案　them 解析　考查代词。介词from后跟代词的宾格，作宾语。故填them。 8．答案　keeping 解析　考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，keep在句中应用非谓语动词形式，与逻辑主语youngsters构成主动关系，表示与run这个动作同时发生，故用现在分词作状语。故填keeping。 9．答案　for 解析　考查介词。show respect for sb为固定搭配。故填for。 10．答案　who/that 解析　考查定语从句。此处为定语从句，修饰先行词Louis Tewanima，先行词在从句中作主语，指人，应用关系代词who或that引导。故填who/that。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Section Ⅰ Vocabulary Nature in the balance Unit 1 Part 1　基础词汇过关 Part 2　核心词汇突破 Part 3　高考热点微练 词汇过关 基础 3 1.____ n.土壤；国土，领土，土地 2._________ adj.海外的，国外的 adv.在海外，向国外 3.________ num.一百万；许多，大量 4.________ n.(pl.species)种，物种 5.________ n.野生动植物，野生生物 6.________ prep.在……下面，在……下方；配不上 Ⅰ.写重点词汇 soil overseas million species wildlife beneath 7.______ adj.活着的，活的；在使用的 n.生计，谋生；生活方式 8._____ adv.因此，从而；这样 9._______ n.影响，作用；撞击，冲撞 vi.& vt.有影响；冲击 10.________ vt.& n.损害，伤害，损坏，破坏 11.________ n.气候；倾向，风气 12._______ n.奖章，勋章 living thus impact damage climate medal 13.______ n.形象；图像；意象 14.______ vt.& vi.跟踪，追踪 n.足迹，踪迹；小道；轨道；跑道；路线 15._______ n.生活环境，栖息地 16.________ adv.无处，哪里都不 17.________ n.居民，住户 18._____ n.首领，最高领导人 adj.主要的；首席的 19.__________ n.委员会 image track habitat nowhere resident chief committee 20._______ vi.反对，抗议 vt.反对；坚持声称，申辩 n.抗议，反对 21._______ n.过程，进程；步骤，流程 vt.加工，处理 22.______ n.政策，方针；原则 23._______ n.(政府或机构)部门；分部；树枝；支流；分支 24.________ n.策略，行动计划；策划，部署 25.________ n.地铁；地下人行道 protest process policy branch strategy subway 26._______ adj.昔日的，前任的；以前的，从前的 27._______ n.官员，要员 adj.公务的；正式的，官方的 28.________ n.贫穷，贫困；贫乏 29.________ 相应地，转而 30.____________ 使分解(为)，使变化(成) 31._______________ 给……带来起色，注入活力 32._______ 由于，因为 former official poverty in turn break down breathe life into due to 33._________ 逐渐增加，扩大 34._____________ 想出，想到 35._______ (公开)要求；需要 36.______________ 突然记起(或想到) 37._________ 摆脱，丢弃，扔掉 38.___________ 使发生(或存在) build up come up with call for spring to mind get rid of give rise to 1.______ n.& vt.伤害，损害 →harmful adj.有害的 →harmless adj.无害的 2._______ n.地区，区域；行政区 →regional adj.地区的，区域的 3.length n.长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长 →_____ adj.长的 →lengthen v.加长 Ⅱ.悟拓展词汇 harm region long 4.variety n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体 →_____ v.变化 →various adj.各种不同的，各种各样的 5.______ n.大量；团，块，堆；一大群 adj.大批的，广泛的 →massive adj.巨大的；非常严重的 6.towering adj.高大的，高耸的；出色的 →______ n.塔 v.高于，超过 vary mass tower 7.________ vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难 →survival n.幸存；生还 →survivor n.幸存者 8._________ n.营养素，营养物 →nutrition n.营养；滋养 →nutritional adj.营养(物)的 →nutritious adj.有营养的；营养丰富的 survive nutrient 9.disappear vi.不复存在，灭绝，消亡；消失；失踪 →disappearance n.消失 →_______ vi.出现 →appearance n.外表，外观；出现 10.___________ n.农业，农学 →agricultural adj.农业的；农艺的 11.extinction n.灭绝，绝种 →_______ adj.灭绝的，绝种的 appear agriculture extinct 12.global adj.全球的；全面的 →______ n.球体；地球 13.application n.应用，运用；申请 →______ v.应用；申请；涂；有关 →applicant n.申请人 14.organization n.组织，团体；组织工作；安排；条理 →________ vt.组织 →organizer n.组织者 →organized adj.有组织的；有条理的 globe apply organize 15.absolutely adv.绝对地，完全地；极其 →________ adj.绝对的，完全的 16.entirely adv.完全地，全部地，完整地 →______ adj.完全的 17.______ n.利润，收益；好处 vi.& vt.获益，得到好处 →profitable adj.有利可图的；有益的 →profitless adj.无益的；无利可图的 absolute entire profit 18.defence (AmE defense) n.辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防； 防守 →_______ vt.保护；防御；辩白 →defensive adj.防御的；保护的 19.economic adj.经济的，经济上的；可赚钱的 →economical adj.节约的；经济的 →_________ n.经济 →economist n.经济学家 →economics n.经济学 defend economy 20._______ vt.回收利用，再利用 →recyclable adj.可回收的 →recycling n.回收利用 21._______ vt.污染；毒死，毒害 n.毒物，毒药 →poisonous adj.有毒的 22._________ n.化学制品 adj.化学的；化学作用的 →chemistry n.化学 →chemist n.化学家 recycle poison chemical 23.consequence n.结果，后果；重要性 →___________ adj.随之发生的 →consequently adv.因此；结果 24.further adj.更多的，更进一步的 adv.较远，更远；进一步 vt.促进，增进 →____ adj.& adv.远(的) →farther adj.& adv.更远(的) →furthest/farthest adj.& adv.最远(的) consequent far 1.They believed that the greater the diversity is，the more stable the ecosystem will be. 2.This book is the perfect introduction to the seven continents. 3.We do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity. Ⅲ.认阅读词汇 生态系统 大洲 生物多样性 4.Brazil nut is an excellent food for skin health. 5.In Hangzhou，there is a kind of water lily whose pads are so huge that a person can stand on them. 6.He went into the jungle，searching until he found a fallen tree of a certain species of hardwood. 巴西坚果 睡莲 阔叶树 7.The elephant is a kind of mammal that can’t jump. 8.There’s no doubt that a jaguar can finish you off in a few seconds. 9.Some animals，such as bears，frogs and snakes，sleep in winter. 哺乳动物 美洲虎 青蛙 10.A cold spring will provide a natural check on the number of insects. 11.Microorganism is an important natural product resource. 12.Humans take in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. 昆虫 微生物 氧气　碳 13.After a summer here the poorest sheep and cattle grow strong and fat. 14.It is believed that greenhouse gases are the main cause of global warming. 15.More than seven million people have been affected by drought. 牛 温室气体 旱灾 16.Students interested are welcome to come to take a brochure. 17.Clearly，if you are spending more than your income，you’ll need to tighten your belt. 18.Most scientists agree that Nessie is neither a whale nor a shark. 小册子 腰带 鲸　鲨鱼 19.Images of deer and hunters decorate the cave walls. 20.In the past few decades，several animal species have been labeled extinct，including the Chinese paddlefish and Yangtze River dolphin. 21.Most of my friends are moving outside the city to avoid the noise，smog and traffic of the city. 鹿 返 回 海豚 烟雾 词汇突破 核心 26 n.& vt.伤害，损害(harmful adj.有害的 harmless adj.无害的；无恶意的) 1 harm • do/cause harm to sb/sth＝do/cause sb/sth harm对……有害 There is no harm in doing sth.做某事并无害处。 do (sb) more harm than good (对某人)弊大于利 • be harmful to...对……有害 (1)The doctor says that this material is __________(harm) to human beings and has no impact on our health. (2)(2023·新课标Ⅰ)The task John set for himself was to remove _________ (harm) substances from some sludge(污泥). harmless harmful (3)(话题写作之礼仪文化)你与朋友吃饭时注意餐桌礼仪没有坏处。 ______________________________________________ while you are eating with friends. 写作佳句 There is no harm in paying attention to table manners (4)(应用文写作之建议信)不可否认，过度使用互联网在一定程度上损害了我们的身心健康。 ①There is no denying that overusing the Internet to some extent __________________________________.(harm vt.) ②There is no denying that overusing the Internet to some extent ______________________________________________.(harm n.) ③There is no denying that overusing the Internet to some extent _______________________________________.(harmful) 写作佳句 harms our physical and mental health does/causes harm to our physical and mental health is harmful to our physical and mental health n.不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体(various adj. 各种各样的，各种不同的 vary v.改变；不同) 2 variety • 种类繁多的；各种各样的 • vary from...to...从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动 vary with...随着……而变化 vary in...在……方面变化/有差异 a variety of varieties of (1)(2022·全国甲)Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange，but they are important in ________(vary) countries. (2)(2021·新课标Ⅰ)When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America，the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing ________(vary) of wildlife. (3)The scenery of the Three Gorges varies _____ the season，and you can enjoy different pleasures. various variety with (4)(话题写作之活动安排)对于你们的来访，我们安排了各种各样的活动，包括欢迎晚会、校园游览和京剧表演。 For your visit here，we __________________________________ ________________，including a welcome party，a campus tour and a Beijing Opera performance. 写作佳句 have arranged a variety of/varieties of/ various activities (5)(话题写作之个人生活)我有许多爱好，从打篮球到弹钢琴不等。 ①I have a number of hobbies，____________________________ ___________________.(非谓语动词) ②I have a number of hobbies，____________________________ ____________________________.(定语从句) 写作佳句 varying from playing basketball to playing the piano which vary from playing basketball to playing the piano vi.生存，存活 vt.幸存，幸免于难(survival n.生存；幸存 survivor n.生还者，幸存者) survive 3 survive sth幸免于……；从……中活下来 survive on依靠……生活 survive sb by＋时间　比某人多活…… survive from...从……时留存/流传下来 (1)It is necessary that we master some basic skills，which will greatly increase our chances of ________(survive). (2)Baptiste Dubanchet is biking across Europe，surviving ______ entirely discarded(丢弃的) food. (3)Although the old lady suffered from a serious illness，she still survived her husband _____ 5 years. survival on by (4)据这位专家说，有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来的。 According to the expert，some strange customs have _________ _________________. (5)(读后续写之升华句)生活不在于如何从暴风雨中幸存，而在于学会在雨中翩翩起舞。 Life isn’t about __________________________ while it’s about learning to dance in the rain. 写作佳句 survived from earlier times how to survive the storm n.应用，运用；申请(apply v.应用，运用；申请；涂抹，敷 applicant n.申请人) application 4 apply (to sb) for sth (向某人)申请某物 apply to do sth申请做某事 apply to适用于 apply sth to sth把某物应用/涂抹于…… apply oneself to致力于/集中精力于……(to为介词) (1)He has applied to the school _____ scholarship and his _____________ (apply) is under discussion. (2)Since last year，he has been applying himself to __________(study) traditional Chinese medical science. (3)The study showed the animals had figured out how to apply what they learned about human faces during training _____ new faces in the testing stage. for application studying to (4)(2021·新课标Ⅰ，读后续写)他往杰夫的手上涂了一些药，然后开始帮助他们清理残局，扔掉了烤焦的面包片。 He ________________________ Jeff’s hand，and then set out to help them clean up the mess，throwing away the burnt toast. (5)(应用文写作之申请信)得知画廊将在下个月举办中国画展览，我写信申请成为一名志愿者。 Knowing that a Chinese painting exhibition will be held at the gallery next month，I am writing _________________________. 写作佳句 applied some medicine to to apply to become a volunteer (AmE defense) n.辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守(defend vt.保卫；保护) defence 5 • in defence of保护……；为了保卫……；为……辩护 • defend...against/from...防御；保护……以免…… defend oneself自卫；为自己辩护 (1)The monument is in memory of the soldiers who died in __________ (defend) of their country. (2)A strategy was put forward at the meeting to defend the Lijiang River ____________ being polluted. (3)When a dog was approaching，I picked up a stick to defend ________ (I). defence against/from myself (4)(读后续写之动作描写)看到这条凶猛的蛇，他像箭一样冲过去保护他的儿子。 Seeing the fierce snake，he rushed _________________________ _________ like an arrow. (5)(2020·浙江7月，读后续写)我和妻子用胡椒喷雾保护我们自己不受北极熊的攻击。 My wife and I used pepper spray __________________________ ____________________ by the polar bear. 写作佳句 to defend his son/in defence of his son to defend ourselves from/ against being attacked n.结果，后果；重要性(consequent adj.作为结果的；随之发生的consequently adv.所以；因此；结果) consequence 6 as a consequence＝in consequence＝consequently＝as a result结果；因此 as a consequence of＝in consequence of＝as a result of由于，因为 (1)My car broke down and ____________(consequent) I was late and was blamed by the boss. (2)Be careful of what you say，for it will find its echo；be careful of what you do，for it will show its ____________(consequent). consequently consequence (3)昨天下雨了，因此高尔夫比赛被取消了。 ①It rained yesterday，and _______________________________ _____________________，the golf match was canceled. ②The golf match was canceled ____________________________ __________________________ the rain yesterday. 写作佳句 as a consequence/in consequence/ consequently/as a result as a consequence of/in consequence of/as a result of 相应地，转而；轮流，依次 in turn 7 by turns轮流，交替 take turns to do sth轮流做某事 it’s one’s turn to do sth轮到某人做某事 it turns/turned out that...结果是…… (1)Bernard and John took turns _______(sell) popcorn in the market. (2)The audience reacted warmly and excitedly as each of the women spoke ____ turn. to sell in (3)轮到我做演讲了。结果我鼓舞人心的演讲吸引了所有的师生，这使我欣喜若狂。 ______________________________._____________________ my inspiring speech appealed to all the students and teachers，which made me wild with joy. 写作佳句 It was my turn to deliver a speech It turned out that be due to do sth预期做某事 be due to sb应支付/归于某人 be due for sth预定做某事；应得到某物 8 due to 由于，因为(due adj.由于，因为；预定的；预期的；到期的；适当的；应支付；应得到，应归于 n.应有的权利；应得到的东西) ________ ________ ________ ________ (1)一词多义 ①She intended to take the test only one month before the due date in June. ②The dictionary of the tenth edition is due to be published next month. ③That book is due to me，but I haven’t received it yet. ④The flight is put off due to heavy smog. 到期的 预期的 应归于 由于 (2)(话题写作之活动安排)活动定于下周六上午9点在报告厅举行。 The activity _________________ in the lecture hall at 9 am next Saturday. 写作佳句 is due to be held 想出，想到 come up with 9 come about发生，产生 come across偶遇；被理解；无意中发现 come out出版；开花；出现；结果是 come to共计，达到 come on加油；到来；得了吧 come up升起；被提出；发生；发芽；走近 when it comes to...当谈到…… 注意：come up with为及物动词短语；come up为不及物动词短语。 用come的相关短语填空 (1)It is said that the book about wildlife will __________ next month. (2)(应用文写作之建议信)________________ English learning，I have the following practical suggestions to share.Firstly，when you ____________ unfamiliar words，don’t always refer to the dictionary.Furthermore，when teachers’ questions __________ in class，you should try to ______________ answers.Lastly，if you fail，you must say to yourself，“_________！” come out When it comes to come across come up come up with Come on (公开)要求；需要 call for 10 call up使回忆起；给……打电话 call in叫来；召来；召回 call off取消；停止 call on/upon拜访(某人)；号召 call at拜访(某个地点) 用call的相关短语填空 (1)Mr White was to _______ my house after he finished his speech. (2)The sports meeting has been __________ due to the bad weather. (3)The problem is that studying those species ________ a lot of patience. (4)I stared at these pictures on the wall，which __________ memories of our class trip. call at called off calls for called up (5)(应用文写作之环境保护)地球日前一周，我们学校周围张贴了海报，呼吁我们保护环境。 A week before Earth Day，posters were put up around our school，_________________________________________. 写作佳句 calling on/upon us to protect our environment 突然记起(或想到) spring to mind 11 make up one’s mind下定决心 change one’s mind改变主意 bear/keep...in mind bear/keep in mind that... 将……记在心中 fix one’s mind on/upon...全神贯注于…… (1)诚实和可靠是人们在谈到这个人时就会想到的两个词。 Honesty and reliability are the two words that _______________ when people talk about the man. (2)(读后续写之人物描写)一旦他下定决心做某件事，什么都不能够改变他的主意。他将全神贯注于他正在做的事情，直到实现目标。 Once he _____________________ to do something，nothing can _______________.He will _____________________ what he is doing until he achieves his goal. 写作佳句 spring to mind has made up his mind change his mind fix his mind on/upon (3)(应用文写作之建议信)首先，记住你目前的主要任务是增强你的体质。 First of all，_____________________ at present your main task is to build up your body. 写作佳句 返 回 keep/bear in mind that 热点微练 高考 59 1.He broke down and wept when he heard the news. 2.Getting young people together will help to break down the barriers between them. 3.Talks between the two sides had broken down，which made us disappointed. 4.Her health broke down under the pressure of work. 5.Chemicals in the body break down our food into useful substances. Ⅰ.一词多义 ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ D A.分解　B.(身体等)垮掉　C.(谈判等)失败　D.(情感等)失控　E.打破，消除 E C B A 6.It takes me only a few minutes to walk to school down a muddy track. 7.We saw wild animals’ tracks near the cave.We guessed they may be deer’s. 8.The research project involves tracking the careers of 400 graduates. 9.The teacher asked them to run five times round the track as punishment. ____ ____ ____ ____ B A.n.足迹，轨迹　B.n.小路，小径　C.n.跑道　D.v.跟踪，追踪 A D C 10.Our roles in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing(糖霜) ears.Apply icing eyes and nose. 11.A belt of trees grows between the two fields，which looks beautiful. 12.I was upset that the belt I just bought couldn’t meet round my waist. ____ ____ ____ C A.地带，地区　B.腰带　C.传送带 A B 1.It will take a week for your application to be processed. 2.Representatives of the other branches were against the new strategy. Ⅱ.熟词生义 __________________________ ___________ v.审核，受理(文件、请求等) 返 回 n.政府部门 $$