精品解析：2025届上海市青浦区高三下学期二模英语试卷

2024学年第二学期高三年级学业质量调研 英 语 试 卷 （时间105分钟，满分115分） 2025.4 考生注意： 1．本试卷共10页。 2．答题前，考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或水笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号，并用铅笔正确涂写准考证号。 3．答案必须全部涂写在答题纸上。如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上也一律不给分。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. How to Stop Taking Bad Advice “Wait your turn.” “Stay in your lane.” “Fake it till you make it.” If you’ve worked in any professional environment, you’ve probably heard advice like this and even taken it. At first glance, it seems harmless — motivational, even. But dig deeper, and you’ll find these statements can often serve to stop progress, mask deeper problems, or encourage ____1____ (healthy) workplace norms. Understanding ____2____ we fall for bad advice is the first step in resisting it. In workplaces, those in a high social position often increase the influence of certain voices. A boss’s suggestion, however misguided, can feel like an instruction ____3____ a choice. Research shows that people are more likely to follow advice when it comes from someone they perceive as an expert, ____4____ the advice isn’t consistent with their own judgment. A concept I ____5____ (research) extensively, insinuation anxiety, is the discomfort we feel when signaling that someone might be wrong or untrustworthy. Rejecting advice directly can also risk social negative feedback. This anxiety keeps many of us silent, ____6____ (lead) us to follow advice we do not trust. Every time we act on bad advice, we sacrifice ____7____ — our time, our resources, or our confidence. Breaking the cycle of following bad advice doesn’t mean rejecting all guidance — it means learning to evaluate advice critically and match it to your goals and values. Here’s how to start: Pause before you act When ____8____ (face) with advice, take a moment to assess it. Giving yourself this space allows you to move from a reactive response to a thoughtful one. When I finally questioned the advice to “just be patient,” I realized it ____9____ (hold) me back. By taking proactive steps — seeking mentors outside of the workplace and pursuing my values — I started shaping my own career path, and you can do the same. Trust your expertise Remember, you bring your own knowledge and experience to the table. If advice conflicts with your better judgment, trust yourself to make the call. Research shows that people feel more, not less, guilty when they follow advice ____10____ they know is wrong and a bad outcome occurs. Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. controlling B. practically C. sort D. litter E. claimed F. diet G. inefficient H. revolutionary I. commercial J. reborn K. theoretically A New Way to Break Down “Unrecyclable” Plastic Waste The world is miserable at recycling plastics. Currently just 10-15% of the plastic waste we generate annually is recycled — with the rest burned, buried in landfill or dumped as ____11____. A big part of the problem is that much of the waste is a pile of different dirty plastics mixed with food, inks and labels. It’s expensive to clean and ____12____ this mess into streams of single-polymer plastic — the kind that is generally needed for conventional “mechanical” recycling, in which plastic is cut, melted and re-formed into small balls, ready for new products. That explains the excitement around a chemical plant that will start ____13____ operations this year in northeast England. It can, ____14____, take any kind of plastic waste, including mixed plastics considered “unrecyclable”, and break it down into chemicals that are similar to those extracted from oil. With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic. If successful, it could be a powerful example of a circular manufacturing process — in which plastic is used and reprocessed over and over again — potentially ____15____ the world’s dependence on fossil resources to make original plastics. The facility uses a variation on a concept called chemical recycling, which breaks plastics apart into smaller chemical building blocks. Its main competitor in this approach is pyrolysis: heating plastics to temperatures above 450 °C in a reactor without oxygen. But pyrolysis is energy-intensive and ____16____, with much of the plastic being turned into something useless. Mura Technology, the London-based company behind the facility, says it is the first commercial-scale plant in the world to recycle plastic in this way. Mura has also declared the technology to be “____17____” because it “has the potential to help eliminate plastic waste, recycling all types of plastic to create a true circular economy”. In practice, as Mura explains, the plant is currently picky about its ____18____ of plastic waste. And because, as with pyrolysis plants, not all of the facility’s products will be ____19____ as plastic, some critics say that the process shouldn’t count as recycling — an accusation that Mura rejects. These practicalities raise questions about the future of plastics pollution and whether chemical recycling can live up to its promised potential. The idea is not useless — but the real-life complications around the process make it less groundbreaking than _____20_____. II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Compliments are no straightforward matter and require skills and knowledge. Done well, words of praise can be ____21____ for human relations at home and at work. But done poorly, compliments can be ineffective, even destructive. What follows is a research-based guide to tell you what kind of compliments are ____22____. Whether the compliment is effective in ____23____ the other person depends on whether it is believable, appropriate, and unqualified. To begin with, a good compliment must not ____24____ with its recipient’s self-image. If you tell me my hair looks good, I will dismiss it and suspect your ____25____, because I have no hair on the head. More generally, people with low self-esteem don’t usually receive compliments well, probably because the compliment does not ring true with their negative view of themselves, and so they ____26____ it. Even if a compliment agrees with one’s self-image, scholars writing in 2022 in Current Psychology concluded, it must meet three criteria to be accepted by its ____27____. The praise must come from a person with credibility to give it, it must be sincere and unplanned, and it must occur in the appropriate ____28____. Consider, for example, how you’d respond to an excessive compliment from a salesperson you’d never met about how smart you are when you’re ____29____ a particular purchase. You’d probably find that kind of compliment annoying, because the person doesn’t know you well enough to judge your true ____30____ and is simply praising you to make a sale. The compliment fails on all three counts: the praiser lacks credibility, their sincerity is suspect, and your willingness to spend money in a store is not a meaningful context for ____31____ your intelligence. Some compliments are not just ineffective; they actually cause harm. My Harvard colleagues have conducted research into backhanded praise, which puts someone down by comparing their good quality with a negative ____32____. An example of a destructive compliment would be “You look pretty good for a guy with no hair on the head” — not that I’m insecure or anything — because this sets such a low ____33____ on the praise. Other ways to give negative praise include comparisons with past ____34____ (“This draft is certainly better than the last one”), with poor expectations (“Your work is better than I expected”), and with a conventional conception (“This work isn’t bad for a Yale graduate”). In their experiments, the authors found that the complimenters thought these backhanded comparisons were ____35____, but both recipients and third-party observers disagreed. 21. A. universal B. efficient C. heartfelt D. comforting 22. A. showered B. preferred C. emphasized D. misinterpreted 23. A. stretching B. persuading C. uplifting D. understanding 24. A. conflict B. compete C. associate D. agree 25. A. crafts B. vision C. motives D. competence 26. A. discount B. defend C. reverse D. receive 27. A. image B. market C. status D. object 28. A. manner B. purchase C. order D. context 29. A. putting off B. leaning toward C. turning down D. pushing through 30. A. qualities B. intentions C. potentials D. tendencies 31. A. overestimating B. grading C. suspecting D. developing 32. A. comment B. equivalent C. impression D. standard 33. A. quantity B. profile C. ceiling D. reputation 34. A. draft B. anticipation C. trend D. failure 35. A. deliberate B. positive C. distressing D. specific Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) On a sunny Sunday morning, I went to my first ballet class. But I didn’t do any dancing. This was Class on Stage, a rare opportunity to watch dancers warm up during their daily 75-minute class. I went in knowing that I would be impressed by the physicality of it. Top athletes aren’t born; they’re made.  Forty-five minutes into the class, the dancers didn’t even look tired. While watching dancers quietly plie (下蹲屈膝) with complete control was calming, watching the floor exercises that came next was anything but. The sequences were short but became increasingly complicated, so I stopped paying attention to the directions I couldn’t follow, and simply allowed myself to observe the remarkable results. At the end of the class, I applauded and watched the dancers leave the stage. They had already accomplished so much with their day, and I was left in complete awe, not just of my inadequacy, but also of their effort. As I headed home I tried to think of the last time I worked as hard as those dancers at anything in my own life. So much has been made easier by technology: I can listen to any song I want, whenever I want. I can have pretty much anything delivered. I can stay in touch with friends without making the time to see them. But instead of taking shortcuts, maybe I should look for challenges. Because once you start doing hard things, they become easier, and then you know you can do them. With the determination and discipline of ballet dancers still fresh in my mind, I commit to doing some hard things: I get back in the habit of practicing a language I’ve been trying to learn. I lift heavier weights. I take the stairs. I write the essay. Nothing demands as much of me as what ballet demands of those dancers every day. They inspire me. So, I guess what I’m trying to say is that sometimes a fitness class can change your life, even if you’re not the one taking it. 36. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the ballet class is TRUE? A. The writer learned a lot of ballet moves. B. The floor exercises calmed the writer down. C. Despite the physicality, the dancers didn’t look tired. D. The dancers did their warm-up for 45 minutes that day. 37. At the end of the class, how did the writer feel? A. She felt impressed by the dancers’ efforts. B. She felt ashamed of her lack of willpower. C. She felt confident of overcoming life’s challenges. D. She felt regretful about not trying hard enough at ballet. 38. By mentioning the technology that has made life easier, the writer means that ________. A. modern technology is to blame for people’s taking shortcuts B. technology can help people work better and more efficiently C. people should avoid using technology to enjoy the simplicity of life D. technology offers us shortcuts, which prevents us from seeking challenges 39. What has the writer learned from her first ballet lesson? A. We need to push ourselves forward by looking for challenges. B. Hard things are worth trying as long as you enjoy doing them. C. Fitness classes can make people physically and mentally strong. D. Watching others practice ballet is a good way to improve ourselves. (B) The Annual Ig Nobel Prizes Honor Special Scientific Achievements On Sept 12, the 2024 Ig Nobel Prizes were awarded in the US. Created in 1991 by Marc Abrahams, a writer in the US, these prizes honor scientific studies that “make people laugh, then think”. Here are some winners from this year. Not as old as you think A healthy diet and good genes have contributed to higher life expectancy around the world. But there is also something else, such as mistakes in demographic (人口的) data and possible pension fraud. Saul Justin Newman from the UK found almost 80 percent of the people over 110 years old have no birth certificate. In the US, over 500 people claim to be over 110, but only seven have birth certificates. So the number of very old people might be exaggerated. Some people may even be lying about their birth for more pension. “Side effect” of side effects Medicine often has side effects that add to patients’ discomfort. So a perfect treatment should have no side effects at all, right? Not necessarily. A team led by Lieven Schenk in Germany did an experiment. They made two fake medicines. Neither could reduce pain, and the second type could cause a burning feeling in the nose. The team then asked 77 healthy volunteers to randomly take one of the medicines, after which they would receive a “dose” of pain.  The scientists found that those taking the second type of medicine reported less pain. They had felt the burning and took it as a sign of the medicine “working”. The research showed that in such cases, side effects may not be a bad thing. Plant that can “see” and imitate In 2013, scientists discovered a strange vine called Boquila trifoliolata (勃奎拉藤). It could change the shape of its leaves to look like other plants nearby. Jacob White in the US and Felipe Yamashita in Germany wanted to know why. They planted the vine under a shelf, and placed a plastic plant above the shelf. As the vine grew taller, only the part of it that reached over the shelf looked like the plastic plant.  Therefore, the scientists suggested that some plants could “see” what’s happening around them and imitate the shapes of neighboring plants. 40. Which of the following statements about the Ig Nobel Prizes is TRUE? A. The Ig Nobel Prizes are held every three years. B. The 2024 Ig Nobel Prizes were intended to remember the founder. C. The Ig Nobel Prizes honor amusing but inspiring scientific studies. D The 2024 Ig Nobel Prizes have three winners covering different fields. 41. Which of the following is a reason for the growing number of very old people worldwide? A. Economic development enables people to live longer. B. People claim to be older in order to get their birth certificate. C. A majority of the supposed old people can’t prove their real age. D. Older people are so forgetful that they don’t remember their birth date. 42. By doing the “side-effect” experiment on volunteers, scientists find that ________. A. side effects of a medicine are annoying and unavoidable B. the second type of medicine is more effective than the first C. the two fake medicines can actually work to relieve the pain D. the side effects can lead people to think that the medicine works (C) Last year, Roche, a Swiss drug company, published a review of the clinical trials on neurological drugs it had held between 2016 and 2021. It found that black people were under-represented in all but one. Surprisingly, that news represents progress, because it shows that trial organisers are becoming more aware of a dangerous bias that sets back the safety and effect of medical treatments. Many trials exclude certain groups, and do so deliberately — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. ________ A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. Their doctors face an envious choice: prescribe anyway, with uncertain results; or deny their patients new treatments. Obtaining informed permission for trials is not always easy, especially from people with learning disabilities or dementia (痴呆). Accounting for different groups’ risks of side-effects can complicate the analysis of the data. And some groups mistrust doctors because of a history of mistreatment, which makes it harder to involve them in the trial. Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because they may lead to new medical insights. Running trials on people who are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s, such as those with Down’s syndrome, might help researchers test whether their drugs work preventively. Something like that happened with the Dallas Heart Study in the 2000s. As a large piece of epidemiological research, it included an racially representative sample of people and found a genetic variant in some African-Americans which was related to 40% lower bad cholesterol (胆固醇). That gene is now one of the foremost drug targets in the fight against cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). America and Britain look likely to publish regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to involve them. 43. According to the review, what is the current problem with clinical trials? A. They target specific groups while excluding some people. B. They test for side effects of the drugs, so they are not useful enough. C. They are not suitable for every patient because of their physical conditions. D. They don’t produce safe or effective results, thus discouraging lots of people. 44. Which sentence best fits the blank in paragraph 3? A. Yet the consequences can be ridiculous. B. However, it is happening for good reasons. C. Therefore, it brings convenience to doctors. D. Moreover, the groups can enjoy better treatments. 45. In the example of the Dallas Heart Study, what does “something like that” in paragraph 6 refer to? A. Running trials on the target patients can help researchers. B. Broadening the range of trials’ participants avoids mistreatments. C. Testing the effectiveness of the drug helps prevent certain diseases. D. Involving a wider range of participants in trials leads to new medical insights. 46. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. There will be no bias in clinical testing very soon. B. Women used to be under-represented in clinical trials. C. Regulations on subjects in clinical trials have come into effect. D. Clinical trials are increasingly improving thus attracting women. Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Europe’s War on Predators (食肉动物): A Misguided Approach We Europeans are incapable of living alongside predators. We expect people in Africa and Asia to share their homes with lions, tigers, Komodo dragons and a host of other potentially dangerous animals without question. ____47____ Wolves in Europe, for example, are under the spotlight. Following reintroductions and careful protection, there are now 21,500 of these awesome animals across the continent. But as numbers increase, there is a rising tide of opposition. Even Switzerland is undergoing an effort to eliminate 70 per cent of its wolf population (currently 300 animals in 32 packs). ____48____ The Norwegian government, meanwhile, seems determined to limit its wolf population to just a few breeding pairs — which it says is enough to keep them from extinction. More accurately, it will push them to the edge of extinction. ____49____ But there are tried-and-tested ways of reducing the problem: boosting the availability of natural prey, electric fencing and the use of guard dogs among them. Many countries even have “wolf administrators”, who help farmers to protect their stock, and there is generous compensation for any predation. They’re not dangerous to people, either. According to the European Commission’s own 2023 investigative report on wolf attacks, “although wolves can attack humans, no fatal wolf attacks on people have been recorded in the past 40 years”. ____50____ There is a bigger picture here. Predators earn their keep through wildlife tourism and they are keystone species vital in maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems. It’s not all about farmers and hunters. There has to be some middle ground. A. Comparatively more people are killed by livestock (牲口). B. The hunting for wolves has initiated long-lasting debates among researchers and policymakers. C. This is despite the fact that attacks on livestock have declined sharply while wolf numbers have increased. D. We should stay alert to occasional wolf attacks on humans. E. So why can’t we be as sympathetic and enlightened about predator conservation as they are? F. There’s no denying that wolves occasionally attack livestock. III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Are Big Cities Overrated? Judged by their revealed preferences, people love cities. Metropolises such as London and New York are overcrowded, with house prices to match. Across the world, 25% of people live in cities of over a million, up from just 15% six decades ago. Economists tend to think this is a great development. Cities, they argue, benefit from “agglomeration”, the consequence of so many people living in close quarters. For one thing, government and businesses can run more efficiently: scale helps everything from public transport to the hiring of staff. For another, finding the next big idea is easier when like-minded people crowd together. Although London makes up 15% of Britain’s population, it accounts for 22% of its economic output. But have economists overestimated the benefits of big cities? That is what a new working paper by Matthew Turner and David Weil both of Brown University, suggests. Their analysis applies existing estimates of the impact of agglomeration on economic efficiency and the pace of invention to a model of the American economy. This allows the researchers to answer a question: how different would America look if, from 1900 to 2010, no urban area had grown to a population of more than 1 million people? According to their calculations, the answer is “not all that much”. Growth would have been slower, but only a bit: the researchers estimate that America’s total output would have been 8% lower in 2010 than it was in reality. As Mr. Weil puts it: “Without big cities, we would still have modern life as we know it.” There is plenty about city life that is unpleasant. In September, for instance, Eric Adams, New York’s mayor, organized a “National Urban Rat Summit”, as part of his “war on rats”. It’s evident that big cities don’t just offer growth; they come with their own sets of drawbacks and challenges as well. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 不少中国留学生选择学成后回国追逐梦想，报效祖国。 (serve)(汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ 53. 丰收的秋日里，古镇上家家户户晒起一串串黄澄澄的玉米。(expose) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ 54. 听说那幅水墨画将被送去国外展览，市民在艺术馆的展厅前大排长龙，想在展品出国之前来欣赏一下。(It) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ 55. 随着越来越多的人向往自然，崇尚简单和谐的生活方式，该县户外经济蓬勃发展，其收入有望在明年年底达到全县总收入的百分之十二。 (expect) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是浦润中学高三学生李青，学校英文报以“永恒的中国魅力”（The Timeless Charm of China）为主题，面向全校学生征集向外国人士宣传中国传统节日的活动方案，请你投稿，稿件内容必须包含： （1）以一个中国传统节日为例，简要罗列宣传活动的安排； （2）详细阐述如何通过这样的活动安排来彰显中国魅力。 （注：文中不得出现真实的姓名及学校名称。） _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2024学年第二学期高三年级学业质量调研 英 语 试 卷 （时间105分钟，满分115分） 2025.4 考生注意： 1．本试卷共10页。 2．答题前，考生务必在答题纸上用钢笔或水笔清楚填写姓名、准考证号，并用铅笔正确涂写准考证号。 3．答案必须全部涂写在答题纸上。如用铅笔答题，或写在试卷上也一律不给分。 I. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. How to Stop Taking Bad Advice “Wait your turn.” “Stay in your lane.” “Fake it till you make it.” If you’ve worked in any professional environment, you’ve probably heard advice like this and even taken it. At first glance, it seems harmless — motivational, even. But dig deeper, and you’ll find these statements can often serve to stop progress, mask deeper problems, or encourage ____1____ (healthy) workplace norms. Understanding ____2____ we fall for bad advice is the first step in resisting it. In workplaces, those in a high social position often increase the influence of certain voices. A boss’s suggestion, however misguided, can feel like an instruction ____3____ a choice. Research shows that people are more likely to follow advice when it comes from someone they perceive as an expert, ____4____ the advice isn’t consistent with their own judgment. A concept I ____5____ (research) extensively, insinuation anxiety, is the discomfort we feel when signaling that someone might be wrong or untrustworthy. Rejecting advice directly can also risk social negative feedback. This anxiety keeps many of us silent, ____6____ (lead) us to follow advice we do not trust. Every time we act on bad advice, we sacrifice ____7____ — our time, our resources, or our confidence. Breaking the cycle of following bad advice doesn’t mean rejecting all guidance — it means learning to evaluate advice critically and match it to your goals and values. Here’s how to start: Pause before you act When ____8____ (face) with advice, take a moment to assess it. Giving yourself this space allows you to move from a reactive response to a thoughtful one. When I finally questioned the advice to “just be patient,” I realized it ____9____ (hold) me back. By taking proactive steps — seeking mentors outside of the workplace and pursuing my values — I started shaping my own career path, and you can do the same. Trust your expertise Remember, you bring your own knowledge and experience to the table. If advice conflicts with your better judgment, trust yourself to make the call. Research shows that people feel more, not less, guilty when they follow advice ____10____ they know is wrong and a bad outcome occurs. 【答案】1. less healthy 2. why##how 3. rather than##instead of 4. even if##even though 5. have researched##am researching##have been researching 6. leading 7. something 8. faced 9. was holding##had held 10. that##which 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了如何避免接受不良建议。 【1题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：但深入挖掘，你会发现这些说法往往会阻碍进步，掩盖更深层次的问题，或者鼓励不健康的工作场所规范。根据前文“stop progress, mask deeper problems”可知，这些说法带来的是不好的影响，所以此处应表示 “不太健康的” 职场规范，healthy的降级比较级less healthy符合语境，less表示“否定、减少”的含义。故填less healthy。 【2题详解】 考查宾语从句。句意：理解我们为什么会/如何接受不良建议是抵制它的第一步。空处引导宾语从句，从句缺少原因状语或方式状语，表示“为什么”或“如何”，故填why/how。 【3题详解】 考查介词短语。句意：老板的建议，即使被误导，也可能感觉像是一个指示而不是一个选择。根据前文“A boss’s suggestion, however misguided, can feel like an instruction”可知，此处应填表示“而不是”的介词短语，故填rather than/instead of。 【4题详解】 考查让步状语从句。句意：研究表明，即使建议与他们自己的判断不一致，人们也更有可能听从他们认为是专家的人的建议。空处引导让步状语从句，表示“即使”，故填even if/even though。 【5题详解】 考查时态。句意：我广泛研究过的一个概念，暗示焦虑，是当我们暗示某人可能错了或不可信时感到的不适。根据语境可知，空格处是定语从句的谓语动词，定语从句修饰先行词 A concept；此处可以表示过去的研究，用一般过去时；也可以表示现在正在进行的研究，用现在进行时；还可以表示从过去到现在一直在进行的研究，用现在完成进行时，故填have researched/am researching/ have been researching。 【6题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：这种焦虑让我们很多人保持沉默，导致我们听从我们不信任的建议。空处作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果，用现在分词，故填leading。 【7题详解】 考查代词。句意：每次我们按照不良建议行事，我们都会牺牲一些东西——我们的时间、我们的资源或我们的信心。根据后文“our time, our resources, or our confidence”可知，此处应填表示“某物”的代词，故填something。 【8题详解】 考查状语从句的省略。句意：当面对建议时，花点时间评估一下。空处是时间状语从句的省略，本句中主语可以理解为you，从句完整结构为：When you are faced with advice，从句的主语和主句主语一致，且含有be动词，可以省略主语+be动词，用过去分词，故填faced。 【9题详解】 考查时态。句意：当我终于质疑“要有耐心”的建议时，我意识到它一直在阻碍我/已经阻碍了我。根据语境可知，空格处是宾语从句的谓语动词，主句的谓语动词是realized，此处可以表示过去某个时间一直在进行的动作，用过去进行时；也可以表示realized之前已经完成的动作，用过去完成时，故填was holding/had held。 【10题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：研究表明，当人们听从他们知道是错误的建议并且出现不良后果时，他们会感到更内疚，而不是更少。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词advice，指物，且在从句中作主语，故填that/which。 Section B Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. A. controlling B. practically C. sort D. litter E. claimed F. diet G. inefficient H. revolutionary I. commercial J. reborn K. theoretically A New Way to Break Down “Unrecyclable” Plastic Waste The world is miserable at recycling plastics. Currently, just 10-15% of the plastic waste we generate annually is recycled — with the rest burned, buried in landfill or dumped as ____11____. A big part of the problem is that much of the waste is a pile of different dirty plastics mixed with food, inks and labels. It’s expensive to clean and ____12____ this mess into streams of single-polymer plastic — the kind that is generally needed for conventional “mechanical” recycling, in which plastic is cut, melted and re-formed into small balls, ready for new products. That explains the excitement around a chemical plant that will start ____13____ operations this year in northeast England. It can ____14____, take any kind of plastic waste, including mixed plastics considered “unrecyclable”, and break it down into chemicals that are similar to those extracted from oil. With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic. If successful, it could be a powerful example of a circular manufacturing process — in which plastic is used and reprocessed over and over again — potentially ____15____ the world’s dependence on fossil resources to make original plastics. The facility uses a variation on a concept called chemical recycling, which breaks plastics apart into smaller chemical building blocks. Its main competitor in this approach is pyrolysis: heating plastics to temperatures above 450 °C in a reactor without oxygen. But pyrolysis is energy-intensive and ____16____, with much of the plastic being turned into something useless. Mura Technology, the London-based company behind the facility, says it is the first commercial-scale plant in the world to recycle plastic in this way. Mura has also declared the technology to be “____17____” because it “has the potential to help eliminate plastic waste, recycling all types of plastic to create a true circular economy”. In practice, as Mura explains, the plant is currently picky about its ____18____ of plastic waste. And because, as with pyrolysis plants, not all of the facility’s products will be ____19____ as plastic, some critics say that the process shouldn’t count as recycling — an accusation that Mura rejects. These practicalities raise questions about the future of plastics pollution and whether chemical recycling can live up to its promised potential. The idea is not useless — but the real-life complications around the process make it less groundbreaking than _____20_____. 【答案】11. D 12. C 13. I 14. K 15. A 16. G 17. H 18. F 19. J 20. E 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了英国东北部一家化学工厂处理“不可回收”塑料垃圾的新方式。 【11题详解】 考查名词。句意：目前，我们每年产生的塑料垃圾中只有10-15%被回收利用，其余的被焚烧、埋在垃圾填埋场或当作垃圾倾倒。根据“burned, buried in landfill or dumped”可知，这里说的是当作垃圾处理，名词“litter”意为“垃圾”，作宾语。故选项D。 【12题详解】 考查动词。句意：将这些杂乱的东西清理并分类成单一聚合物塑料流是很昂贵的。根据前文“a pile of different dirty plastics”和后文“into streams of single-polymer plastic”可知，需要把不同的塑料进行分类，动词“sort”意为“分类”，符合语意。故选项C。 【13题详解】 考查形容词。句意：这就解释了一家将于今年在英格兰东北部开始商业运营的化工厂为何令人兴奋。根据后文“With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic. If successful, it could be a powerful example of a circular manufacturing process”可知，化工厂将开始商业运营，令人兴奋，形容词“commercial”意为“商业的”，作定语。故选项I。 【14题详解】 考查副词。句意：从理论上讲，它可以处理任何种类塑料垃圾。根据后文提到实际情况工厂对塑料垃圾有要求可知，这里说的是理论上的情况，副词“theoretically”意为“理论上”，符合语意。故选项K。 【15题详解】 考查动词。句意：如果成功的话，它可能是循环制造过程的一个有力范例，有可能控制世界在制造原始塑料时对化石资源的依赖。根据后文“the world’s dependence on fossil resources”可知，这种方式可能控制对化石资源的依赖，动词“controlling”意为“控制”，符合语意。故选项A。 【16题详解】 考查形容词。句意：但热解过程耗能大且效率低，大部分塑料会变成无用的东西。根据后文“much of the plastic being turned into something useless”可知，热解是效率低的，形容词“inefficient”意为“效率低的”，作表语。故选项G。 17题详解】 考查形容词。句意：Mura还宣称这项技术具有“革命性”，因为它“有潜力帮助消除塑料垃圾，回收各种类型的塑料，创造真正的循环经济”。根据后文“has the potential to help eliminate plastic waste”可知，这项技术有革命性意义，形容词“revolutionary”意为“革命性的”，作表语。故选项H。 【18题详解】 考查名词。句意：实际上，正如Mura所解释的，该工厂目前对其处理的塑料垃圾“饮食”很挑剔。根据前文“It can, 4 , take any kind of plastic waste, including mixed plastics considered “unrecyclable”, and break it down into chemicals that are similar to those extracted from oil. With further processing, these chemicals can be turned back into fresh plastic.”可知，先要将塑料垃圾送入化工厂，作为生产新塑料的原料，可将其视为工厂的“饮食”，即diet；结合句中“picky about”可知，工厂对其能处理的塑料垃圾很挑剔，即对其“diet”很挑剔，这是一种比喻用法。故选项F。 【19题详解】 考查动词。句意：因为和热解工厂一样，该工厂的并非所有产品都会重生为塑料。根据前文“not all of the facility’s products will be”和后文“some critics say that the process shouldn’t count as recycling”可知，不是所有产品都会再次成为塑料，动词“reborn”意为“重生”，符合语境。故选项J。 【20题详解】 考查动词。句意：这个想法并非无用，但围绕这个过程的现实复杂性使其不如所宣称的那样具有开创性。根据前文提到Mura宣称技术有革命性等，可知这里说现实不如所宣称的，动词“claimed”意为“宣称”，符合语境。故选项E。 II. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context. Compliments are no straightforward matter and require skills and knowledge. Done well, words of praise can be ____21____ for human relations at home and at work. But done poorly, compliments can be ineffective, even destructive. What follows is a research-based guide to tell you what kind of compliments are ____22____. Whether the compliment is effective in ____23____ the other person depends on whether it is believable, appropriate, and unqualified. To begin with, a good compliment must not ____24____ with its recipient’s self-image. If you tell me my hair looks good, I will dismiss it and suspect your ____25____, because I have no hair on the head. More generally, people with low self-esteem don’t usually receive compliments well, probably because the compliment does not ring true with their negative view of themselves, and so they ____26____ it. Even if a compliment agrees with one’s self-image, scholars writing in 2022 in Current Psychology concluded, it must meet three criteria to be accepted by its ____27____. The praise must come from a person with credibility to give it, it must be sincere and unplanned, and it must occur in the appropriate ____28____. Consider, for example, how you’d respond to an excessive compliment from a salesperson you’d never met about how smart you are when you’re ____29____ a particular purchase. You’d probably find that kind of compliment annoying, because the person doesn’t know you well enough to judge your true ____30____ and is simply praising you to make a sale. The compliment fails on all three counts: the praiser lacks credibility, their sincerity is suspect, and your willingness to spend money in a store is not a meaningful context for ____31____ your intelligence. Some compliments are not just ineffective; they actually cause harm. My Harvard colleagues have conducted research into backhanded praise, which puts someone down by comparing their good quality with a negative ____32____. An example of a destructive compliment would be “You look pretty good for a guy with no hair on the head” — not that I’m insecure or anything — because this sets such a low ____33____ on the praise. Other ways to give negative praise include comparisons with past ____34____ (“This draft is certainly better than the last one”), with poor expectations (“Your work is better than I expected”), and with a conventional conception (“This work isn’t bad for a Yale graduate”). In their experiments, the authors found that the complimenters thought these backhanded comparisons were ____35____, but both recipients and third-party observers disagreed. 21. A. universal B. efficient C. heartfelt D. comforting 22. A. showered B. preferred C. emphasized D. misinterpreted 23. A. stretching B. persuading C. uplifting D. understanding 24. A. conflict B. compete C. associate D. agree 25. A. crafts B. vision C. motives D. competence 26. A. discount B. defend C. reverse D. receive 27. A. image B. market C. status D. object 28. A. manner B. purchase C. order D. context 29. A. putting off B. leaning toward C. turning down D. pushing through 30. A. qualities B. intentions C. potentials D. tendencies 31. A. overestimating B. grading C. suspecting D. developing 32. A. comment B. equivalent C. impression D. standard 33. A. quantity B. profile C. ceiling D. reputation 34. A. draft B. anticipation C. trend D. failure 35. A. deliberate B. positive C. distressing D. specific 【答案】21. D 22. B 23. C 24. A 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. D 29. B 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. C 34. D 35. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了如何赞美他人并介绍了好的赞美的标准。 【21题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：如果做得好，赞美之词可以安慰家庭和工作中的人际关系。A. universal普遍的；B. efficient效率高的；C. heartfelt由衷的；D. comforting安慰的。根据上文“Done well”以及后文“But done poorly, compliments can be ineffective, even destructive.(但如果做得不好，赞美可能是无效的，甚至是破坏性的)”可知，此处是在说明赞美做得好会发挥好的作用，即可以安慰家庭和工作中的人际关系。故选D。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：以下是一份基于研究的指南，告诉你哪种赞美更受欢迎。A. showered淋浴；B. preferred偏爱；C. emphasized强调；D. misinterpreted曲解。根据后文“To begin with, a good compliment”以及“The praise must come from a person with credibility to give it”可知，后文主要讨论的是受人们偏爱喜爱的赞美方式。故选B。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：赞美是否有效地振奋了对方，取决于它是否可信、合适和不合格。A. stretching伸展；B. persuading说服；C. uplifting振奋；D. understanding理解。上文“Done well, words of praise can be…for human relations at home and at work.”提到赞美可以安慰人际关系，即赞美可以振奋别人的精神。故选C。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：首先，一个好的赞美不能与接受者的自我形象相冲突。A. conflict冲突；B. compete比赛；C. associate联系；D. agree同意。后文“If you tell me my hair looks good, I will dismiss it and suspect your…, because I have no hair on the head.”赞美没有头发的人头发好的例子表明，一个好的赞美不能与接受者的自我形象相冲突。故选A。 【25题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果你对我说我的头发很好看，我会不屑一顾，怀疑你的动机，因为我头上没有头发。A. crafts手艺；B. vision幻想；C. motives动机；D. competence能力。根据后文“because I have no hair on the head”可知，赞美没有头发的人头发好会让人怀疑动机，故选C。 【26题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：更普遍的是，低自尊的人通常不会很好地接受赞美，可能是因为赞美与他们对自己的负面看法不一致，所以他们不重视它。A. discount不重视，打折；B. defend防御；C. reverse逆转；D. receive收到。根据上文“people with low self-esteem don’t usually receive compliments well”指低自尊的人通常不会很好地接受赞美，即不重视赞美。故选A。 【27题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：学者们在2022年的《当代心理学》杂志上总结道，即使赞美符合一个人的自我形象，也必须满足三个标准才能被赞美的对象接受。A. image图片；B. market市场；C. status地位；D. object对象。根据上文“it must meet three criteria to be accepted by its”中it指的是赞美，所以是指被赞美对象所接受的赞美需要满足三个标准。故选D。 【28题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：表扬必须来自一个有信誉的人，必须是真诚的，没有计划的，而且必须发生在适当的背景下。A. manner礼貌；B. purchase购买；C. order订单；D. context背景。后文“Consider, for example, how you’d respond to an excessive compliment from a salesperson you’d never met about how smart you are when you’re…a particular purchase.”以及“a meaningful context for”买东西的例子主要体现了赞美必须发生在适当的背景下。故选D。 【29题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：举个例子，试想当一个你从未见过的销售人员说你在购买某件商品时很聪明时，你会作何反应。A. putting off推迟；B. leaning toward倾向于；C. turning down关小；D. pushing through完成。根据后文“a particular purchase”以及上文“salesperson”可知，此处指购物的时候倾向于买某一个商品。故选B。 【30题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：你可能会觉得这种赞美很烦人，因为这个人不太了解你，无法判断你的真实品质，他只是为了推销你而赞美你。A. qualities品质；B. intentions意图；C. potentials潜能；D. tendencies趋势。根据上文“how you’d respond to an excessive compliment from a salesperson you’d never met about how smart you are”可知，指销售人员不了解你聪明的真实品质，只是为了推销你而赞美你。故选A。 【31题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：赞美在这三个方面都失败了：赞美者缺乏可信度，他们的诚意值得怀疑，你在商店里花钱的意愿不是评价你智商的有意义的背景。A. overestimating高估；B. grading评价，定等级；C. suspecting怀疑；D. developing发展。根据后文“your intelligence”以及上文“how smart you are”可知，此处指你在商店里花钱的意愿不是评价你智商的有意义的背景。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我在哈佛的同事们对反讽式的赞美进行了研究，这种赞美是通过将某人的优秀品质与负面标准进行比较来贬低某人。A. comment评论；B. equivalent对等的事物；C. impression印象；D. standard标准。根据后文“This work isn’t bad for a Yale graduate(对于耶鲁毕业生来说，这项工作还不错)”可知，反讽式的赞美通过将某人的优秀品质与负面标准进行比较来贬低某人。故选D。 【33题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：破坏性赞美的一个例子是“对于一个光头来说，你看起来很不错”——并不是说我没有安全感或其他什么——因为这给赞美设定了一个很低的上限。A. quantity数量；B. profile侧影；C. ceiling上限；D. reputation名誉。根据上文“An example of a destructive compliment would be “You look pretty good for a guy with no hair on the head” — not that I’m insecure or anything”可知，“对于一个光头来说，你看起来很不错”例子中为赞美设定了一个最低的上限，即赞美别人的光头。故选C。 【34题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：其他给出负面赞扬的方式包括与过去的失败进行比较（“这一稿肯定比上一稿好”），与糟糕的期望进行比较（“你的工作比我预期的要好”），以及与传统观念进行比较（“对于耶鲁毕业生来说，这项工作还不错”）。A. draft草稿；B. anticipation期待；C. trend趋势；D. failure失败。后文“This draft is certainly better than the last one”体现了与过去的失败进行比较。故选D。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在他们的实验中，作者发现赞美者认为这些反讽的比较是积极的，但接受者和第三方观察者都不同意。A. deliberate故意的；B. positive积极的；C. distressing悲伤的；D. specific特定的。根据后文“but both recipients and third-party observers disagreed”中but表示转折，说明赞美者认为这些反讽的比较是积极的，但接受者和第三方观察者都不同意。故选B。 Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (A) On a sunny Sunday morning, I went to my first ballet class. But I didn’t do any dancing. This was Class on Stage, a rare opportunity to watch dancers warm up during their daily 75-minute class. I went in knowing that I would be impressed by the physicality of it. Top athletes aren’t born; they’re made.  Forty-five minutes into the class, the dancers didn’t even look tired. While watching dancers quietly plie (下蹲屈膝) with complete control was calming, watching the floor exercises that came next was anything but. The sequences were short but became increasingly complicated, so I stopped paying attention to the directions I couldn’t follow, and simply allowed myself to observe the remarkable results. At the end of the class, I applauded and watched the dancers leave the stage. They had already accomplished so much with their day, and I was left in complete awe, not just of my inadequacy, but also of their effort. As I headed home I tried to think of the last time I worked as hard as those dancers at anything in my own life. So much has been made easier by technology: I can listen to any song I want, whenever I want. I can have pretty much anything delivered. I can stay in touch with friends without making the time to see them. But instead of taking shortcuts, maybe I should look for challenges. Because once you start doing hard things, they become easier, and then you know you can do them. With the determination and discipline of ballet dancers still fresh in my mind, I commit to doing some hard things: I get back in the habit of practicing a language I’ve been trying to learn. I lift heavier weights. I take the stairs. I write the essay. Nothing demands as much of me as what ballet demands of those dancers every day. They inspire me. So, I guess what I’m trying to say is that sometimes a fitness class can change your life, even if you’re not the one taking it. 36. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the ballet class is TRUE? A. The writer learned a lot of ballet moves. B. The floor exercises calmed the writer down. C. Despite the physicality, the dancers didn’t look tired. D. The dancers did their warm-up for 45 minutes that day. 37. At the end of the class, how did the writer feel? A. She felt impressed by the dancers’ efforts. B. She felt ashamed of her lack of willpower. C. She felt confident of overcoming life’s challenges. D. She felt regretful about not trying hard enough at ballet. 38. By mentioning the technology that has made life easier, the writer means that ________. A. modern technology is to blame for people’s taking shortcuts B. technology can help people work better and more efficiently C. people should avoid using technology to enjoy the simplicity of life D. technology offers us shortcuts, which prevents us from seeking challenges 39. What has the writer learned from her first ballet lesson? A. We need to push ourselves forward by looking for challenges. B. Hard things are worth trying as long as you enjoy doing them. C. Fitness classes can make people physically and mentally strong. D. Watching others practice ballet is a good way to improve ourselves. 【答案】36. C 37. A 38. D 39. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者通过观察专业芭蕾舞者的日常训练课，被他们的自律和努力所震撼，从而反思自己生活中缺乏挑战精神，并决心在生活中设立更多需要毅力的目标。最终传递出刻苦训练等促进个人成长的主题。 【36题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Forty-five minutes into the class, the dancers didn’t even look tired. While watching dancers quietly plie (下蹲屈膝) with complete control was calming, watching the floor exercises that came next was anything but.( 上课45分钟后，舞者们一点也不觉得累。看着舞者安静地完全控制自己的俯卧撑让人感到平静，但看着接下来的自由体操却一点也不平静。)”可知，尽管训练强度大，但舞者们看起来并不疲惫。ABD选项均与原文实意不符。故选C项。 【37题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“They had already accomplished so much with their day, and I was left in complete awe, not just of my inadequacy, but also of their effort.( 他们在一天中已经完成了这么多的工作，我对自己的不足和他们的努力充满了敬畏。)” 可推知，作者对舞者们的努力印象深刻。故选A项。 【38题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“As I headed home I tried to think of the last time I worked as hard as those dancers at anything in my own life. So much has been made easier by technology: I can listen to any song I want, whenever I want. I can have pretty much anything delivered. I can stay in touch with friends without making the time to see them. But instead of taking shortcuts, maybe I should look for challenges. Because once you start doing hard things, they become easier, and then you know you can do them.( 在回家的路上，我试着回想我生命中最后一次像那些舞者一样努力工作是什么时候。科技让很多事情变得更容易：我可以随时听任何我想听的歌。我几乎什么都可以送货上门。我可以和朋友保持联系，而不用抽出时间去见他们。但与其走捷径，也许我应该寻找挑战。因为一旦你开始做困难的事情，它们就会变得更容易，然后你就知道你可以做到。)”可知，提到技术让生活变得更容易，如能随时听想听的歌、能让东西送货上门、不用见面就能和朋友保持联系等，接着作者说 “但也许我应该寻找挑战，而不是走捷径”，这表明技术提供了捷径，阻止人们去寻求挑战。故选D项。 【39题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“Nothing demands as much of me as what ballet demands of those dancers every day. They inspire me. So, I guess what I’m trying to say is that sometimes a fitness class can change your life, even if you’re not the one taking it.( 没有什么比芭蕾每天对那些舞者的要求更高了。他们激励着我。所以，我想我想说的是，有时候健身课可以改变你的生活，即使你不是那个上健身课的人。)”可知，文章主要讲述作者观看芭蕾舞课，看到舞者的努力，意识到自己生活中因技术走了很多捷径，从而决定寻找挑战，像芭蕾舞舞者一样努力，由此可推知，作者从她的第一堂芭蕾舞课中学到了“我们需要通过寻找挑战来推动自己前进。”这个道理。故选A项。 (B) The Annual Ig Nobel Prizes Honor Special Scientific Achievements On Sept 12, the 2024 Ig Nobel Prizes were awarded in the US. Created in 1991 by Marc Abrahams, a writer in the US, these prizes honor scientific studies that “make people laugh, then think”. Here are some winners from this year. Not as old as you think A healthy diet and good genes have contributed to higher life expectancy around the world. But there is also something else, such as mistakes in demographic (人口的) data and possible pension fraud. Saul Justin Newman from the UK found almost 80 percent of the people over 110 years old have no birth certificate. In the US, over 500 people claim to be over 110, but only seven have birth certificates. So the number of very old people might be exaggerated. Some people may even be lying about their birth for more pension. “Side effect” of side effects Medicine often has side effects that add to patients’ discomfort. So a perfect treatment should have no side effects at all, right? Not necessarily. A team led by Lieven Schenk in Germany did an experiment. They made two fake medicines. Neither could reduce pain, and the second type could cause a burning feeling in the nose. The team then asked 77 healthy volunteers to randomly take one of the medicines, after which they would receive a “dose” of pain.  The scientists found that those taking the second type of medicine reported less pain. They had felt the burning and took it as a sign of the medicine “working”. The research showed that in such cases, side effects may not be a bad thing. Plant that can “see” and imitate In 2013, scientists discovered a strange vine called Boquila trifoliolata (勃奎拉藤). It could change the shape of its leaves to look like other plants nearby. Jacob White in the US and Felipe Yamashita in Germany wanted to know why. They planted the vine under a shelf, and placed a plastic plant above the shelf. As the vine grew taller, only the part of it that reached over the shelf looked like the plastic plant.  Therefore, the scientists suggested that some plants could “see” what’s happening around them and imitate the shapes of neighboring plants. 40. Which of the following statements about the Ig Nobel Prizes is TRUE? A. The Ig Nobel Prizes are held every three years. B. The 2024 Ig Nobel Prizes were intended to remember the founder. C. The Ig Nobel Prizes honor amusing but inspiring scientific studies. D. The 2024 Ig Nobel Prizes have three winners covering different fields. 41. Which of the following is a reason for the growing number of very old people worldwide? A. Economic development enables people to live longer. B. People claim to be older in order to get their birth certificate. C. A majority of the supposed old people can’t prove their real age. D. Older people are so forgetful that they don’t remember their birth date. 42. By doing the “side-effect” experiment on volunteers, scientists find that ________. A. side effects of a medicine are annoying and unavoidable B. the second type of medicine is more effective than the first C. the two fake medicines can actually work to relieve the pain D. the side effects can lead people to think that the medicine works 【答案】40. C 41. C 42. D 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“搞笑诺贝尔奖”，并且介绍了2024年“搞笑诺贝尔奖”的获奖者。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Created in 1991 by Marc Abrahams, a writer in the US, these prizes honor scientific studies that “make people laugh, then think”.( 该奖项于1991年由美国作家马克·亚伯拉罕（Marc Abrahams）创立，旨在表彰那些“让人发笑，然后思考”的科学研究)”可知，搞笑诺贝尔奖是为了表彰那些“让人先发笑，然后思考”的科学研究，即有趣但又有启发性的科学研究。故选C项。 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据Not as old as you think中“Saul Justin Newman from the UK found almost 80 percent of the people over 110 years old have no birth certificate. In the US, over 500 people claim to be over 110, but only seven have birth certificates.( 来自英国的索尔·贾斯汀·纽曼发现，近80%的110岁以上老人没有出生证明。在美国，超过500人声称自己超过110岁，但只有7人有出生证明)”以及“So the number of very old people might be exaggerated. Some people may even be lying about their birth for more pension.( 因此，高龄老人的数量可能被夸大了。有些人甚至可能为了更多的养老金而谎报自己的出生)”可知，世界上声称年龄很大的人中有很大一部分无法证明自己的真实年龄，这可能是导致世界上非常年长的人数增加的一个原因。故选C项。 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Side effect”of side effects中“The scientists found that those taking the second type of medicine reported less pain. They had felt the burning and took it as a sign of the medicine “working”.( 科学家们发现，服用第二种药物的人报告的疼痛更少。他们感到了灼烧感，并认为这是药物“起作用”的标志)”可知，通过对志愿者进行“副作用”实验，科学家发现药物的副作用会让人们认为药物起作用了。故选D项。 (C) Last year, Roche, a Swiss drug company, published a review of the clinical trials on neurological drugs it had held between 2016 and 2021. It found that black people were under-represented in all but one. Surprisingly, that news represents progress, because it shows that trial organisers are becoming more aware of a dangerous bias that sets back the safety and effect of medical treatments. Many trials exclude certain groups, and do so deliberately — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. ________ A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. Their doctors face an envious choice: prescribe anyway, with uncertain results; or deny their patients new treatments. Obtaining informed permission for trials is not always easy, especially from people with learning disabilities or dementia (痴呆). Accounting for different groups’ risks of side-effects can complicate the analysis of the data. And some groups mistrust doctors because of a history of mistreatment, which makes it harder to involve them in the trial. Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because they may lead to new medical insights. Running trials on people who are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s, such as those with Down’s syndrome, might help researchers test whether their drugs work preventively. Something like that happened with the Dallas Heart Study in the 2000s. As a large piece of epidemiological research, it included an racially representative sample of people and found a genetic variant in some African-Americans which was related to 40% lower bad cholesterol (胆固醇). That gene is now one of the foremost drug targets in the fight against cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). America and Britain look likely to publish regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to involve them. 43. According to the review, what is the current problem with clinical trials? A. They target specific groups while excluding some people. B. They test for side effects of the drugs, so they are not useful enough. C. They are not suitable for every patient because of their physical conditions. D. They don’t produce safe or effective results, thus discouraging lots of people. 44. Which sentence best fits the blank in paragraph 3? A. Yet the consequences can be ridiculous. B. However, it is happening for good reasons. C. Therefore, it brings convenience to doctors. D. Moreover, the groups can enjoy better treatments. 45. In the example of the Dallas Heart Study, what does “something like that” in paragraph 6 refer to? A. Running trials on the target patients can help researchers. B. Broadening the range of trials’ participants avoids mistreatments. C. Testing the effectiveness of the drug helps prevent certain diseases. D. Involving a wider range of participants in trials leads to new medical insights. 46. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. There will be no bias in clinical testing very soon. B. Women used to be under-represented in clinical trials. C. Regulations on subjects in clinical trials have come into effect. D. Clinical trials are increasingly improving, thus attracting women. 【答案】43. A 44. A 45. D 46. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了临床试验中代表性不足的问题及其改进措施，强调了扩大参与者范围对医疗进步的重要性。 【43题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Many trials exclude certain groups, and do so deliberately — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. (许多试验故意将某些群体排除在外——例如儿童、身体或学习障碍者、孕妇和老年人)” 以及第三段中“A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. (最近的一项综述发现，世界各地测试髋部骨折干预措施的试验中，有一半将住在养老院、老年人或有某种程度认知障碍的人排除在外)”可知，临床试验的当前问题是它们针对特定群体，却故意排除了一些人，如儿童、有身体或学习障碍的人、孕妇、老人等。故选A项。 【44题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段空后“A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋部骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some level of cognitive disorder. (最近的一项综述发现，世界各地测试髋部骨折干预措施的试验中，有一半将住在养老院、老年人或有某种程度认知障碍的人排除在外)”提到许多试验故意排除某些群体，以及后文“Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. (尽管这些群体几乎占所有髋部骨折患者的三分之一，但目前尚不清楚干预措施对他们是否同样安全或有效)”说这些被排除的群体占髋部骨折患者的近三分之一，却不清楚干预措施对他们是否安全有效，医生面临艰难选择，这种情况是荒谬的。A选项“然而，后果可能是荒谬的”符合语境，能很好地衔接上下文。故选A项。 【45题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第五段提到“Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because they may lead to new medical insights. (即便如此，扩大试验参与者的范围实际上是有用的，因为它们可能会带来新的医学见解)”以及第六段“Something like that happened with the Dallas Heart Study in the 2000s. As a large piece of epidemiological research, it included an racially representative sample of people and found a genetic variant in some African-Americans which was related to 40% lower bad cholesterol (胆固醇). That gene is now one of the foremost drug targets in the fight against cardiovascular (心血管的) disease. (2000年代的达拉斯心脏研究就发生了类似的事情。作为一项大规模的流行病学研究，它包含了具有种族代表性的人群样本，并在一些非裔美国人中发现了一种与坏胆固醇降低40%相关的基因变异。该基因现在是对抗心血管疾病的最重要药物靶点之一)”可推知，“something like that”指的是让更广泛的参与者参与试验会带来新的医学见解。故选D项。 【46题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. Almost half of trial participants in America are now women (in the rest of the world it is still only 40%). (幸运的是，临床试验的偏见可能正在改变。现在美国近一半的试验参与者是女性（在世界其他地区仍然只有40%）)”由此可推断出过去女性在临床试验中的参与比例是较低的，也就是女性过去在临床试验中的代表性不足。故选B项。 Section C Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Europe’s War on Predators (食肉动物): A Misguided Approach We Europeans are incapable of living alongside predators. We expect people in Africa and Asia to share their homes with lions, tigers, Komodo dragons and a host of other potentially dangerous animals without question. ____47____ Wolves in Europe, for example, are under the spotlight. Following reintroductions and careful protection, there are now 21,500 of these awesome animals across the continent. But as numbers increase, there is a rising tide of opposition. Even Switzerland is undergoing an effort to eliminate 70 per cent of its wolf population (currently 300 animals in 32 packs). ____48____ The Norwegian government, meanwhile, seems determined to limit its wolf population to just a few breeding pairs — which it says is enough to keep them from extinction. More accurately, it will push them to the edge of extinction. ____49____ But there are tried-and-tested ways of reducing the problem: boosting the availability of natural prey, electric fencing and the use of guard dogs among them. Many countries even have “wolf administrators”, who help farmers to protect their stock, and there is generous compensation for any predation. They’re not dangerous to people, either. According to the European Commission’s own 2023 investigative report on wolf attacks, “although wolves can attack humans, no fatal wolf attacks on people have been recorded in the past 40 years”. ____50____ There is a bigger picture here. Predators earn their keep through wildlife tourism and they are keystone species vital in maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems. It’s not all about farmers and hunters. There has to be some middle ground. A. Comparatively, more people are killed by livestock (牲口). B. The hunting for wolves has initiated long-lasting debates among researchers and policymakers. C. This is despite the fact that attacks on livestock have declined sharply while wolf numbers have increased. D. We should stay alert to occasional wolf attacks on humans. E. So why can’t we be as sympathetic and enlightened about predator conservation as they are? F. There’s no denying that wolves occasionally attack livestock. 【答案】47. E 48. C 49. F 50. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了欧洲对食肉动物保护的错误做法，呼吁寻找保护食肉动物与保障人类利益之间的平衡。 【47题详解】 由上文“We expect people in Africa and Asia to share their homes with lions, tigers, Komodo dragons and a host of other potentially dangerous animals without question (我们期望非洲和亚洲的人们能够毫无疑问地与狮子、老虎、科莫多龙和许多其他潜在危险的动物共享家园)”可知，本空要表达欧洲人对待食肉动物与非洲、亚洲人不同态度的疑问，E选项“So why can’t we be as sympathetic and enlightened about predator conservation as they are? (那么为什么我们不能像他们一样对食肉动物保护抱有同情和开明的态度呢？)”承接上文，符合题意。故选E。 【48题详解】 由上文“Even Switzerland is undergoing an effort to eliminate 70 per cent of its wolf population (currently 300 animals in 32 packs) (甚至瑞士也在努力消灭70%的狼群（目前有32个狼群，共300只狼）)”可知，本空要说明在狼数量增加的情况下，这种消灭狼群的做法不合理，C选项“This is despite the fact that attacks on livestock have declined sharply while wolf numbers have increased (尽管狼的数量增加了，但对牲畜的攻击却急剧减少)”承接上文，说明消灭狼群做法的不合理之处，符合题意。故选C。 【49题详解】 由后文“But there are tried - and - tested ways of reducing the problem: boosting the availability of natural prey, electric fencing and the use of guard dogs among them (但有一些行之有效的方法可以减少这个问题：增加天然猎物的数量、设置电子围栏以及使用护卫犬等)”可知，本空要指出狼存在的问题，F选项“There’s no denying that wolves occasionally attack livestock (不可否认，狼偶尔会攻击牲畜)”引出后文解决狼攻击牲畜问题的方法，符合题意。故选F。 【50题详解】 由上文“According to the European Commission’s own 2023 investigative report on wolf attacks, ‘although wolves can attack humans, no fatal wolf attacks on people have been recorded in the past 40 years’ (根据欧盟委员会2023年关于狼袭击事件的调查报告，‘尽管狼会攻击人类，但在过去40年里，没有记录到狼致人死亡的事件’)”可知，本空要进一步说明与狼攻击人类相比，其他导致人死亡的情况，A选项“Comparatively, more people are killed by livestock (牲口) (相比之下，更多人死于牲口（攻击）)”能与上文形成对比，符合题意。故选A。 III. Summary Writing 51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Are Big Cities Overrated? Judged by their revealed preferences, people love cities. Metropolises such as London and New York are overcrowded, with house prices to match. Across the world, 25% of people live in cities of over a million, up from just 15% six decades ago. Economists tend to think this is a great development. Cities, they argue, benefit from “agglomeration”, the consequence of so many people living in close quarters. For one thing, government and businesses can run more efficiently: scale helps everything from public transport to the hiring of staff. For another, finding the next big idea is easier when like-minded people crowd together. Although London makes up 15% of Britain’s population, it accounts for 22% of its economic output. But have economists overestimated the benefits of big cities? That is what a new working paper by Matthew Turner and David Weil, both of Brown University, suggests. Their analysis applies existing estimates of the impact of agglomeration on economic efficiency and the pace of invention to a model of the American economy. This allows the researchers to answer a question: how different would America look if, from 1900 to 2010, no urban area had grown to a population of more than 1 million people? According to their calculations, the answer is “not all that much”. Growth would have been slower, but only a bit: the researchers estimate that America’s total output would have been 8% lower in 2010 than it was in reality. As Mr. Weil puts it: “Without big cities, we would still have modern life as we know it.” There is plenty about city life that is unpleasant. In September, for instance, Eric Adams, New York’s mayor, organized a “National Urban Rat Summit”, as part of his “war on rats”. It’s evident that big cities don’t just offer growth; they come with their own sets of drawbacks and challenges as well. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】People increasingly live in big cities. While economists praise cities for offering agglomeration benefits like efficiency and innovation, a new study suggests their economic impact is overstated. Without large cities, America’s total output would only be slightly lower, and modern life still exists. Cities have drawbacks like rat problems. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论大城市是否被高估，指出人们倾向居住在大城市，经济学家认可大城市的集聚效益，但新研究表明其经济影响被高估，且大城市有弊端。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①Judged by their revealed preferences, people love cities. ②Economists tend to think this is a great development. Cities, they argue, benefit from “agglomeration”. ③But have economists overestimated the benefits of big cities? That is what a new working paper by Matthew Turner and David Weil suggests. ④According to their calculations, the answer is “not all that much”. Growth would have been slower, but only a bit. ⑤There is plenty about city life that is unpleasant. 2. 缜密构思 将第1个要点直接保留，第2个要点保留核心观点，第3、4个要点整合说明新研究观点，第5个要点点明大城市有弊端。 3. 遣词造句 People increasingly live in big cities. Economists praise cities for agglomeration benefits. A new study suggests the economic impact of big cities is overstated. Without large cities America’s total output would only be slightly lower. Cities have drawbacks. 【点睛】[高分句型1] While economists praise cities for offering agglomeration benefits like efficiency and innovation, a new study suggests their economic impact is overstated. (运用了while引导的让步状语从句，准确对比了经济学家观点和新研究观点) [高分句型2] Without large cities, America’s total output would only be slightly lower, and modern life still exists. (运用了“without+名词”的虚拟语气结构，清晰阐述了没有大城市的情况下的结果) IV. Translation Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 52. 不少中国留学生选择学成后回国追逐梦想，报效祖国。 (serve)(汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Many Chinese overseas students choose to return to their homeland after graduation to pursue their dreams and serve the country. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词和名词。句子描述客观情况，用一般现在时；“不少中国留学生”翻译为many Chinese overseas students，作主语；“选择回国”翻译为choose to return to their homeland；“学成后”翻译为after graduation；“追逐梦想，报效祖国”翻译为pursue their dreams and serve the country，此处作目的状语，动词用不定式形式。故整句翻译为Many Chinese overseas students choose to return to their homeland after graduation to pursue their dreams and serve the country. 53. 丰收的秋日里，古镇上家家户户晒起一串串黄澄澄的玉米。(expose) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Every household in the ancient town exposes strings of golden corn to the sun in a fruitful autumn. 【解析】 【详解】考查动词、名词短语、介词短语和时态。主语“家家户户”译为every household，“古镇上”处理为后置定语，用介词短语in the ancient town，谓语“晒起”理解为“把……暴露于阳光下”，用动词短语expose...to the sun，描述客观事实用一般现在时态，主语是单数名词，谓语用单数形式exposes，宾语“一串串黄澄澄的玉米”用strings of golden corn，时间状语“丰收的秋日里”用介词短语in a fruitful autumn表示。综上，全句译为：Every household in the ancient town exposes strings of golden corn to the sun in a fruitful autumn. 54. 听说那幅水墨画将被送去国外展览，市民在艺术馆的展厅前大排长龙，想在展品出国之前来欣赏一下。(It) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】It is heard that the ink painting will be sent abroad for exhibition, so citizens wait in a long queue in front of the gallery hall to appreciate the masterpiece before its departure. 【解析】 【详解】考查固定句型、被动语态、时态和动词短语。“听说……”可用固定句型“It is heard that...”表示，其中it是形式主语，that引导主语从句；“那幅水墨画将被送去国外展览”是主语从句中分句，主语“那幅水墨画”用the ink painting，“将被送去国外展览”表示将来的行为，用一般将来时的被动语态will be sent abroad for exhibition；“市民在艺术馆的展厅前大排长龙，想在展品出国之前来欣赏一下”是主语从句中并列分句，与前一分句构成因果关系，用连词so连接两个句子，其中主语“市民”用citizens，“在艺术馆的展厅前大排长龙”译为wait in a long queue in front of the gallery hall，描述现在的状态，谓语动词wait用一般现在时态，“想在展品出国之前来欣赏一下”作目的状语，用不定式短语to appreciate the masterpiece，“在展品出国之前”是时间状语，译为before its departure。综上，全句译为：It is heard that the ink painting will be sent abroad for exhibition, so citizens wait in a long queue in front of the gallery hall to appreciate the masterpiece before its departure. 55. 随着越来越多的人向往自然，崇尚简单和谐的生活方式，该县户外经济蓬勃发展，其收入有望在明年年底达到全县总收入的百分之十二。 (expect) (汉译英) ___________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】As an increasing number of people long for nature and embrace simple and harmonious lifestyles, the outdoor economy prospers in that county, whose income is expected to take up 12 percent of the total income of the county by the end of next year. 【解析】 【详解】考查时间状语从句、名词短语、动词短语和定语从句。根据句意以及句子提示词可知，该句应为连词As表示“随着……”引导的时间状语从句，在该从句中，表示“越来越多的人”应为名词短语an increasing number of people；表示“向往”应为动词短语long for；表示“崇尚简单和谐的生活方式”应为动词短语embrace simple and harmonious lifestyles；在主句中，表示“那个县的户外经济很繁荣”可译为the outdoor economy prospers in that county；后接关系代词whose引导定语从句，对先行词county的修饰，表示“有望做某事”应为动词短语be expected to do；表示“达到全县总收入的百分之十二”应为动词短语take up 12 percent of the total income of the county；表示“明年年底”应为介词短语by the end of next year。故翻译为：As an increasing number of people long for nature and embrace simple and harmonious lifestyles, the outdoor economy prospers in that county, whose income is expected to take up 12 percent of the total income of the county by the end of next year. V. Guided Writing 56. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 假设你是浦润中学高三学生李青，学校英文报以“永恒的中国魅力”（The Timeless Charm of China）为主题，面向全校学生征集向外国人士宣传中国传统节日的活动方案，请你投稿，稿件内容必须包含： （1）以一个中国传统节日为例，简要罗列宣传活动的安排； （2）详细阐述如何通过这样的活动安排来彰显中国魅力。 （注：文中不得出现真实的姓名及学校名称。） _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Dear editors, I am Li Qing from Purun Middle School, and I am delighted to submit my plan for promoting Chinese traditional festivals to foreigners. I choose the Mid-Autumn Festival as an example. The activity will be held in the school auditorium. First, there will be a lecture introducing the origin, legends, and cultural connotations of the Mid-Autumn Festival. Then, we will organize a mooncake-making session, where foreigners can learn to make traditional mooncakes with the help of our students. This activity can vividly show the charm of China. The lecture allows foreigners to understand the long-standing wisdom and values passed down in Chinese history. The mooncake-making part offers a hands-on experience of Chinese food culture, and the shared moon-gazing creates a warm, harmonious atmosphere. I hope my plan can be helpful. Best regards, Li Qing 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生对于学校英文报以“永恒的中国魅力”（The Timeless Charm of China）为主题，面向全校学生征集向外国人士宣传中国传统节日的活动方案这一情况，向校英文报投稿。 【详解】1.词汇积累 高兴的：delighted→ glad 展示：show→ demonstrate 提供：offers→ provides 选择：choose→ select 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：First, there will be a lecture introducing the origin, legends, and cultural connotations of the Mid-Autumn Festival. 拓展句：First, there will be a lecture which introduces the origin, legends, and cultural connotations of the Mid-Autumn Festival. 【点睛】【高分句型1】Then, we will organize a mooncake-making session, where foreigners can learn to make traditional mooncakes with the help of our students.（运用了关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】The lecture allows foreigners to understand the long-standing wisdom and values passed down in Chinese history.（运用了过去分词短语作后置定语修饰wisdom and value） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$