专题02 阅读理解（说明文）-【好题汇编】2025年高考英语一模试题分类汇编（福建专用）

专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 考查范围：主题、语篇范围 题号 难度 知识点 一、阅读理解 1 适中 科普知识 ,说明文 2 较难 竞技/比赛,说明文 3 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文,网络社交 4 较易 动物,科普知识 ,说明文 5 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文,可持续农业 6 适中 动物,科普知识 ,说明文 7 适中 科普知识 ,说明文 8 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文 9 适中 语言与文化 ,社会问题与社会现象,说明文 10 较难 科普知识 ,说明文 11 较易 环境保护,说明文 12 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文,人工智能 13 较难 学习,说明文 14 适中 医疗 ,说明文 15 适中 说明文,当代教育问题 （一） （2025届福建省龙岩市一模）As leaves fall, snow sweeps in or flowers blossom, humans change in measurable ways, too. Research suggests a range of psychological phenomena — such as our emotional state, diet and exercise habits, and even color preferences — swing throughout the year. And now a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA demonstrates how moral values can also shift. For the study, researchers analyzed more than 230,000 online survey responses — a decade’s worth — from people in the U. S. The questions were based on a standardized framework social scientists use to assess people’s judgments of right and wrong. This framework, called moral foundations theory, sets up a taxonomy (分类学) of “five pretty fundamental values that shape human social behavior,” says lead author Ian Hohm, a psychology graduate student at the University of British Columbia. The framework considers loyalty, authority, and purity to be “binding” (有约束力的) values that promote group unity and observance. These principles, often associated with political conservatism, consistently received weaker recognition in summer and winter. And in summer, the more extreme the seasonal weather differences, the more pronounced the effect. Care and fairness are considered “individualizing” values related to individual rights. These principles showed no consistent seasonal pattern. One explanation for seasonal swings could be anxiety. Using a 90,000-respondent survey dataset, as well as data on Internet search frequencies, the researchers found that anxiety levels also peak in spring and fall. “There is a close relationship between anxiety and threat,” says University of Nottingham psychologist and study coauthor Brian O’Shea. Other studies have shown that people who are at higher risk of seasonal illnesses tend to be more distrustful and more likely to follow majority opinion. “When you’re threatened,” O’Shea explains, “you then want to get protection from your group.” These findings suggest seasonal timing could affect jury (陪审团) decisions, vaccination campaigns — and even election outcomes, the study authors say. Howard University psychologist Ivory A．Toldson notes that the study relies on data from “western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD)”populations and cautions that generalizing from such results runs the risk of “overlooking the unique moral experiences of marginalized (边缘化的) groups.” Ian Hohm agrees that such a pattern wouldn’t affect everyone the same way but emphasizes that the study highlights the seasons’ effect on human psychology. 1．What did the researchers do in the study? A．They examined people’s digital feedback. B．They evaluated netizens’ social behavior. C．They set up a scientific moral framework. D．They categorized different value patterns. 2．Which behavior is most closely related to seasonal anxiety peaks? A．Safeguarding individual rights. B．Seeking in-group protection. C．Being faithful to one’s team. D．Making reliable decisions. 3．What can be inferred from Ivory A．Toldson’s words? A．The study overemphasizes data from the west. B．The survey should cover a larger range of subjects. C．Humans are seasonal beings with varied behaviors. D．Ignoring the research of sidelined groups is risky. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The changes in nature and humans. B．Moral values vary from person to person. C．Values may shift with the time of the year. D．The impact of seasons on one’s mental health. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．B 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍一项研究，阐述了季节变化对人类道德价值观的影响，并分析了可能的原因，同时指出了研究的意义和局限性。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“For the study, researchers analyzed more than 230,000 online survey responses — a decade’s worth — from people in the U. S.(在这项研究中，研究人员分析了来自美国民众的超过23万份在线调查回复——这些回复涵盖了十年的时间跨度。)”可知，在这项研究中，研究人员分析了来自美国民众的超过23万份长达十年时间跨度的在线调查回复，这些在线调查回复属于人们的数字化反馈信息。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段““When you’re threatened,” O’Shea explains, “you then want to get protection from your group.” These findings suggest seasonal timing could affect jury(陪审团)decisions, vaccination campaigns — and even election outcomes, the study authors say.(“当你受到威胁时，”O’Shea解释道，“你就会想要从你的群体中获得保护。”该研究的作者们表示，这些发现表明，季节时间可能会影响陪审团的裁决、疫苗接种活动——甚至是选举结果。)”可知，当人们处于受到威胁的状态时，也就是焦虑状态，会想要从自己的群体中获得保护，所以与季节性焦虑峰值最密切相关的行为是寻求群体保护。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Howard University psychologist Ivory A. Toldson notes that the study relies on data from “western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD)”populations and cautions that generalizing from such results runs the risk of “overlooking the unique moral experiences of marginalized (边缘化的) groups.”(霍华德大学的心理学家Ivory A. Toldson指出，这项研究依赖于来自“西方、受过教育、工业化、富裕且民主”人群的数据，并提醒说，从这样的结果中进行概括存在“忽视边缘化群体独特道德体验”的风险。)”可知，Ivory A. Toldson指出该研究依赖于来自“西方、受过教育、工业化、富裕且民主”人群的数据，并警告说，从这样的结果中进行概括存在“忽视边缘化群体独特道德体验”的风险。这意味着，当前研究的调查对象范围较窄，仅局限于特定的“WEIRD”人群，所以应该涵盖更大范围的调查对象，这样才能更全面准确地得出结论。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“As leaves fall, snow sweeps in or flowers blossom, humans change in measurable ways, too. Research suggests a range of psychological phenomena — such as our emotional state, diet and exercise habits, and even color preferences — swing throughout the year. And now a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA demonstrates how moral values can also shift.(随着树叶飘落、雪花纷飞或鲜花绽放，人类也在以可衡量的方式发生着变化。研究表明，一系列心理现象——比如我们的情绪状态、饮食和锻炼习惯，甚至对颜色的偏好——会在一年中波动变化。而现在，一项发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的研究展示了道德价值观是如何也会发生转变的。)”以及全文内容可知，文章开篇指出人类的一些心理现象会随季节变化，接着通过一项研究表明道德价值观也会随季节波动。研究人员分析了大量在线调查回复，发现忠诚、权威和纯洁等“有约束力的”价值观在夏季和冬季得到的认可程度较低，且季节性天气差异越大影响越明显，而关爱和公平等“个体化”价值观没有一致的季节性模式，还探讨了季节性波动可能与焦虑有关，最后提到研究存在的局限性。选项C“Values may shift with the time of the year(价值观可能会随一年中的时间变化而改变)”准确概括了文章主旨。故选C。 （二） （2025届福建省厦门市一模）At the Paris 2024 Olympics, sport climbing featured two medal events for men and women: Speed and a combined Boulder & Lead event. Behind the scenes, there is a crucial but often unseen figure — Martin Hammerer, head of the experienced team responsible for the Lead routes, who has been setting routes internationally since 2007. “The actual design took place at the climbing wall. The International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) pre-selected the material, which we then used to set the routes,” Hammerer explained when asked about his work in Paris. “We started with the finals — which was the highlight — and worked backward to the semi-finals. After completing a route, we photographed it, removed and stored the holds for later use.” The focus for the routesetters is to offer a challenging but also fair competition. Routes for the combined Boulder & Lead event were carefully designed to ensure that specialists in one discipline didn’t have an unfair advantage. “Our aim is to offer a balanced competition,” Hammerer said. “For the podiums (领奖台), the athletes have to be really strong in both disciplines.” Routesetting relies heavily on the team’s creativity. The style has changed over the past 15 years, with today’s routes looser and more dynamic. “The materials and structures have also changed greatly,” Hammerer said. “Every season we adapt to the athletes anew.” Routesetting used to be quite independent and greatly influenced climbing style. “But now, federations set training routes for athletes. When we see this on social media, we get new input for our work,” Hammerer reflected. As Hammerer once said, “Climbers evolve, and so must we.” He continues to shape the future of climbing — one route, one challenge, one story at a time. 5．What does Hammerer do? A．He competes in sport climbing events. B．He coaches athletes for the Olympics. C．He designs routes for sport climbing. D．He judges climbing competitions. 6．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The materials used for route setting. B．The process of setting climbing routes. C．The criteria for routes of varied levels. D．The location selected for route setting. 7．How did Hammerer’s team achieve their aim? A．By balancing innovation and adaptation. B．By sticking to federations’ training routes. C．By promoting their concept through social media. D．By disciplining themselves to follow strict guidelines. 8．What message does Hammerer convey in the last paragraph? A．Practice makes perfect. B．Change is the only constant. C．Slow and steady wins the race. D．Actions speak louder than words. 【答案】5．C 6．B 7．A 8．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了2024年巴黎奥运会攀岩比赛背后的关键人物——马丁·哈默尔（Martin Hammerer），他负责设计攀岩比赛的路线，并详细描述了他的工作内容、设计理念以及攀岩路线设置的发展变化。 5．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Behind the scenes, there is a crucial but often unseen figure — Martin Hammerer, head of the experienced team responsible for the Lead routes, who has been setting routes internationally since 2007.(在幕后，有一个关键但往往不为人知的人物——Martin Hammerer，负责Lead路线的经验丰富的团队负责人，自2007年以来一直在国际上制定路线。)”可知，Hammerer是设计运动攀岩路线的，故选C。 6．主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“The actual design took place at the climbing wall. The International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) pre-selected the material, which we then used to set the routes,” Hammerer explained when asked about his work in Paris. “We started with the finals — which was the highlight — and worked backward to the semi-finals. After completing a route, we photographed it, removed and stored the holds for later use.(‘实际的设计是在攀岩墙上进行的。国际运动攀岩联合会（IFSC）预先选择了材料，然后我们用它来设定路线。’当被问及他在巴黎的工作时，Hammerer解释说：‘我们从决赛开始——这是最精彩的部分——然后回到半决赛。在完成一条路线后，我们拍摄了它，并将其移走并储存起来以备以后使用。’)”可知，Hammerer在本段解释了攀岩路线是怎样设计的。由此可知，第二段主要介绍了设置攀岩路线的过程，故选B。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Routesetting relies heavily on the team’s creativity. The style has changed over the past 15 years, with today’s routes looser and more dynamic. ‘The materials and structures have also changed greatly,’ Hammerer said. ‘Every season we adapt to the athletes anew.(路线设置在很大程度上依赖于团队的创造力。在过去的15年里，风格发生了变化，今天的路线更加宽松和充满活力。‘材料和结构也发生了很大变化，’Hammerer说：‘每个赛季，我们都会重新适应运动员。’)”可知，路线设置在很大程度上依赖于团队的创造力，并且每个赛季都会重新适应运动员；由此可知，Hammerer的团队通过平衡创新和适应来实现他们的目标，故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据最后一段“As Hammerer once said, ‘Climbers evolve, and so must we.’ He continues to shape the future of climbing — one route, one challenge, one story at a time.(正如Hammerer曾经说过的那样，“登山者在进化，我们也必须进化。”他继续塑造登山的未来——一条路线，一个挑战，一个故事。)”可知，Hammerer在最后一段中传达的信息是“变化是唯一不变的”，即我们要随着攀岩者的进化而进化，要不断创新和适应，故选B。 （三） （2025福建省厦门市一模）If you yawn (打哈欠) more and pretend to be interested often, researchers may have an explanation: a global rise in boredom. Boredom has risen significantly over the past 15 years, a new paper suggests. It also proposes a possible cause: the growing use of social media. “Technology has driven us into an age of constant digital engagement. With endless rewarding stimulation a fingertip away, however, people are becoming increasingly bored,” the authors wrote in Communications Psychology. One cited experiment tracked over 100,000 American adolescents for nearly a decade, finding a modest but significant rise in boredom from 2011, measured on a five-point scale. Another study of over 28,000 Chinese students showed a 14% increase in boredom between 2009 and 2020, based on the Boredom Proneness Scale. How these results are interpreted is open to debate. James Danckert, a professor of cognitive neuroscience, thinks it reasonable that boredom is on the rise and social media may play a part. “The function of boredom, however, is to push you into action,” Danckert argues. He believes the key lies in taking part in unpredictable, meaningful events where you must make active choices. Impromptu conversations with somebody can fill these requirements. Danckert doubts social media ticks the same boxes. “When you start scrolling (滑动) on your phone, a ton of what you’re going to see there is highly predictable,” he said. The more predictable our world becomes, the less meaningful it is and the more boring it becomes. Professor Andreas Elpidorou, an expert in the field of boredom studies, agrees. Digital media may “force us into a continuous engagement with a content that is interesting enough to entertain but not meaningful enough to fulfil,” he said. However, he suspected it was not the only factor, adding, “I worry this is too convenient an explanation. I’m not saying it isn’t true, but I worry it may only be partially true.” 9．Why does the author mention the quote in paragraph 2? A．To support the finding of a new paper. B．To review the benefits of digital engagement. C．To provide solutions to overcoming boredom. D．To highlight the suggestions given by researchers. 10．What do the two studies mentioned in paragraph 3 focus on? A．The increase in boredom levels. B．The historical trend of boredom. C．The effect of boredom on human behavior. D．The link between boredom and technology. 11．What does the underlined word “impromptu” mean in paragraph 4? A．Structured. B．Informal. C．Detailed. D．Unprepared. 12．What is Elpidorou’s attitude towards the results of boredom research? A．Appreciative. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Dismissive. 【答案】9．A 10．A 11．D 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明在过去的15年里，人们的无聊程度显著上升，其中一个可能的原因是社交媒体的使用日益增多。而解决此问题的关键在于参与一些即兴活动。 9．推理判断题。通过阅读文章第二段引述的内容“‘Technology has driven us into an age of constant digital engagement. With endless rewarding stimulation a fingertip away, however, people are becoming increasingly bored,’ the authors wrote in Communications Psychology.(作者在《传播心理学》杂志上写道：“技术将我们带入了一个持续数字参与的时代。然而，随着指尖之外无休止的奖励刺激，人们变得越来越无聊。”)”可知，其论述了“我们进入了一个持续数字参与的时代，手指在数字社交媒体上的滑动，人们变得愈加无聊”，与上段末尾句论点“It also proposes a possible cause: the growing use of social media.(它还提出了一个可能的原因：社交媒体的使用越来越多。)”提出的论点是一致的。由此推知，该段提到该引述是对上文论点的支持，可作引用论证。故选A项。 10．细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一个实验内容“One cited experiment tracked over 100,000 American adolescents for nearly a decade, finding a modest but significant rise in boredom from 2011, measured on a five-point scale.(一项被引用的实验对10万多名美国青少年进行了近10年的跟踪调查，结果发现，从2011年开始，他们的无聊程度出现了小幅但显著的上升，以五分制来衡量。)”可知，该实验跟踪调查了美国青少年的无聊程度10年里有所上升；以及“Another study of over 28,000 Chinese students showed a 14% increase in boredom between 2009 and 2020, based on the Boredom Proneness Scale.(另一项针对2.8万多名中国学生的研究显示，根据无聊倾向量表，2009年至2020年间，中国学生的无聊程度增加了14%。)”可知，这项研究显示了中国学生10年间的无聊程度有所增加。由此可知，这两项研究都关注了无聊程度的增加。故选A项。 11．词句猜测题。根据语境判断，画线词所在句的“these requirements(这些要求)”指代前文“He believes the key lies in taking part in unpredictable, meaningful events where you must make active choices.(他认为，关键在于参加不可预测的、有意义的活动，在这些活动中你必须做出积极的选择。)”中的不可预测的，有意义的活动，即，即兴发挥的一些活动。由此推知，“Impromptu conversations with somebody”应是指“与某人即兴对话”这一活动满足前文提出的要求。由此推知，画线词“Impromptu”应是“即兴的，无准备的”含义。故选D项。 12．推理判断题。根据文章末尾段内容“Professor Andreas Elpidorou, an expert in the field of boredom studies, agrees.(无聊研究领域的专家Andreas Elpidorou教授对此表示赞同。)”可知，他对研究结果表示了赞同，同时该段末尾内容“However, he suspected it was not the only factor, adding, ‘I worry this is too convenient an explanation. I’m not saying it isn’t true, but I worry it may only be partially true.’(然而，他怀疑这不是唯一的因素，并补充说：“我担心这个解释太方便了。我并不是说这不是真的，但我担心这可能只是部分正确。”)”又提及在他看来，这些研究的结果，即“对电子产品的过渡使用导致无聊感有所增加”，可能不是唯一的因素，可能只是部分正确。由此可推知，他的态度是客观的。故选B项。 （四） （2025福建省厦门市一模）Wild chimpanzees seem to learn skills from each other and then — much as humans do — improve on those techniques from one generation to the next. In particular, young females that migrate (迁徙) between groups bring their cultural knowledge with them, and groups can combine new techniques with existing ones to get better at searching for food. Such “cumulative culture” means some chimpanzee communities are becoming more technologically advanced — although very, very slowly. “If chimpanzees have some cultural knowledge that the community they’ re moving into doesn’t have, they may pass it on — just in the same way we pass on the genes (基因),” says Andrew Whiten at the University of St Andrews. “And then that culture builds up.” Scientists knew chimpanzees used tools and passed on the knowledge, but their lack of significant innovation compared to humans puzzled researchers. Cassandra Gunasekaram at the University of Zurich suspected she might be able to apply genetic analysis to the puzzle. To see if young females bring their skill sets into their new groups, she and her colleagues looked at data previously collected by other research groups at 35 study sites in Africa and included information about what tools, if any, each animal used, as well as their genetic connections over the past 15,000 years. “The genetics give us a kind of time machine into the way culture has been transmitted (传播) across chimpanzees,” says Whiten. Some chimpanzees used complex tools, for example a drilling stick and a fishing brush for hunting. The researchers found the chimpanzees with the most advanced tool sets were three to five times more likely to share the same DNA as those that used simple tools or no tools at all, even though they might live thousands of kilometres away. And advanced tool use was also more strongly associated with female migration compared with simple or no tool use. “Our interpretation is that these complex tool sets are really invented by perhaps building on a simpler form from before, and therefore they have to depend on transmission by females from the communities that invented them initially to the other communities,” says Whiten. “It shows that complex tools would rely on social exchanges across groups— which is very surprising and exciting,” says Gunasekaram. 13．Which best describes “cumulative culture” in paragraph 2? A．The immediate adoption of advanced tools for food. B．The gradual build-up of cultural knowledge over time. C．The independent invention of tools without prior skills. D．The preservation of cultural knowledge for generations. 14．How did Gunasekaram’s team conduct their research? A．By observing chimpanzees at 35 study sites. B．By analyzing existing data on chimpanzees. C．By comparing chimpanzees in terms of their tool use. D．By investigating genetic connections of chimpanzees. 15．What led to chimpanzees’ use of complex tools? A．Human influences. B．Food-hunting strategy. C．Social competition. D．Cross-group interactions. 16．What does the text mainly talk about? A．The learning gaps between chimpanzees and humans. B．The environmental impact on chimpanzees’ behaviors. C．The genetic diversity of chimpanzees in the wilderness. D．The role of female chimpanzees in cultural transmission. 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．D 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了野生黑猩猩如何学习技能并在一代又一代中改进这些技能，特别是年轻雌性在群体间迁徙时带来的文化知识能够提升技能，从而改进觅食技巧。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In particular, young females that migrate (迁徙) between groups bring their cultural knowledge with them, and groups can combine new techniques with existing ones to get better at searching for food. Such “cumulative culture” means some chimpanzee communities are becoming more technologically advanced— although very, very slowly.(尤其是迁徙到不同群体的年轻雌性黑猩猩会带着它们的文化知识，群体可以将新的技术与现有的技术结合起来，更好地寻找食物。这种“累积文化”意味着一些黑猩猩群体正在变得更加技术先进——尽管非常非常慢)”可知，“累积文化”是指随着时间的推移逐渐积累文化知识。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“she and her colleagues looked at data previously collected by other research groups (她和同事分析了先前其他研究小组收集的数据)”可推知，Gunasekaram团队是通过分析现有的关于黑猩猩的数据进行研究的。故选B。 15．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Our interpretation is that these complex tool sets are really invented by perhaps building on a simpler form from before, and therefore they have to depend on transmission by females from the communities that invented them initially to the other communities (我们的解释是，这些复杂的工具可能是在以前的简单形式的基础上创造出来的，因此它们必须依赖于最初发明它们的社区的女性向其他社区的传播)”可推知，黑猩猩使用复杂工具是因群体间的相互交流所致。故选D。 16．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Wild chimpanzees seem to learn skills from each other and then— much as humans do— improve on those techniques from one generation to the next. (野生黑猩猩似乎彼此学习技能，然后——就像人类一样——将这些技术从一代代改进下去)”根据文章第二段“In particular, young females that migrate (迁徙) between groups bring their cultural knowledge with them, and groups can combine new techniques with existing ones to get better at searching for food.(特别是，迁徙的年轻雌性带来了文化知识，群体可以将新技术与现有技术结合起来，更好地寻找食物)”并结合全文内容可知，本文主要讲述了雌性黑猩猩在文化传播中的角色。故选D。 （五） （2025届福建省泉州市永春县永春第一中学一模）If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry. For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour — a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand-suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn’t touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a litter price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business. The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won’t happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions. Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation’s farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation’s food. There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fairer farm economy, but farmers can’t clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers. 17．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce . A．a trend of development in agriculture B．the importance of investing in car industry C．the progress made in car industry D．a special feature of agriculture 18．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2? A．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones. B．Competition between small and big farms is herce. C．Technology is vital for agricultural development. D．Loans to small local farmers are necessary. 19．What is the difficulty for those new farmers? A．To gain more financial aid. B．To have farms of their own. C．To hire good farm managers. D．To win old farmers’ support. 20．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fairer farm economy? A．Become members of NYFC． B．Seek support beyond NYFC． C．Expand farmland conservation. D．Invest more to improve technology. 【答案】17．D 18．A 19．B 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小型农户在面对大型农业企业竞争时，如何通过创新和直接与客户联系等方式保持领先，以及小型农户面临的挑战和解决方案。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys.(如果你想扰乱汽车行业，你最好有几十亿美元：小家庭汽车制造商不太可能击败最大的汽车公司。但是在农业领域，小农民可以从主要参与者中获得优势。通过与客户直接联系，通过对市场和生态系统的变化做出快速反应，小农民可以领先大公司一步。) ”可知，在文章开头，作者阐述了汽车领域与农业领域的不同之处，在汽车工业领域小的汽车制造商不太可能击败最大的汽车公司，而在农业领域，通过直接与客户联系、以及对市场和生态系统的变化做出快速反应，小农可以比大农户领先一步。由此可知，作者在文章开头用汽车行业与农业领域作对比，是为了引出对农业的一个特点的介绍。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据第二段“For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour — a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand-suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn’t touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a litter price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.(例如，以“快速切割绿叶蔬菜收割机”为例，这是几年前田纳西州的一位年轻农民乔纳森·迪辛格在当地“慢钱”组织的一笔小额贷款帮助下开发的工具。它使小规模农民每小时能够收获175磅绿叶蔬菜——与仅用手收获几十磅相比有了巨大的进步，这突然使得小农户能够与加利福尼亚的大型农场竞争。在这个工具出现之前，小农户无法达到加利福尼亚农场提供的每磅价格。但现在，由于价格较低且产品通常更新鲜，他们可以继续经营。)”可推知，新农具使小农场收获绿色蔬菜的效率提高，降低了收获成本，现在小农场价格与大农场价格接近和小农场产品更新鲜的特点，使得小农场相对于大农场有了一些相对的优势。由此可知，第二段中作者用“快速切割绿叶蔬菜收割机”的例子来说明小农场相对于大农场可以获得一些优势。故选A。 19．细节理解题。根据第三段中“One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers.(一个关键因素是获得土地的安全。来自投资者、开发商和老牌大农场主的竞争使得许多新农民无法拥有自己的土地。)”可知，于那些新农民来说，不能拥有自己的农场是他们面临的困难。故选B。 20．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers.(我们纽约农民联盟(NYFC)需要广泛的支持，因为我们敦促国会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，并寻求能确保来自各种背景的多样化且雄心勃勃的下一代农场取得成功的政策。随着一项新的农业法案将在国会进行辩论，消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。)”可知，NYFC需要广泛的支持，包括要求国会增加农田保护，推动移民改革，寻求确保不同背景的新农民的成功的政策等，而且消费者必须与年轻农民站在一起。所以，为了保证更可持续和更公平的农业经济，农民需要寻求NYFC以外的更多方面的支持。故选B。 （六） （2025届福建省泉州市永春县永春第一中学一模）Wild chimpanzees are known to consume a broad range of plant matter, making it hard for researchers to figure out whether chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants to heal(治愈) themselves, or “passively” consume plants that happen to be medicinal. At the Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Uganda, researchers from the University of Oxford observed the behaviors and health of 51 wild chimpanzees, belonging to two habituated communities. The researchers observed a male chimpanzee with an injured hand seek out and eat the leaves of a fern, which may have helped to reduce pain and swelling. They also recorded another sick chimpanzee consuming a cat-thorn tree. The team also tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being consumed by the chimpanzees to self-medicate, for anti-inflammatory (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants not part of the chimpanzees’ normal diet, but being consumed for their healing characteristics. The authors found 88% of the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the growth of bacteria, while 33% of them had anti-inflammatory characteristics. Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said. Roots from the East African mahogany tree and leaves from fern were found to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said. Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by following the ways of our animal relatives?” he says. 21．Why is it challenging to determine if chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants? A．Medicinal plants are rare in the forest. B．Chimpanzees consume a wide variety of plant matter. C．Chimpanzees hide themselves when they are sick or injured. D．Researchers can hardly observe chimpanzees in the thick forest. 22．Which of the following might have the most powerful antibacterial effects? A．Dogbane trees. B．Leaves of ferns. C．Cat-thorn trees. D．East African mahogany tree roots. 23．What potential benefit does Fabien Schultz hope to achieve from the findings? A．Identifying new human medicines. B．Developing new animal care techniques. C．Improving chimpanzee health in the wild. D．Discovering new food sources for humans. 24．What is the best title for the text? A．The Diet of Wild Chimpanzees B．The Medicinal Characteristics of Plants C．The Dietary Habits of Wild Chimpanzees D．Chimpanzees Using Plants for Self- Medication 【答案】21．B 22．A 23．A 24．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了研究人员发现，野生黑猩猩可以利用药用植物来给自己治疗。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“Wild chimpanzees are known to consume a broad range of plant matter, making it hard for researchers to figure out whether chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants to heal(治愈) themselves, or “passively” consume plants that happen to be medicinal.(众所周知，野生黑猩猩会吃各种各样的植物物质，这使得研究人员很难弄清楚黑猩猩是故意寻找药用植物来治愈自己，还是“被动”食用恰好具有药用价值的植物。)”可知，研究人员很难确定黑猩猩是否存在有意寻找要用植物，是因为黑猩猩吃的植物种类广泛。故选B。 22．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said.(他们说，夹竹桃科的一棵树的枯木显示出最强的抗菌活性，也具有抗炎特性，这表明它可以用来治疗伤口。)”可知，夹竹桃科枯木具有最强的抗菌特性。故选A。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines.(团队成员Fabien Schultz希望这些发现可以为人类药物带来有前景的候选者。)”可知，Fabien Schultz希望这些发现可以带来新的人类药物候选者，即帮助识别新的人类药物。故选A。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第四段中的“The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said.(作者说，研究结果表明，黑猩猩寻找并食用特定的植物以获得药用效果，这项研究是首批记录此类证据的研究之一。)”可知，本文主要讲述了研究发现野生黑猩猩可以利用药用植物来给自己治疗，由此可知，D项“黑猩猩利用植物进行自我药疗”最适合作本文标题。故选D。 （七） （2025届福建省宁德市一级达标学校一模）US and Canadian researchers recently calculated the total amount of the worlds groundwater and estimated that it is equal to a lake 180 metres deep covering the entire Earth. This makes groundwater the largest active freshwater resource on the planet. The team also investigated its age. How did they do this? Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than 50 years old. If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of modern groundwater spread equally over the continents. It could be argued that if we use only this modern groundwater, then this is sustainable, as we know that it has been replaced or recharged (被补充) by natural processes over the last 50 years. But how quickly groundwater recharges changes over time. Water has to reach the inside of rocks, either now or in the past. This means that the amount of rainfall has to be more than the amount of water evaporating (蒸发) from the land surface, and more than the amount of water used by all the plants. When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. In many parts of the world we know that groundwater recharge varies due to natural climate variability such as El Nino. Groundwater recharge will also change with global warming. 25．How did the researchers estimate the age of the groundwater? A．By analyzing its chemical composition. B．By testing atomic bomb. C．By examining its freshness. D．By finding its time stamp. 26．What do people think of the supply of “modern” groundwater? A．It’s limited. B．It’s fresh. C．It’s vital. D．It’s abundant. 27．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Water evaporating. B．Water leaking from river beds. C．Water getting into rocks. D．Water being used by all the plants. 28．What are the last three paragraphs mainly talking about? A．Groundwater sustainability. B．Climate variability. C．Groundwater exploration. D．Global warming. 【答案】25．D 26．A 27．C 28．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了地下水成为地球上最大的活跃淡水资源的现象以及地下水的可持续性。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than 50 years old. (人类在开始测试原子武器时，在地球上引入了一个方便的时间标记。这一时间戳可以在水、岩石和生物体中找到。通过检测地下水中是否存在来自核试验的放射性物质，研究人员可以估计大约6%的地下水年龄小于50岁)”可知，研究人员通过找出核弹测试所留下的时间戳来估算地下水的年龄。故选D。 26．细节理解题。根据第二段中“If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of "modern" groundwater spread equally over the continents. (如果这些水平均分布在各大洲，那么只有3米深的“现代”地下水平均分布在各大洲)”可知，人们认为这种“现代”地下水是有限的。故选A项。 27．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“Water has to reach the inside of rocks, either now or in the past. This means that the amount of rainfall has to be more than the amount of water evaporating (蒸发) from the land surface, and more than the amount of water used by all the plants. When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. (无论是现在还是过去，水都必须进入岩石内部。这意味着降雨量必须大于从陆地表面蒸发的水量，并且大于所有植物使用的水量。当这种情况发生时，淡水可以从河床“泄漏”的水或通过土壤的雨水中补充地下水)”可知，this指代上文提到的水进入岩石。A. Water evaporating水蒸发；B. Water leaking from river beds河床漏水；C. Water getting into rocks水渗入岩石；D. Water being used by all the plants水被所有植物使用。故选C项。 28．主旨大意题。通读最后三段，尤其是根据倒数第三段中“It could be argued that if we use only this modern groundwater, then this is sustainable, as we know that it has been replaced or recharged (被补充) by natural processes over the last 50 years. (有人可能会说，如果我们只使用这种现代地下水，那么这是可持续的，因为我们知道，在过去的50年里，它已经被自然过程所取代或补充)”和倒数第二段中“When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. (当这种情况发生时，淡水可以从河床“泄漏”的水或通过土壤的雨水中补充地下水)”以及最后一段中“Groundwater recharge will also change with global warming. (地下水补给也将随着全球变暖而改变)”可知，最后三段主要讲地下水的可持续性。故选A项。 （八） （2025届福建省宁德市一级达标学校一模）You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”. The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr. Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. “People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr. Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr. Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified ”, he says. And rightly so. 29．What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2? A．It is discouraged by large companies. B．It is becoming increasingly acceptable in applicants. C．It is more widely applied. D．It highlights the wisdom of employers. 30．How do applicants usually respond to online screening? A．They become indifferent to the red flags. B．They have to give in to it. C．They reject the screening. D．They ignore their online profiles. 31．What is Mr Erdos’ opinion on posting comments online? A．It is a fair way to evaluate employee. B．University students are free to do it. C．It should be under strict laws. D．Its effect is hard to remove. 32．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening B．Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely C．Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner D．Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment 【答案】29．C 30．B 31．D 32．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是在网络的帮助下，雇主可以更为广泛地监控和评价申请者。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”.”. (而且它正变得越来越受欢迎：2021年12月，大型机构Reed Screening被要求比一年前多检查三分之一以上的社交媒体。本月，英国政府批准了这一做法，教育部表示，学校和大学“应该考虑开展在线搜索，作为其尽职调查的一部分”。)”可推断，网上筛选已经越来越被接受。故选C。 30．细节理解题。根据第三段“As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” (至于拒绝的权利，这几乎是不切实际的。“到底是谁会说：‘等一下，我对此不高兴？’”Mr. Erdos问道。“这本身可能就是一个危险信号。””)”可知，申请者面对在线筛查最后只有服从。故选B。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段““People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. (Mr. Erdos表示：“人们可能永远无法摆脱他们在网上的过去。”事实上，一些足球运动员最近因为十年前十几岁时发表的言论而受到惩罚，他们发现自己付出了代价。)”可推断，网上的言论带来的影响力很难消除。故选D。 32．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. (你可能永远不知道为什么。邮件总会收到，你拒绝的理由可能是真的，也可能不是。老板们总是暗中监视他们的员工，然后评判他们。现在，网络自我的兴起意味着雇主的目光可以走得更远。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍的是在网络的帮助下，雇主可以更为广泛地监控和评价申请者。所以B选项“Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely (你的雇主正在远程监视你)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。 （九） （2025届福建省宁德市蕉城区宁德第一中学一模）Recently a Beijing father sent in a question at an Internet forum asking what “PK” meant. “My family has been watching the “Singer 2024” singing competition TV program. My little daughter asked me what 'PK' meant, but I had no idea,” explained the puzzled father. To a lot of Chinese young people who have been playing games online, it is impossible not to know this term. In such Internet games, “PK” is short for “Player Kill”, in which two players fight until one ends the life of the other. In the case of the “Singer 2024” singing competition, “PK” was used to refer to the stage where two singers have to compete with each other for only one chance to go up in competition ranking. For example, in the final, there is Na Ying with Tan Weiwei, only one of whom has the prize for championship. Like this father, Chinese teachers at high schools have also been finding their students' compositions using Internet jargons (行话) which are difficult to understand. A high school teacher from Tianjin asked her students to write compositions with simple language, but they came up with a lot of Internet jargons that she didn't understand. “My 'GG' came back this summer from college. He told me I've grown up to be a 'PLMM'. I loved to 'FB' with him together; he always took me to the 'KPM',” went one composition. “GG” means Ge Ge (Chinese pinyin for brother). “PLMM” refers to Piao Liang Mei Mei (beautiful girl). “FB” means Fu Bai (corruption). “KPM” is short for KFC, Pizza Hut and McDonald's.     Some specialists welcome Internet jargons as a new development in language. If you do not even know what a Kong Long (dinosaur, referring to an ugly looking female) or a Qing Wa (frog, referring to an ugly looking male) is, you will possibly be regarded as a Cai Niao! 33．By writing the article, the writer tries to ________. A．explain some Internet language B．suggest common Internet language C．laugh at the Beijing father D．draw our attention to Internet language 34．What does the writer think about the term “PK”? A．Fathers can't possibly know it. B．The daughter should understand it. C．Online game players may know it. D．“Singer 2024” shouldn't have used it. 35．The examples of the Beijing father and the Tianjin teacher are used to show that Internet jargons  ________. A．are used not only online B．can be understood very well C．are welcomed by all the people D．cause trouble to our mother tongue 36．What would be the best title for the passage? A．A puzzled father B．Do you speak Internet-ish? C．Keep away from Internet-ish D．Kong Long or Qing Wa? 【答案】33．D 34．C 35．A 36．B 【导语】本文是说明文。网络语言已经逐渐渗透到我们日常的生活中来了，例如常见的“PK”、“GG”等 。然而网络术语的普遍应用又不能让所有人都完全适应，人们对此看法不一。不管怎样，这也代表了一种新的潮流。 33．推理判断题。通过阅读全文，网络语言已经逐渐渗透到我们日常的生活中来了，例如常见的“PK”、“GG”等 。然而网络术语的普遍应用又不能让所有人都完全适应，人们对此看法不一。不管怎样，这也代表了一种新的潮流。因此作者写文章的目的是把人们的注意力引到网络语言上来。故选D。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段中“To a lot of Chinese young people who have been playing games online, it is impossible not to know this term.( 对于很多一直在玩网络游戏的中国年轻人来说，不可能不知道这个词。)”可知，对于很多玩网上游戏的中国青年，不可能不认识这个术语。因此作者认为网游玩家应该懂得PK的意思。故选C。 35．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Like this father, Chinese teachers at high schools have also been finding their students' compositions using Internet jargons (行话) which are difficult to understand.( 和这位父亲一样，中国的高中老师也发现学生的作文中使用了难以理解的网络术语。)”可知，北京爸爸和天津老师都是不太能理解网络语言的例子。在学生作文中有很多网络行话，会对中文的表达有影响。因此他们的例子是为了说明网络语言已经不仅仅局限于在网络使用了。故选A。 36．主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及最后一段“If you do not even know what a Kong Long (dinosaur, referring to an ugly looking female) or a Qing Wa (frog, referring to an ugly looking male) is, you will possibly be regarded as a Cai Niao!( 如果你甚至不知道什么是金刚龙（恐龙，指的是长相丑陋的雌性）或青蛙（蛙，指的是长相丑陋的雄性），你可能会被认为是菜鸟！)”可知，文章围绕“网络语言在生活中的出现”来展开并列举了多个例子，通过询问读者，你运用网络用语吗？来展示对全文的描述。因此文章最佳标题是“你讲网络语言吗？”切题。故选B。 （十） （2025届福建省宁德市蕉城区宁德第一中学一模）When I teach research methods, a major focus is peer review. As a process, peer review evaluates academic papers for their quality, integrity and impact on a field, largely shaping what scientists accept as “knowledge”- By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed?” Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be. I had my first encounter with peer review during my first year as a Ph. D student. One day, my adviser handed me an essay and told me to have my -written review back to him in a week. But at the time, I certainly was not a “peer” — I was too new in my field. Manipulated data (不实的数据) or substandard methods could easily have gone undetected. Knowledge is not self-evident. Only experts would be able to notice them, and even then, experts do not always agree on what they notice. Let’s say in my life I only see white swans. Maybe I write an essay, concluding that all swans are white. And a “peer” says, “Wait a minute, I’ve seen black swans.” I would have to refine my knowledge. The peer plays a key role evaluating observations with the overall goal of advancing knowledge. For example, if the above story were reversed, and peer reviewers who all believed that all swans were white came across the first study observing a black swan, the study would receive a lot of attention. So why was a first-year graduate student getting to stand in for an expert? Why would my review count the same as an expert’s review? One answer: The process relies almost entirely on unpaid labor. Despite the fact that peers are professionals, peer review is not a profession. As a result, the same over-worked scholars often receive masses of the peer review requests. Besides the labor inequity, a small pool of experts can lead to a narrowed process of what is publishable or what counts as knowledge, directly threatening diversity of perspectives and scholars. Without a large enough reviewer pool, the process can easily fall victim to biases, arising from a small community recognizing each other’s work and compromising conflicts of interest. Despite these challenges, I still tell my students that peer review offers the best method for evaluating studies and advancing knowledge. As a process, peer review theoretically works. The question is whether the issues with peer review can be addressed by professionalizing the field. 37．What can we learn about peer review in the first paragraph? A．It generates knowledge. B．It is commonly practiced. C．It is a major research method. D．It is questioned by some scientists. 38．What can be inferred about the example of swans? A．Complexity of peer review ensures its reliability. B．Contradictions between scientists may be balanced. C．Individuals can be limited by personal experiences. D．Experts should detect unscientific observation methods. 39．What is the author’s major concern about peer review? A．Workload for scholars. B．Toughness of the process. C．Diversification of publications. D．Financial support to reviewers. 40．The passage is mainly about ______. A．what fuels peer review B．why peer review is imperfect C．how new hands advance peer review D．whether peer reviewers are underrated 【答案】37．B 38．C 39．D 40．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析。 37．推理判断题。根据第一段“By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed?”(出于本能，任何学者在提出新想法后都会问：“这个想法经过同行评议了吗？”)”可知，从第一段中我们可以了解到同行评议是普遍的做法。故选B。 38．推理判断题。根据第四段“Let’s say in my life I only see white swans. Maybe I write an essay, concluding that all swans are white. And a “peer” says, “Wait a minute, I’ve seen black swans.” I would have to refine my knowledge.(比方说，在我的生活中，我只看到白天鹅。也许我可以写一篇文章，总结说所有的天鹅都是白色的。一个“同伴”说，“等一下，我见过黑天鹅。”我得完善我的知识。)”可知，从天鹅的例子可以推断出个人可能会受到个人经历的限制。故选C。 39．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“The process relies almost entirely on unpaid labor.(这个过程几乎完全依赖于无偿劳动力。)”和倒数第二段“As a result, the same over-worked scholars often receive masses of the peer review requests.(结果，同样是那些过度劳累的学者经常收到大量的同行评审请求。)”可知，作者对同行评议的主要担忧是对评审的财政支持。故选D。 40．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be.(虽然我相信同行评议的重要性，我也为几家学术期刊做同行评议，但我知道这个过程有多脆弱。)”可知，本文主要讲的是作者对于同行评议不完美的原因的分析，因此B选项“why peer review is imperfect(为什么同行评议是不完美的)”是本文的主旨。故选B。 （十一） （2025届河南省名校联盟一模）A recent study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60% of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. It shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to our environment. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well- being. This “heightened emotional and mental concern in response to dangerous changes in the climate system” is defined as eco-anxiety. Eco- anxiety is a common occurrence among youth today. It also affects the most economically disadvantaged across the globe. But at the highest risk may be researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality represented by their findings. In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. On the one hand, climate issues seem to be getting out of control; on the other, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company director. Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an approach to the climate crisis. Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco- anxiety from the University of Bath, warns that eco- anxiety should not be pathologized (病态化). According to Hickman, anyone experiencing it is displaying entirely natural reactions to the climate crisis. Her suggestion? Use eco-anxiety as a tool for good—as an emotion that can make people act in protection of our planet. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly phase out the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas. After all, eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with  therapy (疗法)— we will tackle it by taking action. 41．Who are most likely to develop eco-anxiety? A．Young people. B．Climate researchers. C．Those with mental problems. D．Those struggling with poverty. 42．What is the author’s attitude to governments’ response to climate issues? A．Unclear. B．Tolerant. C．Critical. D．Supportive. 43．What does Hickman suggest people do with eco-anxiety? A．Turn it into motivation to act. B．Do more research on it. C．Accept it as a natural reaction. D．Find a good tool to fight it. 44．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Fossil fuel industries should be ended. B．We need to seek justice in the jobs we do. C．Campaigners are urged to protect the planet. D．Joint efforts are needed to address eco-anxiety. 【答案】41．B 42．C 43．A 44．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了“生态焦虑”的原因和措施。 41．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“But at the highest risk may be researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality represented by their findings.(但风险最高的可能是从事气候和生态科学工作的研究人员，他们的发现所代表的现实给他们带来了负担。)”可知，气候和生态科学研究人员最有可能发展出生态焦虑。故选B。 42．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“On the one hand, climate issues seem to be getting out of control; on the other, our political class is not offering strong leadership.(一方面，气候问题似乎正在失控;另一方面，我们的政治阶层没有提供强有力的领导)”可知，作者对政府应对气候问题的态度是批评的。故选C。 43．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Her suggestion? Use eco-anxiety as a tool for good—as an emotion that can make people act in protection of our planet.(她的建议吗？把生态焦虑作为一种好的工具——一种可以让人们采取行动保护我们的星球的情绪。)”可知，Hickman建议人们将生态焦虑转化为行动的动力。故选A。 44．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“After all, eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with  therapy (疗法)— we will tackle it by taking action.(毕竟，生态焦虑不是我们可以通过治疗来战胜的——我们可以通过行动来解决它。)”可知，解决生态焦虑需要共同努力。故选D。 （十二） （2025届福建省漳州市一模）While beauty pageants (选美比赛) have been around for about 200 years, a first of its kind pageant has recently emerged — Miss AI, the world’s first beauty pageant for artificial intelligence-generated influencers and models. Contestants will first be given points based on their beauty and tech. Beauty points are awarded like in every pageant, based on their conventional beauty and ability to answer questions maturely. However, it’s worth considering that all the models were specifically designed to meet or even exceed (超过) all modern day beauty standards so the category won’t be hard to score in. It’s the technical quality and realism of the model that are vital to win points, especially since AI is known to have little but noticeable flaws, like a sixth finger or extra teeth. The consistency of contestants’ social media interaction with fans, as well as how they are using their platforms are also what earn them points in the social clout category. For example, Kenza Layli, the AI influencer topping the shortlist, fights to promote a society of empowered Moroccan women and was praised by the judges for her ability to tie a larger international audience to her cause, through her 196,000 followers on Instagram. However, concerns have also arisen about such pageants. When asked about his viewpoint on the significance of AI pageants, Kenza’s creator Rahul Choudhry commented: “AI is here to help humans, and Kenza’s purpose is to spread awareness. She has a celebrity-like quality because we noticed people tend to follow celebrities and join their causes.” That celebrity-like quality does have other effects on audiences as well, such as envy and lower self-respect. Besides, real-life beauty pageants have been for decades criticized for their objectification and lack of body diversity, supporting poisonous beauty standards and misleading people in their perception of beauty. In the case of AI pageants, these issues only worsen because they are not real, making their appearance genuinely unattainable and damaging young women’s idea of beauty. 45．What is the key in judging an AI contestant’s beauty? A．Special designs. B．Beauty standards. C．Details in appearances. D．Performances in question-answering. 46．What does the underlined word “clout” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Atmosphere. B．Progress. C．Influence. D．Relation. 47．Real- life beauty pageants are criticized mainly because ______. A．they recognize body diversity B．they don’t accept the beauty of AI C．they adopt unchanged beauty standards D．they don’t advocate proper ideas on beauty 48．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Beauty Pageants B．Artificial Attraction C．Concerns over AI D．Breakthroughs in AI 【答案】45．C 46．C 47．D 48．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕世界上首个人工智能选美比赛“Miss AI”展开，详细介绍了该比赛的评分标准，如基于美貌和科技、模特的技术质量和真实感、社交媒体与粉丝的互动等方面进行评分，同时也说明了人们对这类比赛的看法，包括积极的意义以及引发的担忧。 45．细节理解题。根据第二段中“However, it’s worth considering that all the models were specifically designed to meet or even exceed (超过) all modern day beauty standards so the category won’t be hard to score in. It’s the technical quality and realism of the model that are vital to win points, especially since AI is known to have little but noticeable flaws, like a sixth finger or extra teeth. (但是，值得考虑的是，所有型号都是专门为满足甚至超过所有现代美容标准而设计的，因此该类别不难得分。模型的技术质量和真实感对于赢得积分至关重要，尤其是因为众所周知AI几乎没有但明显的缺陷，例如第六根手指或额外的牙齿。)”可知，评判AI选手美丽的关键在于外观细节。故选C项。 46．词句猜测题。根据第三段中“The consistency of contestants’ social media interaction with fans, as well as how they are using their platforms are also what earn them points in the social clout category. (参赛者与粉丝的社交媒体互动的一致性，以及他们如何使用自己的平台，也是他们在社会……类别中获得积分的原因。)”可知，参赛者在社会影响力类别中获得积分，clout在此处指的是影响力。故选C项。 47．细节理解题。根据最后一段段中“Besides, real-life beauty pageants have been for decades criticized for their objectification and lack of body diversity, supporting poisonous beauty standards and misleading people in their perception of beauty. In the case of AI pageants, these issues only worsen because they are not real, making their appearance genuinely unattainable and damaging young women’s idea of beauty. (此外，几十年来，现实生活中的选美比赛一直因其物化和缺乏身体多样性而受到批评，支持有毒的审美标准并误导人们对美的看法。就人工智能选美比赛而言，这些问题只会变得更糟，因为它们不是真实的，使它们的外表真正无法实现，并损害了年轻女性的美观念。)”可知，现实生活中的选美比赛主要被批评是因为它们不倡导正确的美的观念。故选D项。 48．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Miss AI, the world’s first beauty pageant for artificial intelligence-generated influencers and models.”（Miss AI，世界上第一个针对人工智能生成的影响者和模型的选美比赛。）文章主要介绍了世界上首个针对人工智能生成的网红和模特的选美比赛“Miss AI”，包括比赛的评分标准以及人们对这类比赛的看法，其中既有对这些人工智能模型之美的展示（如在美容和科技方面的评分标准等），也有对其可能带来的不良影响的讨论，“Artificial Attraction(人造之美)”能够准确概括文章关于人工智能之美这个主题，B选项是最符合的。故选B项。 （十三） （2025届河南省名校联盟一模）I’m sure you’ve all taken some personality tests, like MBTI test or those in psychology class, that can be great for icebreaker activities but how do introversion and extroversion (内向与外向) play out in our daily lives? An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation. They seek out social situations and often feel more comfortable in group settings. Our current education system emphasizes the need for “collaborative learning”, “project-based learning” and “flipped classrooms (翻转课堂)”. In this system, introversion in students can be commonly misinterpreted by teachers as boredom or problematic issues. Furthermore, introverted students are less likely to participate in group discussions, and oftentimes feel more pressure and anxiety to become extroverted. These feelings can easily flow into other aspects of life and impact an introvert’s social and academic life. However, there are still upsides to being an introvert. Introverts may not always thrive in the social aspects of a class, but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams. On average, more intelligent children are-found to be introverts than extroverts. So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. For example, teachers can redefine participation. Participation shouldn’t just represent the times a student raises their hand or speaks in a discussion. Helping others, volunteering, revising work, etc. all reflect a student’s participation in the class. Besides, they can consider playing with space. Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought. 49．What is the cause of the difference between introverts and extroverts? A．Communication abilities. B．Attitude towards conflicts. C．Problem processing capability. D．Brain reactivity to stimulation. 50．What does the underlined word “thrive” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Succeed. B．Emerge. C．Withdraw. D．Struggle. 51．What does the author suggest teachers do? A．Develop students’ self-management skills B．Guide students to develop intense concentration. C．Encourage students to participate in class debates. D．Create an introvert-friendly learning environment. 52．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Introverts & Extroverts: How Students React to Teaching B．Psychology of Personality: Challenges of Being Introverted C．Introverts & Extroverts: When Classrooms Overlook Introverts D．Psychology of Personality: Discussions on Class Participation 【答案】49．D 50．A 51．D 52．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境。 49．推理判断题。根据第二段“An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation.(内向的大脑具有很高的自动系统反应性，这意味着他们不太可能寻求刺激。因此，内向的人往往不太善于社交，避免冲突，并且经常在独处时处理事情最好。然而，外向的人会因为他们的大脑刺激性低而将从周围的环境中吸引注意力。)”可知，造成内向和外向差异的原因就是大脑对刺激的反应，内向对刺激的反应高，而外向的人大脑对刺激的反应低。故选D。 50．词义猜测题。根据第四段“......but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams(但是，他们的高度专注和有组织有条理的倾向，可以反映出他们在成绩和考试等传统教育形式中取得的进一步成功。) ”可知，内向的人也可以取得成功。根据此句中的“but”可知，前句应表示内向的人不总是取得成功，故选A。 51．推理判断题。根据第五段“Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students.(首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识;理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和“Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought.(分组办公桌可能对外向的人很好，但考虑为愿意专注于任务的学生创建“安静区域”，或者为内向的学生创建提交箱，让他们留下讨论的想法。)”可知，作者建议老师适合内向学生的学习环境。故选D。 52．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. (那么，老师们能做些什么呢？首先，最重要的步骤之一是认识到；理解需要容纳内向的学生，同时支持外向的学生。)”和本文的主要内容可知此文主要讲述了内向学生在课堂上容易受到忽视，作者建议老师给学生创设适合内向学生学习的课堂环境，故选C。 （十四） （2025届福建省福州市一模）When my editors asked me to report on forest bathing, I packed a swimsuit. I assumed it must involve getting in the water. It turns out, my interpretation was too literal. I met certified Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanie Choukas-Bradley at an urban forest in Washington, D．C． Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath or a hike. We did walk the forest trails, but we wandered with no particular destination in mind. The aim of forest bathing, Choukas- Bradley explained, is to slow down and throw oneself in the natural environment. She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气). We got a little shower of ripe mulberries, too. “Close your eyes and just breathe.” Choukas-Bradley told us. After I opened my eyes, the green looked a lot greener. And I began to see things I hadn’t noticed before. “A forest guide helps us be here, not there,” says Amos Clifford, the founder of the Association of Nature & Forest Therapy, the organization that certifies the guides. They support what the forests could offer us, inviting us into practices that deepen physical presence, pleasure, and partnership with nature. When we connect with nature in this way, we are connecting with ourselves. Clifford’s goal is to encourage health care proyiders to integrate forest therapy as a stress- reduction strategy. In the United States, work- related stress accounts for up to $190 billion in health care costs each year. “It’s my hope that the health care system will include forest therapy into the range of services,” Clifford says. 53．What is forest bathing? A．A hike up the mountain. B．An adventure in the woods. C．A swimming in open water. D．A guided nature healing practice. 54．How can we benefit from forest bathing? A．By improving our awareness. B．By doing intense training. C．By experiencing nature mindfully. D．By carrying out eyesight tests. 55．What can a guide help forest bathers do? A．Locate and pick ripe fruits. B．Put exercise plans into action. C．Identify different trees and birds. D．Concentrate on the surrounding nature. 56．What can we learn from Clifford’s words in the last paragraph? A．Health care system needs updating. B．Nature- based therapy costs too much. C．Stress- related diseases are commonly seen. D．Forest therapy could be an alternative treatment. 【答案】53．D 54．C 55．D 56．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了“森林浴”这一自然治愈实践的概念、过程和益处，以及将其纳入医疗保健体系的潜力。 53．推理判断题。根据第二段中“I met certified Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanie Choukas-Bradley at an urban forest in Washington, D. C. Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath or a hike. We did walk the forest trails, but we wandered with no particular destination in mind.”（在华盛顿特区的一座城市森林里，我遇到了森林疗法认证向导梅兰妮·乔卡斯-布拉德利。在这里，我开始明白了。森林浴既不是洗澡也不是徒步旅行。我们确实曾漫步于森林小径，但我们是漫无目的地游荡。）和第三段中“The aim of forest bathing, Choukas-Bradley explained, is to slow down and throw oneself in the natural environment.”（乔卡斯-布拉德利解释说，森林浴的目的是放慢脚步，投身于自然环境。）可推知，森林浴是一种在自然环境中，由向导引导的自然治愈实践，而不是爬山、林间冒险或开放水域游泳。故选D项。 54．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气). We got a little shower of ripe mulberries, too.”（她帮助我们意识到森林的气味、味道和景色。我们用所有的感官来感受周围的环境。当我们穿过一片树林时，我们触摸树干。我们闻到了黑胡桃的香气。我们还被成熟的桑葚洒了一身。）和第四段中“They support what the forests could offer us, inviting us into practices that deepen physical presence, pleasure, and partnership with nature. When we connect with nature in this way, we are connecting with ourselves.”（他们支持森林能给我们提供的东西，邀请我们进行实践，以加深身体的存在感、愉悦感以及与自然的伙伴关系。当我们以这种方式与自然联系时，我们就是在与自己联系。）可知，我们通过全身心地体验自然，从森林浴中获益。故选C项。 55．细节理解题。根据第三段中“She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气).”（她帮助我们意识到森林的气味、味道和景色。我们用所有的感官来感受周围的环境。当我们穿过一片树林时，我们触摸树干。我们闻到了黑胡桃的香气。）和第四段中““A forest guide helps us be here, not there,” says Amos Clifford, the founder of the Association of Nature & Forest Therapy, the organization that certifies the guides.”（森林向导帮助我们专注于这里，而不是其它地方，”自然与森林疗法协会的创始人Amos Clifford说，该组织负责认证向导。）可知，一个向导可以帮助森林浴者专注于周围的自然环境，而不是其他地方。故选D项。 56．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Clifford’s goal is to encourage health care providers to integrate forest therapy as a stress-reduction strategy. In the United States, work-related stress accounts for up to $190 billion in health care costs each year. ‘It’s my hope that the health care system will include forest therapy into the range of services,’ Clifford says.”（Clifford的目标是鼓励医疗保健提供者将森林疗法作为一种减压策略。在美国，与工作相关的压力每年占医疗保健费用的高达1900亿美元。“我希望医疗保健系统能将森林疗法纳入服务范围，”Clifford说。）可知，Clifford建议医疗保健系统能将森林疗法纳入服务范围，说明他认为森林疗法可以作为一种替代治疗方法。故选D项。 （十五） （2025届福建省福州市一模）In a digital, global world where thinking critically and generating new ideas count, a cradle-to-career approach to educating children must be mindful of how children learn to learn, not just what they learn. The Intellectual Lives of Children allows readers to look into the minds of kids as they explore and learn in everyday moments, emphasizing what constitutes real learning. Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things — all with the guidance of adults. Yet explorations take time. As Engel writes, “when children are allowed to dive into a topic thoroughly, they connect unrelated facts and generate new ideas.” The real mental work takes place as they play — when a child builds a platform of chairs to get cookies from an out-of-reach cookie box. Hidden in these moments are strengthened curiosity and innovation. Hurried parents often lack the ability to allow that time, fearing that their children might be late for their next scheduled activity. “It becomes clear that the educational system in U. S. does not concern itself with children’s intellectual lives,” warns Engel in the book. Instead, she hopes to reimagine schools as “idea factories” built on inspiring curiosity: “Imagine assessing students progress under some new headings: poses interesting questions, ... and spends time solving them. In one lovely example, Engel describes a teacher who challenged her students to construct a record- breaking straw chain measuring 3.8 miles. “Winning would be fun, but the cognitive (认知的) benefits would be far-reaching,” explains the teacher, whose goal was to help the children better understand the depth of the Mariana Trench. With scientific insight and vivid examples, Engel’s book offers tips for how to make the learning more apparent. She encourages parents to see children as active thinkers and suggests that by asking open-ended questions and letting them explore, children will be better prepared for a complex and ever-changing world. 57．How will children’s playful curiosity become real learning? A．By giving kids a time limit. B．By planning out extra activities. C．By remembering casual facts. D．By allowing kids to fully explore. 58．What’s Engel’s attitude toward American educational system? A．Critical. B．Unclear. C．Unconcerned. D．Tolerant. 59．What is special about Engel’s book? A．It presents a complicated world. B．It promotes scheduled activities. C．It combines science and practice. D．It features open- ended questions. 60．What is the best title for the text? A．Fun Inspires Kids’ Curiosity B．Play Develops Better Thinkers C．Learning Feeds Young Minds D．Hurried Parents Teach Kids Well 【答案】57．D 58．A 59．C 60．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了《儿童的智力生活》这本书的观点，强调让孩子充分探索对于真正学习的重要性，同时对美国教育体系提出批评，并阐述了这本书的特色和价值。 57．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things(孩子们生来就有顽皮的好奇心。他们问一切问题——为什么一棵树有叶子？太阳为什么会升起？这些问题帮助孩子们发现事物之间的因果关系)”和第三段中“Yet explorations take time. As Engel writes, “when children are allowed to dive into a topic thoroughly, they connect unrelated facts and generate new ideas.” The real mental work takes place as they play(然而，探索需要时间。正如恩格尔所写，“当孩子们被允许深入研究一个主题时，他们会将不相关的事实联系起来，并产生新的想法。”真正的脑力劳动是在他们玩耍时发生的)”可知，当孩子们被允许深入探索一个话题时，他们会将不相关的事实联系起来，并产生新的想法。这表明通过允许他们充分探索，可以将孩子们玩乐的好奇心转化为真正的学习。故选D。 58．推理判断题。根据第四段中Engel的话“It becomes clear that the educational system in U.S. does not concern itself with children’s intellectual lives (显然，美国的教育体系并不关注儿童的智力生活)”可知，Engel明确指出美国的教育体系并不关心孩子们的智力生活，这表明她对美国的教育体系持批评态度。故选A。 59．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“With scientific insight and vivid examples, Engel’s book offers tips for how to make the learning more apparent. (凭借科学的洞察力和生动的例子，恩格尔的这本书为如何使学习更明显提供了建议)”可知，Engel的书结合了科学见解和生动的例子，这表明她的书将科学和实践相结合。故选C。 60．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其结合第一段中“The Intellectual Lives of Children allows readers to look into the minds of kids as they explore and learn in everyday moments, emphasizing what constitutes real learning.(《儿童的智力生活》让读者在孩子们每天探索和学习的时候观察他们的思想，强调什么是真正的学习。)”、第二段中“Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things (孩子们生来就有顽皮的好奇心。他们问一切问题——为什么一棵树有叶子？太阳为什么会升起？这些问题帮助孩子们发现事物之间的因果关系)”和第三段中“The real mental work takes place as they play — when a child builds a platform of chairs to get cookies from an out-of-reach cookie box. Hidden in these moments are strengthened curiosity and innovation.(真正的脑力劳动发生在他们玩耍的时候——当一个孩子搭建一个椅子平台，从一个够不着的饼干盒里拿饼干时。隐藏在这些时刻的是增强的好奇心和创新。)”可知，文章主要讨论了在儿童教育中应重视培养其探索能力和好奇心的重要性。故B项“Play Develops Better Thinkers(玩耍培养出更好的思考者)”准确地概括了文章的主旨，即玩耍和探索对于儿童智力发展的重要性。故选B。 1 / 37 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题02 阅读理解（说明文） 考查范围：主题、语篇范围 题号 难度 知识点 一、阅读理解 1 适中 科普知识 ,说明文 2 较难 竞技/比赛,说明文 3 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文,网络社交 4 较易 动物,科普知识 ,说明文 5 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文,可持续农业 6 适中 动物,科普知识 ,说明文 7 适中 科普知识 ,说明文 8 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文 9 适中 语言与文化 ,社会问题与社会现象,说明文 10 较难 科普知识 ,说明文 11 较易 环境保护,说明文 12 适中 社会问题与社会现象,说明文,人工智能 13 较难 学习,说明文 14 适中 医疗 ,说明文 15 适中 说明文,当代教育问题 （一） （2025届福建省龙岩市一模）As leaves fall, snow sweeps in or flowers blossom, humans change in measurable ways, too. Research suggests a range of psychological phenomena — such as our emotional state, diet and exercise habits, and even color preferences — swing throughout the year. And now a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA demonstrates how moral values can also shift. For the study, researchers analyzed more than 230,000 online survey responses — a decade’s worth — from people in the U. S. The questions were based on a standardized framework social scientists use to assess people’s judgments of right and wrong. This framework, called moral foundations theory, sets up a taxonomy (分类学) of “five pretty fundamental values that shape human social behavior,” says lead author Ian Hohm, a psychology graduate student at the University of British Columbia. The framework considers loyalty, authority, and purity to be “binding” (有约束力的) values that promote group unity and observance. These principles, often associated with political conservatism, consistently received weaker recognition in summer and winter. And in summer, the more extreme the seasonal weather differences, the more pronounced the effect. Care and fairness are considered “individualizing” values related to individual rights. These principles showed no consistent seasonal pattern. One explanation for seasonal swings could be anxiety. Using a 90,000-respondent survey dataset, as well as data on Internet search frequencies, the researchers found that anxiety levels also peak in spring and fall. “There is a close relationship between anxiety and threat,” says University of Nottingham psychologist and study coauthor Brian O’Shea. Other studies have shown that people who are at higher risk of seasonal illnesses tend to be more distrustful and more likely to follow majority opinion. “When you’re threatened,” O’Shea explains, “you then want to get protection from your group.” These findings suggest seasonal timing could affect jury (陪审团) decisions, vaccination campaigns — and even election outcomes, the study authors say. Howard University psychologist Ivory A．Toldson notes that the study relies on data from “western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic (WEIRD)”populations and cautions that generalizing from such results runs the risk of “overlooking the unique moral experiences of marginalized (边缘化的) groups.” Ian Hohm agrees that such a pattern wouldn’t affect everyone the same way but emphasizes that the study highlights the seasons’ effect on human psychology. 1．What did the researchers do in the study? A．They examined people’s digital feedback. B．They evaluated netizens’ social behavior. C．They set up a scientific moral framework. D．They categorized different value patterns. 2．Which behavior is most closely related to seasonal anxiety peaks? A．Safeguarding individual rights. B．Seeking in-group protection. C．Being faithful to one’s team. D．Making reliable decisions. 3．What can be inferred from Ivory A．Toldson’s words? A．The study overemphasizes data from the west. B．The survey should cover a larger range of subjects. C．Humans are seasonal beings with varied behaviors. D．Ignoring the research of sidelined groups is risky. 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The changes in nature and humans. B．Moral values vary from person to person. C．Values may shift with the time of the year. D．The impact of seasons on one’s mental health. （二） （2025届福建省厦门市一模）At the Paris 2024 Olympics, sport climbing featured two medal events for men and women: Speed and a combined Boulder & Lead event. Behind the scenes, there is a crucial but often unseen figure — Martin Hammerer, head of the experienced team responsible for the Lead routes, who has been setting routes internationally since 2007. “The actual design took place at the climbing wall. The International Federation of Sport Climbing (IFSC) pre-selected the material, which we then used to set the routes,” Hammerer explained when asked about his work in Paris. “We started with the finals — which was the highlight — and worked backward to the semi-finals. After completing a route, we photographed it, removed and stored the holds for later use.” The focus for the routesetters is to offer a challenging but also fair competition. Routes for the combined Boulder & Lead event were carefully designed to ensure that specialists in one discipline didn’t have an unfair advantage. “Our aim is to offer a balanced competition,” Hammerer said. “For the podiums (领奖台), the athletes have to be really strong in both disciplines.” Routesetting relies heavily on the team’s creativity. The style has changed over the past 15 years, with today’s routes looser and more dynamic. “The materials and structures have also changed greatly,” Hammerer said. “Every season we adapt to the athletes anew.” Routesetting used to be quite independent and greatly influenced climbing style. “But now, federations set training routes for athletes. When we see this on social media, we get new input for our work,” Hammerer reflected. As Hammerer once said, “Climbers evolve, and so must we.” He continues to shape the future of climbing — one route, one challenge, one story at a time. 5．What does Hammerer do? A．He competes in sport climbing events. B．He coaches athletes for the Olympics. C．He designs routes for sport climbing. D．He judges climbing competitions. 6．What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The materials used for route setting. B．The process of setting climbing routes. C．The criteria for routes of varied levels. D．The location selected for route setting. 7．How did Hammerer’s team achieve their aim? A．By balancing innovation and adaptation. B．By sticking to federations’ training routes. C．By promoting their concept through social media. D．By disciplining themselves to follow strict guidelines. 8．What message does Hammerer convey in the last paragraph? A．Practice makes perfect. B．Change is the only constant. C．Slow and steady wins the race. D．Actions speak louder than words. （三） （2025福建省厦门市一模）If you yawn (打哈欠) more and pretend to be interested often, researchers may have an explanation: a global rise in boredom. Boredom has risen significantly over the past 15 years, a new paper suggests. It also proposes a possible cause: the growing use of social media. “Technology has driven us into an age of constant digital engagement. With endless rewarding stimulation a fingertip away, however, people are becoming increasingly bored,” the authors wrote in Communications Psychology. One cited experiment tracked over 100,000 American adolescents for nearly a decade, finding a modest but significant rise in boredom from 2011, measured on a five-point scale. Another study of over 28,000 Chinese students showed a 14% increase in boredom between 2009 and 2020, based on the Boredom Proneness Scale. How these results are interpreted is open to debate. James Danckert, a professor of cognitive neuroscience, thinks it reasonable that boredom is on the rise and social media may play a part. “The function of boredom, however, is to push you into action,” Danckert argues. He believes the key lies in taking part in unpredictable, meaningful events where you must make active choices. Impromptu conversations with somebody can fill these requirements. Danckert doubts social media ticks the same boxes. “When you start scrolling (滑动) on your phone, a ton of what you’re going to see there is highly predictable,” he said. The more predictable our world becomes, the less meaningful it is and the more boring it becomes. Professor Andreas Elpidorou, an expert in the field of boredom studies, agrees. Digital media may “force us into a continuous engagement with a content that is interesting enough to entertain but not meaningful enough to fulfil,” he said. However, he suspected it was not the only factor, adding, “I worry this is too convenient an explanation. I’m not saying it isn’t true, but I worry it may only be partially true.” 9．Why does the author mention the quote in paragraph 2? A．To support the finding of a new paper. B．To review the benefits of digital engagement. C．To provide solutions to overcoming boredom. D．To highlight the suggestions given by researchers. 10．What do the two studies mentioned in paragraph 3 focus on? A．The increase in boredom levels. B．The historical trend of boredom. C．The effect of boredom on human behavior. D．The link between boredom and technology. 11．What does the underlined word “impromptu” mean in paragraph 4? A．Structured. B．Informal. C．Detailed. D．Unprepared. 12．What is Elpidorou’s attitude towards the results of boredom research? A．Appreciative. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Dismissive. （四） （2025福建省厦门市一模）Wild chimpanzees seem to learn skills from each other and then — much as humans do — improve on those techniques from one generation to the next. In particular, young females that migrate (迁徙) between groups bring their cultural knowledge with them, and groups can combine new techniques with existing ones to get better at searching for food. Such “cumulative culture” means some chimpanzee communities are becoming more technologically advanced — although very, very slowly. “If chimpanzees have some cultural knowledge that the community they’ re moving into doesn’t have, they may pass it on — just in the same way we pass on the genes (基因),” says Andrew Whiten at the University of St Andrews. “And then that culture builds up.” Scientists knew chimpanzees used tools and passed on the knowledge, but their lack of significant innovation compared to humans puzzled researchers. Cassandra Gunasekaram at the University of Zurich suspected she might be able to apply genetic analysis to the puzzle. To see if young females bring their skill sets into their new groups, she and her colleagues looked at data previously collected by other research groups at 35 study sites in Africa and included information about what tools, if any, each animal used, as well as their genetic connections over the past 15,000 years. “The genetics give us a kind of time machine into the way culture has been transmitted (传播) across chimpanzees,” says Whiten. Some chimpanzees used complex tools, for example a drilling stick and a fishing brush for hunting. The researchers found the chimpanzees with the most advanced tool sets were three to five times more likely to share the same DNA as those that used simple tools or no tools at all, even though they might live thousands of kilometres away. And advanced tool use was also more strongly associated with female migration compared with simple or no tool use. “Our interpretation is that these complex tool sets are really invented by perhaps building on a simpler form from before, and therefore they have to depend on transmission by females from the communities that invented them initially to the other communities,” says Whiten. “It shows that complex tools would rely on social exchanges across groups— which is very surprising and exciting,” says Gunasekaram. 13．Which best describes “cumulative culture” in paragraph 2? A．The immediate adoption of advanced tools for food. B．The gradual build-up of cultural knowledge over time. C．The independent invention of tools without prior skills. D．The preservation of cultural knowledge for generations. 14．How did Gunasekaram’s team conduct their research? A．By observing chimpanzees at 35 study sites. B．By analyzing existing data on chimpanzees. C．By comparing chimpanzees in terms of their tool use. D．By investigating genetic connections of chimpanzees. 15．What led to chimpanzees’ use of complex tools? A．Human influences. B．Food-hunting strategy. C．Social competition. D．Cross-group interactions. 16．What does the text mainly talk about? A．The learning gaps between chimpanzees and humans. B．The environmental impact on chimpanzees’ behaviors. C．The genetic diversity of chimpanzees in the wilderness. D．The role of female chimpanzees in cultural transmission. （五） （2025届福建省泉州市永春县永春第一中学一模）If you want to disturb the car industry, you’d better have a few billion dollars: Mom-and-pop carmakers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems, small farmers can keep one step ahead of the big guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself. I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry. For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per hour — a huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by hand-suddenly making it possible for the little guys to compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldn’t touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a litter price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business. The sustainable success of small farmers, though, won’t happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning one’s own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and they continue to rise in many regions. Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenship — the greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering farmers younger than 35 by six to one, and with two-thirds of the nation’s farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nation’s food. There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fairer farm economy, but farmers can’t clumsily put them together before us. We at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farms from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, consumers must take a stand with young farmers. 17．The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce . A．a trend of development in agriculture B．the importance of investing in car industry C．the progress made in car industry D．a special feature of agriculture 18．What does the author want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2? A．Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones. B．Competition between small and big farms is herce. C．Technology is vital for agricultural development. D．Loans to small local farmers are necessary. 19．What is the difficulty for those new farmers? A．To gain more financial aid. B．To have farms of their own. C．To hire good farm managers. D．To win old farmers’ support. 20．What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fairer farm economy? A．Become members of NYFC． B．Seek support beyond NYFC． C．Expand farmland conservation. D．Invest more to improve technology. （六） （2025届福建省泉州市永春县永春第一中学一模）Wild chimpanzees are known to consume a broad range of plant matter, making it hard for researchers to figure out whether chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants to heal(治愈) themselves, or “passively” consume plants that happen to be medicinal. At the Budongo Central Forest Reserve in Uganda, researchers from the University of Oxford observed the behaviors and health of 51 wild chimpanzees, belonging to two habituated communities. The researchers observed a male chimpanzee with an injured hand seek out and eat the leaves of a fern, which may have helped to reduce pain and swelling. They also recorded another sick chimpanzee consuming a cat-thorn tree. The team also tested the plant species in the reserve, which they suspected were being consumed by the chimpanzees to self-medicate, for anti-inflammatory (抗炎) and antibacterial (抗菌) characteristics. The species included plants not part of the chimpanzees’ normal diet, but being consumed for their healing characteristics. The authors found 88% of the plant species had antibacterial characteristics, arresting the growth of bacteria, while 33% of them had anti-inflammatory characteristics. Deadwood from a tree in the Dogbane family showed the strongest antibacterial activity and also had anti-inflammatory characteristics, suggesting it could be used to treat wounds, they said. Roots from the East African mahogany tree and leaves from fern were found to exhibit potential anti-inflammatory effects. The results suggested that chimpanzees looked for and ate specific plants for their medicinal effects, and the study was one of the first to document evidence of this kind, the authors said. Team member Fabien Schultz hopes that the findings might lead to promising candidates for human medicines. “What if human lives can be saved by following the ways of our animal relatives?” he says. 21．Why is it challenging to determine if chimpanzees intentionally seek out medicinal plants? A．Medicinal plants are rare in the forest. B．Chimpanzees consume a wide variety of plant matter. C．Chimpanzees hide themselves when they are sick or injured. D．Researchers can hardly observe chimpanzees in the thick forest. 22．Which of the following might have the most powerful antibacterial effects? A．Dogbane trees. B．Leaves of ferns. C．Cat-thorn trees. D．East African mahogany tree roots. 23．What potential benefit does Fabien Schultz hope to achieve from the findings? A．Identifying new human medicines. B．Developing new animal care techniques. C．Improving chimpanzee health in the wild. D．Discovering new food sources for humans. 24．What is the best title for the text? A．The Diet of Wild Chimpanzees B．The Medicinal Characteristics of Plants C．The Dietary Habits of Wild Chimpanzees D．Chimpanzees Using Plants for Self- Medication （七） （2025届福建省宁德市一级达标学校一模）US and Canadian researchers recently calculated the total amount of the worlds groundwater and estimated that it is equal to a lake 180 metres deep covering the entire Earth. This makes groundwater the largest active freshwater resource on the planet. The team also investigated its age. How did they do this? Humans introduced a convenient time signature on the Earth when we started testing atomic (原子的) weapons. This leaves a time stamp which can be found in water, rocks and living organisms. By seeing if radioactivity (放射性) from atomic bomb testing was present in the groundwater, the researchers could estimate that about 6% of this groundwater is younger than 50 years old. If this water was spread evenly over the continents, then there is just three metres depth of modern groundwater spread equally over the continents. It could be argued that if we use only this modern groundwater, then this is sustainable, as we know that it has been replaced or recharged (被补充) by natural processes over the last 50 years. But how quickly groundwater recharges changes over time. Water has to reach the inside of rocks, either now or in the past. This means that the amount of rainfall has to be more than the amount of water evaporating (蒸发) from the land surface, and more than the amount of water used by all the plants. When this occurs, fresh water can recharge the groundwater from either water “leaking” from the beds of rivers or from rainwater that passes through the soil. In many parts of the world we know that groundwater recharge varies due to natural climate variability such as El Nino. Groundwater recharge will also change with global warming. 25．How did the researchers estimate the age of the groundwater? A．By analyzing its chemical composition. B．By testing atomic bomb. C．By examining its freshness. D．By finding its time stamp. 26．What do people think of the supply of “modern” groundwater? A．It’s limited. B．It’s fresh. C．It’s vital. D．It’s abundant. 27．What does the underlined word “this” in paragraph 4 refer to? A．Water evaporating. B．Water leaking from river beds. C．Water getting into rocks. D．Water being used by all the plants. 28．What are the last three paragraphs mainly talking about? A．Groundwater sustainability. B．Climate variability. C．Groundwater exploration. D．Global warming. （八） （2025届福建省宁德市一级达标学校一模）You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”. The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr. Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. “People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr. Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr. Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified ”, he says. And rightly so. 29．What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2? A．It is discouraged by large companies. B．It is becoming increasingly acceptable in applicants. C．It is more widely applied. D．It highlights the wisdom of employers. 30．How do applicants usually respond to online screening? A．They become indifferent to the red flags. B．They have to give in to it. C．They reject the screening. D．They ignore their online profiles. 31．What is Mr Erdos’ opinion on posting comments online? A．It is a fair way to evaluate employee. B．University students are free to do it. C．It should be under strict laws. D．Its effect is hard to remove. 32．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening B．Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely C．Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner D．Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment （九） （2025届福建省宁德市蕉城区宁德第一中学一模）Recently a Beijing father sent in a question at an Internet forum asking what “PK” meant. “My family has been watching the “Singer 2024” singing competition TV program. My little daughter asked me what 'PK' meant, but I had no idea,” explained the puzzled father. To a lot of Chinese young people who have been playing games online, it is impossible not to know this term. In such Internet games, “PK” is short for “Player Kill”, in which two players fight until one ends the life of the other. In the case of the “Singer 2024” singing competition, “PK” was used to refer to the stage where two singers have to compete with each other for only one chance to go up in competition ranking. For example, in the final, there is Na Ying with Tan Weiwei, only one of whom has the prize for championship. Like this father, Chinese teachers at high schools have also been finding their students' compositions using Internet jargons (行话) which are difficult to understand. A high school teacher from Tianjin asked her students to write compositions with simple language, but they came up with a lot of Internet jargons that she didn't understand. “My 'GG' came back this summer from college. He told me I've grown up to be a 'PLMM'. I loved to 'FB' with him together; he always took me to the 'KPM',” went one composition. “GG” means Ge Ge (Chinese pinyin for brother). “PLMM” refers to Piao Liang Mei Mei (beautiful girl). “FB” means Fu Bai (corruption). “KPM” is short for KFC, Pizza Hut and McDonald's.     Some specialists welcome Internet jargons as a new development in language. If you do not even know what a Kong Long (dinosaur, referring to an ugly looking female) or a Qing Wa (frog, referring to an ugly looking male) is, you will possibly be regarded as a Cai Niao! 33．By writing the article, the writer tries to ________. A．explain some Internet language B．suggest common Internet language C．laugh at the Beijing father D．draw our attention to Internet language 34．What does the writer think about the term “PK”? A．Fathers can't possibly know it. B．The daughter should understand it. C．Online game players may know it. D．“Singer 2024” shouldn't have used it. 35．The examples of the Beijing father and the Tianjin teacher are used to show that Internet jargons  ________. A．are used not only online B．can be understood very well C．are welcomed by all the people D．cause trouble to our mother tongue 36．What would be the best title for the passage? A．A puzzled father B．Do you speak Internet-ish? C．Keep away from Internet-ish D．Kong Long or Qing Wa? （十） （2025届福建省宁德市蕉城区宁德第一中学一模）When I teach research methods, a major focus is peer review. As a process, peer review evaluates academic papers for their quality, integrity and impact on a field, largely shaping what scientists accept as “knowledge”- By instinct, any academic follows up a new idea with the question, “Was that peer reviewed?” Although I believe in the importance of peer review and I help do peer reviews for several academic journals-I know how vulnerable the process can be. I had my first encounter with peer review during my first year as a Ph. D student. One day, my adviser handed me an essay and told me to have my -written review back to him in a week. But at the time, I certainly was not a “peer” — I was too new in my field. Manipulated data (不实的数据) or substandard methods could easily have gone undetected. Knowledge is not self-evident. Only experts would be able to notice them, and even then, experts do not always agree on what they notice. Let’s say in my life I only see white swans. Maybe I write an essay, concluding that all swans are white. And a “peer” says, “Wait a minute, I’ve seen black swans.” I would have to refine my knowledge. The peer plays a key role evaluating observations with the overall goal of advancing knowledge. For example, if the above story were reversed, and peer reviewers who all believed that all swans were white came across the first study observing a black swan, the study would receive a lot of attention. So why was a first-year graduate student getting to stand in for an expert? Why would my review count the same as an expert’s review? One answer: The process relies almost entirely on unpaid labor. Despite the fact that peers are professionals, peer review is not a profession. As a result, the same over-worked scholars often receive masses of the peer review requests. Besides the labor inequity, a small pool of experts can lead to a narrowed process of what is publishable or what counts as knowledge, directly threatening diversity of perspectives and scholars. Without a large enough reviewer pool, the process can easily fall victim to biases, arising from a small community recognizing each other’s work and compromising conflicts of interest. Despite these challenges, I still tell my students that peer review offers the best method for evaluating studies and advancing knowledge. As a process, peer review theoretically works. The question is whether the issues with peer review can be addressed by professionalizing the field. 37．What can we learn about peer review in the first paragraph? A．It generates knowledge. B．It is commonly practiced. C．It is a major research method. D．It is questioned by some scientists. 38．What can be inferred about the example of swans? A．Complexity of peer review ensures its reliability. B．Contradictions between scientists may be balanced. C．Individuals can be limited by personal experiences. D．Experts should detect unscientific observation methods. 39．What is the author’s major concern about peer review? A．Workload for scholars. B．Toughness of the process. C．Diversification of publications. D．Financial support to reviewers. 40．The passage is mainly about ______. A．what fuels peer review B．why peer review is imperfect C．how new hands advance peer review D．whether peer reviewers are underrated （十一） （2025届河南省名校联盟一模）A recent study, which surveyed 10,000 young people from 10 countries, showed that nearly 60% of them were extremely worried about the future state of the planet. It shows clearly that climate change is not just a threat to our environment. It also poses a very real threat to our emotional well- being. This “heightened emotional and mental concern in response to dangerous changes in the climate system” is defined as eco-anxiety. Eco- anxiety is a common occurrence among youth today. It also affects the most economically disadvantaged across the globe. But at the highest risk may be researchers who work in climate and ecological science, burdened by the reality represented by their findings. In 2024, eco-anxiety will rise to become one of the leading causes of mental health problems. The reasons are obvious. On the one hand, climate issues seem to be getting out of control; on the other, our political class is not offering strong leadership. The COP28 conference in Dubai will be headed by an oil and gas company director. Fortunately, greater levels of eco-anxiety will also offer an approach to the climate crisis. Caroline Hickman, a researcher on eco- anxiety from the University of Bath, warns that eco- anxiety should not be pathologized (病态化). According to Hickman, anyone experiencing it is displaying entirely natural reactions to the climate crisis. Her suggestion? Use eco-anxiety as a tool for good—as an emotion that can make people act in protection of our planet. This is why, in 2024, we will also see more people around the world join the fight for climate justice and seek jobs that prioritize environmental sustainability. Campaigners will put increased pressure on fossil fuel industries and the governments to rapidly phase out the usage of polluting coal, oil, and gas. After all, eco-anxiety is not something we will defeat with  therapy (疗法)— we will tackle it by taking action. 41．Who are most likely to develop eco-anxiety? A．Young people. B．Climate researchers. C．Those with mental problems. D．Those struggling with poverty. 42．What is the author’s attitude to governments’ response to climate issues? A．Unclear. B．Tolerant. C．Critical. D．Supportive. 43．What does Hickman suggest people do with eco-anxiety? A．Turn it into motivation to act. B．Do more research on it. C．Accept it as a natural reaction. D．Find a good tool to fight it. 44．What can we infer from the last paragraph? A．Fossil fuel industries should be ended. B．We need to seek justice in the jobs we do. C．Campaigners are urged to protect the planet. D．Joint efforts are needed to address eco-anxiety. （十二） （2025届福建省漳州市一模）While beauty pageants (选美比赛) have been around for about 200 years, a first of its kind pageant has recently emerged — Miss AI, the world’s first beauty pageant for artificial intelligence-generated influencers and models. Contestants will first be given points based on their beauty and tech. Beauty points are awarded like in every pageant, based on their conventional beauty and ability to answer questions maturely. However, it’s worth considering that all the models were specifically designed to meet or even exceed (超过) all modern day beauty standards so the category won’t be hard to score in. It’s the technical quality and realism of the model that are vital to win points, especially since AI is known to have little but noticeable flaws, like a sixth finger or extra teeth. The consistency of contestants’ social media interaction with fans, as well as how they are using their platforms are also what earn them points in the social clout category. For example, Kenza Layli, the AI influencer topping the shortlist, fights to promote a society of empowered Moroccan women and was praised by the judges for her ability to tie a larger international audience to her cause, through her 196,000 followers on Instagram. However, concerns have also arisen about such pageants. When asked about his viewpoint on the significance of AI pageants, Kenza’s creator Rahul Choudhry commented: “AI is here to help humans, and Kenza’s purpose is to spread awareness. She has a celebrity-like quality because we noticed people tend to follow celebrities and join their causes.” That celebrity-like quality does have other effects on audiences as well, such as envy and lower self-respect. Besides, real-life beauty pageants have been for decades criticized for their objectification and lack of body diversity, supporting poisonous beauty standards and misleading people in their perception of beauty. In the case of AI pageants, these issues only worsen because they are not real, making their appearance genuinely unattainable and damaging young women’s idea of beauty. 45．What is the key in judging an AI contestant’s beauty? A．Special designs. B．Beauty standards. C．Details in appearances. D．Performances in question-answering. 46．What does the underlined word “clout” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Atmosphere. B．Progress. C．Influence. D．Relation. 47．Real- life beauty pageants are criticized mainly because ______. A．they recognize body diversity B．they don’t accept the beauty of AI C．they adopt unchanged beauty standards D．they don’t advocate proper ideas on beauty 48．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Beauty Pageants B．Artificial Attraction C．Concerns over AI D．Breakthroughs in AI （十三） （2025届河南省名校联盟一模）I’m sure you’ve all taken some personality tests, like MBTI test or those in psychology class, that can be great for icebreaker activities but how do introversion and extroversion (内向与外向) play out in our daily lives? An introverted brain has a high automatic system reactivity which means that they are far less likely to seek out stimulation. Hence, introverts tend to be less social, avoid conflict and often process things the best when alone. Extroverts, however, draw their attention from the environment because of their brain’s low stimulation. They seek out social situations and often feel more comfortable in group settings. Our current education system emphasizes the need for “collaborative learning”, “project-based learning” and “flipped classrooms (翻转课堂)”. In this system, introversion in students can be commonly misinterpreted by teachers as boredom or problematic issues. Furthermore, introverted students are less likely to participate in group discussions, and oftentimes feel more pressure and anxiety to become extroverted. These feelings can easily flow into other aspects of life and impact an introvert’s social and academic life. However, there are still upsides to being an introvert. Introverts may not always thrive in the social aspects of a class, but their intense concentration and tendency to be organized and methodical can reflect further success in conventional forms of education like grades and exams. On average, more intelligent children are-found to be introverts than extroverts. So, what can teachers do? Firstly, one of the most important steps is recognizing; understanding the need to accommodate introverted students, while supporting extroverted students. For example, teachers can redefine participation. Participation shouldn’t just represent the times a student raises their hand or speaks in a discussion. Helping others, volunteering, revising work, etc. all reflect a student’s participation in the class. Besides, they can consider playing with space. Grouped desks might be great for extroverts but consider creating “quiet zones” for students willing to focus on a task or create submission boxes for introverted students to leave their discussion thought. 49．What is the cause of the difference between introverts and extroverts? A．Communication abilities. B．Attitude towards conflicts. C．Problem processing capability. D．Brain reactivity to stimulation. 50．What does the underlined word “thrive” in paragraph 4 mean? A．Succeed. B．Emerge. C．Withdraw. D．Struggle. 51．What does the author suggest teachers do? A．Develop students’ self-management skills B．Guide students to develop intense concentration. C．Encourage students to participate in class debates. D．Create an introvert-friendly learning environment. 52．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Introverts & Extroverts: How Students React to Teaching B．Psychology of Personality: Challenges of Being Introverted C．Introverts & Extroverts: When Classrooms Overlook Introverts D．Psychology of Personality: Discussions on Class Participation （十四） （2025届福建省福州市一模）When my editors asked me to report on forest bathing, I packed a swimsuit. I assumed it must involve getting in the water. It turns out, my interpretation was too literal. I met certified Forest Therapy (治疗) guide Melanie Choukas-Bradley at an urban forest in Washington, D．C． Here, I began to get it. Forest bathing isn’t a bath or a hike. We did walk the forest trails, but we wandered with no particular destination in mind. The aim of forest bathing, Choukas- Bradley explained, is to slow down and throw oneself in the natural environment. She helped us be aware of the smells, tastes and sights of the forest. We took in our surroundings by using all our senses. As we passed through a stand of trees, we touched the trunks. We smelled the black walnuts, which give off a lovely fragrance (香气). We got a little shower of ripe mulberries, too. “Close your eyes and just breathe.” Choukas-Bradley told us. After I opened my eyes, the green looked a lot greener. And I began to see things I hadn’t noticed before. “A forest guide helps us be here, not there,” says Amos Clifford, the founder of the Association of Nature & Forest Therapy, the organization that certifies the guides. They support what the forests could offer us, inviting us into practices that deepen physical presence, pleasure, and partnership with nature. When we connect with nature in this way, we are connecting with ourselves. Clifford’s goal is to encourage health care proyiders to integrate forest therapy as a stress- reduction strategy. In the United States, work- related stress accounts for up to $190 billion in health care costs each year. “It’s my hope that the health care system will include forest therapy into the range of services,” Clifford says. 53．What is forest bathing? A．A hike up the mountain. B．An adventure in the woods. C．A swimming in open water. D．A guided nature healing practice. 54．How can we benefit from forest bathing? A．By improving our awareness. B．By doing intense training. C．By experiencing nature mindfully. D．By carrying out eyesight tests. 55．What can a guide help forest bathers do? A．Locate and pick ripe fruits. B．Put exercise plans into action. C．Identify different trees and birds. D．Concentrate on the surrounding nature. 56．What can we learn from Clifford’s words in the last paragraph? A．Health care system needs updating. B．Nature- based therapy costs too much. C．Stress- related diseases are commonly seen. D．Forest therapy could be an alternative treatment. （十五） （2025届福建省福州市一模）In a digital, global world where thinking critically and generating new ideas count, a cradle-to-career approach to educating children must be mindful of how children learn to learn, not just what they learn. The Intellectual Lives of Children allows readers to look into the minds of kids as they explore and learn in everyday moments, emphasizing what constitutes real learning. Children are born with playful curiosity. They ask questions about everything — Why does a tree have leaves? Why does the Sun come up? These questions help children discover the causal relationships among things — all with the guidance of adults. Yet explorations take time. As Engel writes, “when children are allowed to dive into a topic thoroughly, they connect unrelated facts and generate new ideas.” The real mental work takes place as they play — when a child builds a platform of chairs to get cookies from an out-of-reach cookie box. Hidden in these moments are strengthened curiosity and innovation. Hurried parents often lack the ability to allow that time, fearing that their children might be late for their next scheduled activity. “It becomes clear that the educational system in U. S. does not concern itself with children’s intellectual lives,” warns Engel in the book. Instead, she hopes to reimagine schools as “idea factories” built on inspiring curiosity: “Imagine assessing students progress under some new headings: poses interesting questions, ... and spends time solving them. In one lovely example, Engel describes a teacher who challenged her students to construct a record- breaking straw chain measuring 3.8 miles. “Winning would be fun, but the cognitive (认知的) benefits would be far-reaching,” explains the teacher, whose goal was to help the children better understand the depth of the Mariana Trench. With scientific insight and vivid examples, Engel’s book offers tips for how to make the learning more apparent. She encourages parents to see children as active thinkers and suggests that by asking open-ended questions and letting them explore, children will be better prepared for a complex and ever-changing world. 57．How will children’s playful curiosity become real learning? A．By giving kids a time limit. B．By planning out extra activities. C．By remembering casual facts. D．By allowing kids to fully explore. 58．What’s Engel’s attitude toward American educational system? A．Critical. B．Unclear. C．Unconcerned. D．Tolerant. 59．What is special about Engel’s book? A．It presents a complicated world. B．It promotes scheduled activities. C．It combines science and practice. D．It features open- ended questions. 60．What is the best title for the text? A．Fun Inspires Kids’ Curiosity B．Play Develops Better Thinkers C．Learning Feeds Young Minds D．Hurried Parents Teach Kids Well 6 / 6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$