UNIT2 单元话题阅读二（Word练习）-【拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（人教版2019）

(材料选自译林版新教材选择性必修第四册Unit 2) ◎ Borrowed words “The restaurant's fried tofu① is delicious.” Is there anything special about this sentence? Well, all the words except “the” and “is” are borrowed from other languages! This comes as no surprise②，[1]given that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages, including Latin, Greek, French and Chinese.However, English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages — borrowed words can be found in almost all languages. For example, English words [2]that are borrowed into the Chinese language include “bacon③”“tank④” and “golf⑤”. [1]given that引导原因状语从句，意为“考虑到，鉴于”。 [2]that引导定语从句，修饰先行词words。 Word borrowing comes about⑥ when two cultures with different languages interact⑦.This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue⑧. This phenomenon⑨ has been occurring for thousands of years. In the current age of globalization⑩， when communications technology brings different cultures closer together, words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before, especially those related to technological developments, such as “email” and “Internet”. Though borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and it takes time before new words are integrated⑪ into everyday speech. At first, the borrowed word is only used by bilingual⑫ speakers. It then spreads to people [3]who do not know the original language, and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak, almost unknowingly⑬. An example of this is the word “kung fu⑭”， [4]which refers to⑮ Chinese martial arts. This word comes from Chinese gongfu. Over time, the sounds that are difficult to pronounce have been replaced with more familiar ones. [5]The longer a borrowed word has been in use, the more it sounds and even looks like the native language. [3]who引导定语从句，修饰先行词people。 [4]which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词kung fu。 [5]本句为“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”句型，意为“越……，就越……”。 Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that can hardly be avoided, but some language communities oppose⑯ adopting words from other cultures. There are countries that make interventions⑰ to keep their native language pure⑱ in order to defend their identity. The French specifically have an official organization that creates new words in order to avoid borrowed words. Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers, such as the Native American Navajo language, [6]used only by the members of the tribe⑲. Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject⑳ outside influences. [6]动词­ed形式短语作后置定语，修饰名词the Native American Navajo language。 [7]While some communities are pessimisticB21 about the exchange between languages, there are also other communities that readily welcome borrowed words. English, especially, is based onB22 a mix of Latin, Greek and GermanicB23 languages. The English­speaking community does not hesitate about absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary. In fact, there have never been any formal academic restrictionsB24 on new borrowed words. Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop, [8]enabling the community to have a more efficient language which makes it possible for them to share their experiences with new­found ease. [9]It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly. [7]while引导让步状语从句，意为“尽管，虽然”。 [8]动词­ing形式短语作结果状语，表示自然而然的结果。 [9]本句为强调句型，强调介词短语through those words。 According to the linguistB25 Edward Sapir, “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolatedB26 language ...” For better or for worseB27, the tendencyB28 to borrow words has never gone out of styleB29. [10]The more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures. [10]本句为“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”句型。,◎ ①tofu /'təʊfuː/ n.豆腐 ②come as no surprise 不足为奇 ③bacon /'beɪkən/ n.咸猪肉，熏猪肉 ④tank /tæk/ n.坦克；(贮放液体或气体的)罐 ⑤golf /ɡɒlf/ n.高尔夫球运动 ⑥come about 产生，发生 ⑦interact /ˌɪntər'ækt/ v. 互动；相互作用；交流 ⑧native tongue 母语 ⑨phenomenon /fə'nɒmɪnən/ n. 现象 ⑩globalization /ˌɡləʊbəlɑɪ'zeɪʃn/ n.全球化 ⑪integrate /'ɪntɪɡreɪt/vt.& vi. (使)合并；(使)加入 ⑫bilingual /ˌbɑɪ'lɪɡwəl/ adj.会说两种语言的；用两种语言(写)的 ⑬unknowingly /ʌn'nəʊɪli/adv.未意识到地，不知不觉地，无意中 ⑭kung fu /ˌkʌ'fuː/n.功夫 ⑮refer to指的是 ⑯oppose /ə'pəʊz/ vt.反对，抵制；与……对垒 ⑰intervention/ˌɪntə'venʃ(ə)n/n.干涉行为，干预 ⑱pure /pjʊə(r)/ adj.纯净的；完全的 ⑲tribe/trɑɪb/ n.部落 ⑳reject /rɪ'dʒekt/ vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异 pessimistic /ˌpesɪ'mɪstɪk/ adj.悲观的，悲观主义的 be pessimistic about对……感到悲观 be based on以……为基础/根据 Germanic /dʒɜː'mænɪk/adj.日耳曼语的；德国的 restriction /rɪ'strɪkʃ(ə)n/n.限制，约束 linguist /'lɪɡwɪst/ n.语言学家；通晓数国语言的人 isolated /'ɑɪsəleɪtɪd/ adj.孤立的；单独的；偏远的 for better or for worse不管是好是坏，不管结果如何 tendency /'tendənsi/n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好 go out of style过时 ◎ 借词 “这个饭店的油炸豆腐是美味可口的。” 这句话有什么特别的地方吗？嗯，除了“the”和“is”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言借来的！考虑到英语借用了300多种不同语言的词汇，包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语，这并不奇怪。然而，英语并不是唯一一种从其他语言借词的语言，几乎所有语言中都可以找到借词。例如，源自英语的汉语包括“培根”“坦克”和“高尔夫”。 当两种不同语言的文化相互交流时，就会产生词语借用。当母语中没有合适的词语来表达某个物体或想法时，这种情况就会发生。这种现象已经发生了数千年。在当今全球化时代，当通信技术使不同文化更紧密地联系在一起时，词语借用就更可能比以往任何时候都更快地直接从源语言中借用，特别是那些与技术发展有关的，如“电子邮件”和“互联网”。 虽然借词已变得更快，但是过程仍然复杂，新词需要一段时间才能融入日常用语中。起初，借词只供双语使用者使用。然后，它传播到不懂源语言的人身上，他们会改变发音以适应他们的说话方式，几乎是在不知不觉中。一个例子就是“功夫”，它指的是中国的武术。这个词来自中国的“功夫”。随着时间的推移，这个难发的发音被更熟悉的发音所取代。借词使用的时间越长，听起来甚至看起来越像母语。 虽然外来词是语言发展几乎难以避免的结果，但是一些语言群体反对从其他文化中吸收词汇。有些国家为了捍卫自己的特征，采取干预措施保持母语的纯正。法国人专门有一个创造新词的官方组织，以避免外来词。有些语言的使用者非常少，例如美洲土著的纳瓦霍印第安语，只供部落成员使用。在这种情况下，母语拒绝外来影响就成了生死攸关的问题。 尽管有些群体对语言之间的互借感到悲观，但是也有其他群体对外来词持欣然欢迎的态度。尤其是英语，它是以拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语为基础的。英语社区毫不犹豫地将外来词吸收到日常词汇中。事实上，对新借词没有任何正式的学术限制。借词使得语言继续发展，使社区能够有一种更有效的语言，让他们以新发现的优雅分享他们的经历。也正是通过那些词，新思想的传播、不同观点的交流得以更加便捷。 根据语言学家爱德华·萨皮尔的说法，“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言……”不管是好是坏，借用词汇的趋势从未过时。世界越是国际化和全球化，语言特征就会在国家和文化之间共享得越多。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$