UNIT1 读与练·阅读限时训练四（Word练习）-【拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（人教版2019）

Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2024·河北邢台高二上期中)Here are the introductions and achievements of four scientists. Jöns Jacob Berzelius Jöns Jacob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist, often referred to as one of the founders of modern chemistry. He developed a system of chemical symbols, which laid the foundation for the establishment of the modern periodic table. Berzelius also made important discoveries in the field of electrochemistry. Niels Henrik David Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist.He proposed the atomic model known as the Bohr model, which explained the behavior of electrons moving in fixed energy levels or orbits around the atomic nucleus. His model helped explain the spectra of elements and laid the groundwork for further developments in atomic physics. Robert Boyle Robert Boyle, born in Ireland，was regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry, known for Boyle's law. Boyle's law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. Boyle's work laid the foundation for the modern understanding of gas behavior and promoted the development of scientific experimental methods. William Lawrence Bragg William Lawrence Bragg was a British physicist born in Australia who made significant contributions to X­ray crystallography. Together with his father William Henry Bragg, he developed the famous Bragg's law. This discovery revolutionized the field of crystallography and paved the way for determining the atomic and molecular structures of various substances, including DNA and proteins. 1.What do we say about Jöns Jacob Berzelius? A.He invented a new chemical substance. B.He established the modern periodic table. C.He was referred to as a founder of modern physics. D.He made important achievements in the field of electrochemistry. 2.Who was born in Ireland? A.Jöns Jacob Berzelius. B.Niels Henrik David Bohr. C.Robert Boyle. D.William Lawrence Bragg. 3.What do Niels Henrik David Bohr and William Lawrence Bragg have in common? A.They were born in Denmark. B.They made a contribution to physics. C.They discovered new models for chemistry. D.They did research together with their family. [二次精读] 重点单词 establishment /ɪ'stæblɪʃmənt/ n.　建立，设立 atomic /ə'tɒmɪk/ adj. 原子的 spectra /'spektrə/ n. 光谱；范围(spectrum 的复数形式) volume /'vɒljuːm/ n. 体积 crystallography /ˌkrɪstə'lɒɡrəfi/ n. 晶体学 重点短语 referred to as　　被称为…… be regarded as 被看成是…… together with 除了……之外，还有…… 语块积累 lay the groundwork for　为……打下基础 make significant contributions to 对……作出重要贡献 molecular structures of various substances 各种物质的分子结构 续表 长难句分析 He proposed the atomic model known as the Bohr model, which explained the behavior of electrons moving in fixed energy levels or orbits around the atomic nucleus. 他提出了被称为玻尔模型的原子模型，该模型解释了电子在固定能级或围绕原子核的轨道上运动的行为。 【分析】　这是一个主从复合句。known as the Bohr model是过去分词作后置定语，修饰名词the atomic model，which引导定语从句，修饰先行词the Bohr model，moving in fixed energy levels or orbits around the atomic nucleus是现在分词作后置定语，修饰the behavior of electrons。 【背景知识】 Boyle's law，波义耳定律，有时又称 Mariotte's Law或波马定律，由玻义耳和马里奥特在互不知情的情况下，间隔不久，先后发现。在定量定温下，理想气体的体积与气体的压强成反比。是由英国化学家波义耳(Boyle)，在1662年根据实验结果提出：“在密闭容器中的定量气体，在恒温下，气体的压强和体积成反比关系。”称之为波义耳定律。这是人类历史上第一个被发现的“定律”。 波义耳定律，是第一个描述气体运动的数量公式，为气体的量化研究和化学分析奠定了基础。该定律是学习化学的基础，学生在学习化学之初都要学习它。 波义耳具有实验天赋，还证实了气体像固体一样是由原子构成的。但是，在气体中，原子距离较远，互不连接，所以它们能够被挤压得更密集些。早在公元前440年，德谟克里特就提出原子的存在，在随后的两千年里人们一直争论这个问题。通过实验，波义耳使科学界相信原子确实是存在的。 B (2024·山东济宁高二下期中)The next generation of scientists and inventors is already finding approaches to address society's problems. A group of high school students and their instructor report a solution to the problem of lead pollution in drinking water — an inexpensive faucet (水龙头) attachment that removes this poisonous metal. Unlike conventional filters currently on the market, theirs includes a container made of eco­friendly plastic and indicates when it's “used up” by turning the tap water yellow. “A few years ago, I saw a video of a woman in Michigan turn on her tap water, and it came out brown，” says Rebecca Bushway, the project's principal investigator. “That made me think — because there's really no safe level of lead in drinking water, wouldn't it be nice to have a water filter that could tell you your water is polluted, well before it turns brown because of lead？” Bushway, as a science teacher, wondered aloud to her chemistry class if there was a little filter that they could make from inexpensive components to easily remove lead. The students were excited about the idea, and they started thinking about the project in 2020. The students discussed designs for an attachment to screw a filter onto a sink's faucet. Then in the spring semester of 2021, they 3D printed the attachment and a 3­inch­tall filter housing, using eco­friendly plastic. They filled the containers with some chemical powder. Next, the students added a tiny spectrophotometer (分光光度计) with a single­wavelength LED to the bottom of the filter container. They installed an indicator light that turns on as soon as the detector identifies the yellow color of the lead iodide (碘化铅). The team's goal is to make and sell their filters for less than $1 each. Because the housings use eco­friendly plastic, the cost could trend a little higher, but the material would help reduce the overall environmental impact of the filter. The process of developing the filter has been very fulfilling. “Ultimately, this experience has shown students they can make a difference to somebody, and that there are problems they can fix with science，” said Bushway. 4.What shows that the filter is running out according to the text? A.The change of the water's color. B.The change of the filter housing's color. C.The times of the filter being used. D.The flash of the indicator light. 5.What inspired Bushway to remove lead in the water? A.Her personal experience in Michigan. B.The unsafe water used by a woman. C.A lack of safe drinking water. D.The experiments carried out in her class. 6.What can be inferred from paragraphs 4 and 5? A.Chemical powder reacts with the lead in the water. B.A detector is fixed to identify the lead iodide. C.The students have developed eco­friendly plastic. D.The filter has an advantage over others in price. 7.What is the author's purpose in writing this passage? A.To advertise a product to remove lead to readers. B.To highlight the hardships the inventors encounter. C.To praise the young for shouldering responsibilities. D.To stress the importance of environmental protection. [二次精读] 重点单词 lead /liːd/ n.　铅 inexpensive /ˌɪnɪk'spensɪv/ adj. 便宜的 filter /'fɪltə(r)/ n. 过滤器 principal /'prɪnsəp(ə)l/ adj. 最重要的，首要的 screw /skruː/ v. 用螺丝固定 fulfilling /fʊl'fɪlɪ/ adj. 令人满足的，使人有成就感的 重点短语 use up 　用尽；耗尽 turn on 打开 make a difference to 对……有影响 语块积累 approaches to address society's problems　解决社会问题的方法 a solution to the problem 问题解决方案 reduce the overall environmental impact 减少整体环境影响 长难句分析 That made me think — because there's really no safe level of lead in drinking water, wouldn't it be nice to have a water filter that could tell you your water is polluted, well before it turns brown because of lead？ 这让我想到——因为饮用水中的铅含量真的没有安全标准，如果有一个滤水器，在你的水因为铅而变成棕色之前，就能告诉你水被污染了，这不是很好吗？ 【分析】　这是一个主从复合句。破折号后面是对前句的解释说明；because引导原因状语从句，主句中含有that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词a water filter，before引导时间状语从句，because of lead是介词短语作原因状语。 C (2024·安徽高二上开学考试)Charles Richard Drew's great invention directly contributed to saving thousands of lives during World WarⅡ， and continues to contribute to the life­saving work of the entire world of medicine later. Born in 1904, Drew was the eldest of five children. He was intelligent and showed a talent for studies and sports from a young age. In 1922, his athletic ability earned him an athletic scholarship to attend Amherst College in Massachusetts. Drew graduated from Amherst College in 1926. In 1928 he applied to medical schools and was admitted to MeGill University in Montreal, Canada. He completed his medical degree and master's degree in surgery in 1933. Upon graduation, as an internship, he began to look at issues related to blood transfusions. When he began his doctoral studies at Columbia University, with a physician named John Scudder, Drew continued his research in the field of blood transfusion.The two have jointly conducted research into blood preservation and fluid replacement, leading to the development of an experimental blood bank, which ran smoothly for seven months. Drew's breakthroughs in blood preservation were timely, as the World War Ⅱ was raging in Europe at the time. Under Drew's direction, his team has developed new ways to extract, preserve and transport plasma (血浆) on a large scale. Following the success of the “Blood for Britain” program, Drew was appointed the assistant director for the US blood banking system. During this time, he built a number of mobile blood donation stations, later known as blood delivery stations. On April 1, 1950，tragedy struck. Drew was injured in a serious car accident while on his way to a conference and died from his injuries. Many medical colleges and schools have been named after him to honor his contribution. 8.What is the second paragraph mainly about? A.Drew's family. B.Drew's intelligence. C.Drew's early experience. D.Drew's contribution. 9.What kind of person is Charles Richard? A.Strong­willed and ambitious. B.Sympathetic and tough. C.Caring and brave. D.Talented and committed. 10.Why are many colleges and schools named after Charles Richard Drew? A.Because he has made great contributions to medical science. B.Because he alone finished the research in the field of blood transfusion. C.Because his contribution has changed the process of the World War Ⅱ. D.Because he died in a tragedy car accident on his way to conference. 11.Which category can this article be? A.A documentary. B.A novel. C.A science fiction. D.A short biography. [二次精读] 重点单词 internship /'ɪntɜːnʃɪp/ n.　实习生 transfusion /træns'fjuːʒn/ n. [临床] 输血 jointly /'dʒɔɪntli/ adv. 共同地 raging /'reɪdʒɪ/ adj. 强烈的；激烈的 tragedy /'trædʒədi/ n. 悲惨事件，惨剧 重点短语 be admitted to 　获准进入；被……录取 relate to 与……有关 on a large scale 大规模地 be named after 以……命名 语块积累 show a talent for　表现出……的才能 earn him an athletic scholarship 为他争取体育奖学金 master's degree in surgery 外科硕士学位 under one's direction 在某人的指导下 续表 长难句 分析 The two have jointly conducted research into blood preservation and fluid replacement, leading to the development of an experimental blood bank, which ran smoothly for seven months. 两人共同开展了血液保存和液体替代方面的研究，从而建立了一个实验性血库，顺利运行了7个月。 【分析】　这是一个主从复合句。leading to是现在分词作状语，表示顺其自然的结果；which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词blood bank。 Ⅱ.完形填空 (2024·济南一模)It was a regular day for high school teacher Cesar Punzalan. When he walked into the classroom, his students __1__him as usual. As he stood behind his desk, ready to start the class, a student __2__a brown box on his table. Slowly, Punzalan removed the cover and was __3__. There was a pair of brand­new __4__inside the box. As expected, Punzalan couldn't control his __5__and teared up. Several months ago, the students learned that Mr Punzalan had to walk for one hour daily to school. __6__， that wasn't all. He had a sick child at home. His thoughtful students __7__he had been coming to school in worn­out shoes for a long time. They __8__that maybe he didn't wish to buy new shoes because his salary was going toward his kid's __9__. Or perhaps he wanted to see how long his __10__shoes would last. Whatever the real reasons, his students __11__to help in any way possible. __12__， they purchased a lovely gift for Mr Punzalan, sharing the kindness with him. While he struggled to talk, a sense of __13__was written all over his face. He considered himself __14__to be blessed with so many sweet students! Teachers play an important role in our life. They __15__the same love and care as we show to our parents. 1.A.congratulated B.greeted C.respected D.inspired 2.A.painted B.found C.slipped D.threw 3.A.annoyed B.frightened C.relieved D.surprised 4.A.shoes B.glasses C.gloves D.socks 5.A.likes B.emotions C.worries D.thoughts 6.A.Actually B.Originally C.Normally D.Briefly 7.A.agreed B.denied C.forgot D.learnt 8.A.figured B.complained C.admitted D.recalled 9.A.interest B.education C.treatment D.insurance 10.A.fancy B.strange C.cheap D.old 11.A.happened B.determined C.continued D.hesitated 12.A.Yet B.Thus C.Otherwise D.Instead 13.A.loss B.guilt C.responsibility D.happiness 14.A.different B.fortunate C.impressive D.successful 15.A.deserve B.spread C.require D.admire 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ [读与练·阅读限时训练四] Ⅰ.阅读理解 A [语篇解读]　本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了四个科学家和他们的成就。 1.D　细节理解题。根据Jöns Jacob Berzelius标题下“Jöns雅各布·贝采里乌斯是一位瑞典化学家，通常被认为是现代化学的创始人之一。他发展了一套化学符号系统，为现代元素周期表的建立奠定了基础。贝采里乌斯在电化学领域也有重要发现。”可知，他在电化学方面做出了重要发现。故选D。 2.C　细节理解题。根据Robert Boyle标题下第一句“罗伯特·波义耳，出生于爱尔兰，被认为是现代化学的奠基人之一，以波义耳定律而闻名。”可知，罗伯特·波义耳出生在爱尔兰。故选C。 3.B　细节理解题。根据Niels Henrik David Bohr标题下最后一句“他的模型有助于解释元素的光谱，并为原子物理学的进一步发展奠定了基础。”和最后一段William Lawrence Bragg标题下“威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格是一位出生于澳大利亚的英国物理学家，他与父亲威廉·亨利·布拉格一起发展了著名的布拉格定律，对X射线晶体学作出了重大贡献。这一发现彻底改变了晶体学领域，为确定包括DNA和蛋白质在内的各种物质的原子和分子结构铺平了道路。”可知，他们都对物理作出了贡献。故选B。 B [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一群高中生在老师的帮助下研发了用于去除水中的铅的过滤器，这体现了年轻人利用知识解决问题的能力及他们勇于承担社会责任的责任心。 4.A　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“与目前市场上的传统过滤器不同，他们的过滤器包括一个由环保塑料制成的容器，当‘耗尽’时，它会把自来水变成黄色，从而显示它的‘耗尽’”可知，当过滤器耗尽时，自来水会变成黄色。故选A。 5.B　细节理解题。根据第二段“‘几年前，我看到一个视频，密歇根州的一个女人打开她的自来水，结果是棕色的，’该项目的首席研究员Rebecca Bushway说。‘这让我想到——因为饮用水中真的没有安全的铅水平，如果有一个滤水器，在水因为铅而变成棕色之前，就能告诉你水被污染了，这不是很好吗？’”及下一段第一句“布什威是一名科学老师，她在化学课上大声地问，是否有一种用廉价的部件制成的小过滤器，可以轻松地去除铅”可知，Bushway看到一个女士使用不安全用水的视频后，想要去除去水中的铅。故选B。 6.B　推理判断题。根据第四段最后两句“接下来，学生们在过滤容器的底部添加了一个带有单波长LED的微型分光光度计。他们安装了一个指示灯，一旦探测器识别出碘化铅的黄色，指示灯就会立即打开”可推知，学生们固定了一个探测器，当鉴别存在碘化铅时，灯就会亮起来。故选B。 7.C　推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“下一代科学家和发明家已经找到了解决社会问题的方法”及最后一段第二句“布什威说：‘最终，这一经历向学生们表明，他们可以对他人产生影响，他们可以用科学解决一些问题。’”及文章第四段可推知，作者写本文，通过描述高中生进行发明的过程来赞扬他们勇于承担社会责任。故选C。 C [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。Charles Richard Drew的伟大发明在第二次世界大战期间直接为拯救成千上万的生命作出了贡献，并继续为整个医学世界的拯救工作作出贡献。文章主要介绍了Drew的早期经历和在血液保存、输血等医学方面所取得的成就和作出的伟大贡献。 8.C　主旨大意题。根据第二段所提到的时间“Born in 1904”“In 1922”“in 1926”“In 1928”和“in 1933”及全段内容可知，该段主要讲述了Charles Richard Drew的早期经历。故选C。 9.D　推理判断题。根据第一段“Charles Richard Drew's great invention directly contributed to saving...of the entire world of medicine later.”、第五段“Drew's breakthroughs in blood preservation were timely, as the World War Ⅱ was raging in Europe at the time. ”和第六段“Following the success of the ‘Blood for Britain’ program, Drew was appointed the assistant director for the US blood banking system.”及全文内容可知，Charles Richard Drew非常有才华，一生致力于血液保存、输血等医学方面的研究，并取得了伟大的成就。故选D。 10.A　细节理解题。根据最后一段“Many medical colleges and schools have been named after him to honor his contribution.”可知，Charles Richard Drew在医学方面作出了巨大贡献，所以许多医学院都以他的名字命名，来纪念他的贡献。故选A。 11.D　推理判断题。根据第一段“Charles Richard Drew's great invention directly contributed to saving...of the entire world of medicine later.”和全文内容可知，本文描述Charles Richard Drew的传奇一生以及他对医学的贡献，因而是传记。故选D。 Ⅱ.完形填空 [语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了因为家中有生病孩子要治疗，教师蓬扎兰不舍得花钱给自己买鞋，他的学生们通过帮他买了一双新鞋来表达对他的热爱和尊敬的故事。 1.B　句意：当他走进教室时，他的学生像往常一样欢迎他。根据后文“As he stood behind his desk, ready to start the class”可知，当他站在讲桌后准备讲课时，根据常识推断出学生们在上课前会欢迎老师。 2.C　句意：当他站在桌子后面准备开始上课时，一个学生把一个棕色的盒子迅速放在桌子上。根据后文“Punzalan removed the cover”可知，蓬扎兰打开了盒盖，说明学生把盒子迅速放在他的桌子上，slip意为“迅速放置”，符合句意。 3.D　句意：慢慢地，蓬扎兰取下盖子，他感到很惊讶。根据后文“As expected, Punzalan couldn't control his __5__ and teared up.”可知，蓬扎兰控制不住情绪，流泪了，说明他对于这个礼物很惊讶。 4.A　根据后文“maybe he didn't wish to buy new shoes”可知，学生认为蓬扎兰不愿意买新鞋，推断出学生送给他一双新鞋。 5.B　句意：不出所料，蓬扎兰无法控制自己的情绪，泪流满面。根据后文“teared up”可知，蓬扎兰泪流满面说明他无法控制自己的情绪。 6.A　根据后文“He had a sick child at home.”可知，蓬扎兰不仅要走路一个小时去上班，家里还有一个生病的孩子，说明事实上他走路上班不仅是他遇到的全部的困难。 7.D　句意：他体贴的学生们知道他穿着破旧的鞋子来学校已经很长时间了。根据后文“he had been coming to school in worn­out shoes for a long time”可知，他穿破旧的鞋子上班已经很久了是学生们得知的情况。 8.A　句意：他们认为，也许他不想买新鞋，因为他的工资是用来给孩子做治疗的。根据后文“maybe he didn't wish to buy new shoes because his salary was going toward his kid's __9__”可知，学生认为蓬扎兰不愿意买新鞋。 9.C　根据前文“He had a sick child at home.”可知，他有一个生病的孩子，推断出他不买新鞋的原因可能是要用钱给孩子治疗疾病。 10.D　根据前文“worn­out shoes”可知，他穿的鞋子是破旧的。 11.B　句意：无论真正的原因是什么，他的学生们都决定以任何可能的方式提供帮助。根据前文“Mr. Punzalan had to walk for one hour daily to school”及“He had a sick child at home.”可知，蓬扎兰不仅要走一个小时的路程上班还有一个生病的孩子在家里，说明学生们决定以任何可能的方式帮助蓬扎兰。 12.B　前文“his students __11__ to help in any way possible.”及后文“they purchased a lovely gift for Mr. Punzalan, sharing the kindness with him.”可知，因为学生们想要以任何可能的形式来帮助蓬扎兰，所以他们购买了礼物，前后文构成因果关系，thus意为“因此”，符合句意。 13.D　根据后文“He considered himself __14__ to be blessed with so many sweet students！”可知，他认为自己很幸运，能被这么多可爱的学生祝福，说明他感到幸福。 14.B　句意：他认为自己是幸运的，能被这么多可爱的学生祝福！根据后文“to be blessed with so many sweet students”可知，他被这么多可爱的学生祝福，说明他觉得自己很幸运。 15.A　句意：他们值得我们对父母同样的爱和关怀。根据前文“Teachers play an important role in our life.”可知，老师在我们的生命中很重要，说明他们值得我们对父母同样的爱和关怀。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$