UNIT1 单元话题阅读二（Word练习）-【拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第一册（人教版2019）

材料选自人教版旧教材选择性必修第五册 Unit 1 ◎ JOHN SNOW① DEFEATS② “KING CHOLERA③” John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert④， indeed, that he attended⑤ Queen Victoria⑥ as her personal physician⑦.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people ① exposed to⑧ cholera.This was the deadly⑨ disease of its day⑩.Neither its cause nor its cure⑪ was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died ②every time there was an outbreak⑫.John Snow wanted to face the challenge⑬ and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. ①过去分词短语exposed to cholera作后置定语，修饰ordinary people。 ②every time每次；用作连词，连接时间状语从句。 He became interested in two theories ③that possibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied⑭ in the air.A cloud of⑮ dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims⑯.The second suggested that people absorbed⑰ this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected⑱ person died. ③that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词theories。 John Snow suspected⑲ that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit⑳ London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry21.④ As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods22，he began to gather information.In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was ⑤so severe23 that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to24 find out why. ④as在句中引导时间状语，意为“当……时候”。 ⑤so...that...“如此……以至于……” First he marked on25 a map the exact places ⑥ where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue26 about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths27 were near the water pump28 in Broad Street 29(especially numbers 16，37，38 and 40).He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street30) had had no deaths.He had not foreseen31 this, so he made further investigations32.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.⑦It seemed that the water was to blame33. ⑥where引导定语从句，修饰先行词places。 ⑦It seemed that ...好像……，其中It作形式主语，that 引导主语从句。 Next, John Snow looked into34 the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted35 by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle36 from the pump ⑧so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down37.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs38 and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting39 evidence from two other deaths that were linked40 to the Broad Street outbreak.A woman, ⑨ who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce41 with certainty42 that polluted water carried the germs. ⑨who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词woman。 had it delivered (让人运送它)中it代指上文的water，have为使役动词，had it delivered为“have＋宾语＋宾语补促语”结构，过去分词delivered作宾语补足语。 To prevent this from happening43 again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed44 not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated. be examined为虚拟语气结构，其前省略了should。 ◎ ①John Snow约翰·斯诺(1813—1858)，英国医生 ②defeat/dɪ'fiːt/ vt.打败；战胜；使受挫 ③King Cholera 1854年爆发于英国的一次严重霍乱 ④expert /'ekspɜːt/ adj.熟练的 n.专家；行家 ⑤attend /ə'tend/ vt.照顾；护理；参加 ⑥Queen Victoria维多利亚女王(1819—1901) ⑦physician /fɪ'zɪʃn/ n.医生；内科医师 ⑧expose /ɪk'spəʊz/... to使……显露；暴露 ⑨deadly /'dedlɪ/ adj.致命的 ⑩of its day当时；那时。在句中作后置定语。 ⑪cure /kjʊə/ n.治愈；痊愈 vt.治愈；治疗 ⑫outbreak /'aʊtbreɪk/ n.爆发；发作(尤指疾病或战争) ⑬challenge /'tʃælɪndʒ/ n.挑战 ⑭multiply /'mʌltɪplaɪ/ v.繁殖；成倍增加；乘 ⑮a cloud of一团…… ⑯victim /'vɪktɪm/ n.受害者 ⑰absorb /əb'zɔːb/ vt.吸收；吸引；使专心 absorb ...into ...将……吸入…… ⑱过去分词affected在句中作定语，意为“受疾病侵袭的”。 ⑲suspect /sə'spekt/ vt.认为；怀疑 /'sʌspekt/ n.被怀疑者；嫌疑犯 ⑳hit vt.(厄运、自然灾难等)突然袭击；侵袭 enquiry /ɪn'kwaɪəri/ n.询问 neighbourhood /'neɪbəhʊd/n.附近；邻近 severe /sɪ'vɪə(r)/ adj.严重的；剧烈的；严厉的 be determined to do sth下定决心做某事 mark ...on ...把……标在……上 clue /kluː/ n.线索；提示 death /deθ/ n.死；死亡(人数)；死亡案例 pump /pʌmp/ n.泵；抽水机 vt.(用泵)抽(水) Broad Street牛津城的宽街，历史建筑群最密集的街道之一。 Cambridge /'keɪmbrɪdʒ/ Street剑桥大街 foresee /fɔː'siː/ vt.(foresaw, foreseen)预见；预知 investigation /ɪnˌvestɪ'ɡeɪʃ(ə)n/ n.调查 blame /bleɪm/ vt.责备；谴责 n.过失；责备 be to blame应受责备；该受责备 look into调查；了解 pollute /pə'luːt/ vt.污染；弄脏 handle /'hændl/ n.柄；把手 vt.处理；操纵 slow down减缓；缓解 germ /dʒɜːm/ n.微生物；细菌 supporting adj.有力的；(演员、角色)次要的；配角的 supporting evidence有力的证据 link /lɪk/ vt.& n.连接；联系 link...to...将……和……联系或连接起来 announce /ə'naʊns/ vt.宣布；通告 with certainty “肯定地”，作状语。 prevent ...(from) doing阻止……做…… instruct /ɪn'strʌkt/ vt.命令；指示；教导 instruct sb to do sth指导某人做某事 ◎ 约翰·斯诺战胜“霍乱王” 约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生——他的确医术精湛，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人大夫。但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。霍乱是当时最致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不知道它的治疗方法。因此，每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人死去。约翰·斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道在找到病源之前，疫情是无法控制的。 对于霍乱是如何致人死亡的，当时有两种相对合理的看法，斯诺对这两种看法比较感兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，它像一股危险的气体到处飘浮，直到找到受害者为止。第二种看法是人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。 疾病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者很快就会死亡。 约翰·斯诺推测第二种理论是正确的， 但他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱时，约翰·斯诺就准备开始他的调查。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，他就开始收集资料。在两条特定的街上霍乱流行得很严重，以至于10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心要查明原因。 首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的确切的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱病因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近(特别是16、37、38、40号)。约翰·斯诺还发现有些住宅(如宽街上的20号和21号以及剑桥大街上的8号和9号)却无人死亡。他以前没预见到这种情况，所以他要进行更进一步的调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥大街7号的酒馆里工作。酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵里抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。 接下来，约翰·斯诺调查了这两条街的水源。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被从伦敦排放的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的百姓拆掉水泵的把手，这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是由病菌而不是由气体传播的。 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街爆发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中又发现了有力证据。有一位妇女是从宽街搬过来的，她特别喜欢从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水运到她家。她和她的女儿喝了这种水后，都得了霍乱而死去。有了这个额外的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣布，这种被污染了的水携带着病菌。 为了防止这种情况再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们接触被污染的水了。最后，“霍乱王”被击败了。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$