内容正文:
课时冲关15 Unit3 Theworldofscience
学生用书 P349
Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 体裁:说明文 话题:防蓝光眼镜的作用
Bluelightblocking(BLB)glassesaresupG
posedtoprotecteyesfromtheeffectsofshort
wavelengthlightfrom oursmartphones,comG
puterscreensandLEDlights.Givenhow much
timewespendonourdevices,usingthistypeof
glassessoundslikeasmartinvestment,right?
ElizabethEsparaz,aneyespecialistbasedin
Cleveland,Ohio,saysthesciencethatproducers
shareastheypromotetheseglassescanbeconfuG
singanddoubtful.Bluelightisnotjustabout
techdevices,anditsnotalwaysbad.“Thesun
producesmuchmorebluelightthanhumanmade
devices,anditsactualyadvantageous,”says
Dr.Esparaz.Ithelpsourmoodandsleepwake
cycle.Theproblemisbluelightatnight:ItpreG
ventsthereleaseofmelatonin,asubstancehelpG
ingregulateourbodyandmakingussleepy.
So,intheory,wearingBLBglassesshould
helppeople who watch moviesinbedorread
fromatabletatnightavoidwakefulness.AreG
viewstudyfromtheUniversityofOklahomathat
lookedat24previousstudiesfoundthatpeople
affectedbysleepdisorders,jetlag(时差反应)
andshiftworkdroppedofftosleepfasterafter
usingtheseglasses.“Sotosomeextent,these
glassesareusefultosomepeople,”saysDr.EsG
paraz.Buttheeffectivenessisnotwideanddoes
notextendbeyondcertaincases.
Asforeyestrain(疲劳),aconditionofthe
eyesusualycausedbyalongperiodoflookingat
screens,anAustralianstudyshowedthatthose
wearingBLBglassesdidnotexperiencelesseye
strainthanthoseusingclearglasses.AndanothG
erreviewstudy,alsobyAustralianresearchers,
foundinadequateevidencethatBLBglassescould
preventseriouseyeproblems.
“Theseglassesarentgoingtobeharmful,”
saysDr.Esparaz.But,sheadds,theyaremaybe
notasgoodasadvertisedandalackofstandardiG
zationintheindustry meanstheresnowayto
knowifonepairisbetterthananother.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.防蓝光眼镜被
认为可 以 保 护 眼 睛 免 受 智 能 手 机、电 脑 屏 幕 和
LED灯的短波长光的影响,但是一些研究表明,防
蓝光眼镜的作用很有限.
1.WhatmessagedoesDr.EsparazconveyinParG
agraph2?
A.Seeingisbelieving.
B.Dontjudgeabookbyitscover.
C.Everycoinhastwosides.
D.Onemansmeatisanothermanspoison.
解析:C [推 理 判 断 题. 根 据 第 二 段 中 的
“‘Thesunproducesmuchmorebluelightthan
humanmadedevices,and...ourbodyand
makingussleepy.’(‘太阳比人造设备产生更多
的蓝光,这实际上是有利的,’埃斯帕拉兹博士
说.它有助于我们的情绪和睡眠—觉醒周期的
循环.问题在于夜间的蓝光:‘它会阻止褪黑激
素的释放,而褪黑激素是一种帮助调节我们的
身体并使我们昏昏欲睡的物质’.)”由 此 可 推
断,蓝光具有两面性,有利又有弊.A 项“眼见
为实”;B项“勿以貌取人”;C项“凡事皆有两面
性”;D项“甲之蜜糖,乙之砒霜”.]
2.WhomaybenefitfromwearingBLBglasses?
A.Peopleworkinglonghours.
B.Peoplewithpoorsight.
C.Peoplewatchingthescreenoften.
D.Peoplewithsleepproblems.
解析:D [推理判断题.根据第三段中的“So,
intheory,wearingBLB glassesshouldhelp
peoplewhowatchmoviesinbed...shiftwork
droppedofftosleepfasterafterusingthese
glasses.(因此,从理论上讲,戴 BLB 眼镜应该
可以帮助那些在床上看电影或晚上用平板电脑
阅读的人避免醒来.俄克拉何马大学的一项综
述研究回顾了之前的24项研究,发现受睡眠障
碍、时差和轮班工作影响的人在戴上这种眼镜
后入睡更 快.)”可 知,防 蓝 光 眼 镜 能 够 避 免 失
眠,受睡眠障碍、时差反应和轮班工作影响的人
在使用这类眼镜后入睡得更快,所以有睡眠问
题的人可能会从防蓝光眼镜中受益.]
3.Whydoestheauthormentionthetwostudies
conductedbyAustralianresearchers?
A.ToexplainthefunctionofBLBglasses.
B.ToindicatethelimitationsofBLBglasses.
C.Toshowthecommonnessofeyeproblems.
D.Todemonstratetheinfluenceofbluelight.
解析:B [推理判断题.根据第三段段尾提到
“Buttheeffectivenessisnotwideanddoesnot
extendbeyondcertaincases.(但效果并不广泛,
也没有超出某些情况.)”以及第四段中第一项
914
基础必备 必修第三册
研究发现戴防蓝光眼镜的人不会比戴透明眼镜
的人经历更少的眼睛疲劳,第二项研究发现没
有足够的证据证明防蓝光眼镜可以预防严重的
眼部问题.由此可推知,作者提到这两项研究
是为了说明防蓝光眼镜的局限性.]
4.Whichcanbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.DoBLBglassesrealywork?
B.WhyareBLBglassespopular?
C.Isbluelightatroublemaker?
D.HowdoBLBglassesplayarole?
解析:A [主旨大意题.阅读全文可知,文章开
头提到防蓝光眼镜被认为可以保护眼睛免受智
能手机、电 脑 屏 幕 和 LED 灯 的 短 波 长 光 的 影
响,并引出“使用防蓝光眼镜是否是明智的投资
(即防蓝光眼镜是否有用)”这一话题;第二段介
绍蓝光有利有弊;第三、四段通过相关研究的发
现说明防蓝光眼镜的益处和不足;最后一段进
行总结.故 A 项“BLB眼镜真的有用吗?”能概
括文章主旨,适合作标题.]
阅读理解B 体裁:议论文 话题:科学研究中“假设你是错的”
Ataconferencelastweek,IreceivedaninterestG
ingpieceofadvice:“Assumeyouarewrong.”TheadG
vicecamefromBrianNosek,afelowpsychology
professor.Hewasntobjectingtoanyparticular
claimIdmade-hewasofferingastrategyfor
pursuingbetterscience,andforencouragingothG
erstodothesame.
TounderstandthecontextforNoseksadG
vice,weneedtotakeastepback-tothenature
ofscienceitself.Despitewhatmanyofuslearned
inelementaryschool,thereisnosinglescientific
method.Justasscientifictheorieschange,sodo
scientificmethods.
AssumingyouarerightmightbeamotivaG
tingforce,sustainingtheenormouseffortthat
conductingscientificworkrequires.Butitalso
makesiteasytointerpretcriticismsaspersonal
attacks,andforscientificargumentstodevelop
intopersonalbattles.Beginning,instead,from
theassumptionyouarewrong,acriticismiseasiG
ertobeviewedasahelpfulpointer,aconstrucG
tivesuggestionforhowtobelesswrong-agoal
thatyourcriticprobablyshares.
Noseksadvicemaysoundpessimistic,but
itsnotsoforeigntoscience.PhilosophersofsciG
encesometimesrefertothe“pessimisticmetainG
duction(元归纳)”onthehistoryofscience:Al
ofourpastscientifictheorieshavebeenwrong,
sosurelyourcurrenttheorieswilturnouttobe
wrong,too.Thatdoesntmeanwehaventmade
progress,butitdoesindicatethatthereisalways
roomforimprovement-waystobelesswrong.
Iliketheadvice becauseitbuildsin an
awarenessofourlimitationsandareadinessto
accepttheunknown (“therearethingsIdonot
know!”)alongwithasensethatwecandobetter
(“therearethingsIdonotknowyet!”).Italso
buildsinasenseofcommunity-werealinthe
sameboatwhenitcomestofalingshortofgetG
tingthingsright.Perhapsthefocusonashared
goal-ourgoalasscientistsandhumansofbeing
lesswrong-canhelpmakeupforanyharmin
scientificmotivationorcommunication.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文.主要讲述了作
者对在科学研究中“假设你是错的”这条建议的看
法,并肯定了它所带来的好处.
5.WhydidNoseksendtheadvice?
A.Toexpressopinionsaboutmyclaims.
B.Toremindmetobeopentocriticism.
C.Toencouragemetotakeupscience.
D.Tobettermyunderstandingofpsychology.
解析:B [推理判断题.根据第一段中的“He
wasntobjectingtoany particularclaim Id
made-hewasofferingastrategyforpursuing
betterscience,andforencouragingothersto
dothesame.(他并没有反对我的任何特定主
张———他提出了一个追求更好科学的策略,并
鼓励其他人也这样做.)”和第三段中的“BeginG
ning,instead,from theassumptionyouare
wrong,acriticismiseasiertobeviewedasa
helpfulpointer,aconstructivesuggestionfor
howtobelesswrong-agoalthatyourcritic
probablyshares.(相反,从你错了的假设开始,
批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示,一个如何
减少错误的建设性建议———这是你的批评者可
能也有的同样目标.)”可知,Nosek提出的这条
建议是一个追求更好科学的策略,从假设自己
错了开始,就会更容易接受批评,让自己减少错
误,由此可推测出,Nosek提出这条建议是为了
提醒作者对批评持开放态度.]
6.Howdoesassumingyouarewronghelp?
A.Itmotivatesscientiststomakeefforts.
B.Itaddressespersonalattacksandconflicts.
C.Itsetsaconstructiveimprovementgoal.
D.ItcontributestoadeeperinsightintoyourG
self.
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高考总复习 英语(外研版)
解析:C [推理判断题.根据第三段中的“BeG
ginning,instead,fromtheassumptionyouare
wrong,acriticismiseasiertobeviewedasa
helpfulpointer,aconstructivesuggestionfor
howtobelesswrong-agoalthatyourcritic
probablyshares.(相反,从你错了的假设开始,
批评更容易被视为一个有用的提示,一个如何
减少错误的建设性建议———这是你的批评者可
能也有的同样目标.)”可知,假设你错了可以帮
助你获得如何减少错误的建设性建议,而减少
错误或许是你和你的批评者的共同目标,由此
可推测出,假设你错了可以帮助设立一个建设
性的改进目标.]
7.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsciencetheories?
A.Dynamic. B.Testable.
C.Pioneering. D.Welestablished.
解析:A [细节理解题.根据第二段中的“Just
asscientifictheorieschange,sodoscientific
methods.(正如科学理论在变化,科学方法也在
变化.)”可知,作者认为科学理论是变化的、动
态的.]
8.Whichofthefolowingisthebesttitleforthe
text?
A.AccepttheUnknown
B.AimtoBeLessWrong
C.GetEngagedinPsychology
D.DigintotheNatureofScience
解析:B [标题归纳题.通读全文,尤其是第一
段第一句“Ataconferencelastweek,Ireceived
aninterestingpieceofadvice:‘Assumeyouare
wrong.’(在上周的一次会议上,我收到了一条
有趣的建议:‘假设你错了.’)”和最后一段最后
一句“Perhapsthefocusonasharedgoal—our
goalasscientistsandhumansofbeingless
wrong—canhelpmakeupforanyharminsciG
entificmotivationorcommunication.(也许关注
一个共同的目标———我们作为科学家和人类的
目标是减少错误———可以帮助弥补科学动机或
沟通中的任何伤害.)”可知,本文主要讨论了在
科学研究中“假设你是错的”这个方法,它有助
于让所有人关注减少错误这一共同目标,从而
让科学取得进步,由此可推测出,B 项“力求减
少错误”最适合作本文标题.]
Ⅱ.语法填空 体裁:说明文 话题:我国航天员———桂海潮
SittinginsidetheShenzhou ⅩⅥ spacecraft,
GuiHaichao,thefirstChinesecivilianonaspaceG
flight,togetherwiththeothertwoastronauts,
1. (launch)bya20storytal Long
March2Fcarrierrocket,2. tookoffat
9:31a.m.onMay30,2023attheJiuquanSatelG
liteLaunchCenter.
Bornin1986,Guis3. (enthusiasG
tic)forsciencehasbeendevelopingsincechildG
hood.Hehadasetofencyclopedias(百科全书)
fromwhichhegainedalotofbasicspaceknowlG
edge.Yearslater,GuiHaichaoattendedBeihang
University,4. (major)inspacecraftdeG
signandengineering.
GuithenpursuedpostdoctoralresearchoverG
seasandpublishedabout20SCIacademicpapers
intopinternationaljournals.Afterreturningto
China,hereceivedBeihangsinvitationtoteach
5. anassociateprofessor.
Inthespringof2018,Guiwastoldthat
ChinasmannedspaceauthoritieshadmadeadeG
cision6. (select)thethirdgroupof
astronauts,includingthefirstspaceflightengiG
neersandsciencepayloadsspecialists.“Ihave
been7. fanofspaceexplorationfor
manyyearsandsometimesdreamedaboutdoing
myresearchinspace.SoexcitedwasIonhearing
thisnews8. Isignedupwithoutmuch
thought.EventualyIwas9. (successG
ful)admittedfolowingseveraldemandingrounds
of10. (profession)tests,”hereG
caled.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章介绍了我
国航天员队伍的新成员———桂海潮.
1.waslaunched [考查时态语态.句意:2023年
5月30日上午9点31分,在酒泉卫星发射中
心,一枚20层楼高的长征2F运载火箭发射了
神舟十六号飞船,中国首位平民宇航员桂海潮
和另外两名宇航员坐在飞船 内.分 析 句 子 可
知,空处在句子中作谓语,句子为一般过去时,
主语为GuiHaichao,主语与launch之间为被动
关系.故填 waslaunched.]
2.which [考查定语从句.句意:2023年5月30
日上午9点31分,在酒泉卫星发射中心,一枚
20层楼高的长征2F运载火箭发射了神舟十六
号飞船,中国首位平民宇航员桂海潮和另外两
名宇航员坐在飞船内.分析句子可知,空处引
导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词a20story
tal Long March2Fcarrierrocket,先 行 词 为
物,且在从句中作主语.故填 which.]
3.enthusiasm [考查名词.句意:1986年出生的
他,从小就对科学充满热情.分析句子可知,空
处应为名词enthusiasm,作本句主语,不可数.
故填enthusiasm.]
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基础必备 必修第三册
4.majoring [考查非谓语动词.句意:多年后,桂
海潮进入北京航空航天大学,主修航天器设计
与工程.分析句子可知,空处为非谓语动词作
伴随状语,且主语 GuiHaichao与 major之间为
主动关系,故用现在分词.故填 majoring.]
5.as [考查介词.句意:回国后,他受到北京航
空航天大学的邀请,担任副教授.后跟名词作
宾语,表示“作为”应用介词as.故填as.]
6.toselect [考查非谓语动词.句意:2018年春
天,桂被告知,中国载人航天局已决定选拔第三
批宇航员,包括首批航天工程师和科学有效载
荷专家.makeadecisiontodosth.为固定搭
配,表示“下定决心做某事”.故填toselect.]
7.a [考查冠词.句意:多年来,我一直是太空探
索的粉丝,有时梦想着在太空中进行研究.根
据句意可知,此处表示“是的一个粉丝”,表
泛指,且fan是发音以辅音音素开头的单词.故
填a.]
8.that [考查状语从句.句意:听到这个消息,我
很兴奋,想都没想就报名了.表示“如此以
至于”此处应为so...that...引导的结果
状语从句.故填that.]
9.successfuly [考查副词.句意:经过几轮严格
的专业测试,我最终被录取了.分析句子可知,
空处修饰后面的动词admitted,应用副词sucG
cessfuly.故填successfuly.]
10.professional [考查形容词.句意:经过几轮
严格的专业测试,我最终被录取了.分析句子
可知,空处为形容词professional,修饰空后的名
词tests,表示“专业的测试”.故填professional.]
Ⅱ.应用文写作(邀请信) ◀
假定你是李华,你班计划在周末组织农场研
学(agritourism),请给你的外教Chris写封邮件邀
请他参加,内容包括:
1.活动时间和内容;
2.注意事项.
注意:1.词数80左右;
2.可适当增加细节,使内容充实,行文连贯.
DearChris,
Yours,
LiHua
[审题谋篇]
明确体
裁话题
邀请信;周末组织农场研学
确定时
态人称
一般将来时为主;第一人称为主
布局文
章结构
首段:提出邀请
中段:周末组织农场研学具体安排
尾段:期待回复
[参考范文]
DearChris,
Howiseverythinggoingrecently?ImwritG
ingtoinviteyoutojoinusinanexcitingagritourG
ismthisSaturday,whichpromisestobebothedG
ucationalandenjoyable.
Asscheduled,wewilgatheratschoolgate
at8:00a.m.anddepartpromptlyat8:30a.m.by
bus.ThisagritourismcoversawiderangeofagG
ricultural activities,ranging from visiting a
workshoponorganicfarmingtoenjoyingafarm
totablemeal.YoucannotonlygainmuchhandsGon
experienceinplanting,harvesting,aswelasinG
teractingwithfarmanimals,butalsoexploring
thenaturalsurroundings.Rememberto wear
casualclothesandhatsforoutdooractivities,and
toprotecttheenvironment,weencourageeveryG
onetobringreusablewaterbottlesandminimize
waste.
Yourparticipation wil behighlyexpected
andwereallookingforwardtoyourfavorable
reply.
Yours,
LiHua
[日积月累] 1.词汇积累
①准时:promptly→punctualy/ontime
②获得:gain→attain
③探索:explore→probe
④盼望:lookforwardto→anticipate
2.句式拓展
原句:ThisagritourismcoversawiderangeofagG
riculturalactivities,rangingfromvisitingaworkshop
onorganicfarmingtoenjoyingafarmtotable
meal.
拓展句:Thisagritourismcoversawiderangeof
agriculturalactivities,whichrangefromvisiting
aworkshoponorganicfarmingtoenjoyingafarmto
tablemeal.
224
高考总复习 英语(外研版)