内容正文:
词块背诵 佳句赏析
1.socialmedia 社交媒体
2.thedigitalage 数码时代
3.smilebitterly 苦笑
4.drivetheplotforward 推动情节发展
5.feeldown 闷闷不乐,不高兴
6.beupto 忙于;从事
7.besetin 以为背景
8.sharealsadnessandalhappiness
分享所有的悲伤和快乐
1.Takingfriendshipfromlifeisliketakingsunshinefrom
life.
从人生中拿走友谊,犹如从生活中移走阳光.
2.Friendsarelikeanumbrela.Whetheritssunnyorrainy,
theywilalwaysbethereforyou.
朋友就像一把雨伞,无论晴天或雨天,都会永远陪伴你
身旁.
3.Withfriends,thepainsharedishalfthepain,andthehapG
pinesssharedisdoublethehappiness.
与朋友在一起,分担的痛苦是减半的痛苦,分享的快乐是加
倍的快乐.
学生用书 P25
[Part1 巧记课标单词]
写
作
单
词
|
悉
其
识
1.familiaradj. 熟悉的
2.adventuren. 历险,奇遇
3.maintainv. 保持,维持
4.enablev. 使可能,使发生
5.tendv. 易于做某事
6.updaten. 最新消息
7.acquirev. 获得
8.goodsn. 商品
9.provev. 证明,证实
10.qualityn. 素质,品德
11.distancev. 使与保持距离
12.postponev. 使延期,推迟
13.ordinaryadj. 普通的
14.scenen. 场景
15.ashamedadj. 感到不好意思的
16.deliverv. 递送
拓
展
单
词
|
通
其
用
1.adventuren.奇遇;冒险→adventurousadj.冒险的
2.advancen.前进;提前→advancedadj.高级的
3.inspirevt.鼓舞;激发;启示→inspiredadj.品质优秀的;能力卓越的→inspiringadj.鼓舞人心的→inG
spirationn.鼓舞人心的人(或事物);灵感
4.teenagern.十几岁的青少年→teenageadj.青少年的
阅
读
单
词
|
明
其
义
1.significantlyadv. 重大地,显著地
2.clickv. 点击(鼠标)
3.digitaladj. 数字的,数码的
4.siten. 站点
5.ilustratev. (举例)说明,阐明
6.diagramn. 图解,示意图
7.partnern. 伙伴,搭档
8.personalityn. 个性,性格
9.appointedadj. 约定的,指定的
10.wiGfin. 无线网络
92
[Part2 闪记核心短语]
1.losetrackof 不了解的情况
2.thanksto 归功于,多亏
3.makeonesfortune 发财
4.turnup 出现
5.keepinmind 记住,牢记
6.oughtto 应该
7.throwthebabyoutwiththebathwater 不分良莠,一起抛弃
8.upto 胜任
9.stayintouchwith 与保持联系
10.longfor 渴望
11.comparedwith 与相比
12.comeupwith 想出
[Part3 速记经典句式]
典型句式 教材原句
1.Whatif...? 要是将会怎么样?
Whatif(要是将会怎么样)theonlywayofgettingnewsfrom
farawayfriendswaswritinglettersthattookagestobedelivered?
2.betodo结构
ThenextmorningIwastostartfortheWest(去西部)tomake
myfortune.
3.as引导的非限制性定语从句
As(正 如)Aristotlesaid,noonewouldchoosetolivewithout
friends,evenifhehadalothergoods.
[Part4 积累联想拓展]
“获得;得到”家庭 mind相关短语大全
①acquirevt. 获得;取得
②achievevt. 取得;获得
③obtainvt. 获得;得到
④gainvt.&vi. 获得;赢得
⑤winvt. 获得;赢得
①makeuponesmind 下定决心
②changeonesmind 改变主意
③putonesmindto 全神贯注于;专心致志于
④cross/cometoonesmind 某人想到
⑤readonesmind 看出某人的心思
学生用书 P26
[核心词汇———逐点清]
1.prefervt.更喜欢;选择某事物(而不选择其他事物)
▶ [教材对接]
(1)Howdoyouprefertomakefriends?
你喜欢怎样交朋友?
①prefertodosth. 更喜欢做某事
prefersth.tosth. 喜欢某物而不喜欢某物
preferdoingsth.todoingsth.
宁愿做某事而不愿做某事
②
prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.
woulddosth.ratherthandosth.
wouldratherdosth.thandosth.
ü
þ
ý
ïï
ï
宁愿做某
事而不愿
做某事
③preferencen. 比较喜欢
haveapreferencefor对有偏爱
①prefer不用于进行时;②prefer相当于likebetG
ter,所以prefer不可与比较级连用.
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(2)(2022全国甲卷)MexicansconsideritinapG
propriatetoeatwithutensils(餐具),insteadpreG
ferring(prefer)tousetheirhands.
(3)(2024全国甲卷)WritingisamatterofperG
sonalpreferences(prefer).
(4)(2024新课标Ⅰ 卷)Ofcourse,thesedays
thereareplentyofonlinedictionariesandthesauG
ruses,butIm oldGfashioned enoughto prefer
(prefer)ahardcoverandpagesIcanleafthrough
withmyfingers.
03
高考总复习 英语(外研版)
[能力提升] 一句多译
毕竟,所有的孩子都喜欢表扬而不是批评.
(5)Afteral,al kidsprefertobepraisedrather
thanbescolded.(prefertodosth.ratherthan
dosth.)
(6)Afteral,alkidswouldbepraisedratherthan
bescolded.(woulddosth.ratherthandosth.)
2.tendv.易于做某事,往往会发生某事
▶ [教材对接]
(1)Onsocialmediasites,peopletendtopostonly
positiveupdatesthatmakethemappearhappyand
friendly.
在社交媒体网站上,人们往往只会将正面的最新信
息展现出来,让他们看起来很快乐、很友好.
①tendtodo 往往会做
tendtosb. 照料某人
②tendencyn.倾向,趋向;照管;照料
haveatendencytodosth.有做某事的倾向
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(2)(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)WewereparticularlyinG
terestedinexploringtheaspectsofsamplingthat
tendtobias(bias)(使有偏差)data,likethegreaG
terlikelihoodofacitizenscientisttotakeapicture
ofafloweringplantinsteadofthegrassrightnext
toit.
(3)Thereisagrowingtendency(tend)forpeople
toworkathomeinsteadofinoffices.
(4)Occupiedwithroutineofficetasks,shehadno
timetotendtoherchildren.
[能力提升] 句型转换
(5)Hetendstogetangrywhenpeopleobjectto
hisplan.
→HehasatendencytogetangrywhenpeopleobG
jecttohisplan.
3.inspiringadj.鼓舞人心的,启发灵感的
▶ [教材对接]
(1)Lucyisasmartgirl.HerideasarealwaysinG
spiring.
露西是位聪明的女孩,她的观点总是鼓舞人心的.
①aninspirationto 对是一种鼓励
drawinspirationfrom 从中获得灵感
②inspirev. 鼓舞;鼓励
inspiresb.todosth. 鼓舞某人去做某事
beinspiredby 受到的鼓励
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(2)JenniferisafirstGgenerationgraduateandan
inspirationtoherfamily—andthatsprettypowG
erful.
(3)Hertrustinmehasinspiredmetotry(try)
thingsthatIneverimaginedpossible.
(4)(2024新课标Ⅰ卷)Inspired(inspire)bythe
fantasticscenery,Idecidedtocreateawatercolor
paintingofthesmalbridgeovertheparkspond,
surroundedbybloomingflowers.
[能力提升] 完成句子
(5)Shewasdeeplyinspiredbythespeechmadeby
theprofessor.
她深受由这位教授所作演讲的鼓舞.
(6)Natureinspiredhimtowritesuchbeautifulpoems.
大自然赋予他灵感,使他写出如此优美的诗.
4.strikev.(struck,struck/stricken)划(火柴),(雷
电、暴风雨等)袭击;击打;撞击;突然想到(想
法);打动;(钟)敲n.罢工
▶ [教材对接]
(1)Whenyoustruckthematchtolightyourcigar,I
sawitwasthefaceofthemanwantedinChicago.
当你划火柴点燃雪茄时,我看到那是芝加哥通缉犯
的脸.
①Sth.strikessb.某人突然想到
Itstrikessb.that/todo...某人想到
bestruckby...被打动;迷恋
strikesb.in/on+the+身体部位 打某人某部位
②beon/goonstrike在/举行罢工
[基础练通] 写出下列句中strike的词性及含义
(2)JustbeforeSeptember,Milerwasstruckbya
carandlosthisrightarm. v.撞击
(3)Finaly,youneverknow whatwonderfulidea
mightstrikewhileyourmindhasmovedslowly
away. v.突然想到
(4)IheardtheclockstrikingeightwhenIwokeup
thismorning. v.(钟)敲
(5)Theworkerswilgoonstrikeifthedemands
theyputforwardareturneddown. n.罢工
[能力提升] 句型转换
(6)IwasstruckbyhisinspiringwordsanddecidG
edtoworkhard.
→Struckbyhisinspiringwords,Idecidedtowork
hard.(用分词作状语)
13
基础必备 必修第一册
5.(be)upto忙于
▶ [教材对接]
(1)Socialmediatoolsletusseewhatourfriends
areuptoandmaintainfriendships.
社交媒体工具让我们能了解朋友所做之事并维持
彼此间的友谊.
upto其他的意思有:达到,直到;由决定;胜任
[基础练通] 写出下列黑体部分的含义 /单句语法
填空
(2)Wethinkheisntuptotheposition. 胜任
(3)Itsuptoyoutodecidewhenwewilstartfor
ourvacation. 由决定
(4)Uptonow,wehavereceived300lettersfrom
volunteers. 直到
(5)Doyouknow whatyourbrotherisuptoreG
cently?
[能力提升] 完成句子
(6)Thesearemysuggestionsbutitisuptoyouto
decidewhichroutetochoose.
这些仅是我的建议,选择哪一条路线由你来决定.
6.fortunen.机会;运气;大笔的钱;财富;命运
▶ [教材对接]
(1)ThenextmorningIwastostartfortheWest
tomakemyfortune.
第二天一早我就要动身去西部赚大钱了.
①tryonesfortune 碰运气
seekonesfortune 寻找成功致富之路
makeafortune 发财
②fortunateadj. 幸运的;运气好的
③fortunatelyadv. 幸运地
④unfortunateadj. 不幸的;倒霉的
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(2)Itwasfortunate(fortune)enoughtoescape
frombeinginjuredintheaccident.
(3)Ihadthegoodfortune(fortunate)tobechosen
foratripabroad.
(4)(2022新高考Ⅱ卷)Fortunately(fortunate)
forthoseinmidlife,Levineisfindingthatevenif
youhaventbeenanenthusiasticexerciser,getting
inshapenowmayhelpimproveyouragingheart.
[能力提升] 句型转换
(5)Sheisfortunatetohaveagoodteacher,who
helpsheralotwithEnglish.
→Itisfortunatethatshehasagoodteacher,whohelps
heralotwithEnglish.(用it作形式主语改写)
7.appointvt.约定;指定(时间、地点等);任命,委任
▶ [教材对接]
(1)Bob,Iwasattheappointedplaceontime.
鲍勃,我准时到了指定地点.
①appointsb.as/tobe... 任命某人为
appointsb.todosth. 委派某人做某事
②appointmentn. 任命;约会
makeanappointmentwithsb.
与某人约会
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(2)Idliketomakeanappointment(appoint)for
tomorrow.
(3)Itsgoodmannerstoarriveattheappointed
(appoint)timeinChina.
(4)Themanagerappointedhimto meet(meet)
theirguests.
(5)Hewasappointedaschairmanofthecharity.
[能力提升] 句式升级
(6)YesterdayIvisitedmyuncle.Heisappointed
tobepresidentofhiscompany.(用分词作定语)
→YesterdayIvisited myuncleappointedtobe
presidentofhiscompany.
8.distancev.使与保持距离,撇清和的关
系n.距离;远方
▶ [教材对接]
(1)Forexample,youcanbeginwithexpressions
suchasWhydontwe...? Howabout...?oruse
apasttensetodistanceyourselffromthesuggesG
tion:Iwaswonderingwhether...
例如,你可以从诸如“我们为什么不? 怎
么样?”之类的表达开始,或者使用过去式来疏远这
个建议:我想知道是否
①inthedistance 在远处
atadistance 在稍远处
atadistanceof 在距远的地方
keep...atadistance 与保持距离
②distantadj. 遥远的,远处的;冷淡的
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(2)Youcanseethepaintingbetteratadistance
accordingtosomeexperts.
(3)Wedontliketotalkwithadistant(distance)
personbecausehealwayskeepsapersonatadisG
tance.
(4)Thereisabusstopatadistanceof500meters
ahead.
[能力提升] 完成句子
(5)Bobcarefulywalksclosertotheoldman,with
therestofthefamilyfolowingatadistance.
鲍勃小心翼翼地走近老人,其他家人紧跟着,但保
持着一定的距离.
[间考词汇———要知晓]
1.advancevt.&vi.促进;前进;提前n.前进;进步
单句语法填空 /完成句子
(1)Moneywilbepaidhalfinadvanceandhalfon
completion.
23
高考总复习 英语(外研版)
(2)(2022全国乙卷)Verysmaldrones(无人机)
withadvanced(advance)sensorsandAIandtraveling
aheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeacoGpilot.
(3)Chinahasmadegreatadvancesinscienceand
technologyinthepastfourdecades.
在过去的四十年里,中国在科技方面进步很大.
2.anxiousadj.忧虑的;不安的
单句语法填空
(1)Shewasanxioustoknow(know)whathad
happened.
(2)Motherfeltanxiousfor/aboutthechildren
whohadbeengoneonehourtoolong.
(3)Anxiously(anxious),Iwenttobeddreaming
aboutwhatIwouldfindatthetopofthismagical
mountain.
(4)Iheardyousufferedfromanxiety(anxious)
whenyoutookanexamrecently.
3.turnup出现
选词填空
turnaway,turnout,turnup,turndown,turnto
(1)Withnoonetoturntoinsuchafrightening
situation,shefeltveryhelpless.
(2)Howcouldyouturndownsuchafantasticjob
whenyouhavebeenoutofworkformonths?
(3)Thousandsofpeopleturned outto watch
yesterdaysmatchagainstIreland.
(4)Dontworryaboutyournecklace.Itlturnup
soonerorlater.
(5)Thechairmanshookhandswithhimandthen
turnedaway.
1.ThenextmorningIwastostartfortheWestto
makemyfortune.
第二天我就要去西部赚大钱了.
be
to
do
的
用
法
表示命令、义务、责任、约定等,译为“应该,必
须”,长辈对晚辈或上级对下级要求做某事时
常用
表示按照计划或安排将要做某事
表示不可避免要发生的事情或命中注定的
事情
如果主语是aim,duty,hope,job,plan,purG
pose,wish等名词或 what引导的名词性从
句时,不定式作表语解释说明主语的内容
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(1)Wearetoattend(attend)alecturethisafterG
noon.
(2)(2024新课标Ⅱ卷)Campbelspointisto
wake(wake)upthoseresponsibleforAI-the
technologycompaniesandworldleaders.
[能力提升] 完成句子
(3)Thegoalofcolegeeducationistodevelop
highlevelworkers.
培养高水平劳动者是大学教育的目标.
2.AsAristotlesaid,noonewouldchoosetolive
withoutfriends,evenifhehadalothergoods.
正如亚里士多德所说的,没有人会选择没有朋
友的生活,即使他拥有所有其他的美德.
句中As引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是后面的整
个主句,As在从句作said的宾语,翻译为“正如”.
as的用法如下:
用
法
归
纳
①as引导非限制性定语从句时,有“正如;正
像”之意,代指整个主句的内容,常放于主句
之前,有时也可放在主句之后或主句之中.
②as引导限制性定语从句时,先行词常被the
same,such,so等修饰.
③在such...as...中,as引导限制性定语从
句,而such...that...中,that引导结果状
语从句.
注
意
事
项
①与as不同,which引导非限制性定语从句
时,只能放在主句之后,意为“这一点”,且无
“正如/正像”之意.
②在such...as...定语从句中,as在从句中作
主语、宾语等.
③在such...that...状语从句中,that不作任
何成分.
[基础练通] 单句语法填空
(1)Asthesayinggoes,“Agoodbeginningishalf
thebattle.”
(2)ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
[能力提升] 完成句子
(3)Asisalwaysthecasewithlanguagelearning
(同语言学习的情况一样),Mandarinlearningalso
calsforlotsofpractice.
(4)Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthe
report(正如在报道中展示的那样),hasimproved
overthepasttwomonths.
33
基础必备 必修第一册
学生用书 P28
[全练透]
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1.Iamanxious(焦虑的)aboutthecomingexamsoI
amwritingtoaskyouforhelp.
2.Wewouldliketothankthemfortheirpatience(耐
心)andunderstanding.
3.Idliketoexpressoursincereapologiesforthe
poorquality(质量)ofourproducts.
4.The mandelivers(递 送)thepackagestothe
womanonceaweek.
5.Thedistance(距离)from MarathontoAthenswas
about26miles.
6.Foranupdate(最新消息)onroadconditions,conG
tactthehighwaydepartment.
Ⅱ.语境填空
1.Henryremembersthedaywel.Itwasadaythat/
whichwouldchangehislife.
2.Hewasknownforhisgenerosity(generous)tohis
coleagues.
3.Everyone wasassembledattheappointed(apG
point)time.
4.Hisinspiring(inspire)speechencouragedustotry
again.
5.Itstruck(strike)Tomthatwhathedsaidabout
Helenappliedtohimtoo.
6.Theschools modern surroundings(surround)
provideastimulatinglearningenvironmentfor
students.
7.Hehasjustwrittenabook,nicelyilustrated(ilG
lustrate)andnottootechnical.
8.Itisimpossibletodeliver(deliver)thisletterbeG
causetheaddressisilegible.
9.Uptonowlotsoftestshaveproved(prove)that
thesystemworks.
10.Standingonthetopfloor,hecouldseethetal
towerinthedistance(distant).
Ⅲ.选词填空
stayintouchwith,keepinmind,longfor,turnup,
thanksto,losetrackof
1.Keepinmindthatinlifeweoftengetachanceto
choosetodoornottodosomething.
2.Hismindwouldwander,andhewouldlosetrack
ofwhathewasdoing.
3.Thankstomodernscienceandtechnology,people
leadamorecomfortableandricherlife.
4.Itisapitythatsomepeoplecantturnupatsuch
agreatfestivalforavarietyofreasons.
5.Nevergiveuphopeandbestrong! Longingfor
goodnewsfromyou!
6.ManyyoungChineseusethemessagestostayin
touchwiththeirfriends.
Ⅳ.完成句子
1.如果她发现你把她的书丢了怎么办?
Whatifshefindsthatyouvelostherbook?
2.不管你做什么,你都必须把它做好.
Whateveryoudo,youmustdoitwel.
3.众所周知,月球绕着地球转.
Asisknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsround
theearth.
4.根据时间安排,会议将会在下周一开始.
Accordingtotheschedule,themeetingistostart
nextMonday.
5.当体育明星出现在大厅里时,掌声经久不衰.
Whenthesportsheroturnedupinthehal,there
waslastingapplause.
[重落实]
Ⅰ.单元巩固练
在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的
正确形式(黑体词为本单元重点词汇).
How wouldyoufeelifmovingtoanewtown
meantlosingtrackofyourfriends? Whatifyour
1.delivered(deliver)letterhasntbeenreceived?
Thanksto2.advances(advance)intechnology,the
thinghaschanged3.significantly(significant).We
canmovearoundtheworldandstilstayintouch
with4.our(we)friendsandmaintainourfriendship.
Thedigitalageenablesus5.tofind(find)people
sharingthesameinterestswithus.Butweneedto
becautiousaboutbeingfriends6.withpeopleonG
line.Peopletendtopostonlypositiveupdatesmaking
43
高考总复习 英语(外研版)
themappearhappyand7.friendly(friend).Wecouldbe
sharingourinformation withcriminals.8.Butthis
doesntmeanweshouldthrowthebabyoutwiththe
bathwater.Althoughtechnology9.haschanged(change)
thewayweacquirefriends,themeaningoffriendship
andour10.longing(long)forfriendsremainthe
same.
Ⅱ.话题微写作(观点看法)
生活中我们都需要朋友,那我们该结交怎样的朋
友呢? 不同的人有不同的看法.请认真阅读下面的
引语,按要求用英语写一篇短文.
“Atruefriendisasourceofstrengthandhope.”
———JonathanLockwoodHuie
内容要求:
1.谈谈你对该引语的理解;
2.你的相关经历;
3.恰当结尾.
注意:1.短文开头已给出,不计入总词数;
2.尽量使用本单元知识点;
3.词数80左右.
ThisquotationfromJonathanLockwoodHuie
telsusthat
[参考范文]
ThisquotationfromJonathanLockwoodHuie
telsusthatrealfriendscangiveusstrengthand
hopewhenweareintrouble.Weneedsuchfriends
whocanhelpusoutinsteadoflettingusdown.Once
Ifailedagainandagaininmymathandlostinterest
init,itwasmybestfriendwhoencouragedmenotto
giveupandofferedhelpintime.Withhiskindand
selflesshelp,Igradualycaughtupwithothers.
SoIsayweneedfriendsbutwhatweneedmost
isafriendthatcanenrichourlife.
Ⅲ.读后续写微技能(4)———“害怕与恐惧”
●[多样表达]
1.beafraidof害怕
2.scarev.&n.恐惧,害怕
scaredadj.害怕的;恐惧的
3.fearn.害怕,恐惧
fuloffear充满恐惧
haveafearof害怕
4.horrorn.恐惧
fulofhorror充满恐惧
5.bestruckwithhorror感到恐惧
6.scaresb.todeath吓死某人
7.bescaredsily吓傻了
8.givesb.goosebumps让某人起鸡皮疙瘩
9.makesb.shairstandonend使(某人)毛骨悚然
10.onpinsandneedles坐立不安,如坐针毡
●[佳句观摩]
看恐怖片时,小男孩吓坏了.
概括描写:
Seeingthehorrorfilm,thelittleboygotscared.
细节描述:
1.Seeingthehorrorfilm,thelittleboywastooscared
togotosleep(吓坏了,根本睡不着).
2.Seeingthehorrorfilm,thelittleboyrealyhadhis
heartinhismouth(吓得他心都提到嗓子眼了).
3.Seeingthehorrorfilm,thelittleboygotsofrightG
enedthatitscaredhimoutofhiswits(他吓得魂不
附体).
●[好句仿写]
看到那只凶恶的狗时,珍妮感到很害怕.
概括描写:
Atthesightofthefiercedog,Jennyfeltvery
scared.
细节描述:
1.Atthesightofthefiercedog,Jennyfeltsoscared
thatherthroattightenedandherkneesfeltweak
(嗓子发紧,膝盖发软).
2.Atthesightofthefiercedog,Jennyfrozewith
terror,tooscaredtomoveaninch(吓呆了,不敢
动弹).
3.Atthesightofthefiercedog,Jennywasseizedby
astrongsenseofhorrorandherpalmsweresweaG
ting(被深深的恐惧感所控制,手心出汗).
53
基础必备 必修第一册
学生用书 P31
[培优1] 单元知识链高考
一、熟词生义
1.(全国Ⅲ卷)ThewholethingdevelopsintoanunG
pleasantsceneandthatruinseveryonesday.
n.场景
2.Iamnotonlyinterestedinphotograph,butItook
anamateurcourseatuniversityto update my
skils. v.更新;提高
3.Shecantelyourfortunebylookingatthelinesof
yourhands. n.命运;前途
二、一词多义———根据语境选出scene的含义
A.现场 B.景色 C.舞台 D.场景
1.Thefirstsceneoftheplayisthekingspalace.
D
2.Hedrewapictureofwintryscene. B
[培优2] 高考语篇培素养———Topic:人类道德规范
◆真题文本 ◆真题再做
(2024北京卷)FranzBoassdescriptionofInuit(因纽特人)lifein
the19thcenturyilustratestheprobable moralcodeofearlyhumans.
Here,norms (规范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,but
werewelunderstoodandtakentoheart.Dishonestandviolentbehaviours
weredisapprovedof;leadership,marriageandinteractions withother
groupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.Conflictwasoftenresolvedin
musicalbattles.Becausearguingangrilyleadstochaos,itwasstrongly
discouraged.WithlifeintheunforgivingNorthernCanadabeingsodemanG
ding,theInuitspracticalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.
Thesimilarityof moralvirtuesacrossculturesisstriking,even
thoughtherelativerankingofthevirtuesmayvarywithasocialgroups
historyandenvironment.Typicaly,crueltyandcheatingarediscouraged,
whilecooperation,humblenessandcouragearepraised.Theseuniversal
normsfarpreGdatetheconceptofanymoralisingreligionorwrittenlaw.
Instead,theyarerootedinthesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandour
sharedmechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.Oursocialinstincts
(本能)includetheintensedesiretobelong.TheapprovalofothersisreG
warding,whiletheirdisapprovalisstronglydisliked.ThesesocialemoG
tionsprepareourbrainstoshapeourbehaviouraccordingtothenormsand
valuesofourfamilyandourcommunity.Moregeneraly,socialinstincts
motivateustolearnhowtobehaveinasocialycomplexworld.
Themechanisminvolvesarepurposedrewardsystemoriginalyused
todevelophabitsimportantforselfGcare.OurbrainsusethesystemtoacG
quirebehaviouralpatternsregardingsaferouteshome,efficientfoodgathG
eringanddangerstoavoid.Goodhabitssavetime,energyandsometimes
yourlife.Goodsocialhabitsdosomethingsimilarinasocialcontext.We
learntotelthetruth,evenwhenlyingisselfGserving;wehelpagrandG
parentevenwhenitisinconvenient.Weacquirewhatwecalasenseof
rightandwrong.
Socialbenefitsareaccompaniedbysocialdemands:we mustget
along,butnotputupwithtoomuch.HenceselfGdisciplineisadvantaG
geous.Inhumans,agreatlyenlargedbrainboostsselfGcontrol,justasit
boostsproblemGsolvingskilsinthesocialaswelasthephysicalworld.
Theseabilitiesarestrengthenedbyourcapacityforlanguage,whichalG
lowssocialpracticestodevelopinextremelyunobviousways.
1.Whatcanbeinferredabout
theforming oftheInuits
moralcode?
A.Livingconditionswerethe
drive.
B.Unwrittenruleswerethe
target.
C.SocialtraditionwasthebaG
sis.
D.Honestywasthekey.
2.Whatcanwelearnfromthis
passage?
A.Inconveniencesarethecause
oftelinglies.
B.Basichumanneedsleadto
universalnorms.
C.Languagecapacityislimited
byselfGcontrol.
D.WrittenlawshavegreatinG
fluenceonvirtues.
3.WhichwouldbethebesttiG
tleforthispassage?
A.Virtues:BridgesAcross
Cultures
B.TheValuesofSelfGdisciG
pline
C.Brains:WalsAgainst
Chaos
D.TheRootsofMorality
63
高考总复习 英语(外研版)
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.主要围绕人类道
德规范的起源进行讨论,介绍了早期人类道德准则的
形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社
会学习和问题解决机制中.
1.C [推理判断题.根据第一段“Here,norms(规
范)wereunwrittenandrarelyexpressedclearly,
butwerewelunderstoodandtakentoheart.DisG
honestandviolentbehaviours weredisapproved
of;leadership,marriageandinteractions with
othergroupswerelooselygovernedbytraditions.
Conflictwasoftenresolvedinmusicalbattles.BeG
causearguing angrily leadsto chaos,it was
stronglydiscouraged.Withlifeintheunforgiving
NorthernCanadabeingsodemanding,theInuits
practicalapproachtomoralitymadegoodsense.
(在这里,规范是不成文的,很少明确表达,但被很
好地理解和铭记.不赞成不诚实和暴力行为;领
导、婚姻以及与其他群体的互动都受到传统的松散
控制.冲突往往通过音乐斗争来解决.因为愤怒
的争论会导致混乱,所以被强烈反对.在无情的加
拿大北部,生活的要求如此之高,因纽特人对待道
德的务实态度很有道理.)”可知,因纽特人的生活
中,规范是不成文的,因纽特人的道德准则的形成
是以社会传统为基础的.]
2.B [细节理解 题.根 据 第 二 段“Theseuniversal
normsfarpreGdatetheconceptofanymoralising
religionorwrittenlaw.Instead,theyarerootedin
thesimilarityofbasichumanneedsandourshared
mechanismsforlearningandproblemsolving.(这
些普遍规范远远早于任何道德化宗教或成文法律
的概念.相反,它们植根于人类基本需求的相似性
以及我们学习和解决问题的共同机制.)”可知,普
遍的道德规范植根于人类基本需求的相似性以及
我们学习和解决问题的共同机制,即人类的基本需
求导致普遍的道德规范形成.]
3.D [主旨大意题.根据第一段“FranzBoassdeG
scriptionofInuit(因纽特人)lifeinthe19thcenG
turyilustratestheprobablemoralcodeofearly
humans.(弗朗兹博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生
活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则.)”以及
文章内容可知,本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行
讨论,主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及
其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和
问题解决机制中,所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章
标题.]
◆素材积累
(一)由文本积累主题词块
1.moralcodeofearlyhumans 早期人类的道德准则
2.leadtochaos 导致混乱
3.thesimilarityofmoralvirtues 道德美德的相似性
4.berootedin 根植于
5.asocialycomplexworld 一个社会复杂的世界
6.asenseofrightandwrong 一种是非对错的感觉
7.problemGsolvingskils 解题技巧
8.socialpractices 社会实践
(二)由文本积累阅读词汇
1.coden. 行为准则
2.dishonestadj. 不诚实的
3.leadershipn. 领导;领先地位
4.disapprovev. 不赞成
5.communityn. 社区
6.systemn. 系统
7.selfGdisciplinen 自律
8.advantageousadj. 有利的;有好处的
(三)由文本辨熟词生义(将词义对应的字母填到横线上)
1.violent
A.暴力的 B.剧烈的 C.猛烈的 D.狂暴的
①TheprocesswilslowlycarryonwithoutproduG
cinganyviolentshake,noisesanddust. B
②Aviolentstormhadstruckthearea. C
③ Whatal thistelsusisthathurricanesare
muchmorethanjustviolent,damagingstorms.
D
2.social
A.社会的 B.交际的 C.群居的 D.联谊会
①Atfirst,languageisasocialphenomenon,and
isalsothetoolofsocialintercommunication.
B
②Thereisnodoubtthatthesephenomenaare
shockingandshouldarouseoursocialconcern.
A
③Theseendangeredgentlegiantsarehighlysocial
animals. C
◆长句缩写
Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesacrossculturesis
striking,eventhoughtherelativerankingofthe
virtuesmayvarywithasocialgroupshistoryand
environment.
[句子剖析] 请将句中的“枝叶”(名词短语、介词
短语、非谓语动词短语、形容词、副词、连词、从句)
去掉,留下“主干”(主谓宾或主系表).
Thesimilarityofmoralvirtues(acrosscultures)is
striking,(eventhoughtherelativerankingofthe
virtuesmayvarywithasocialgroupshistoryand
environment).
[句子缩写] Thesimilarityofmoralvirtuesis
striking.(不超过10个单词)
73
基础必备 必修第一册