内容正文:
UNIT5 LANGUAGESAROUNDTHEWORLD
学生用书 课时冲关6 P237
Ⅰ.阅读 主题:人与社会 体裁:议论文 话题:“语言障碍”与科学普及
RamírezCastaneda,aColombianbiologist,
spendshertimeinthe Amazonstudyinghow
snakeseatpoisonousfrogswithoutgettingil.
Althoughherfindingscomeinmanyshapesand
sizes,sheandhercoleagueshavestruggledto
gettheirbiologicaldiscoveriesouttothewider
scientificcommunity.WithSpanishashermothG
ertongue,herresearchhadtobetranslatedinto
Englishtobepublished.ThatwasntalwaysposG
siblebecauseofbudgetortime—andit means
thatsomeofherfindingswereneverpublished.
“ItsnotthatImabadscientist,”shesays.
“Itsjustbecauseofthelanguage.”
Castanedaisnotalone.Thereisplentyof
researchinnonGEnglishGlanguagepapersthatgets
lostintranslation,orisnevertranslated.A
studylookedthroughmorethan400,000peerGreG
viewedpapersin16differentlanguagesandfound
1,234papersprovidingevidenceonbiodiversity
conservation which,because they werentin
English,mayhavebeenoverlooked.TheseinG
cludedJapaneseGlanguagefindingsontheeffecG
tivenessofrelocatingtheendangeredBlakistons
fishowl,thelargestowlspecies.
Someexpertsarguethatforthesakeofthe
biggerpicture,scientificknowledgeshouldconG
verge(转换)intoonecommonlanguage.Science
isveryglobalizedandbecomingmoreso,sothe
useofagloballanguageisenormousforthat.
Ofcourse,scientistscanworkwithanEngG
lishpartner,oruseatranslator,butthisultiG
matelystrengthensthecycleofdependencyon
theglobalnorth,leadingtoinequalityininternaG
tionalinfluence.Thespecificmeaningsofwords
canalsoposeproblemsfortranslation.ForexG
ample,itisdifficulttofindinEnglishonesingle
wordtodescribeforestsnakesandfrogsinthe
workCastanedadoeswithindigenous(当地的)
communitiesintheAmazon.
“So werelosingobservationsforscience,
too,”saysCastaneda.“Forme,itsnotpossible
tojusthaveeverythingtranslatedintoEnglish.
Weneed multilingual(多语种的)science,and
weneedpeoplethatfeelcomfortabledoingsciG
enceintheirownlanguages.Itcouldbepossible
toswitchtoaworldwhere,Chinese,Englishand
Spanisharethethreelanguagesofscience,just
asEnglish,FrenchandGermanwerethelanguaG
gesofscienceinthe19thcentury.”
1.WhatpreventedCastanedasdiscoveriesfrom
beingmorewidelyknown?
A.Poormanagement.
B.Oppositionfromhercoleagues.
C.Herbadreputation.
D.Thelanguagebarrier.
2.Whatistheconsequenceofthedominantfocus
onEnglishinscientificresearch?
A.Inefficientwildlifeconservation.
B.Aknowledgegapinthescientificworld.
C.AreducinginterestinnonGEnglishpapers.
D.Inadequatejobopportunitiesfortranslators.
3.Whatdoestheauthor wanttoilustrateby
mentioningforestsnakesandfrogsinParaG
graph5?
A.Theurgencytoprotectrarespecies.
B.Theneedtoadoptonegloballanguage.
C.Thechalengesintranslatingscientifictexts.
D.ThebiodiversityontheSouthAmericancontiG
nent.
4.Whatispresentedinthelastparagraphofthe
text?
A.Apotentialsolution.
B.Atheoreticalmodel.
C.Apopularbelief.
D.Aglobaltrend.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇议论文.文章以一位哥
伦比亚生物学家卡斯塔涅达遭遇的语言问题为
例,揭示了目前有很多非英文论文无法被翻译成
英语发表的问题.此外,一些专家主张,科学知识
应当用通用语来讨论和表述.但卡斯塔涅达希望
建立一个多语种的科学世界.
1.D [细节理解题.根据第一段中的关键表述
“WithSpanishashermothertongue,herreG
search...becauseofbudgetortime”可知,卡
斯塔涅达的母语是西班牙语,她的研究需要翻
译成英语才能发表,这并非总能实现.由此可
推知,语言障碍阻止了卡斯塔涅达的发现在科
学界普及.]
423
高考总复习 英语
2.B [细节理解题.根据第五段中的关键表述
poseproblemsfortranslation以及 difficultto
findinEnglishonesinglewordtodescribe可
知,将其他语种的文本翻译成英语会产生问题、
遇到困难.由此可推知,科学研究中以英语为
主导的结果是在科学界产生知识鸿沟.]
3.C [推理判断题.根据第五段中的例子“For
example,itisdifficulttofindinEnglishone
singleword...indigenouscommunitiesinthe
Amazon.”和第五段第二句“ThespecificmeanG
ingsofwordscanalsoposeproblemsfortransG
lation.”可知,文字翻译会产生问题.由此可推
知,作者以森林中的蛇和青蛙的翻译为例,旨在
说明翻译科学研究的文本中存在的挑战.]
4.A [主旨大意题.最后一段提到多学科语言的
科学,比如将汉语、英语和西班牙语作为科学语
言.由此可推知,本段主要介绍了针对科学研
究中出现的翻译困境给出的可能的解决方案.]
Ⅱ.阅读七选五 主题:人与社会 体裁:说明文 话题:语言会随着时间而变化
Insomeways,itissurprisingthatlanguages
change.Afteral,theyarepasseddownthrough
thegenerationsreliablyenoughforparentsand
childrentocommunicatewitheachother. 1
Forexample,whileJapanesehaschangedrelaG
tively little over a thousand years, English
evolvedrapidlyinjustafew centuries.Many
presentdayspeakersfindShakespearssixteenthG
centuryplaysdifficultandChaucersfourteenthG
centuryTheCanterburyTalesnearlyimpossible
toread.
Languageschangeforavarietyofreasons.
LargeGscaleshiftsoftenoccurinresponsetosoG
cial,economic,andpoliticalpressures,asthere
aremanyexamplesoflanguagechangefueledby
invasions,colonization,and migration. 2
Frequently,theneedsofspeakersdrivelanguage
change.New technologiesindustries,products
andexperiencessimplyrequirenew words.By
usingnewandemergingterms,wealdrivelanG
guagechange.Buttheuniquewaythatindividuals
speakalsofuelslanguagechangebecausenotwo
individualsusealanguageinexactlythesame
way. 3 ThroughourdayGtoGdayinteractions,
wepickupwordsandsavingsfromotherpeople
andintegratethemintoourspeech.Teensand
youngadults,forexample,oftenusedifferent
wordsandphrasesfromtheirparents.Someof
themspreadthroughthepopulationandslowly
changethelanguage.
4 Vocabularycanchangequicklyasnew
wordsareborrowedfromotherlanguages,oras
wordsgetcoined,combined,orshortened.Some
wordsareevencreatedthroughmisinterpretation
ofform.AsnotedintheLinguisticSocietyof
AmericaspublicationIsEnglishChanging?,the
wordpeaisonesuchexample.Upuntilabout
fourhundredyearsago,peasecouldrefertoeiG
therasinglepeaormanypeas.Atsomepoint,
peopleassumedthatpeasewasthepluralformof
anewword,pea,basedonthewaypeasesounG
ded.Whilevocabularycanchangequickly,senG
tencestructure-theorderofwordsinasentence
changesmoreslowly. 5 Forexample,during
theGreatVowelShiftfivehundredyearsago,
thepronunciationofvowelsinEnglishchanged
dramaticaly.Thisshiftrepresentsthe biggest
differencebetweenthepronunciationof Middle
EnglishandModernEnglish.
A.ChangesinsoundaresomewhathardertodocG
umentbutjustasinteresting.
B.Yetlinguistsfindthatal livinglanguages
changeovertime-atdifferentratesthough.
C.Aslongaspeopleareusingalanguage,that
languagewilundergosomechange.
D.Al naturallanguageschange,andlanguage
changeaffectsalareasoflanguageuse.
E.Thethreemainareasoflanguagethatchange
overtimearevocabulary,sentencestructure,
andpronunciation.
F.Evenwithoutthesekindsofinfluences,alanG
guagecanchangedramaticalyifenoughusers
adoptanewwayofspeaking.
G.Thevocabularyandphrasespeopleusedepend
onwheretheylive,theirage,educationlevel,
socialstatusandotherfactors.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章介绍了语
言会随着时间而变化,其原因很多,变化主要体现
在词汇、句子结构和发音三个方面.
1.B [前文“Insomeways,itissurprisingthat
languageschange.Afteral,theyarepassed
downthroughthegenerationsreliablyenough
forparentsandchildrentocommunicatewith
eachother.(在某些方面,语言的变化是令人惊
讶的.毕竟,它们代代相传,足以让父母和孩子
相互交流.)”引入文章的话题语言的变化,后文
“Forexample,whileJapanesehaschangedrelG
ativelylittleoverathousandyears,English
523
基础必备 必修第一册
evolvedrapidlyinjustafewcenturies.(例如,
在一千多年的时间里,日语的变化相对较小,而
英语在短短几个世纪内就迅速演化.)”用日语和
英语的变化情况作为例子,B项“Yetlinguistsfind
thatallivinglanguageschangeovertime—atdifG
ferentratesthough.(然而,语言学家发现,所有现
存的语言都会随着时间的推移而变化———尽管
变化的速度不同.)”符合语境,和前文对语言变
化的惊讶构成转折,是后文的例证支持的观点,
后文 的 “changedrelativelylittleoverathouG
sandyears”“evolvedrapidlyinjustafewcenG
turies”解释了其中的“atdifferentrates”.]
2.F [前 文“Languageschangeforavarietyof
reasons.LargeGscaleshiftsoftenoccurinreG
sponsetosocial,economic,andpoliticalpresG
sures,astherearemanyexamplesoflanguage
changefueledbyinvasions,colonization,and
migration.(语 言 的 变 化 有 很 多 原 因.由 于 社
会、经济和政治压力的影响,语言往往会发生大
规模变化,因为有很多入侵、殖民和移民推动语
言变化的例子.)”点明了本段的主旨———语言变
化的原因,介绍了外部宏观环境的原因,F项“Even
withoutthesekindsofinfluences,alanguagecan
changedramaticalyifenoughusersadopta
newwayofspeaking.(即使没有这些影响,如
果有足够多的使用者采用一种新的说话方式,
一门语言也会发生巨大的变化.)”符合语境,承
接前文,其中的“thesekindsofinfluences”指前
文 的 “social,economic,and politicalpresG
sures”,介绍了使用者方面的原因作为补充.]
3.G [前文“Buttheuniquewaythatindividuals
speakalsofuelslanguagechangebecauseno
twoindividualsusealanguageinexactlythe
sameway.(但是个体说话的独特方式也会促进
语言的变化,因为没有两个人使用一种语言的
方式完全相同.)”提到了个体使用的语言存在
差异,G项“Thevocabularyandphrasespeople
usedependonwheretheylive,theirage,eduG
cationlevel,socialstatusandotherfactors.(人
们使用的词汇和短语取决于他们居住的地方、
年龄、教育程度、社会地位和其他因素.)”符合
语境,具体解释了个体语言差异的原因.]
4.E [空处位于段首,是段落的主旨句,需概括段
落内容.后文“Vocabularycanchangequickly
asnewwordsareborrowedfromotherlanguaG
ges,oras wordsgetcoined,combined,or
shortened.(词汇变化很快,比如从其他语言中
借用 新 词,或 者 新 词 被 创 造、组 合 或 缩 略.)”
“Whilevocabularycanchangequickly,senG
tencestructure—theorderofwordsinasenG
tencechangesmoreslowly.(虽然词汇变化很
快,但句子结构———句子中单词的顺序变化得
比较 慢.)”和“Forexample,duringtheGreat
VowelShiftfivehundredyearsago,theproG
nunciationofvowelsinEnglishchangeddraG
maticaly.(例如,在500年前的元音大推移期
间,英语元音的发音发生了巨大变化.)”涉及语
言变化中的词汇、句子结构和发音,E 项“The
threemainareasoflanguagethatchangeover
timearevocabulary,sentencestructure,and
pronunciation.(语言随着时间的推移发生变化
的三个主要方面是词汇、句子结构和发音.)”符
合语境,概括了这三个方面的内容.]
5.A [后 文 “Forexample,duringthe Great
VowelShiftfivehundredyearsago,theproG
nunciationofvowelsinEnglishchangeddraG
maticaly.This shiftrepresentsthe biggest
differencebetweenthepronunciationofMiddle
EnglishandModernEnglish.(例如,在500年
前的元音大推移期间,英语元音的发音发生了
巨大变化.这种转变体现了中世纪英语和现代
英语发音的最大区别.)”介绍的是语言变化的
发音方 面,A 项 “ChangesinsoundaresomeG
whathardertodocumentbutjustasinterestG
ing.(声音的变化很难记录,但同样有趣.)”符合
语境,引起后文内容.]
Ⅲ.语法填空 主题:人与社会 体裁:说明文 话题:设立国际语言日及中文日的意义
(2025八省联考)In2010,theUNDepartG
mentofGlobalCommunicationsinstitutedlanG
guagedaysforeachoftheorganizationssixoffiG
ciallanguages.ThegoalwastwoGfold:1.
(celebrate)culturaldiversityaswelastoproG
motetheequaluse ofal six 2.
(tongue).
Languageisthecarrierofcommunication,
thebridgeofinteractionbetweennations,3.
thebondofunderstandingamongcivilizaG
tions.Atthesametime,alanguageanditsindiG
vidual4. (write)formsmakeupthe
“soul”ofanationaltradition.Everylanguageis
worthyofrespectandshould5. (treat)
equaly.
The UN Chinese Language Day notonly
providesauniqueplatform6. theworld
tobetterunderstandChina,butalso7.
(promote)languageandculturalexchangesinthe
world.
623
高考总复习 英语
Today,morethan70countrieshaveincluded
theChineselanguageintheireducationsystems.
Chineseplaysanincreasinglyimportantrolein8.
(improve)communicationandcooperaG
tionbetweenChinaand9. restofthe
world.As moreand moreforeignersstartto
studytheChineselanguageandexperienceChiG
neseculture,theworldwilhaveabetterunderG
standingofChinaanditsrichhistory,itshardG
workingpeople,itsdevelopmentthrough10.
(innovate),anditsinclusiveness.China,
onitspart,wilalsoembrace(拥抱)theworld
withgreateropennessand makenewcontribuG
tionstotheinternationalcommunity.
[语篇解读] 本文是一篇说明文.文章主要讲述
了联合国设立语言日的目的及中文日的意义.
1.tocelebrate [考查非谓语动词.句意:目的是双
重的:庆祝文化多样性,并促进所有六种语言的平
等使用.本句谓语为 was,此处为非谓语动词,应
用celebrate“庆祝”的不定式,作目的状语,与to
promote并列.故填tocelebrate.]
2.tongues [考查名词的数.句意:目的是双重的:
庆祝文化多样性,并促进所有六种语言的平等使
用.tongue“语言”为可数名词,由six修饰,应用复
数形式.故填tongues.]
3.and [考查连词.句意:语言是沟通的载体,是
国家间互动的桥梁,是文明间理解的纽带.the
carrierofcommunication、thebridgeofinteracG
tionbetweennations 和 thebondofunderG
standingamongcivilizations为并列关系,应用
连词and连接.故填and.]
4.written [考查形容词.句意:语言和它的书写
形式组成了民族传统的“灵魂”.本空修饰名词
forms,需用形容词 written“书写的”,作前置定
语.故填 written.]
5.betreated [考查动词语态.句意:每一种语言
都值得尊重,应该平等对待.主语 EverylanG
guage与动词treat“对待”构成被动关系,用 be
treated表被动,且位于情态动词should后,be
用原形.故填betreated.]
6.for [考查介词.句意:联合国中文日不仅为世
界提供了一个更好地了解中国的独特平台,而
且促进了世界范围内的语言和文化交流.表示
“为某 人/某 物 提 供 某 物”用 固 定 短 语 provide
sth.forsb./sth.,本空用介词for,符合题意.
故填for.]
7.promotes [考查时态和主谓一致.句意:联合
国中文日不仅为世界提供了一个更好地了解中
国的独特平台,而且促进了世界范围内的语言
和文化交流.此处与 provides并列作谓语,时
态应用一般现在时,且主语为 TheUNChinese
LanguageDay,本空用promote“促进”的第三人
称单数promotes.故填promotes.]
8.improving [考查非谓语动词.句意:中文在促
进中国与世界其他地区的交流与合作方面发挥
着越来越重要的作用.此处作介词in的宾语,
应用improve“提高”的动名词形式,作宾语.故
填improving.]
9.the [考查冠词.句意:中文在促进中国与世
界其他地区的交流与合作方面发挥着越来越重
要的作用.therestof...“的其余部分”,
为固 定 用 法,本 空 用 冠 词 the,符 合 题 意.故
填the.]
10.innovation [考查名词.句意:随着越来越多
的外国人开始学习中文和体验中国文化,世界
将更好地了解中国及其丰富的历史、勤劳的人
民、通过创新实现的发展以及包容性.此处作
介词through的宾语,应用名词innovation“创
新”.故填innovation.]
Ⅳ.读后续写 主题:人与自我 体裁:记叙文 话题:追梦人
阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续
写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文.
Mariehadalwaysdreamedofbecominga
professionaldancerandwaspreparingforahighG
leveldancecompetitionwhichwasaimedtodraw
excelentdancersfrom al overthecountry.It
wasaprestigious(负有盛名的)event,andMarie
knewthatifshewantedtomakeanameforherG
selfintheworldofbalet,thiswasherchance.
Shespenteverywakingmomentpracticing,deG
terminedtogiveitheralonthebigday.
Whenthedayofthecompetitionarrived,
Mariewasnervousbutexcited.Shehadtrained
hardforthismomentforyearsandfeltconfident
inherwelGprepareddancing.Asshewalkedonto
thestage,thebrightlightsblindedhermomentaG
rily,butshequicklyregainedhercomposureand
begantodance.
Themusicswirledaroundherasshemoved
gracefulyacrossthestage.Hermovementswere
fluidandprecise,eachstepperfectlyexecuted.
Theaudiencewatchedinaweas Mariedanced,
completelylostinthemoment.
Butthen,ithappened.Duringaparticularly
difficultjump,Marielandedawkwardlyonher
ankleandfeltasharppainshootupherleg.She
723
基础必备 必修第一册
triedtoignoreitandcontinuedancing,butthe
painwastoomuch.Shefeltothefloor,clutcG
hingherleginagony.
Paramedicsrushedontothestagetotendto
her,andMariewastakentothehospital.ThediG
agnosiswasdevastating:shehadtornseveralligG
aments(韧带)inherankleandwouldneedexG
tensivesurgerytorepairthedamage.Mariewas
heldbydesperateshock.Shehadworkedsohard
togetwhereshewas,andnowitseemedlikeal
ofherdreamswereslippingaway.Forweeks,
Mariewasconfinedtoawheelchair,unableto
movewithoutassistance.Shefelthelplessand
alone,wonderingifshewouldeverbeableto
danceagain.
注意:1.续写词数应为150左右;
2.请按如下格式在相应位置作答.
Oneday,sheheardaknockonherhospital
roomdoorandincameJenny,hertoughestoppoG
nentinthedancecompetition.
Slowly,shefelt more open to accepting
Jennyshelpandsupport.
[参考范文]
Oneday,sheheardaknockonherhospital
roomdoorandincameJenny,hertoughestopG
ponentinthedancecompetition.MariewassurG
prisedandalittleskepticalofwhyJennywould
wanttovisither.Afteral,theyhadbeenfierce
competitorsjustdaysearlierand didntrealy
knoweachotheroutsideofthecompetition.Jenny
gentlywalkedcloseandsatbyMarie,explaining
thatasafelowdancer,sheunderstoodthepain
andsuffering,andjustwantedtooffersupportto
Marieduringthischalengingtime.Sincethen,
JennycontinuedtovisitMarieatthehospitalregG
ularly,bringingherflowersandgiftstoliftherspirG
its.EverytimeMariefeltdepressed,Jennywouldofer
wordsofencouragementandsupport.
Slowly,shefelt moreopentoaccepting
Jennyshelpandsupport.Jennyevenwentwith
Marietophysicaltherapysessions,supporting
herassheworkedthroughthepainfulexercises
andstretches.Shewouldholdherhandandcheer
heron,remindingherthateachsmalstepwas
gettingherclosertoachievinghergoals.AsMaG
rieslowlystartedtoregainherstrengthandmobG
ility,JennybecameanintegralpartofherrecovG
eryprocess.Andtheirfriendshipcontinuedto
grow stronger as they supported each other
throughtheupsanddownsoftheirjourney.
[语篇解读] 本文以人物为线索展开,讲述了玛
丽一直梦想成为一名专业舞者.为了崭露头角,
她刻苦训练,备战一场全国性的舞蹈比赛.在比
赛中她发挥得很好,观众完全沉浸在她的表演之
中.但在最后阶段的一次特别困难的跳跃中,她
失误了,脚踝撕裂了几根韧带.她现在只能坐在
轮椅上,感到无助和孤独,不知道她还能不能再
跳舞.
[详解]
1.段落续写:
①由第一段首句内容“一天,她听到有人敲她病
房的门,进来的是珍妮,她在舞蹈比赛中最强的
对手.”可知,第一段可描写玛丽对珍妮的到来
表示怀疑,但珍妮解释只是想在这段充满挑战
的时期给玛丽提供支持.
②由第二段首句内容“慢慢地,她更愿意接受珍
妮的帮助和支持.”可知,第二段可描写在珍妮
的帮助下,玛丽开始慢慢恢复体力和活动能力,
两人的友谊不断加深.
2.续 写 线 索:玛 丽 怀 疑 珍 妮———珍 妮 说 明 意
图———玛丽接受珍妮———玛丽慢慢恢复———友
谊不断加深
3.词汇激活
行为类
①提供支持:offersupport/providesupport
②继续拜访玛丽:continuetovisitMarie/keep
visitingMarie
③ 实 现 她 的 目 标:achievehergoals/realize
hergoals
情绪类
①惊讶的:surprised/astonished
②温柔地:gently/tenderly/softly
823
高考总复习 英语