第2章 名词-【高考零起点】2025年新高考英语总复习学用word（艺考）

第二章　名词 一、名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名、 地名、 人名、 团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 二、名词的数 1. 可数名词 (1)可数名词变复数的规则变化 情况 方法 例词 一般情况 加s students, teachers, doctors, tables 以s、x、ch、sh结尾 加es glasses, dishes, boxes, watches，但stomach的复数形式是直接加s，即stomachs 以辅音字母＋y结尾 变y为i再加es families, babies, armies, bodies 以元音字母＋y结尾 加s boys, toys 以f或fe结尾 大都变f或fe为v，再加es thieves, wives, knives, shelves, lives 少数加s beliefs, proofs, roofs, chiefs 以o结尾 通常加s radios, videos, zoos, tobaccos, pianos, photos 有的加es Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, mangoes 既可以加es, 也可以加s mosquitos(mosquitoes), volcanos(volcanoes) (2)可数名词变复数的不规则变化 ①自身有特殊变化的名词 child 孩子→children man 男人→men woman 女人→women tooth 牙→teeth medium 传播媒介→media foot脚；英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomena ②常见单复数同形的名词 Chinese 中国人　sheep 绵羊　deer鹿　series 一系列　means 方式　works 工厂　fish 鱼 其中fish表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes。 Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill. 有一些鹿正在山下吃草。(deer单复数同形) Every possible means has been tried, but none proves successful. 每一种可能的方式都尝试了，但没有一个证明是成功的。(means单复数同形) 2. 不可数名词 (1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice(建议), furniture(家具), fun(乐趣), information(信息), news(新闻), weather(天气), progress(进步), wealth(财富), value(价值)等。 (2)抽象名词通常为不可数名词，但抽象名词常可具体化，具体化后变为与原来意义相关的可数名词，常考的有： 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success 成功 成功的人或事 pleasure 乐趣 令人高兴的事 beauty 美； 美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰； 慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 危险的人或因素 delight 高兴 令人高兴的事 failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人惊奇的事情 shock 震惊 令人震惊的事情 pride 骄傲 令人骄傲的人或事物 experience 经验 经历 difficulty 困难 困难的事情 honor 荣誉 带来荣誉的人或事 worry 烦恼 令人烦恼的事 youth 青春； 青年时期 青年 necessity 必要性 必需品 joy 欢乐 令人高兴的事 Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success. 你的贡献将一定会使这个事件很成功。 Five hundred youths from all over the country will attend this meeting. 来自全国的五百名青年将参加本次会议。 They are failures as artists, but successes as teachers. 作为艺术家他们是失败者，但作为教师是成功者。 另外，有些抽象名词的复数形式用来表示数量之多，以示强调，如：congratulations, regards, respects, thanks, wishes, apologies, smiles, pities, fears, hopes, kindnesses等。如： I offered my congratulations on her success. 我对她的成功表示了祝贺。 He was in all smiles. 他满脸笑容。 (3)“of＋抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance, value, use, significance, help等。如： It's of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。 The work I am doing is not of much value. 我正在做的工作没有很大价值。 3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配 (1)修饰可数名词的量词：many, few, a few, several, a number of, the number of, a great/good many (2)修饰不可数名词的量词：much, too much, little, a little, a large amount of, huge amounts of, a great deal of (3)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, a plenty of, a quantity of 三、名词作定语 用法 例词 名词作定语时，一般用单数 apple trees, car factories 以man、woman作定语的复合名词，两部分都变为复数形式 women doctors, men teachers 一些名词本身以s结尾，作定语时不变 sports meeting, clothes shop 名词作定语，即用一个名词修饰另外一个名词，主要用来说明被修饰名词的物质构成、用途等。 1. 物质构成，如：a steel bridge, paper money 2. 用途，如：a coffee cup 3. 时间，如：an evening paper 4. 地点，如：city life, country life, country music 5. 种类，如：office work 6. 内容，如：body language, the film industry 四、名词的格 1. -'s所有格 (1)用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，表示各自的所属关系时，要分别在并列名词后加's 或'；表示共有的所属关系时，只在最后一个名词后加's或'。 Tom's and Jim's rooms 汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间　　 Tom and Jim's room 汤姆和吉姆(共有)的房间 (2)表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。 at the barber's在理发店　　　at the teacher's在老师办公室 2. of所有格 表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系，名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。 the content of the novel小说的内容　　 the name of the girl over there那边那个女孩的名字 3. 双重所有格 指“名词＋of＋名词所有格”或“名词＋of＋名词性物主代词”。 a play of Shakespeare's莎士比亚的一个戏剧 a friend of mine我的一个朋友 五、识记下列动词或形容词的名词形式(语法填空常用) A able—ability absent—absence abundant—abundance accept—acceptance accomplish—accomplishment accurate—accuracy act—action adapt—adaptation add—addition adjust—adjustment admire—admiration admit—admission advertise—advertisement advise—advice affect—affection agree—agreement agricultural—agriculture allow—allowance amaze—amazement amuse—amusement angry—anger announce—announcement anxious—anxiety apologize—apology appear—appearance apply—application appoint—appointment appreciate—appreciation approve—approval argue—argument arrange—arrangement arrive—arrival assess—assessment assist—assistance associate—association assume—assumption astonish—astonishment attend—attendance attract—attraction aware—awareness B beautiful—beauty believe—belief blind—blindness brave—bravery busy—business C careful—carefulness cautious—caution classify—classification combine—combination comfortable—comfort commit—commitment communicate—communication compete—competition competent—competence complete—completion conclude—conclusion confident—confidence congratulate—congratulation considerate/consider—consideration construct—construction contribute—contribution convenient—convenience correct—correction crazy—craziness curious—curiosity D dangerous—danger dark—darkness decide—decision decorate—decoration deep—depth depart—department describe—description determine—determination develop—development devote—devotion die/dead—death different—difference difficult—difficulty discover—discovery discuss—discussion divide—division E economic—economy educate—education efficient—efficiency elegant—elegance embarrass—embarrassment employ—employment encourage—encouragement energetic—energy equal—equality equip—equipment erupt—eruption evident—evidence excellent—excellence excite—excitement exist—existence expect—expectation explain—explanation explode—explosion express—expression extend—extension F fail—failure fair—fairness famous—fame fluent—fluency free—freedom friendly—friend/friendship G graduate—graduation grow—growth guide—guidance H happy—happiness hard—hardship harmful—harm helpful—help hesitate—hesitation high—height hopeful—hope humorous—humor hungry—hunger I ignorant—ignorance ill—illness important—importance impress—impression improve—improvement include—inclusion independent—independence inform—information inspire—inspiration intelligent—intelligence intend—intention introduce—introduction invent—invention invite—invitation involve—involvement J judge—judgement K kind—kindness know—knowledge L laugh—laughter lazy—laziness long—length lucky—luck M magic—magician manage—management marry—marriage merciful—mercy mix—mixture move—movement N necessary—necessity O observe—observation occur—occurrence operate—operation organize—organization P pack—package patient—patience peaceful—peace perform—performance permit—permission polite—politeness pollute—pollution possess—possession possible—possibility practise—practice prefer—preference prepare—preparation present—presentation produce—production pronounce—pronunciation protect—protection punish—punishment R real—reality reasonable—reason recognize—recognition recover—recovery refer—reference refuse—refusal relieve—relief require—requirement responsible—responsibility retire—retirement revise—revision rich—richness S sad—sadness safe—safety salty—salt satisfy—satisfaction scientific—science secure—security settle—settlement sick—sickness silent—silence similar—similarity solve—solution special—specialist starve—starvation state—statement strong—strength succeed—success suggest—suggestion survive—survival T tend—tendency tragic—tragedy transport—transportion treat—treatment true—truth U ugly—ugliness useful—use V valuable—value violent—violence W warm—warmth weak—weakness wealthy—wealth weigh—weight wide—width wise—wisdom Y young—youth 一、用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Your performance (perform) as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn. 2. (2018年全国卷Ⅲ)My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. 3. (2016年全国卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top attraction (attract). 4. (2017年全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate). 5. Father went to his doctor for advice (advise) about his heart trouble. 6. Facing cut-throat competition (compete) in all subjects, students must devote as much of their time as possible. 7. Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly. 8. The first underground passenger railway ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible crowds (crowd) on the roads above. 9. She was in London and spent her youth (young) in China. 10. (2017年全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. 11. His curiosity (curious) made him wonder about clouds. 12. The number of languages is getting smaller all the time because of the steady growth (grow) of bigger languages. 13. Taking in too much food rich in fat and sugar will easily make you put on weight (weigh). 14. Actually with my confidence (confident) built up, I now turn out to be a great speaker. 15. Traditionally, there are four major ancient inventions (invent) that Chinese acknowledge: papermaking, gunpowder, printing and compasses. 16. If your parents see that you have a high sense of responsibility (responsible), they will give you the right to do what you want to do. 17. Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big commitment (commit), but now I know it was the best decision I ever made. 二、用下列动词或形容词的适当形式填空。 1. The experiment turned out to be a complete failure (fail), which was unexpected. 2. Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with patience (patient). 3. People should be aware of environmental issues. So, we organized an activity last weekend to raise people's awareness (aware) of protecting the environment. 4. This change has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country's major lakes. 5. These people have made great contributions (contribute) to China with their work. 6. As far as I am concerned, my suggestion (suggest) is that we should always have a notebook and a Chinese-English dictionary within easy reach. 7. This development was only possible with the introduction (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. 8. What makes the house admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment. 9. She took me from a poor, unhappy college student and brought me into her world: a world of smiles, love and warmth (warm). 10. Some things looked as if they had not been cared for a long time, but I knew their beauty (beautify) was still there beneath their own surface. 11. It is believed that upper-class Victorians in England invented the table tennis in the 1880s, using whatever they could find as equipment (equip). 12. Sometimes giving from our need instead of our abundance (abundant) is just what we need to do. 13. My first impression (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. 14. —Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency? —Well, you know, English is my strength (strong). So I think it is my best choice. 15. You'd better write down the phone number of the restaurant for future reference (refer)． 16. Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional competence (competent). 17. I haven't seen Sarah since she was a little girl, and she has changed beyond recognition (recognize). 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$