阅读微技能第四讲词义猜测 导学案 -2027届高三英语一轮复习专项

该高中英语高考复习学案聚焦阅读微技能之词义猜测，系统梳理利用上下文语境、定义解释、因果关系等八类解题方法，按“方法讲解—例题解析—规律总结”逻辑构建考点体系，通过问题链引导学生自主归纳不同线索的应用策略，形成结构化知识网络。 亮点在于“讲练结合”的自主学习设计，如练习一设置22道基础诊断题、练习二精选18道高考真题改编题，帮助学生精准定位薄弱方法。通过例题推导培养思维品质，借助思维导图模板提升学习能力，教师可依据练习反馈实施分层指导，有效支持个性化复习与因材施教。

第四讲 阅读微技能之词义猜测讲与练 历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《新课程标准》要求学生：“读懂生词率不超过3％的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中，生词障碍往往会成为学生的“绊脚石”。这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类： 　　1.熟词新意，考查词汇表中未出现的词义； 　　2.合成词、转化词与派生词，如cost-effective，shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，people-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等； 　　3.“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解； 　　4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景，一篇文章中人名、地名、专用名称往往会出现多达二十几处； 　　5.超纲生词，每年高考英语试卷的阅读理解题中都会出现《大纲》之外的生词、短语和熟词新意的生词五十个左右。 　　猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读题中都有猜测词义的试题。 　　第一招 利用上下文语境线索 　　任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。例如： 　　In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world’s greatest mathematical problem: Fermat’s Last Theorem （定理）. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. 　　Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text？ 　　A. To encourage people to raise questions 　　B. To cause difficulty in understanding 　　C. To provide a person with an explanation 　　D. To limit people’s imagination 　　第二招 利用定义和解释性线索 　　阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报道及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be，that is，mean，stand for，namely，to refer to，to mean，in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。例如： 　　Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels，or struggling with their ballalators through the scribe. These words，which I have just made up，have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can’t think of. 　　Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to ________. 　　A. tools used in farming　　 B. ideas about modern life 　　C. unknown things in the future　　 D. hunting skills in the Stone Age 　　第三招 利用因果关系 　　因果关系的语境，通常由because，so，therefore，so that，so/such...that...等连词体现。 　　 “But，” began Kim，“I feel that since you are my superior(上级)，it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.” 　　The word “presumptuous” in the passage is the closest in meaning to “_______”. 　　A. full of respect B. too confident and rude 　　C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet  　　第四招 利用对比线索 　有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一个词，就不难推出另一个词的含义，这时句中多见unlike，although，but，yet，while，on the contrary，on the other hand，instead of，rather than等信息词。 　　 “Unlike vitamin C，leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.” 　　The underlined word “cultivated” roughly means _________ . 　　A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed 　　第五招 利用同义线索和同等关系 　　同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or，like，similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义属同一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概意思。 Quietly，the graying of America has made us a very different society ----one in which people have a quite different ideas of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages. 　　The underlined word “one” refers to ________. 　　A. a society B. America C. a place D. population 　　第六招 利用例证性线索　　某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。如such as，like，for example，for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。 　　You can take any of the periodicals：The World of English，Foreign Language Teaching in School，or English Learning. The underlined word “periodicals” refers to ________. A. novels B. newspapers C. magazines D. websites 第七招 根据构词法 阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。 　　The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day，this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. 　　The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” means ________ . 　　 A. far away B. dangerous C. ancient D. secret 　　 第八招 利用词性转化　　 The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways：education，medicine，and business. 　　The underlined word “aging” means _______. 　　A. counting the number of years someone lives　　 B. the numbers of years someone lives 　　C. becoming older 　　D. making someone looking older 练习一 1.Chicken pox can be very serious for a child who is not in good health．The child develops red spots，and feels hot and uncomfortable．A healthy child gets well quickly． A．a kind of animal B．a kind of food C．a kind of childhood disease D．a lack of pure water 2.When an army officer gives a command, his men and women must fo1low it． A．comma B．order C．question D. present 3..The offspring of a pair of birds leave the nest when they are big enough to fly． A．children B．ancestors C．generations D．mates 4.There is a stack of papers on Mr. Green’s desk． A．piece B．balance C．mixture D．pile 5.Mr. Brown is an amateur photographer．He is an engineer．But in his free time he likes to take pictures． A. as a hobby B．for money C．as a job D．as work 6.This small Christmas tree is made of plastic．It is not a real tree．It is artificial． A. beautiful B. not natural C. for a special holiday D．in an art museum 7.Some people like to keep a journal．They write in it every day．They write about what they did，what happened，and what they thought． A· a magazine about scientific research B．a textbook C．a sports magazine D．a notebook about their daily activities 8.whales and elephants are gigantic animals．No other animals can compare with them in size． A. small B．land C．sea D．huge 9.Hundreds of years ago wild animals ranged over the continent of Europe. A. lived and traveled B. arranged C· ran D. made a loud sound 10.After we paid the bill for our dinner we left a tip for the waiter． A· the very end of something B．money for good service C· information D. piece of advice 11.Bananas, tomatoes, and potatoes are in the produce department of a supermarket． A. fruit and vegetable B. crops C. make or grow D．agriculture 12.Without the atmosphere，we could not breathe． A．the air around the earth B．the height of the mountains C．the water in the ocean D. the size of the cities 13.Scientists predict that there will be 6.3 billion people in the world in the year 2000. A．study the future B．say what will happen in the future C．study the past D．say what happened in the past 14.Floods, droughts, earthquakes, and plane accidents are all disasters． A．bad things that happen B．good things that happen C. natural things that happen D．accidents caused by humans 15.Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the roads. A. modern B. valuable C. convenient  D. cheap 16.Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. A. quiet B. calm  C. active D. talkative 17.The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbors all called her an eccentric lady. An eccentric lady is likely _____. A. to get along with easily B. to be different from most people C. to be humor and lovely    D. to be serious and beloved 18. Most women in Ghana — the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old — work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. A. repeated      B. rich      C. uneducated      D. sick 19. Dr. Barnard was a member of an agricultural mission to India, a group of experts on better farming methods. A. a group of workers working abroad B. a group of students studying abroad C. a group of tourists travelling in foreign countries D. a group sent abroad to offer help to a foreign country 20.Before the main business of a conference begins, the chairman usually makes a short preliminary speech, or makes a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction. What do the underlined words “preliminary speech” mean? A. A speech to give a brief introduction. B. A speech to make the atmosphere active. C. A speech to attract the attention of the listeners. D. A speech to make the listeners laugh. 21. Music, for instance, was once as groups’ experience. ... For many people now, however, music is an individual experience. A. special       B. personal      C. serious      D. alone 22. I want you to weigh his words carefully. He seems sincere and presents his arguments well. There is, however, something that doesn’t quite ring true about the candidate. A. to measure the mass B. to put pressure on a scale C. to think about D. to be important 练习二 1. Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers . After a study of 800 persons with high blood pressure , they found that after 6 months ,those devoted to weight loss ---exercise and eating a low-salt, low-fat food ---lost about 13 pounds and became fitter. Plus , 35% of them dropped into the “normal” category(范畴).This week , Dr. Alan Duckworth will tell you how these people reduce their blood pressure to a level similar to what’s achieved with Hypertension drugs . • “Johns Hopkins” is ______. A. a famous university B. a medical center C. a well-known doctor D. a drug company 2. The President has started using look-alikes during some public appearances . Dave is offered a chance to “ serve his country” by becoming one. •The underlined word “one” in the third paragraph refers to_______. A. the President B. the director C. an actor D. a look-alike 3. As a woman , I feel unsafe here . I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to use it , but now I’m afraid . •The underlined part “ it ” (in para 4) refers to _____. A. a taxi B. the money C. a bomb D. public transport 4. Without examinations , employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them——a form of favoritism will replace equality. •The word “favoritism” is used to describe the phenomenon that _______. A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good job C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success 5. Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them.Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year . One couple who downshifted is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London . He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank . They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs (郊区), leaving their two children with a nanny(保姆). Most evening Daniel wouldn’t get home until eight or nine o’clock, and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New York for meetings .They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by . •The underlined word “downshifting” in the second paragraph means______. A. repairing your car by yourself B. spending money carefully C. moving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better life D. living in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a week 6. A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerrio, an Evaston mother of two , ages 4 and 18 months. •What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests 7. Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity . Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean .“The wind starts out by making little ripples (涟漪), but if they keep on blowing , those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves .” Taylor said. “ Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.” •The underlined phrase “picking up”(paragraph2) is closest in meaning to _____. A. starting again B. speeding to C. gathering D. improving 8. The manager and everyone else who were a step above the box boys often shouted orders .One of these was: you couldn’t accept tips(小费). Okay , I’m outside and I put the bags in the car . For a lot of people , the natural reaction is to take a quarter and give it to me . I’d say , “I’m sorry , I can’t .”They’d get angry . When you give someone a tip , you’re sort of being polite. You take a quarter and you put it in their hand you expect them to say , “Oh, thanks a lot .” When you say ,”I’m sorry, I can’t .”They feel a little put down. •The underlined phrase “put down” in the third paragraph probably means _____. A. misunderstood B. defeated C. hateful D. hurt 9. Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels (标签) to show that the products are green. Some companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. 1.The underlined word “it” refers to _________. A. the manufacturing of green products   B. a great demand for health foods C. a selling point   D. the company name 10. Yes, we have come to depend on technology to fulfill our needs, but we still need our natural environment. Unless we start developing technology to protect our natural world, it may soon pollute and poison us. The underlined word “it” refers to _________. A. pollution     B. poison    C. technology       D. natural world 11. Goods must be of proper quality, must be as described on the package and must be fit for any particular purpose made known by the seller. Those three rules used for the goods you buy can also be used for the goods you get on hire, or for the goods you get as part of a service. There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get — from, say, travel agents, shoe repairers, hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for. The underlined word “these”（in Paragraph 2） refers to _________ . A. the services    B. the workers    C. the goods    D. the rules 12.… Born in Chicago in 1902，brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education. … The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in paragraph 2 probably means_____  A. attracted to teaching B. tired of teaching C. satisfied with teaching D. unhappy about teaching 13. The traditional tent cities at festivals such as Glastonbury may never be the same again. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tents made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home. … “Eco-friendly tents” in paragraph 1 refer to tents____. 　　A. economically desirable 　　 B. favorable to the environment 　　C. for holding music performances 　　D. designed for disaster relief 14. …I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. … The words “took off” underlined in paragraph 2 mean _______ A. turned off B. moved off C. put up D. set up 15. …We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work. I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage. What can we learn from the underlined sentence? A. Kerrel couldn’t understand her teacher. B. Kerrel had special difficulty in hearing. C. Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lesson. D. Kerrel was too tired to hear her teacher’s words. 16. …Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. … If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves. By describing lions as “opportunist” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions____. A. are cruel animals B. are clever animals C. like to take advantage of other animals D. like to take every chance to eat 17. Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow. … “Examine the extended family, and you’ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation. It’s an inheritable trait,” said Russell Barkley, a professor… The underlined phrase “inheritable trait” in Paragraph 2 means _____. A. inborn nature B. developed character C. accepted theory D. particular environment 18. …When she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means Sontag _____. A. was a symbol of American cultural life B. developed world literature, film and art C. published many essays about world culture E. kept pace with the newest development of world culture 练习三 （一） Mental health care in China has dramatically improved over the last 10 years, according to experts. Increasing numbers of urban Chinese are today seeking counseling on a wide range of issues related to mental health. “We receive more than 120 visitors a day right now—20 per cent up over that of 1998,”said Zhang Haiyin, chief doctor with the Shanghai Mental Health Centre. Ten years ago, the centre received 70 to 80 visitors a week. To accommodate the growing number of patients, the clinic has had to extend its service from five days to seven days a week. Most of the counseling focuses on problems to do with education, employment, family life, relationships as well as mental distress, trouble and insomnia. White-collar workers are the major recipients of counseling, accounting for 30 percent of total patients, said Zhang.“The growing visits indicate Chinese people pay more attention to their quality of life. They have a better understanding that mental health is as important as physical well-being.” Chen Zhigang, an employee of a foreign-funded consulting firm in Beijing, felt depressed and was encouraged by friends to seek mental health counseling. The doctor found he was suffering as a result of workplace pressure and competition. After several months of treatment, he was back to full health. “Mental health counseling helped reduce my pressure,” said Chen. But many people are still reluctant to use counseling services. Zhu Chengyi, a railway worker from Shanghai, is unwilling to seek help.“I will not go for it. It is too embarrassing for me,” said Zhu.“How can I tell my colleagues and family that I am seeking mental health counseling? They would think I was crazy.” Zhang said a lack of information about mental health care prevented the grown of services in China. He said a standardized training system was required to make sure all mental health doctors were properly trained. “In Western countries, mental health counseling has a wide range of methods for consultation and treatment. We need to improve  our training to upgrade our services.” 4.The underlined word “extend” in Paragraph 4 means ________. A. pay attention to       B. feel like doing C. enlarge and lengthen       D. reduce （二） Professor Reason recently persuaded 35 people to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for two weeks. When he came to analyze their embarrassing errors, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groups. One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her pet dog her ear-rings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People program themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her ear-rings. But somehow the action got reversed(颠倒) in the program.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “Program assembly failure.” Twenty per cent of all errors were “test failures”—primarily due to not verifying the progress of what a body was doing. A man about to get his car out of the garage passed through the back yard where his garden jacket and boots were kept, put them on—much to his surprise. A woman victim reported: “I got into the bath with my socks on.” The commonest problem was information “storage failures”. People forgot the names of people whose faces they knew, went into a room and forgot why they were there, mislaid something, or smoked a cigarette without realizing it. The research so far suggests that while the “central processor” of the brain is liberated from second-to-second control of a well-practised routine, it must repeatedly switch back its attention at important decision points to check that the action goes on as intended. Otherwise the activity may be “captured” by another frequently and recently used program, resulting in embarrassing errors. 5. The word “verifying” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ________. A. improving          B. changing C. checking          D. stopping 6. According to the passage, the information “storage failures” refer to ________. A. the destruction of information collecting system B. the elimination of one’s total memory C. the temporary loss of part of one’s memory D. the separation of one’s action from consciousness （三） One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate (率)from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Medical experts know that people can reduce their chances of getting heart disease by exercising regularly, by not smoking, by changing their diets, and by paying more attention to reducing stress in their work. However, Western health-care systems are still not paying enough attention to the prevention of the disease. There is a need for more programs to educate the public about the causes and prevention of heart disease. Instead of supporting such programs, however, the U. S. health-care system is spending large sums of money on the surgical (外科的) treatment of the disease after it develops. This emphasis (强调) on treatment clearly has something to do with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques. Many operations that were considered impossible or too risky a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has been a huge increase in heart surgery. Although there is no doubt that heart surgery can help a large number of people, some people point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. First, it attracts interest and money away from the question of prevention. Second, it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent. To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery-even on patients for whom an operation is unnecessary—because the equipment and expert skills are there. A government office recently stated that major heart surgery was often performed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery, for example, only 15 percent of patients improved their conditions after the surgery. However, more than 100 000 of these operations are performed in the United States every year. 7. “To do this” (in Paragraph 3) means ________. A. to help patients recover B. to increase the number of heart surgeries C. to get back the money spent on the equipment D. to buy new equipment for the treatment of heart disease （四） Some of the best-known names in the entertainment industry have taken part in an unprecedented telethon to help victims of the terrorist attacks in the United States. The benefit (义演）, called “America: a Tribute to Heroes,” was sponsored by all four major U.S. television networks, ABC,CBS,FOX and NBC. It was broadcast by three-dozen television, cable and radio networks across the country and aired live to more than a hundred countries around the world. Hollywood stars joined music entertainers in asking listeners and viewers to pledge cash donations to charities, helping the victims of the September 11th attacks. Actors, including Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, Tom Cruise and Clint Eastwood, told stories of heroic acts by people who tried to save others from the burning World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Former heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali made a rare public appearance in a show of support. The appeals alternated with performances by such popular entertainers as Bruce Springsteen, Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon and the rock band U—2.They appeared on stages in New York, Los Angeles and London, decorated with hundreds of burning candles. Singer Billy Joel sang “New York State of Mind” with a New York City firefighter’s hat on his piano. Sting dedicated his song “Fragile” to a friend who died in the World Trade Center. Stevie Wonder condemned hatreds in the name of religion before singing his song “Love’s in Need of Love Today”. Pledge phones were manned by dozens of other celebrities, including Jack Nicholson, Meg Ryan, Whoopie Goldberg, Cindy Crawford, Al Pacino and Sylvester Stallone. Organizers say the two-hour telethon raised millions of dollars. All participants ,from stars to stagehands, worked without pay. 8. The underlined word “telethon” most probably means ________. A. a performance to raise money B. a concert held by some television networks C. a television program which lasts a long time D. a television program for entertainment （五） LONDON(Reuters)—Organic fruit, delivered right to the doorstep. That is what Gabriel Gold prefers, and he is willing to pay for it. If this is not possible ,the 26-year-old computer technician will spend the extra money at the supermarket to buy organic food. “Organic produce is always better,” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides(农药),and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. But how many shoppers really know what they are getting, and why are they willing to pay a higher price for organic produce? Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reason for their preferences—but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete. For example, small amounts of pesticides can be used on organic products. And about three quarters of organic food in Britain is not local but imported to meet growing demand. “The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year, so it is a very fast-growing market,” said Sue Flock, a specialist in this line of business 10.What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text? A. growing interest in organic food       B. better quality of organic food C. rising market for organic food        D. higher prices of organic food 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 第四讲阅读微技能之词义猜测讲与练答案 历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《新课程标准》要求学生：“读懂生词率不超过3％的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中，生词障碍往往会成为学生的“绊脚石”。这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类： 　　1.熟词新意，考查词汇表中未出现的词义； 　　2.合成词、转化词与派生词，如cost-effective，shoplifting，heartbroken，computer-literate，people-literate，decision-thinking，imperfect等； 　　3.“灵活”的常用词增多，这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解； 　　4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多，这些词有些带有一定的文化背景，一篇文章中人名、地名、专用名称往往会出现多达二十几处； 　　5.超纲生词，每年高考英语试卷的阅读理解题中都会出现《大纲》之外的生词、短语和熟词新意的生词五十个左右。 　　猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧，也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面，每年在高考阅读题中都有猜测词义的试题。 　　第一招 利用上下文语境线索 　　任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义，是阅读过程中的一大关键，这也是近年来高考考查的热点。例如： 　　In 1963 a schoolboy called Andrew Wiles reading in his school library came across the world’s greatest mathematical problem: Fermat’s Last Theorem （定理）.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century，the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem，and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecole Polytechnique. 　　Which of the following best explains the meaning of the word “baffle” as it is used in the text？B 　　A. To encourage people to raise questions　　B. To cause difficulty in understanding 　　C. To provide a person with an explanation　　D. To limit people’s imagination 　　第二招 利用定义和解释性线索 　　阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报道及科普类文章中的生词，往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子，如to be，that is，mean，stand for，namely，to refer to，to mean，in other words等，有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现，或用破折号、括弧来表示。留心阅读就可以断定它们的意思。例如： 　　Perhaps they will spend their days gollocking to make new spundels，or struggling with their ballalators through the scribe. These words，which I have just made up，have to stand for things and ideas that we simply can’t think of. 　　Spundels and ballalators are used in the text to refer to ________. C 　　A. tools used in farming　　 B. ideas about modern life 　　C. unknown things in the future　　D. hunting skills in the Stone Age 　　第三招 利用因果关系 　　因果关系的语境，通常由because，so，therefore，so that，so/such...that...等连词体现。 　　 “But，” began Kim，“I feel that since you are my superior(上级)，it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do.” 　　The word “presumptuous” in the passage is the closest in meaning to “_______”. B 　　A. full of respect B. too confident and rude 　　C. lacking in experience D. too shy and quiet  　　第四招 利用对比线索 　有时文章作者为了增强表达效果，会用一对反义词揭示事物的不同点，形成鲜明的对比，这时只要把握其中的一个词，就不难推出另一个词的含义，这时句中多见unlike，although，but，yet，while，on the contrary，on the other hand，instead of，rather than等信息词。 　　 “Unlike vitamin C，leadership skills can’t be easily swallowed down. They must be carefully cultivated.” 　　The underlined word “cultivated” roughly means _________ . D 　　A. encouraged B. compared C. examined D. developed 　　第五招 利用同义线索和同等关系 　　同义词替换可以为我们推测词义提供明显的语境线索。一些常见的引出同义词的标志性词语有or，like，similarly等。同等关系是指一个词、一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义属同一范畴。只要我们认识其中一个或几个词或短语，即可确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概意思。 Quietly，the graying of America has made us a very different society ----one in which people have a quite different ideas of what kind of behavior is suitable at various ages. 　　The underlined word “one” refers to ________. A 　　A. a society B. America C. a place D. population 　　第六招 利用例证性线索　　某些冷僻的词汇后会举一个例子，使词汇具体易懂。如such as，like，for example，for instance等连接性词语往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的名词。 　　You can take any of the periodicals：The World of English，Foreign Language Teaching in School，or English Learning. The underlined word “periodicals” refers to ________. C A. novels B. newspapers C. magazines D. websites 第七招 根据构词法阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。 　　The reasons for a visit to a lighthouse are not all so backward-looking in time. It is true that lighthouses were built in out-of-the-way places. But on a pleasant sunny summer day，this very isolation has a natural beauty that many people will love to experience. 　　The underlined phrase “out-of-the-way” means ________ . A 　　 A. far away B. dangerous C. ancient D. secret 　　第八招 利用词性转化　　The aging of the population will affect American society in many ways：education，medicine，and business. 　　The underlined word “aging” means _______. C 　　A. counting the number of years someone lives　　 B. the numbers of years someone lives 　　C. becoming older 　　D. making someone looking older 练习一 1.Chicken pox can be very serious for a child who is not in good health．The child develops red spots，and feels hot and uncomfortable．A healthy child gets well quickly． C A．a kind of animal B．a kind of food C．a kind of childhood disease D．a lack of pure water 2.When an army officer gives a command, his men and women must fo1low it． B A．comma B．order C．question D. present 3..The offspring of a pair of birds leave the nest when they are big enough to fly．A A．children B．ancestors C．generations D．mates 4.There is a stack of papers on Mr. Green’s desk．D A．piece B．balance C．mixture D．pile 5.Mr. Brown is an amateur photographer．He is an engineer．But in his free time he likes to take pictures． A A. as a hobby B．for money C．as a job D．as work 6.This small Christmas tree is made of plastic．It is not a real tree．It is artificial．B A. beautiful B. not natural C. for a special holiday D．in an art museum 7.Some people like to keep a journal．They write in it every day．They write about what they did，what happened，and what they thought．D A· a magazine about scientific research B．a textbook C．a sports magazine D．a notebook about their daily activities 8.whales and elephants are gigantic animals．No other animals can compare with them in size．D A. small B．land C．sea D．huge 9.Hundreds of years ago wild animals ranged over the continent of Europe. A A. lived and traveled B. arranged C· ran D. made a loud sound 10.After we paid the bill for our dinner we left a tip for the waiter．B A· the very end of something B．money for good service C· information D. piece of advice 11.Bananas, tomatoes, and potatoes are in the produce department of a supermarket．A A. fruit and vegetable B. crops C. make or grow D．agriculture 12.Without the atmosphere，we could not breathe．A A．the air around the earth B．the height of the mountains C．the water in the ocean D. the size of the cities 13.Scientists predict that there will be 6.3 billion people in the world in the year 2000. B A．study the future B．say what will happen in the future C．study the past D．say what happened in the past 14.Floods, droughts, earthquakes, and plane accidents are all disasters． A A．bad things that happen B．good things that happen C. natural things that happen D．accidents caused by humans 15.Car rentals are becoming more and more popular as an inexpensive way of taking to the roads. D A. modern B. valuable C. convenient  D. cheap 16.Mr. Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. D A. quiet B. calm  C. active D. talkative 17.The old woman has a strange habit to keep over 100 cats in her house. Her neighbors all called her an eccentric lady. An eccentric lady is likely _____. B A. to get along with easily B. to be different from most people C. to be humor and lovely    D. to be serious and beloved 18. Most women in Ghana — the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old — work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. C A. repeated      B. rich      C. uneducated      D. sick 19. Dr. Barnard was a member of an agricultural mission to India, a group of experts on better farming methods. D A. a group of workers working abroad B. a group of students studying abroad C. a group of tourists travelling in foreign countries D. a group sent abroad to offer help to a foreign country 20.Before the main business of a conference begins, the chairman usually makes a short preliminary speech, or makes a few preliminary remarks. In other words, he says a few things by way of introduction. What do the underlined words “preliminary speech” mean? A A. A speech to give a brief introduction. B. B. A speech to make the atmosphere active. C. A speech to attract the attention of the listeners. D. D. A speech to make the listeners laugh. 21. Music, for instance, was once as groups’ experience. ... For many people now, however, music is an individual experience. B A. special      B. personal      C. serious      D. alone 22. I want you to weigh his words carefully. He seems sincere and presents his arguments well. There is, however, something that doesn’t quite ring true about the candidate. C A. to measure the mass B. to put pressure on a scale C. to think about D. to be importa 练习二 1. Is it possible to beat high blood pressure without drugs? The answer is “yes”, according to the researchers at Johns Hopkins and three other medical centers . After a study of 800 persons with high blood pressure , they found that after 6 months ,those devoted to weight loss ---exercise and eating a low-salt, low-fat food ---lost about 13 pounds and became fitter. Plus , 35% of them dropped into the “normal” category(范畴).This week , Dr. Alan Duckworth will tell you how these people reduce their blood pressure to a level similar to what’s achieved with Hypertension drugs . • “Johns Hopkins” is ______. B A. a famous university B. a medical center C. a well-known doctor D. a drug company 2.The President has started using look-alikes during some public appearances . Dave is offered a chance to “ serve his country” by becoming one. •The underlined word “one” in the third paragraph refers to_______. D A. the President B. the director C. an actor D. a look-alike 3.As a woman , I feel unsafe here . I spend a bomb on taxis because I will not take public transport after 10 p.m. I used to use it , but now I’m afraid . •The underlined part “ it ” (in para 4) refers to _____. D A. a taxi B. the money C. a bomb D. public transport 4.Without examinations , employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to them——a form of favoritism will replace equality. •The word “favoritism” is used to describe the phenomenon that _______. B A. bright children also need certificates to get satisfying jobs B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good job C. poor children with certificates are favored in job markets D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success 5.Many are turning to other ways of living and downshifting is one of them. Six percent of workers in Britain took the decision to downshift last year . One couple who downshifted is Daniel and Liz. They used to work in central London . He was a newspaper reporter and she used to work for an international bank . They would go to work by train every day from their large house in the suburbs (郊区), leaving their two children with a nanny(保姆). Most evening Daniel wouldn’t get home until eight or nine o’clock, and nearly twice a month he would have to fly to New York for meetings .They both earned a large amount of money but began to feel that life was passing them by . •The underlined word “downshifting” in the second paragraph means______. C A. repairing your car by yourself B. B. spending money carefully C. moving out to the countryside to live a simpler and better life D. living in a big house in the suburbs and dining out once a week 6.A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle ; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerrio, an Evaston mother of two , ages 4 and 18 months. •What does the underlined word “hassle” probably mean? C A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests 7.Scientists are working to use that energy to make electricity . Most waves are created when winds blow across the ocean .“The wind starts out by making little ripples (涟漪), but if they keep on blowing , those ripples get bigger and bigger and turn into waves .” Taylor said. “ Waves are one of nature’s ways of picking up energy and then sending it off on a journey.” •The underlined phrase “picking up”(paragraph2) is closest in meaning to _____. C A. starting again B. speeding to C. gathering D. improving 8.The manager and everyone else who were a step above the box boys often shouted orders .One of these was: you couldn’t accept tips(小费). Okay , I’m outside and I put the bags in the car . For a lot of people , the natural reaction is to take a quarter and give it to me . I’d say , “I’m sorry , I can’t .”They’d get angry . When you give someone a tip , you’re sort of being polite. You take a quarter and you put it in their hand you expect them to say , “Oh, thanks a lot .” When you say ,”I’m sorry, I can’t .”They feel a little put down. •The underlined phrase “put down” in the third paragraph probably means _____. D A. misunderstood B. defeated C. hateful D. hurt 9. Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels (标签) to show that the products are green. Some companies have made the manufacturing (生产) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. The underlined word “it” refers to _________. A A. the manufacturing of green products   B. a great demand for health foods C. a selling point   D. the company name （十一） 10. Yes, we have come to depend on technology to fulfill our needs, but we still need our natural environment. Unless we start developing technology to protect our natural world, it may soon pollute and poison us. The underlined word “it” refers to _________. C A. pollution     B. poison    C. technology       D. natural world 11. Goods must be of proper quality, must be as described on the package and must be fit for any particular purpose made known by the seller. Those three rules used for the goods you buy can also be used for the goods you get on hire, or for the goods you get as part of a service. There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get — from, say, travel agents, shoe repairers, hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for. The underlined word “these”（in Paragraph 2） refers to _________ . D A. the services    B. the workers    C. the goods    D. the rules 12. … Born in Chicago in 1902，brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education. … The words “hooked on teaching” underlined in paragraph 2 probably means_____ A A. attracted to teaching B. tired of teaching C. satisfied with teaching D. unhappy about teaching 13.The traditional tent cities at festivals such as Glastonbury may never be the same again. In a victory of green business that is certain to appeal to environmentally-aware music-lovers, a design student is to receive financial support to produce eco-friendly tents made of cardboard that can be recycled after the bands and the crowds have gone home. … “Eco-friendly tents” in paragraph 1 refer to tents____. B A. economically desirable 　　 B. favorable to the environment C. for holding music performances 　　D. designed for disaster relief 14.…I took off, but had gone only a few miles when black smoke poured from the back of car. I stopped and wondered what I should do. … The words “took off” underlined in paragraph 2 mean _______ B A. turned off B. moved off C. put up D. set up 15. …We couldn’t afford all the necessary medication for him, and because Dad was unable to work. I had no money for school supplies and often couldn’t even buy food for dinner. I would sit in class feeling completely lost, the teacher’s words muffled as I tried to figure out how I was going to manage. What can we learn from the underlined sentence? C A. Kerrel couldn’t understand her teacher. B. Kerrel had special difficulty in hearing. C. Kerrel was too troubled to focus on the lesson. D. Kerrel was too tired to hear her teacher’s words. 16.…Lions are opportunists. They prefer to eat without having to do too much work. … If another animal has made a kill, they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves. By describing lions as “opportunist” in the first paragraph, the author means to say that lions____. C A. are cruel animals B. are clever animals C. like to take advantage of other animals D. like to take every chance to eat 17. Some children are natural-born bosses. They have a strong need to make decisions, manage their environment, and lead rather than follow. … “Examine the extended family, and you’ll probably find a bossy grandparent, aunt, uncle or cousin in every generation. It’s an inheritable trait,” said Russell Barkley, a professor… The underlined phrase “inheritable trait” in Paragraph 2 means _____. A A. inborn nature B. developed character C. accepted theory D. particular environment 18. …When she was still in her early 30s, publishing essays in such important magazines as partisan Review, she appeared as the symbol of American cultural life, trying hard to follow every new development, Sontag walked at the latest edges of world culture. The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 means Sontag _____. D A. was a symbol of American cultural life B. developed world literature, film and art C. published many essays about world culture D. kept pace with the newest development of world culture 练习三 （一） Mental health care in China has dramatically improved over the last 10 years, according to experts. Increasing numbers of urban Chinese are today seeking counseling on a wide range of issues related to mental health. “We receive more than 120 visitors a day right now—20 per cent up over that of 1998,”said Zhang Haiyin, chief doctor with the Shanghai Mental Health Centre. Ten years ago, the centre received 70 to 80 visitors a week. To accommodate the growing number of patients, the clinic has had to extend its service from five days to seven days a week. Most of the counseling focuses on problems to do with education, employment, family life, relationships as well as mental distress, trouble and insomnia. White-collar workers are the major recipients of counseling, accounting for 30 percent of total patients, said Zhang.“The growing visits indicate Chinese people pay more attention to their quality of life. They have a better understanding that mental health is as important as physical well-being.” Chen Zhigang, an employee of a foreign-funded consulting firm in Beijing, felt depressed and was encouraged by friends to seek mental health counseling. The doctor found he was suffering as a result of workplace pressure and competition. After several months of treatment, he was back to full health. “Mental health counseling helped reduce my pressure,” said Chen. But many people are still reluctant to use counseling services. Zhu Chengyi, a railway worker from Shanghai, is unwilling to seek help.“I will not go for it. It is too embarrassing for me,” said Zhu.“How can I tell my colleagues and family that I am seeking mental health counseling? They would think I was crazy.” Zhang said a lack of information about mental health care prevented the growth of services in China. He said a standardized training system was required to make sure all mental health doctors were properly trained. “In Western countries, mental health counseling has a wide range of methods for consultation and treatment. We need to improve  our training to upgrade our services.” 4.The underlined word “extend” in Paragraph 4 means ________. C A. pay attention to       B. feel like doing C. enlarge and lengthen       D. reduce （二） Professor Reason recently persuaded 35 people to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for two weeks. When he came to analyze their embarrassing errors, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groups. One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her pet dog her ear-rings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People program themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her ear-rings. But somehow the action got reversed(颠倒) in the program.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “Program assembly failure.” Twenty per cent of all errors were “test failures”—primarily due to not verifying the progress of what a body was doing. A man about to get his car out of the garage passed through the back yard where his garden jacket and boots were kept, put them on—much to his surprise. A woman victim reported: “I got into the bath with my socks on.” The commonest problem was information “storage failures”. People forgot the names of people whose faces they knew, went into a room and forgot why they were there, mislaid something, or smoked a cigarette without realizing it. The research so far suggests that while the “central processor” of the brain is liberated from second-to-second control of a well-practised routine, it must repeatedly switch back its attention at important decision points to check that the action goes on as intended. Otherwise the activity may be “captured” by another frequently and recently used program, resulting in embarrassing errors. 5. The word “verifying” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by ________. C A. improving          B. changing C. checking          D. stopping 6. According to the passage, the information “storage failures” refer to ________. C A. the destruction of information collecting system B. the elimination of one’s total memory C. the temporary loss of part of one’s memory D. the separation of one’s action from consciousness （三） One of the greatest killers in the Western world is heart disease. The death rate (率)from the disease has been increasing at an alarming speed for the past thirty years. Today in Britain, for example, about four hundred people a day die of heart disease. Medical experts know that people can reduce their chances of getting heart disease by exercising regularly, by not smoking, by changing their diets, and by paying more attention to reducing stressing their work. However, Western health-care systems are still not paying enough attention to the prevention of the disease. There is a need for more programs to educate the public about the causes and prevention of heart disease. Instead of supporting such programs, however, the U. S. health-care system is spending large sums of money on the surgical (外科的) treatment of the disease after it develops. This emphasis (强调) on treatment clearly has something to do with the technological advances that have taken place in the past ten to fifteen years. In this time, modern technology has enabled doctors to develop new surgical techniques. Many operations that were considered impossible or too risky a few years ago are now performed every day in U.S. hospitals. The result has been a huge increase in heart surgery. Although there is no doubt that heart surgery can help a large number of people, some people point out that the emphasis on the surgical treatment of the disease has three clear disadvantages. First, it attracts interest and money away from the question of prevention. Second, it causes the costs of general hospital care to rise. After hospitals buy the expensive equipment that is necessary for modern heart surgery, they must try to recover the money they have spent. To do this, they raise costs for all their patients, not just those patients whose treatment requires the equipment. The third disadvantage is that doctors are encouraged to perform surgery-even on patients for whom an operation is unnecessary—because the equipment and expert skills are there. A government office recently stated that major heart surgery was often performed even though its chances of success were low. In one type of heart surgery, for example, only 15 percent of patients improved their conditions after the surgery. However, more than 100 000 of these operations are performed in the United States every year. 7. “To do this” (in Paragraph 3) means ________. C A. to help patients recover B. to increase the number of heart surgeries C. to get back the money spent on the equipment D. to buy new equipment for the treatment of heart disease （四） Some of the best-known names in the entertainment industry have taken part in an unprecedented telethon to help victims of the terrorist attacks in the United States. The benefit (义演）, called “America: a Tribute to Heroes,” was sponsored by all four major U.S. television networks, ABC, CBS,FOX and NBC. It was broadcast by three-dozen television, cable and radio networks across the country and aired live to more than a hundred countries around the world. Hollywood stars joined music entertainers in asking listeners and viewers to pledge cash donations to charities, helping the victims of the September 11th attacks. Actors, including Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts, Tom Cruise and Clint Eastwood, told stories of heroic acts by people who tried to save others from the burning World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Former heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali made a rare public appearance in a show of support. The appeals alternated with performances by such popular entertainers as Bruce Springsteen, Mariah Carey, Stevie Wonder, Paul Simon and the rock band U—2.They appeared on stages in New York, Los Angeles and London, decorated with hundreds of burning candles. Singer Billy Joel sang “New York State of Mind” with a New York City firefighter’s hat on his piano. Sting dedicated his song “Fragile” to a friend who died in the World Trade Center. Stevie Wonder condemned hatreds in the name of religion before singing his song “Love’s in Need of Love Today”. Pledge phones were manned by dozens of other celebrities, including Jack Nicholson, Meg Ryan, Whoopie Goldberg, Cindy Crawford, Al Pacino and Sylvester Stallone. Organizers say the two-hour telethon raised millions of dollars. All participants ,from stars to stagehands, worked without pay. 8. The underlined word “telethon” most probably means ________. A A. a performance to raise money B. a concert held by some television networks C. a television program which lasts a long time D. a television program for entertainment （五） LONDON(Reuters)—Organic fruit, delivered right to the doorstep. That is what Gabriel Gold prefers, and he is willing to pay for it. If this is not possible ,the 26-year-old computer technician will spend the extra money at the supermarket to buy organic food. “Organic produce is always better,” Gold said. “The food is free of pesticides(农药),and you are generally supporting family farms instead of large farms. And more often than not it is locally grown and seasonal, so it is more tasty.” Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. But how many shoppers really know what they are getting, and why are they willing to pay a higher price for organic produce? Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reason for their preferences—but their knowledge of organic food is far from complete. For example, small amounts of pesticides can be used on organic products. And about three quarters of organic food in Britain is not local but imported to meet growing demand. “The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year, so it is a very fast-growing market,” said Sue Flock, a specialist in this line of business 10.What is the meaning of “the organic trend” as the words are used in the text? A A. growing interest in organic food       B. better quality of organic food C. rising market for organic food        D. higher prices of organic food 5 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $