串讲01 Unit 1～2 单元语法知识点梳理【考点串讲PPT】-2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考点大串讲（上教版2020必修第二册）

高一下英语期中考试复习 上教版2020 必修第二册 Unit 1-2 上教版必修二 Unit 1 No Limits 语法与写作课件 一、 省略句的定义 省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。 二、 句子成分的省略--why 省略前提：主谓宾，定状表，如有重复可删掉。 省略原则：词语省略后，不致令人费解。 省略类型： 1. 心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中)； 2. 承前省后型(用于对话、并列句和动词不定式中)； 3. 可有可无型(用于宾从中的that、定从中作宾语 的whom,which,that和某些状从中); 4. 虚拟倒装型(只用于需要倒装的虚拟条件句中)。 三、句子成分的省略情况--how 1.省略主语，主谓语或主谓的一部分      2.省略不定式符号to      3.省略作宾语的不定式短语     4.省略状语从句中的 S+be 5.省略定从、宾从中的引导词  6.省略虚拟语气中的if和should  7.省略名词性从句或从句的部分用not,so,neither,nor “替代”  Beg you pardon.  Sounds like a good idea.  （ I ）Beg you pardon.  ( It ) Sounds like a good idea.. 1.省略主语、主谓语或主谓的一部分 心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中)  –Are you thirsty? – Yes, I am .  His brother isn’t lazy, nor is his sister . (thirsty). (lazy).  Let’s meet at the same place as yesterday. (we met) 同时省略主、谓语  –Have you finished your work ? –Not yet. I have not finished my homework yet. 1.省略主语、主谓语或主谓的一部分 承前省后型(用于对话、并列句和动词不定式中)  My brother is a doctor and my sister-in-law (is) a lawyer. （省略相同的谓语动词） (is) 1.作使役及感官动词的宾补的不定式须省to,但在被动语态中须将to复原。  I noticed a man to enter the classroom when I passed by.  A man was noticed to enter the classroom. to X 这类使役动词及感官动词主要有 一“感”: 二“听”: 三“让”: 四“看”: feel hear listen to have make let watch notice observe see 2.省略不定式符号to  注意半帮助: notice help 2）do nothing but do只（做某事)，can't but do(不得不), can’t help but do(只能做某事，不得不做)，had better,may well (很可能),may as well(不妨)等固定搭配常接省略to的不定式。 E.g. We didn’t do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday. Hearing the news, she couldn’t help but cry. 2.省略不定式符号to  3.省略作宾语的不定式短语 省略在want，wish，hope，try，plan，like，love，hate等后作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have : (1) –Are you going there?--Yes, I’d like to (2) He didn’t give me the chance, though he had promised to (3) –Are you an engineer? --No, but I want . (4) –He hasn’t finished the task yet. --Well, he ought . (go there). (give me the chance). to be to have 1.在if, unless,when, while,once,though, as 等引导的状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去“主语+be” (1)When still a boy of 10, he had to work day and night. (2)She tried her best though rather poor in health. (3)While cycling, don’t forget the traffic lights. 骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。 (you are) (you) (he was) (she was) 4.省略状语从句中的 S+be 2.) 英语中有一些固定的省略结构： 在以if, unless,when, while,once,though, as if（好象）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是be ，常将主语it 和动词be 省略。 If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。 Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。 it is 4.省略状语从句中的 S+be it is  We all know (that) the earth runs around the sun. (that) 1.)宾语从句中常省略连词that，但当有两个并列的宾语从句时，第二个that则不能省略。  Mary said (that) she is from American and that she is 16 years old. (that) 2.)在定语从句中，that, which, who在从句中作宾语时可省略。  I haven’t read the book (that/ which) you’re reading. (that/ which) 5.省略定从、宾从中的引导词  1.)连词if在虚拟条件句中省略后,从句语序有变化。 (3） , what should we do? , they would certainly have come and help us. (2) , I would do the work better Had they had time If they had had time 6.省略虚拟语气中的if和should If I were you Were I you If there should be a flood Should there be a flood  He suggest we should set out right away. (should) 2.）在含有表示“一坚持二命令、三建议、四要求等词后的名词性从句中使用“（should） + 动词原形”表示虚拟语气。如：  His suggestion is that we should set out right away. (should)  The order that we should stay where we are is very serious and severe. (should)  It’s very important that students should study hard at school. (should) 6.省略虚拟语气中的if和should Discovering useful structures Rewrite these sentences by taking out the unnecessary parts. The burn that she got from the iron was red and it was very painful. (_____) 2. A boy was on the left side of the sick woman, and a girl was on the right side of the sick woman. 3. She has a daughter who is in hospital. 4. He went to the doctor because he had to go to the doctor . (___________________) (_____) (_____________) 5. Did she pass the first aid test that she did yesterday or didn’t she pass? or not. 6. She could not decided whether to send him to hospital or not to send him to hospital . 7. When your nose is bleeding, you should bend forward so that the blood runs out of your nose and the blood doesn’t run down your throat. 8. Only some of the students have done a first aid course but most of the students haven’t done a first aid course . not down your throat. 2.These sentences are correct. However, one or more words have been left out. Can you tell your partner which words are missing ? 1) The temple surrounded by a wall belongs to the local government. The temple (which is) surrounded by a wall belongs to the local government. 2) The first book I read this term was more interesting than the second. The first book (that) I read this term was more interesting than the second (book that I read this term). 3) To her teacher’s surprise, she did better in her first aid exam than expected.    To her teacher’s surprise, she did better in her first aid exam than (she was) expected (to do). 4) I don’t think they have returned from the hospital, but they might have. I don’t think they have returned from the hospital, but they might have (returned from the hospital).   5) He wanted to help the accident victim but his friend didn’t. He wanted to help the accident victim but his friend didn’t (want to help the accident victim).    6) You can borrow my first aid notes if you want to. You can borrow my first aid notes if you want to (borrow my first aid notes).    7) Sounds like a good idea. (It) sounds like a good idea.    8) Anything I can do for you? (Is there) anything I can do for you? 专题训练 Exercise 1. -You should see the doctor and have your teeth checked. -You’re right. I should see the doctor and have my teeth checked. 2. I’d like to go to the cinema. Would you like to go to the cinema? 3. -Did you tell her the news? -I ought to have told her the news, but I didn’t know how to say. 4. I haven’t cleaned my room, but I will clean the room. 1. -You should see the doctor and have your teeth checked. -You’re right. I should. 2. I’d like to go to the cinema. Would you? 3. -Did you tell her the news? -I ought to have, but I didn’t know how to say. 4. I haven’t cleaned my room, but I will. 点击查看参考答案 用省略规则改写句子,使句子更加整洁。 Writing about a person you admire 单元目录 人物描写对象举例 人物描写的维度 练习 使用建议：高中英语 必修第二册 U1P16 一、人物描写对象举例 学校：同学、老师等 人物描写对象举例 人物描写是一种很常见的写作任务。人物描写的目的是刻画人物的性格，表现人物的精神面貌，这同时也能更深刻地表达文章的中心。人物描写应力求具体生动，做到绘声绘色地再现“人物”，让读者如见其人，如闻其声。 生活中接触到的其他人 身边的人物 家庭成员 社会人物 历史人物 当代名人 29 二、人物描写的维度 在描写人物时，主要有这些方面：外貌描写、语言描写、动作描写、心理描写。 外貌描写是对人物的容貌、神情、身体形态、衣着等方面的某一部分或几个部分的描述。 语言描写是塑造人物形象的重要手段。语言描写要反映人物的个性特征。 动作描写是对人物举止、动作、行为的描写，也是表现人物性格的一种方式。 心理描写是对人物内心的思想情感活动进行描写。 写作中，还可以增加人物经历、人物成就、人物评价等内容，能够对人物的展现更加立体。 本单元关于a person you admire的写作，内容中还应包括对人物欣赏或崇敬的原因。 人物描写的维度很多，写作中可以有所侧重、详略得当，不必面面俱到。 30 二、人物描写的维度 关于人物的外貌描写，可以从这些方面入手： 常用词汇 年龄 (age) little, young, middle-aged, old, aged 身高 (height) short, tall, medium height 身材 (build) thin, heavy, medium build, slim, skinny, fat 头发 (hair) 长短 (long, short), 发型 (straight, curly), 发色 (black, blond, brown…) 肤色 (skin) white, tan, fair, dark… 人物外貌描写在初中阶段已经讨论过，此处不再详细展开。 31 二、人物描写的维度 语言描写是塑造人物形象的重要手段。 语言描写包括人物的独白和对话。 独白是反映人物心理活动的重要手段。对话可以是两个人的对话，也可以是几个人的相互交谈。描写人物的语言，不但要求做到个性化，而且还要体现出人物说话的艺术性。成功的语言描写总是鲜明地展示人物的性格，生动地表现人物的思想感情，深刻地反映人物的内心世界。 语言描写，尤其是引用人物的语言时需要注意标点符号的格式。请观察以下例句并总结规律： 1. 说话人在前，说话内容在后 Some say, “It is never too late to start.” say/says/said后用逗号，不用冒号 2. 说话人在后，说话内容前置 “He is a hero in our country,” they said. 引号内话语结尾用逗号，引号外第一个单词首字母小写 3. 说话人在中间，说话内容分列于说话人前后 “Rebels (叛军) had captured the palace,” he told me, “but I knew my way around the building because I had worked for the king.” 前半句话的结尾用逗号，后半句话开头的首字母小写 32 二、人物描写的维度 描写人物富有特征性的动作，以表现人物的性格、品质、身份、地位、处境、状态，叫做动作描写。 心理描写是指在文章中，对人物在一定的环境中的心理状态、精神面貌和内心活动进行的描写。 人物的每一行动都是受其思想、性格制约的，因此，具体细致地描写某一人物在某一情况下所作出的反应──主要是动作反应，就势必显示出了这一人物的内心活动、处世态度、思想品质。成功的动作描写，可以交代人物的身份、地位，可以反映人物心理活动的进程，可以表现人物的性格特征，有时候还能推动情节的发展。 最常用的是描写人物的内心独白，写出人物的所思所想，让人物一无遮掩地吐露自己的心声，说出他的欢乐和悲伤、矛盾和愁郁、忧虑和希望，使读者穿透人物外表，看到人物的内心世界。同时也突出文章的中心或表明人物的品质或情感。 33 三、练习 02 Some say, “It is never too late to start.” Anna Mary Robertson Moses, known as Grandma Moses, followed up on that suggestion at the age of 78. As a result, she became famous worldwide as an American folk artist. The story of her entry into the world of art is an interesting one. Grandma was born in New York. At age 12, she began work as a live-in housekeeper. One family that she worked for noticed her interest in art. They gave her art materials so that she could practise drawing. After she grew older and married Thomas Moses, the couple worked on farms. Throughout her life, she used her art ideas to embroider (刺绣) pictures with yarn. She also tried her hand at beautiful quilting. Grandma continued until she got arthritis. That illlness made it too painful for her to do needlework any longer. 选自启思资源库B2U2 The work of an amateur 参考答案： 社会人物、历史人物 经历；时间顺序 （点击查看参考答案） 1. Grandma Moses (1860-1961) 属于人物描写对象中的__________。 2. 第二段是对人物的__________描写，描写顺序是__________。 34 三、练习 02 An art collector happened to find her art when she was starting out. The next year, three of Grandma’s paintings were displayed in one of the New York’s Museum of Modern Art exhibits. From then on, more invitations came her way and she became famous. Her paintings were shown throughout Europe and the United States for the next 20 years. Amazingly, her exhibits even broke attendance records and were used on greeting cards, ceramics and more.  选自启思资源库B2U2 The work of an amateur 参考答案： 3. 心理描写 4. 成就 （点击查看参考答案） 3. 标红的句子的描写方式是__________。 4. 第二段主要是对Grandma Moses的__________描写。 5. 仔细观察Grandma Moses的照片，试着为文章增加一段外貌描写。 Over the years, Grandma painted over 1,500 canvases. At first, they were sold very cheaply but as time went on, they rose into the tens of thousands of dollars. People enjoyed seeing her art because it made them feel happy, content or peaceful. It took their minds away from the harshness that can surround people and depress them.  35 上教版必修二 Unit 2 Roads to education 分词做定语 Crazy English 1. The swimming boy is her brother. 2.Yang Liwei smiled and waved to the crowds waiting for him. 3.The spaceship, called Shenzhou V, was carrying China’s first astronaut, Yang Liwei. 4.The doctor, called Li Ying, graduated from Zhengzhou Medical College. 5.Have you read the novel written by Mo Yan. 语法感知 1.那个正在游泳的男孩是她的弟弟。 2.杨利伟微笑着向正等待他的人群挥手致意。 3.这个命名为“神舟五号”的宇宙飞船，搭载着中国首位宇航员杨利伟。 4.那个叫李英的医生毕业于郑州医科大学。 5.你读过莫言写的那部小说了吗？ Grammar 分词作定语 Objectives: 教学目标 （一）. 理解现在分词和过去分词作定语时的时态与语态意义（区别） （二）.理解表示情感的动词分词作定语时的区别 （三）. 理解分词作定语与定语从句的转换 falling leaves fallen leaves 正在飘的落叶 已经着地的落叶 时态 Step1：现在分词与过去分词做定语时的时态与语态区别: 观察总结（1） boiling water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 开水 polluted river closed door the broken cup the cup broken by the cat This barking dog is dangerous. The dog injured in the fighting looks quite painful. falling leaves fallen leaves a broken cup polluted river the barking dog the novel written by Mo Yan waved to the crowds waiting for him. 单个分词做定语位于所修饰词 ; 分词短语做定语位于所修饰词_________叫后置定语。 the dog injured in the fighting 小 结 1 boiling water boiled water 之前 之后 （1）位置 (2)现在分词与过去分词做定语时的时态与语态区别: 分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的词就是分词的 ; （1）在时态上，现在分词表示进行，而过去分词表示完成或状态 （2）在语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。 总之，现在分词表示 或 ； 过去分词表示 或 。 主动 被动 进行 完成 逻辑主语 1.一个叫Mary的小女孩call a girl called Mary 2.由著名演员所扮演的角色play the character played by a famous actor 3.一个正在睡觉的男士sleep a sleeping man 4.想要去游泳的学生们wish the students wishing to go swimming 5.一个发展中国家develop a developing country 6.正在树上唱歌的那只鸟sing the bird singing in the tree 1.找到分词的逻辑主语 2.辨别分词与逻辑主语之间的 关系 过去分词与现在分词作定语的区别： 语态 时态 被动 主动 完成 进行 形式 意义 过去分词 现在分词 As we all know , China is a developing country . The visitor came from a developed country . 过去分词（done）、现在分词的被动语态（being done）与动词不定式(to be done)作定语的区别： 意义 形式 语态 时态 done being done to be done 被动 被动 被动 完成 进行 尚未发生 The building built last year is our classroom building . 去年建造的楼是我们的教学楼。 The building being built now is our classroom building . 现在正在建造的楼是我们的教学楼。 The building to be built next month is our classroom building . 下个月将要建造的楼是我们的教学楼。 1.frighten a frightening tiger 一只使人恐惧的老虎 a frightened boy 一个感到恐惧的男孩 2.excite an exciting story 一个使人激动的故事 an excited boy 一个感到激动的男孩 Step2 表示情感的分词做定语时的区别 3.I was puzzled by this puzzling question.(puzzle) 4. I look at his worried(worry) face and don’t know what happened to him. 观察总结(2) ： 小 结 2 表示情感的分词做定语时的区别: 现在分词描述事物对人的情感所具有的作用， , 过去分词用于描述人物的感受， . 这类常见的分词有；amazed/amazing ,excited/exciting , bored /boring, interested/interesting , pleased/pleasing, surprised/surprising ,satisfied/satisfying ,tired/tiring, amused/amusing… 注意：修饰人的表情，嗓音等常用过去分词。 eg: a pleased look/expression excited voice 令人…的 感到… 1.The father felt for his son. (disappoint） 2. The boy was by the story / hero. （move） 3. The girl was by the tiger（frighten） 4.The look on the girl’s face suggested that she had known the news.（surprise） 趁热打铁 disappointed disappointing moved moving frightened frightening surprised surprising Consolidation Step3 分词和定语从句的关系 as attributives doctors resting on the ground kids running on the race cabin hospital built in Wuhan kids awarded a prize doctors who are resting on the ground kids who are running on the race cabin hospital which was built in Wuhan kids who were awarded a prize 分词短语作定语放在被修饰的名词之后，相当于一个定语从句 Who is the man standing by the door? = Who is the man ________standing by the door ? that is They built a highway leading into the mountains. Have you read any novels written by Lu Xun? that leads that were written 1.The sleeping boy must be dreaming 2. This is the path leading to the school. =This is the path which leads to the school. =The boy who is sleeping must be dreaming. 小结 3：分词作定语时通常可转化为定语从句。 3 . I have a radio which is made in China. =I have a radio made in China. 观察总结 现在分词表示正在进行的动作，变成定语从句时要用进行时态。 1.The sleeping boy must be dreaming. =The boy who is sleeping must be dreaming. 2.Did you see the man talking to the headmaster? =Did you see the man who was talking to the headmaster? 3.The teacher who is giving a speech is my English teacher. = The teacher giving a speech is my English teacher. 现在分词表示经常性的动作或者现在（当时）的状态，变成从句时用一般现在时或一般过去时。 4. This is the path leading to the school. =This is the path which leads to the school. 5.They lived in a room facing to the south. =They lived in a room which/that faced to the south. 6. There is a big tree which stands on the farm. =There is a big tree standing on the farm. 过去分词作定语，转化成定语从句的被动形式。 7. I have a radio which is made in China. =I have a radio made in China 8.The computer center, built last term, is very popular among the students in the school. =The computer center which was built last term is very popular among the students in the school. 9.This is the only picture that is painted by my father. =This is the only picture painted by my father. 专题训练 step4.Exercises. 看图造句 The boy who is crying in the picture is my little brother. The crying boy is my little brother. 分词形式 定语从句形式 4’ The boy crying in the picture is my little brother. my little brother 单句语法填空 1. We lived in the house _________（build) by my uncles (我舅舅们修建的). 2. Any medicine ________(take) without the advice of a doctor can cause trouble. 3.The teacher (teach)us English is Mr. Li. 4.Do you know the boy (lie) under the big tree? 5. The look on the girl’s face suggested that she had known the news（surprise） 6. Mr Smith, (tire) of the (bore) speech, started to read a novel. built taken teaching lying surprised surprising tired boring 6’ 1.The boy who is swimming is my brother. =The swimming boy is my brother. 2. The letter which was posted yesterday will soon reach him. =The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him. 3.Most of them invited to the party were famous artists . =Most of them who were invited to the party were famous artists. 句型转换 6’ 3 There are a few boys swim in the river. swimming 单句改错（每句一处） 2We spent two hours discussing the plan make by her. destroyed 1The teacher stands there is his father standing moving excited 4 There were many houses destroy in the fire 6 His exciting look suggests that he has known the news 5 I read a very moved book yesterday 6’ made 语篇填空 My house (stand) at the corner of the street was built 50 years ago. A friend (call) Daniel designed it for me. One day, a (wound) soldier came to my house, (wait) outside the door. He looked so (tire). He said Daniel was his grandfather, who was still alive. On hearing the news, I was too to say a word (excite). Oh, my old friend! 7’ wounded exciting excited standing called waiting tired 1.Keeping doing! Never give up! 2.Practice makes perfect! Hard work pays off! Tips: 注意：现在分词作定语和动名词的区别 I have a friend living in Shanghai.（进行，主动） No one is allowed to speak in the reading room. 动名词作定语表示的是被修饰词的功能或用途 a reading room=a room for reading a swimming pool=a pool for swimming a walking stick= a stick for walking 及物动词的过去分词可表示被动和动作 已完成 不及物动词的过去分词只有完成意义，只表示动作已完成 the risen sun升起来的太阳 the developed country发达国家 a retired teacher 一名退休教师 a returned student一名留学生 现在分词作定语，若表示被动，动作正在进行，用being done，正在被… The problem being discussed now is important. =The problem which is being discussed now is important. Do you know the boy who is being punished by his parents? =Do you know the boy being punished by his parents? These female pigs are cloned. So we call them ______pigs These female pigs are cloned. So we call them pigs________________ that/which are cloned cloned clone(克隆) 2’ $$