精品解析：上海尚德实验学校融合部2018-2019学年高二上学期十月月考英语试题

TOEFL Monthly Quiz for Class BC Grade 11 The First Semester of 2018-2019 Academic Year SSES Noble Academy Time: 90 minutes Full Score: 100 Class： Name：_____________ Examination Rules: 考试规则： 1. Follow SSES Academic Honesty Policy. 遵守尚德实验学校学术诚信守则。 2. Follow SSES Noble Academy Examination Rules. 遵守尚德实验学校美加课程考场规则。 3. Follow SSES Exam Invigilators’ instructions. 遵从考场监考老师的要求指示。 4. No electronic devices are allowed in the examination room. Student with electronic device will be disqualified from the exam. 考场中禁止出现电子产品，携带电子产品的学生将被取消考试资格。 5. Standard calculators and paper dictionaries are only allowed to be used when the exam paper clearly states so. Unauthorized calculators or electronic dictionaries are not allowed. 标准计算器和纸质字典，只有在考卷要求中清楚标明可以使用的情况下方可使用。考场中禁止出现不符合规定的计算器或电子词典。 6. No early submissions. Please check your answers thoroughly after finishing the exam papers. 完成答卷后请谨慎全面地进行检查。考试过程中禁止提早交卷。 7. Actions such as answering randomly or submitting empty papers will be considered as disrespecting to the examination, and will face penalties. 考试过程中胡乱作答或提交空白试卷的行为将被视作对考试的不尊重，将会受到处分。 I understand and agree to follow all the rules above, and will to be responsible for the consequences of violations. 我理解并同意遵守以上规则，并将为违规的后果全权负责。 Signature： 签名： Allowed Tools： None I. Listening. (2’*15=30’) Section A: Listen to part of a lecture, and fill in the blanks. (2’*10=20’) M: We’re going to ____1____ the rest of the month writing ____2____ kinds of essays. First though, we need to talk about what makes an essay good. There are ____3____ things that every essay, despite what you’ll be writing about, needs to have. Okay, so who can tell me one thing that an essay must have? W: Um, doesn't every essay need an introduction? M: Of course. Every essay must have an introduction. In the intro, you’ll talk about the ____4____ of your essay. You might also talk about some of your arguments or subtopics. But if you do, you have to make sure that you’re very brief about them. Your introduction shouldn’t be more than a ____5____. So what else does an essay need to have? W: A conclusion? M: ____6____! If you’re introducing your topic at the beginning, you must conclude your argument at the end. The conclusion talks about similar things as the introduction, but it’s not ____7____ the same. Here, you have to wrap up your topic. You have to make sure that the reader is ____8____ that your point of ____9____ is right. Yes, do you have a question? W: So what happens in the middle? M: The middle’s the most ____10____ part! That’s where you tell your reader all the reasons that he or she should agree with you. That’s where you really get to show off what you know. Section B: Listen to the following passages and choose the best answers. Each passage will be played twice. (2’*5=10’) 1. What is this conversation mostly about? A. How much the professor enjoys student participation. B. How to highlight key passages from the textbook. C. How to get in touch with the teaching assistant. D. How the student can improve his grade. 2. What is one suggestion the professor makes to the student? A. Get plenty of sleep and eat a good breakfast for the exam. B. Ask the teaching assistant for old exams to practice. C. Memorize Piaget’s stages of development. D. Study long and hard for the exam. 3. What is the professor’s favorite part of his job? A. Reforming students to his teaching assistant. B. Teaching students about interesting things. C. Having students participate in class. D. Helping students get better grades. 4. What is one thing the student did to study for this exam? A. Visited the professor during office hours to ask questions. B. Formed a study group to go over lecture notes. C. Memorized Piaget’s stages of development. D. Took a practice test with the TA. 5. What does the professor say is the value of taking a practice exam? A. Memorizing the questions because the same ones will appear on the actual exam. B. Getting extra points because the practice exam was taken. C. Figuring out which topics the student still needs to work on. D Learning the structure of the exam. II. Vocabulary. (1’*20=20’) Section A: Match the words based on their corresponding synonyms and write down the letter in each bracket. (1’*15=15’) Match the words based on their corresponding synonyms and write down the letter in each bracket. A influence n/v ____1____ intention B instant adj. ____2____ problem C decade n. ____3____ exactly D attempt n. ____4____ example E riveting adj. ____5____ strange / odd F instance n. ____6____ encourage G issue n. ____7____ immediate H imply v. ____8____ meanwhile I summit n. ____9____ fail J inspire v. _____10_____ peak K boundary n. _____11_____ infer L flunk v. _____12_____ ten years M weird adj. _____13_____ border N meantime n. _____14_____ attractive O definitely adv. _____15_____ impact Section B: Choose the word with the closest meaning to each underlined word or phrase. (1’*5=5’) 16. It was a very tough decision but we feel we made the right one A. rough B. smooth C. hard D. soft 17. The incident happened prior to her arrival. A. before B. after C. while D. when 18. He is upset that he needs a health clearance. A. sad B. sympathetic C. excited D. inspired 19. This officer’s resources would have to be increased to cope with the extra workload. A. manage B. manage with C. deal D. deal with 20. He would go over his work again and again until he felt he had it right. A. preview B. review C. rework D. revise III. Reading: Read the following passages and answer the questions (2’*15=30’) A The Functions of the Human Brain The human brain is separated into two distinct sides by a fissure. Every structure in each side of the brain is mirrored on the other side. But each side takes on different main functions This has led to the myth that people only use the right or left side of their brain. But this is a misconception since a fully functioning human must use both sides of his or her brain to perform the full range of skills and functions. fissure: (n) a crack; a break misconception: (n) misunderstanding The human brain consists of five sections. These are the parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes, as well as the cerebellum. The parietal lobe is the part of the brain that combines sensory information from all of the body parts. It is also used to judge space through vision. This is the least understood region of the brain. The brain’s frontal lobe contains the body’s gyrus and motor cortex tissue. This is the material through which the brain can control the body’s voluntary movements. The frontal lobe has also been found to govern impulse control, judgment, memory, language, motor functions, problem solving, sexual behavior, socialization, and spontaneity. A large number of the body’s activities are managed through this lobe. voluntary: (adj) on purpose; willful spontaneity: (n) unplanned, natural behavior The occipital lobe is the part of the brain that processes vision. It is the smallest of the four lobes, located in the rear area of the brain. Regions of this lobe process color, aspects of space, and motion perception. If this lobe is damaged, the ability of sight can be diminished or lost. diminish: (v) to decrease The temporal lobes rest low on either sides of the brain. This lobe contains the auditory cortex. This controls the body’s ability to hear and process sound. It also controls high-level processing such as speech. It manages such functions as comprehension, verbal memory, naming, and language. auditory: (adj) of or related to hearing The cerebellum lies at the base of the brain at the point where it connects to the spinal cord. This region functions as the meeting point of sensory perception and muscle control; through the nervous system. 21. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the brain? A. Humans cannot fully function without both sides of the brain. B. One side of the brain makes up for any damage to the other side. C. The right and left side are asymmetrical in appearance. D. Normal people use only one side of their brain. 22. According to the passage, all of the following are true about the lobes of the brain EXCEPT: A. The parietal lobe processes sensory information from other body parts. B. The frontal lobe controls impulse and problem solving skills. C The occipital lobe is the largest part of the brain. D. The temporal lobe is connected to sound processing ability. 23 The author of the passage implies that          . A. scientists should learn more about the parietal lobe B. the parietal lobe is not particularly important C. the brain is the largest organ in the body D. the cerebellum is the least interesting part 24. According to the passage, it can be inferred that          . A. people with good judgment have large frontal lobes B. people can function properly without their frontal lobes C. a blind person may have damaged his or her occipital lobe D. the occipital lobe has many different colors B Road Law in Rome Roads were essential for the growth of the Rome Empire. These roads enabled them to move armies quickly and efficiently. There is even a proverb that says, “All roads lead to Rome.” At its peak, the Roman road system spanned 53,000 miles and contained about 372 links. The Romans were adept at constructing these roads, which were called viae. adept: (adj) highly skilled at something Prepared viae began in history as the streets of Rome. The laws of the Twelve Tables, dated to approximately 450 B.C., specify that a road shall be 8 feet wide where straight and 16 where curved. The tables command Romans to build roads and give wayfarers the right to pass over private land where the road is in disrepair. Therefore, building roads that would not need frequent repair became an ideological objective. wayfarer: traveler in disrepair: in a state of poor condition Roman law defined the right to use a road as a servitus, or claim. The right of going established a claim to use a footpath across private land. The right of driving allowed for a carriage. A road combined both types of claims as long as it was of the proper width, which was determined by an arbiter. The default width was 8 feet. In these rather dry laws, the prevalence of public domain over private can be seen, which characterized the republic. arbiter: (n) a judge or decision maker prevalence: (n) commonness The Romans had a preference for standardization whenever they could. After being made permanent commissioner of roads in 20 B.C., Augustus set up a golden milestone near the temple of Saturn. On this were listed all of the cities in the empire and the distance to them. This was later called the naval of Rome. permanent: (adj) everlasting; constant Roman roads were very important in maintaining both the stability and the expansion of the empire. The regions made good time on them. These roads are still used a thousand years later. During the fall of the Roman Empire, the same roads offered avenues of invasion to the barbarians. This contributed to Roman military reverses. stability: steadiness, firmness 25. According to the passage, roads were important to the Roman Empire because A. they were the symbol of the Roman republic B. they had signs that listed the distance from cities around the world to Rome C. they allowed quick and efficient movement of armies D. they showed the Roman’s eagerness for standardization 26. According to the passage, all of following statements about Roman road law are true EXCEPT: A. The right to use roads was defined as a servitus. B. Roads were required to be eight feet wide where straight. C. Roads were called viae. D. The right of driving did not allow for carriages. 27. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in Important ways or leave out essential information. In these rather dry laws, the prevalence of public domain over private can be seen, which characterized the republic. A. Roman republicans believed privacy was more important than public life. B. The Romans separated public life from private life by law. C. One characteristic of the Roman republic was the strict public law enactment. D. The laws of the Roman republic tended to put public life before private. 28. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in Important ways or leave out essential information. During the fall of the Roman Empire, the same roads offered avenues of invasion to the barbarians. A. The Roman Empire built roads to allow the barbarians to invade. B. The barbarians invaded Rome on those roads, leading to its downfall. C. The barbarians preferred to invade the Roman Empire on roads and avenues. D. The Roman Empire offered the barbarians a chance to invade on different avenues. C The Expression of Emotions Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language. [■A] Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. [■B] Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. [■C] In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. [■D] He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study often cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense. Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words:“The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of goodwill, for example, and frowning to anger? Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive. What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s-feet” wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings. Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response. “Keep a stiff upper lip”: Avoid showing emotions in difficult situations 29 The word “despondent” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. curious B. unhappy C. thoughtful D. uncertain 30. The word “concur” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. estimate B. agree C. expect D. understand 31. The word “them” in the passage refers to A. emotions B. people C. photographs D. cultures 32. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea? A. They did not want to be shown photographs. B. They were famous for their storytelling skills. C. They knew very little about Western culture. D. They did not encourage the expression of emotions. 33. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The Fore’s facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters. B. The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories. C. The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories. D. The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories. 34. The word “rate” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. judge B. reject C. draw D. want 35. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods. Where would the sentence best fit? ________ IV. (20’) 36. Independent Writing: Read the question below. Take your time to prepare, write and revise your response. An effective response usually contains at least 300 words. Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your response. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ TOEFL Monthly Quiz for Class BC Grade 11 The First Semester of 2018-2019 Academic Year SSES Noble Academy Time: 90 minutes Full Score: 100 Class： Name：_____________ Examination Rules: 考试规则： 1. Follow SSES Academic Honesty Policy. 遵守尚德实验学校学术诚信守则。 2. Follow SSES Noble Academy Examination Rules. 遵守尚德实验学校美加课程考场规则。 3. Follow SSES Exam Invigilators’ instructions. 遵从考场监考老师的要求指示。 4. No electronic devices are allowed in the examination room. Student with electronic device will be disqualified from the exam. 考场中禁止出现电子产品，携带电子产品的学生将被取消考试资格。 5. Standard calculators and paper dictionaries are only allowed to be used when the exam paper clearly states so. Unauthorized calculators or electronic dictionaries are not allowed. 标准计算器和纸质字典，只有在考卷要求中清楚标明可以使用的情况下方可使用。考场中禁止出现不符合规定的计算器或电子词典。 6. No early submissions. Please check your answers thoroughly after finishing the exam papers. 完成答卷后请谨慎全面地进行检查。考试过程中禁止提早交卷。 7. Actions such as answering randomly or submitting empty papers will be considered as disrespecting to the examination, and will face penalties. 考试过程中胡乱作答或提交空白试卷的行为将被视作对考试的不尊重，将会受到处分。 I understand and agree to follow all the rules above, and will to be responsible for the consequences of violations. 我理解并同意遵守以上规则，并将为违规的后果全权负责。 Signature： 签名： Allowed Tools： None I. Listening. (2’*15=30’) Section A: Listen to part of a lecture, and fill in the blanks. (2’*10=20’) M: We’re going to ____1____ the rest of the month writing ____2____ kinds of essays. First though, we need to talk about what makes an essay good. There are ____3____ things that every essay, despite what you’ll be writing about, needs to have. Okay, so who can tell me one thing that an essay must have? W: Um, doesn't every essay need an introduction? M: Of course. Every essay must have an introduction. In the intro, you’ll talk about the ____4____ of your essay. You might also talk about some of your arguments or subtopics. But if you do, you have to make sure that you’re very brief about them. Your introduction shouldn’t be more than a ____5____. So what else does an essay need to have? W: A conclusion? M: ____6____! If you’re introducing your topic at the beginning, you must conclude your argument at the end. The conclusion talks about similar things as the introduction, but it’s not ____7____ the same. Here, you have to wrap up your topic. You have to make sure that the reader is ____8____ that your point of ____9____ is right. Yes, do you have a question? W: So what happens in the middle? M: The middle’s the most ____10____ part! That’s where you tell your reader all the reasons that he or she should agree with you. That’s where you really get to show off what you know. Section B: Listen to the following passages and choose the best answers. Each passage will be played twice. (2’*5=10’) 1. What is this conversation mostly about? A. How much the professor enjoys student participation. B. How to highlight key passages from the textbook. C. How to get in touch with the teaching assistant. D. How the student can improve his grade. 2. What is one suggestion the professor makes to the student? A. Get plenty of sleep and eat a good breakfast for the exam. B. Ask the teaching assistant for old exams to practice. C. Memorize Piaget’s stages of development. D. Study long and hard for the exam. 3. What is the professor’s favorite part of his job? A. Reforming students to his teaching assistant. B. Teaching students about interesting things. C. Having students participate in class. D. Helping students get better grades. 4. What is one thing the student did to study for this exam? A. Visited the professor during office hours to ask questions. B. Formed a study group to go over lecture notes. C. Memorized Piaget’s stages of development. D. Took a practice test with the TA. 5. What does the professor say is the value of taking a practice exam? A. Memorizing the questions because the same ones will appear on the actual exam. B. Getting extra points because the practice exam was taken. C. Figuring out which topics the student still needs to work on. D. Learning the structure of the exam. II. Vocabulary. (1’*20=20’) Section A: Match the words based on their corresponding synonyms and write down the letter in each bracket. (1’*15=15’) Match the words based on their corresponding synonyms and write down the letter in each bracket. A influence n/v. ____1____ intention B instant adj ____2____ problem C decade n ____3____ exactly D attempt n. ____4____ example E riveting adj. ____5____ strange / odd F instance n. ____6____ encourage G issue n. ____7____ immediate H imply v. ____8____ meanwhile I summit n. ____9____ fail J inspire v. _____10_____ peak K boundary n. _____11_____ infer L flunk v _____12_____ ten years M weird adj. _____13_____ border N meantime n. _____14_____ attractive O definitely adv. _____15_____ impact 【答案】1. D 2. G 3. O 4. F 5. M 6. J 7. B 8. N 9. L 10. I 11. H 12. C 13. K 14. E 15. A 【解析】 【1题详解】 “attempt”意为“尝试；企图”，“intention”意为“意图；目的”，都表达了做某事的想法或打算，故选D。 【2题详解】 “issue”意为“问题；议题”，“problem”意为“问题；难题”，都指需要解决或处理的事情，故选G。 【3题详解】 “definitely”意为“肯定地；明确地”，“exactly”意为“确切地；精确地”，都有表示准确、肯定的意思，故选O。 【4题详解】 “instance”意为“例子；实例”，“example”也意为“例子；榜样”，都用于说明或解释某个概念或情况，故选F。 【5题详解】 “weird”意为“奇怪的；怪异的”，“strange”和“odd”也都有 “奇怪的”意思，它们在描述事物的奇特或不寻常方面是相似的，故选M。 【6题详解】 “inspire”意为“鼓舞；激励”，“encourage”意为“鼓励；支持”，都有激发他人积极性或给予他人动力的意思，故选J。 【7题详解】 “instant”意为“立即的；瞬间的”，“immediate”意为“立即的；直接的”，都表示时间上的迅速、即刻，故选B。 【8题详解】 “meantime”意为“同时；其间”，“meanwhile”也意为“同时；在此期间”，二者在表示同一时间内发生的其他事情时意思相同，故选N。 【9题详解】 “flunk”意为“不及格；失败”，“fail”也意为“失败；未能做到”，都表示没有达到预期目标或标准，故选L。 【10题详解】 “summit”意为“山顶；峰会”，“peak”意为“山峰；顶点”，在表示山的顶部或事物的最高点时，故选I。 【11题详解】 “imply”意为“暗示；意味”，“infer”意为“推断；推论”，都有通过间接的方式表达或得出某种结论的意思，故选H。 【12题详解】 “decade”意为“十年”，“ten years”就是“十年”的直接表达，二者意思完全一致，故选C。 【13题详解】 “boundary”意为“边界；界限”，“border”意为 “边界；边境”，都指划分不同区域的界限，故选K。 【14题详解】 “riveting” 意为 “引人入胜的；迷人的”，“attractive” 意为 “有吸引力的；迷人的”，都用于形容事物具有吸引人的特质，故选E。 【15题详解】 “influence” 意为 “影响；作用”，“impact” 也意为 “影响；冲击力”，在表示对人或事物产生的作用或影响方面，故选A Section B: Choose the word with the closest meaning to each underlined word or phrase. (1’*5=5’) 16. It was a very tough decision but we feel we made the right one A. rough B. smooth C. hard D. soft 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这是一个非常艰难的决定，但我们觉得我们做出了正确的决定。A. rough粗糙的，不平的；B. smooth平滑的，顺利的；C. hard艰难的，困难的；D. soft柔软的，温和的。题目要求选出tough的同义词，即需要一个表示“艰难的”的形容词，C选项最符合语境。故选C。 17. The incident happened prior to her arrival. A. before B. after C. while D. when 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查固定短语词义。句意：这件事发生在她到达之前。A. before在……之前；B. after在……之后；C. while当……的时候；D. when当……的时候。prior to意为“在……之前”，和before意思相同。故选A。 18. He is upset that he needs a health clearance. A. sad B. sympathetic C. excited D. inspired 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：他因为需要健康证明而感到沮丧。A. sad难过的；B. sympathetic同情的； C. excited兴奋的； D. inspired受鼓舞的。upset 在句中表示“沮丧的、不开心的”，最接近的词是 A. sad“悲伤的”。 其他选项（B、C、D）均与负面情绪无关，不符合句意。故选A项。 19. This officer’s resources would have to be increased to cope with the extra workload. A. manage B. manage with C. deal D. deal with 【答案】D 【解析】 【详解】考查动词及动词短语辨析。句意：这名官员的资源将不得不增加以应付额外的工作量。A. manage设法做成（某事），管理；B. manage with用……对付过去， 用……处理；C. deal经营，买卖；D. deal with应付，处理。题目要求选出与“cope with(应付)”同义的选项，结合句意可知deal with与cope with意思相近，最符合语境。故选D。 20. He would go over his work again and again until he felt he had it right. A. preview B. review C. rework D. revise 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他总是反复检查作业，直到自己觉得完全正确为止。A. preview预习；B. review复查/审核；C. rework返工；D. revise修订；根据句中until he felt he had it right可知，这里指反复检查，以防出错，直到确认正确。go over在语境中表示“仔细检查”，与review的词义完全匹配。故选B。 III. Reading: Read the following passages and answer the questions (2’*15=30’) A The Functions of the Human Brain The human brain is separated into two distinct sides by a fissure. Every structure in each side of the brain is mirrored on the other side. But each side takes on different main functions This has led to the myth that people only use the right or left side of their brain. But this is a misconception since a fully functioning human must use both sides of his or her brain to perform the full range of skills and functions. fissure: (n) a crack; a break misconception: (n) misunderstanding The human brain consists of five sections. These are the parietal, frontal, occipital, and temporal lobes, as well as the cerebellum. The parietal lobe is the part of the brain that combines sensory information from all of the body parts. It is also used to judge space through vision. This is the least understood region of the brain. The brain’s frontal lobe contains the body’s gyrus and motor cortex tissue. This is the material through which the brain can control the body’s voluntary movements. The frontal lobe has also been found to govern impulse control, judgment, memory, language, motor functions, problem solving, sexual behavior, socialization, and spontaneity. A large number of the body’s activities are managed through this lobe. voluntary: (adj) on purpose; willful spontaneity: (n) unplanned, natural behavior The occipital lobe is the part of the brain that processes vision. It is the smallest of the four lobes, located in the rear area of the brain. Regions of this lobe process color, aspects of space, and motion perception. If this lobe is damaged, the ability of sight can be diminished or lost. diminish: (v) to decrease The temporal lobes rest low on either sides of the brain. This lobe contains the auditory cortex. This controls the body’s ability to hear and process sound. It also controls high-level processing such as speech. It manages such functions as comprehension, verbal memory, naming, and language. auditory: (adj) of or related to hearing The cerebellum lies at the base of the brain at the point where it connects to the spinal cord. This region functions as the meeting point of sensory perception and muscle control; through the nervous system. 21. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the brain? A. Humans cannot fully function without both sides of the brain. B. One side of the brain makes up for any damage to the other side. C. The right and left side are asymmetrical in appearance. D. Normal people use only one side of their brain. 22. According to the passage, all of the following are true about the lobes of the brain EXCEPT: A. The parietal lobe processes sensory information from other body parts. B. The frontal lobe controls impulse and problem solving skills. C. The occipital lobe is the largest part of the brain. D. The temporal lobe is connected to sound processing ability. 23. The author of the passage implies that          . A. scientists should learn more about the parietal lobe B. the parietal lobe is not particularly important C. the brain is the largest organ in the body D. the cerebellum is the least interesting part 24. According to the passage, it can be inferred that          . A. people with good judgment have large frontal lobes B. people can function properly without their frontal lobes C. a blind person may have damaged his or her occipital lobe D. the occipital lobe has many different colors 【答案】21. A 22. C 23. A 24. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类大脑的结构和功能，详细描述了大脑的各个部分及其各自的主要功能。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“But this is a misconception since a fully functioning human must use both sides of his or her brain to perform the full range of skills and functions.(但这是一种误解，因为一个功能健全的人必须同时使用大脑的两侧，才能执行各种各样的技能和功能。)”可知，认为人们只使用大脑一侧是一种误解，因为一个功能健全的人必须使用大脑的两侧来执行各种技能和功能。故选A。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The occipital lobe is the part of the brain that processes vision. It is the smallest of the four lobes, located in the rear area of the brain.(枕叶是大脑中处理视觉信息的部分。它是四个脑叶中最小的一个，位于大脑的后部区域。)”可知，枕叶是四个脑叶中最小的一个。由此可知，选项C的表述是错误的。故选C。 【23题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The parietal lobe is the part of the brain that combines sensory information from all of the body parts. It is also used to judge space through vision. This is the least understood region of the brain.(顶叶是大脑中整合来自身体各个部位感觉信息的部分。它也用于通过视觉来判断空间。这是大脑中人们了解最少的区域。)”可知，顶叶是整合来自身体各个部位感觉信息的部分，还用于通过视觉判断空间，但它却是大脑中人们了解最少的区域。由此可推断出科学家应该对顶叶进行更多的研究和了解。故选A。 【24题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The occipital lobe is the part of the brain that processes vision. It is the smallest of the four lobes, located in the rear area of the brain. Regions of this lobe process color, aspects of space, and motion perception. If this lobe is damaged, the ability of sight can be diminished or lost.(枕叶是大脑中处理视觉信息的部分。它是四个脑叶中最小的一个，位于大脑的后部区域。这个脑叶的各个区域负责处理颜色、空间维度以及运动感知等方面的信息。如果这个脑叶受损，人的视力可能会减弱甚至丧失。)”可知，人体的枕叶如果受损，人的视力可能会减弱或丧失。由此可推测，盲人可能是枕叶受到了损伤。故选C。 B Road Law in Rome Roads were essential for the growth of the Rome Empire. These roads enabled them to move armies quickly and efficiently. There is even a proverb that says, “All roads lead to Rome.” At its peak, the Roman road system spanned 53,000 miles and contained about 372 links. The Romans were adept at constructing these roads, which were called viae. adept: (adj) highly skilled at something Prepared viae began in history as the streets of Rome. The laws of the Twelve Tables, dated to approximately 450 B.C., specify that a road shall be 8 feet wide where straight and 16 where curved. The tables command Romans to build roads and give wayfarers the right to pass over private land where the road is in disrepair. Therefore, building roads that would not need frequent repair became an ideological objective. wayfarer: traveler in disrepair: in a state of poor condition Roman law defined the right to use a road as a servitus, or claim. The right of going established a claim to use a footpath across private land. The right of driving allowed for a carriage. A road combined both types of claims as long as it was of the proper width, which was determined by an arbiter. The default width was 8 feet. In these rather dry laws, the prevalence of public domain over private can be seen, which characterized the republic. arbiter: (n) a judge or decision maker prevalence: (n) commonness The Romans had a preference for standardization whenever they could. After being made permanent commissioner of roads in 20 B.C., Augustus set up a golden milestone near the temple of Saturn. On this were listed all of the cities in the empire and the distance to them. This was later called the naval of Rome. permanent: (adj) everlasting; constant Roman roads were very important in maintaining both the stability and the expansion of the empire. The regions made good time on them. These roads are still used a thousand years later. During the fall of the Roman Empire, the same roads offered avenues of invasion to the barbarians. This contributed to Roman military reverses. stability: steadiness, firmness 25. According to the passage, roads were important to the Roman Empire because A. they were the symbol of the Roman republic B. they had signs that listed the distance from cities around the world to Rome C. they allowed quick and efficient movement of armies D. they showed the Roman’s eagerness for standardization 26. According to the passage, all of following statements about Roman road law are true EXCEPT: A. The right to use roads was defined as a servitus. B. Roads were required to be eight feet wide where straight. C. Roads were called viae. D. The right of driving did not allow for carriages. 27. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in Important ways or leave out essential information. In these rather dry laws, the prevalence of public domain over private can be seen, which characterized the republic. A. Roman republicans believed privacy was more important than public life. B. The Romans separated public life from private life by law. C. One characteristic of the Roman republic was the strict public law enactment. D. The laws of the Roman republic tended to put public life before private. 28. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in Important ways or leave out essential information. During the fall of the Roman Empire, the same roads offered avenues of invasion to the barbarians. A. The Roman Empire built roads to allow the barbarians to invade. B. The barbarians invaded Rome on those roads, leading to its downfall. C. The barbarians preferred to invade the Roman Empire on roads and avenues. D. The Roman Empire offered the barbarians a chance to invade on different avenues. 【答案】25. C 26. D 27. D 28. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了罗马道路对罗马帝国的重要性以及罗马道路相关的法律规定，包括道路的建设、使用权利等，还提到了罗马道路在帝国稳定、扩张以及衰落过程中所起的作用。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Roads were essential for the growth of the Rome Empire. These roads enabled them to move armies quickly and efficiently.(道路对罗马帝国的发展至关重要。这些道路使他们能够快速有效地调动军队)”可知，道路对罗马帝国重要是因为它们能让军队快速高效地移动。故选C。 【26题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段 “Roman law defined the right to use a road as a servitus, or claim. The right of going established a claim to use a footpath across private land. The right of driving allowed for a carriage.(罗马法将使用道路的权利定义为地役权,通行权确立了在私有土地上使用人行道的权利。行车权允许使用马车。）可知，选项 D“行车权不允许使用马车”与原文不符。故选D。 【27题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段 “In these rather dry laws, the prevalence of public domain over private can be seen, which characterized the republic.(在这些相当枯燥的法律中，可以看到公共领域优先于私人领域，这是罗马共和国的特点)”可知，罗马共和国的法律倾向于将公共生活置于私人生活之上。故选D 【28题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段 “During the fall of the Roman Empire, the same roads offered avenues of invasion to the barbarians.(在罗马帝国衰落期间，同样的道路为野蛮人提供了入侵的途径)”可知，野蛮人通过这些道路入侵罗马，导致了罗马帝国的衰落。故选B。 C The Expression of Emotions Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the teeth in a hostile way, as noted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universal sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language. [■A] Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. [■B] Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. [■C] In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. [■D] He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his colleagues more recently obtained similar results in a study often cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense. Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback”) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person's facial expression can influence that person's emotional state. Consider Darwin's words:“The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.” Can smiling give rise to feelings of goodwill, for example, and frowning to anger? Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive. What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles, such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of heightened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses). The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has found that the so-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crow’s-feet” wrinkles around the eyes and a subtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward the eyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings. Ekman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response—as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response. “Keep a stiff upper lip”: Avoid showing emotions in difficult situations 29. The word “despondent” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. curious B. unhappy C. thoughtful D. uncertain 30. The word “concur” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. estimate B. agree C. expect D. understand 31. The word “them” in the passage refers to A. emotions B. people C. photographs D. cultures 32. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people of New Guinea? A. They did not want to be shown photographs. B. They were famous for their storytelling skills. C. They knew very little about Western culture. D. They did not encourage the expression of emotions. 33. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. A. The Fore’s facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters. B. The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories. C. The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories. D. The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories. 34. The word “rate” in the passage is closest in meaning to A. judge B. reject C. draw D. want 35. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods. Where would the sentence best fit? ________ 【答案】29. B 30. B 31. C 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了情绪的表达具有普遍性，不同文化背景的人对面部表情所表达的情绪有着相似的认知，同时还介绍了面部表情与情绪之间的相互关系，包括面部回馈假说以及两者之间的一些可能联系等。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第一段“Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent?(世界上所有文化中的人都经历过快乐和悲伤，但我们如何知道其他人是高兴还是despondent？)”可知，“despondent” 与 “happy” 意思相反。选项 B（不高兴的，悲伤的）与 “sadness” 意思相近，与 “happy” 相反，故选 B。 【30题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people.(大多数调查者都concur 某些面部表情在所有人身上都表示相同的情绪)”可知，在陈述大多说人的观点，同意某些面部表情在所有人身上都表示相同的情绪。所以“concur” 在这里是 “同意，一致认为” 的意思。故选 B。 【31题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段 “In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them.(在经典研究中，保罗・埃克曼拍摄了表现出愤怒、厌恶、恐惧、快乐和悲伤情绪的人的照片。然后他让世界各地的人指出照片中描绘的是什么情绪。）可知，“them” 指代的是前面提到的 “photographs”。故选 C。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.(被调查者包括欧洲大学生和居住在新几内亚高地的福尔部落成员。所有群体，包括几乎与西方文化没有接触的福尔人，对对所描绘的情绪都达成了一致)”可推知，新几内亚的福尔人对西方文化了解甚少。故选 C。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions.(包括几乎没有接触过西方文化的福尔人在内的所有群体都同意这些情绪的描绘)”以及划线词句“The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses.(当被问及如果他们是故事中需要基本情绪反应的角色时会如何反应，福尔人也展示出了熟悉的面部表情)”可知，这表明福尔人在表现故事中的情绪时，展现出的面部表情和基本情绪的关系与西方文化中看到的是相同的。选项 C 符合原句意思。故选 C。 【34题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段“Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.(例如，让实验参与者微笑，会让他们报告更积极的感受，并认为漫画（幽默的人物或情景画）更幽默。当他们被引起皱眉时，他们认为卡通更具攻击性)” 可知，这里是让参与者对卡通片进行评价，所以“rate” 有 “评价，判断” 的意思。故选 A。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。待插入句子 “This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.(这种识别情绪的普遍性是通过使用相当简单的方法来证明的)”，引出了用简单方法证明情绪识别普遍性的内容。而文章第二段中 “In classic research Paul Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness.   He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in  them(在经典的研究中，保罗·埃克曼拍摄了一些表现出愤怒、厌恶、恐惧、快乐和悲伤情绪的人的照片。然后，他要求世界各地的人们指出他们所描绘的情绪)正是在讲述保罗・埃克曼通过拍照让世界各地的人识别照片中情绪的简单方法来证明情绪识别的普遍性，所以该句子放在 C 处合适，能够很好地衔接上下文，故选 C。 IV. (20’) 36. Independent Writing: Read the question below. Take your time to prepare, write and revise your response. An effective response usually contains at least 300 words. Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents are the best teachers. Use specific reasons and examples to support your response. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】 The debate over whether parents are the best teachers is a complex and multifaceted one. While parents undoubtedly play a pivotal role in a child’s early development, labeling them as the absolute best teachers in every situation is an oversimplification. In my view, parents are foundational educators, but they are not the sole or always the best teachers in a child’s life. Parents are indeed the first and most influential teachers a child encounters. For instance, my parents taught me the importance of honesty, hard work, and empathy through their daily actions and words. These values have been ingrained in me and continue to guide my decisions and interactions. However, as children grow older, their educational needs become more diverse and specialized. This is where the role of formal education and professional teachers becomes indispensable. Teachers are trained to impart knowledge in a structured and systematic manner, often with access to resources and methodologies that parents may lack. They are also adept at fostering critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration among students. For example, my science teacher in middle school introduced me to the wonders of the natural world through engaging experiments and discussions, sparking a lifelong interest in biology. This level of expertise and pedagogical skill is something that parents, regardless of their educational background, may not always possess. Moreover, teachers and mentors outside the family provide children with exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences. They encourage children to think independently, question assumptions, and develop their own opinions. This exposure to different viewpoints is crucial for building empathy, tolerance, and global citizenship. In contrast, parents may inadvertently limit their children’s exposure to different ideas and cultures, especially if they come from a homogeneous background. While parents are undeniably important in a child’s education, they are not the best teachers in all contexts. 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于议论文，要求考生就“父母是不是最好的老师”发表自己的观点，用具体的理由和例子来支持自己的观点。 【详解】1.词汇积累 重要性：importance→significance 然而：however→nevertheless 另外：moreover→what’s more 在我看来：in my view→as far as I am concerned 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：In my view, parents are foundational educators, but they are not the sole or always the best teachers in a child’s life. 拓展句：I hold the view that parents are foundational educators, but they are not the sole or always the best teachers in a child’s life. 【点睛】[高分句型1] This is where the role of formal education and professional teachers becomes indispensable. (运用了where引导的表语从句) [高分句型2] While parents are undeniably important in a child’s education, they are not the best teachers in all contexts. (运用了while引导的让步状语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$