Unit 2 SectionⅡGrammar and usage&Integrated skills（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第四册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage & Integrated skills 1．preference n．偏爱；偏爱的事物 Now, when speaking to Americans, who have a preference for the direct style, I found that I often failed to get straight to the point. 现在，当我和偏爱直接风格的美国人说话时，我发现我经常不能直接切入主题。 (1)Many people expressed a strong preference for the original plan. 许多人强烈表示喜欢原计划。 (2)As we all know, a polar bear has a preference for cold weather. 众所周知，北极熊喜欢寒冷的天气。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①My grandparents prefer living in the country to living in the city. ②I must admit I have a preference(prefer) for classic music. 一句多译 ③她宁愿步行去上班也不愿开车。 →She_prefers_to_walk_to_work_rather_than_drive_a_car．(prefer to do ...rather than do ...) →She_would_rather_walk_to_work_than_drive_a_car．(would rather do ...than do ...) →She_would_walk_to_work_rather_than_drive_a_car．(would do ...rather than do ...) 2．embarrassed adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的 Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others, and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 那些打破禁忌的人即使无意伤害别人也很可能会感到难过或尴尬，而且情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。 (1)feel embarrassed about sth. 对某事感到局促不安 (2)embarrass vt.使窘迫；使尴尬 (3)embarrassing adj.令人为难的；令人尴尬的 It is embarrassing to do sth. 做某事令人难为情。 (4)embarrassment n．困窘；尴尬；难堪 (1)Her remark was followed by an embarrassed silence. 她的话讲完后，接下来便是难堪的沉默。 (2)Nowadays, more and more teenagers who are overweight feel embarrassed about their figures. 如今，越来越多的超重青少年对自己的身材感到尴尬。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①He still feels quite embarrassed about what he had done. ②It is embarrassing to repeat what he said. ③We felt embarrassed to stay at the school, because we are neither teachers nor students.It was really an embarrassing situation.(embarrass) ④Failing to express our meanings may cause embarrassment(embarrass). 3．intention n．意图，计划 Those who break taboos are likely to feel upset or embarrassed even if they have no intention of hurting others, and the situation will also be awkward for the people around them. 那些打破禁忌的人即使无意伤害别人也很可能会感到难过或尴尬，而且情况也会让周围的人感到尴尬。 (1)with the intention of doing sth.怀着做某事的目的 have every intention of doing sth.一心想做某事 have no intention of doing sth.没有做某事的打算 (2)intend v．打算；计划；想要 intend to do sth.打算/想要做某事 intend sb. to do sth.打算/想要让某人做某事 be intended for 是为……打算/设计的 (3)intentional adj.故意的；有意的；存心的 (4)intentionally adv.故意地；有意地 He declared his intention to become the best golfer in the world. 他宣布了要成为世界上最好的高尔夫球手的计划。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①We do not engage in dishonest behavior with the intention of personal gain or at the expense of another. ②When Dennis Williams received a text that clearly wasn't intended(intend) for him, he did something special. ③The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done. ④Scientists find from their studies that plants can talk to one another intentionally(intention). 完成句子 ⑤The project, intended_to promote the economic development of the west of China, has brought benefit to the local people. 这项为了促进中国西部地区经济发展的工程已经给当地人带来了利益。 ⑥Don't try to persuade the boss; he won't have the intention_of employing me—a student fresh from college. 不要试图说服老板了，他不会有雇用我这个刚刚毕业的大学生的想法。 ⑦The project intended_for the youth is widely accepted and has just got an award given by the government. 这个专门针对年轻人的项目得到了广泛的认可，并刚刚获得了政府的奖励。 4．correspond vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信 This is because the word that corresponds to “umbrella” in Chinese sounds like another Chinese word which means “to separate”． 这是因为汉语中与“伞”对应的字听起来像另一个汉语文字，意思是“分开”。 (1)correspond to 和……一致；类似于……；符合…… correspond with 和……通信；和……一致 (2)correspondence n．一致，符合；通信联系；往来书信；相关，相似 hold/keep up correspondence with 与……保持通信联系 in correspondence with 与……有通信联系 (3)corresponding adj.符合的；相应的；相关的 You must promise that your actions correspond to/with your words. 你必须保证你的言行一致。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①What is more, people who are disabled and must stay in their homes can communicate and correspond with others around the globe who have similar interests. ②I assure you what I do will correspond with/to what I say. ③His interest in writing came from a long correspondence(correspond) with a close college friend. 一句多译 ④玛格丽特和他保持通信直到他去世。 →Margaret corresponded_with him until his death. →Margaret held/kept_up_correspondence_with him until his death. →Margaret was in_correspondence_with him until his death. 5．behave vi.& vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现 If you know what to avoid and how to behave,_you will spare yourself embarrassment. 如果你知道该避免什么，怎么表现得体，你就不会让自己难堪。 (1)behave oneself 守规矩；举止得体 behave well 表现良好 behave badly to/towards sb. 对某人不礼貌 (2)behaviour n．行为；举动 (1)Parents should educate their children to behave themselves. 父母应当教育孩子要举止得体。 (2)To our amazement，the little boy behaves like a true gentleman. 令我们惊讶的是，这个小男孩表现得像一位真正的绅士。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The child behaved(behave) so well in class that the teacher praised him in front of the class. ②I don't feel at all sympathetic towards Kate, considering her previous behaviour(behave). 一句多译 ③在公共场合举止端庄、有礼貌，这对每个人来说很重要。 →Behaving_oneself_and_being_polite in public is very important to everyone. →It is very important for everyone to_behave_oneself_and_be_polite in public. 6．tolerate vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受 Some behaviour that was not tolerated before might be accepted now. 一些以前不能容忍的行为现在可以被接受了。 (1)tolerate/stand (sb.) doing sth./bear (sb.) doing/to do sth.容忍/忍受(某人)做某事 (2)tolerant adj.忍受的；容忍的；宽容的 be tolerant of/towards... 对……宽容 (3)tolerance n．忍受；容忍；宽容；宽恕 (4)tolerable adj.可接受的；可忍受的；可容忍的 We definitely cannot tolerate such carelessness. 我们决不能容忍这样的粗心。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①An excellent teacher won't tolerate cheating(cheat) in the examinations. ②The pain was severe but it's tolerable(tolerate). ③Tolerance(tolerate) consists in respecting the opinions of others. ④As a good leader, she was always tolerant of/towards different views. 完成句子 ⑤She won't tolerate/bear/stand_her_son_making_the_same_mistake in the physics test next time. 她不会容忍她儿子下次在物理考试中犯同样的错误。 翻译句子 ⑥在中国，父母通常不容许他们的孩子在就餐时用筷子敲碗。 In_China，parents_usually_won't_tolerate/bear/stand_their_children_knocking_bowls_with_ chopsticks_when_having_dinner. 7．fluent adj.(尤指外语)流利的，熟练的 Keen for their sons and daughters to succeed in life, they see being fluent in a second or third language as an advantage. 渴望自己的子女在生活中取得成功，他们认为流利地使用第二或第三语言是一种优势。 (1)be fluent in 在……方面流利；在……方面熟练 (2)fluency n．流畅，熟练 speak ...with fluency 流利地说…… (3)fluently adv.流利地；流畅地 speak ...fluently 流利地说…… [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Besides, I am fluent in both Chinese and English, which is beneficial for introducing Chinese paintings. ②One of the requirements of the job is fluency(fluent) in two or more African languages. 同义句转换 ③She was fluent in English, French, and German. →She_spoke_English,_French,_and_German_with_fluency.(fluency) →She_spoke_English,_French,_and_German_fluently.(fluently) 8．cooperate vi.合作，协作；协助，配合 For example, there is China's Belt and Road Initiative, which motivates many countries along the Silk Road to cooperate more closely. 比如，有中国提出的“一带一路”倡议。它推动了丝绸之路沿线许多国家之间更密切的合作。 (1)cooperate in/on 合作；协作 cooperate with 与……合作 learn to cooperate and comprise 学习合作和妥协 (2)cooperation n．合作；协作 in cooperation with sb. 与某人合作 (3)cooperative adj.合作的，协作的；同心协力的 (1)They had cooperated closely in the planning of the project. 他们曾密切合作，共同规划这一项目。 (2)At present, our government has put forward the Belt and Road Initiative, which encourages cooperation between China and other countries. 目前，我国政府提出了“一带一路”倡议，激励中国与其他国家的共同合作。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. ②We would like to see closer cooperation(cooperate) between parents and schools. ③That young man is honest，cooperative(cooperate), always there when you need his help. ④If you make investment in China, you are sure to make best profit in cooperation with us. 完成句子 ⑤Hearing your introduction, we really have the interest to_cooperate_with_you． 听了您的介绍，我们真的很有兴趣和您合作。 9．broaden one's mind 拓宽视野，开阔眼界 Learning Chinese helps them see life from a new perspective and broaden_their_minds to the outside world. 学习中文帮助他们从一个新的视角看待生活，并且拓宽他们对外面世界的视野。 (1)keep/bear in mind 记住 (2)on one's mind 记挂在心上 (3)be of one/the same mind 意见一致 (4)make up one's mind 做出决定，下定决心 (5)have sth. in mind 想要做某事；想到某事 (6)call to mind 使想起，回忆起 (7)take a load off one's mind 消除某人的思想负担 (8)absence of mind 心不在焉 I took unfamiliar courses such as economics, and world music to broaden my mind and make me an interdisciplinary thinker. 我选择了经济学和世界音乐等不熟悉的课程，以开阔视野，使自己成为一个跨学科的思想家。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyse your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. ②I cannot call to mind the name of the man I saw yesterday. ③He failed in the exam because of his absence of mind. ④I can't relax because I have too many things on my mind. 完成句子 ⑤I must talk with my boss before I make_up_my_mind ． 做决定之前，我必须和我老板讨论一下。 定语从句复习 ①Zhang therefore decided to return to her hometown and grow roses, which surprised many people. ②The place where this happens is a valley, a world away from any television studio. ③As someone who grew up in the country, Zhang already knew about growing plants. ④We are using technology to reduce the money that we spend on goods and services, or to make money out of those that we don't use ourselves all of the time. [我的归纳] 1．句①～④中的加黑单词均引导定语从句，其中句①中的which引导非限制性定语从句。 2．句①③④中的加黑单词均为关系代词； 3．句②中的加黑单词为关系副词，可以替换为in_which。 [语法图解] [语法突破] 一、引导定语从句的关系代词 1．引导定语从句的常用关系代词的用法 关系代词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 which 物 主语、宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 The man who/that is sitting in the front row is our English teacher. 坐在前排的那个人是我们的英语老师。 He is the man whom/who/that you are looking for. 他就是你正在找的那个人。 The building which/that stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。 He lives in a big house whose window faces the sea. 他住在一座窗户朝向大海的大房子里。 Such people as have made a contribution to the world should be respected. 那些对世界作出贡献的人应该受到尊重。 In the last exam, he made the same mistake as you made. 在上次考试中，他犯了一个与你相同的错误。 2．关系代词that和which的用法区别 只用that 的情况 先行词是all, much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 先行词被any, few, little, much, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时 先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时 先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时 先行词既指人又指物时 主句是who或which等引出的特殊疑问句时 只用which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that 介词后用which不用that We should do everything that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事。 This is the smallest computer that can be found in the world now. 这是目前发现的世界上最小的计算机。 I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved. 我买了很多书，这些书花光了我所有的积蓄。 二、引导定语从句的关系副词 关系副词 先行词 在从句中所作的成分 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词或抽象地点名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等) 地点状语 why the reason 原因状语 I will never forget the day when (＝on which) we moved into our new house. 我永远不会忘记我们搬进新居的那一天。 Students should involve themselves in community activities where (＝in which) they can gain experience for growth. 学生们应该参与社团活动，在这些活动中他们可以获得成长的经验。 He didn't know the reason why (＝for which) he was dismissed. 他不知道他为什么被解雇了。 三、定语从句中关系词的选用 1．用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。 2．准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语时，应用关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。 The letter that/which I received yesterday was from my father.(作宾语) 昨天我收到的那封信是我父亲寄来的。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.(作地点状语) 这是我去年待过的山村。 四、 “介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1．“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的确定方法： 方法一：根据从句中的谓语动词或主要的形容词确定介词。 方法二：根据定语从句修饰的先行词确定介词。 方法三：根据句子所要表达的意思确定介词。 This is the house in which I lived 20 years ago. 这是我20年前住过的房子。 I don't know the reason for which he was late for school. 我不知道他为什么上学迟到。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是那位救了我儿子的飞行员。 2．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句注意事项： (1)“介词＋关系代词”结构中的关系代词通常用which或whom。 I'll never forget the day on which I joined the army. 我永远也忘不了我参军的那一天。 Do you know the man with whom Mr Black talked just now? 你认识刚才和布莱克先生说话的那个人吗？ (2)关系副词where，when，why可替换为“介词＋which”，介词取决于先行词及“介词＋which”在从句中所作的成分，why只能用for which替换。 This is the house where I lived two years ago. ＝This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这就是两年前我居住的那个房子。 (3)“不定代词或数词＋介词＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，说明整体中的一部分。 Last week，only two people came to look at the house, neither of whom wanted to buy it. 上周只有两个人来看房子，他们两个人都不想买。 (4)“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”可替换为“whose＋名词”，引导定语从句。 The house, the windows of which/of which the windows/whose windows were damaged, has now been repaired. 那所窗户遭到破坏的房子现在已经修好了。 五、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1．限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 和先行词的关系密切(删除后影响整个句子意义的表达) 和先行词关系不密切(起补充说明的作用，删除后不影响整个句子意义的表达) 不用逗号隔开 一般用逗号隔开 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰主句或主句的一部分 He is the man who came to see you yesterday. 他是昨天来看你的那个人。 The sports meeting was put off, which astonished us. 运动会推迟了，这让我们很吃惊。 2．as/which引导的非限制性定语从句的区别 as 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事 可放在主句前、中、后，常译为“正如……，正像……”；从句的谓语动词多为see，know，expect，say，mention，report等 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，修饰整句话或整件事，也可修饰先行词 只能置于主句后，常译为“这一点，这件事”等，which引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列或因果关系 As we all know, smoking is harmful to health. 众所周知，吸烟有害健康。 He finished the task ahead of time, which is very important to us. 他提前完成了任务，这对我们很重要。 3．非限制性定语从句与并列句的识别 非限制性定语从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开，并且不能加入and，but，so等连接词。并列句一般由and，but，so，or等词连接。 He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, most of which hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows, and most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. ＝He paid the boy $10 for washing the windows. Most of them hadn't been cleaned for at least a year. 他付给那个男孩10美元擦窗户，其中大部分窗户至少有一年没擦了。 1．China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot where it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 2．Thank you for your letter, which really made me happy. 3．Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food that is provided by Mom with appreciation. 4．In ancient China lived an artist whose paintings were almost lifelike. 5．The 80，000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759. 6．Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a．m. to 5 p．m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, which she opened with her late husband Les. 7．They were well trained by their masters who/that had great experience with caring for these animals. 8．In the cafe, customers will enjoy themselves in the historical environment that/which is created for them. 9．We have entered into an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true. 10．Their child is at the stage where she can say individual words but not full sentences. 1．The first place that_they_visited_in_Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 2．As_is_reported_in_the_newspapers,_talks between the two countries are making progress. 正如报纸上报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在取得进展。 3．China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which_shows_that_more_and_more_people_ all_over_the_world_want_to_learn_about_China． 《今日中国》吸引了世界各地的读者， 这表明世界上越来越多的人想了解中国。 4．I will never forget the day when/on_which_I_was_admitted_into_a_university． 我永远不会忘记我被大学录取的那一天。 写一篇有关汉语学习热的文章 本单元写作要求为写一篇有关汉语学习热的文章。针对某一事物的流行程度进行写作分析，是考查写作能力的有效方式之一。该类写作主要就某一事物的受欢迎现象展开，着重考查笔者从受欢迎的现象中去探索其中本质原因的能力，旨在考查笔者分析问题的逻辑思维能力。在写作时，应该注意把握四点： (1)文章层次结构要清晰； (2)分析原因要结合实际，客观与主观相结合，并且有条理； (3)做出主观预判时要从长远角度分析； (4)写作以一般现在时态和一般将来时态为主。 1．take Chinese courses 参加汉语课程 2．read Chinese newspapers and magazines 阅读汉语报纸和杂志 3．become more and more popular 变得越来越受欢迎 4．sing Chinese songs 唱中文歌 5．speak Chinese fluently/speak fluent Chinese 流利地说汉语 6．the development of Chinese economy 中国经济的发展 1．Recently, learning Chinese has become a focus among people from different ages all over the world. 近年来，学习中文已经成为全世界不同年龄段的人们关注的焦点。 2．The following reasons can account for/are responsible for the popularity of learning Chinese. 以下原因可以解释学习中文为什么流行。 3．One of the main reasons for this change is that the living standard of Chinese people has been improved greatly. 造成这一变化的主要原因之一是，中国人民的生活水平已经大幅提高。 4．To deal with the problem effectively, we still have a long way to go. 为了有效地解决这个问题，我们还有很长的路要走。 5．Nothing is more important than receiving education. 没有什么比接受教育更重要。 6．Learning Chinese helps them see life from a new perspective and broaden their minds to the outside world. 学习中文帮助他们从一个新的视角看待生活，并且拓宽他们对外面世界的视野。 假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Tom注意到全球兴起了“汉语学习热(Chinese learning craze)”，写信向你询问，请你按照以下要点给他写一封回信。 1．汉语学习热的现象； 2．汉语学习热的原因。 注意： 1．词数80左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Step One　审题谋篇 体裁 说明文 话题 汉语学习热 时态 以一般现在时为主 人称 以第三人称为主，第一人称为辅 Step Two　词汇运用 1．促成，造成contribute_to 2．投资 vi.invest 3．与……做生意do_business_with 4．交流 vi.communicate 5．激励某人做某事inspire_sb._to_do_sth. Step Three　句式表达 1．完成句子 ①的确，越来越多的外国人在学习汉语。 It_is_true_that_more_and_more_foreigners_are_learning_Chinese. ②造成汉语学习热的主要原因有三个。 There_are_three_main_reasons_which_can_contribute_to_Chinese_learning_craze. ③首先，随着中国经济的发展，越来越多的外国人愿意在中国投资、与中国人做生意和周游中国。 Firstly,_with_the_development_of_Chinese_economy,_more_and_more_foreigners_would_like_to_invest_in_China,_do_business_with_Chinese_people_and_travel_around_China. ④所有这些通过中文交流能做得更好。 All_of_these_can_be_done_better_by_communicating_in_Chinese. ⑤中国悠久而丰富的文化激励着外国人更多地了解中国。 Chinese_long_and_rich_culture_inspires_foreigners_to_learn_more_about_China. ⑥可以预见，随着中国的不断发展，汉语学习热将持续繁荣。 It_can_be_predicated_that_with_the_continuous_development_of_China,_the_Chinese_learning_craze_will_keep_booming. 2．句式升级 ①用动词­ing形式短语作定语改写句② There_are_three_main_reasons_contributing_to_Chinese_learning_craze. ②用非限制性定语从句合并句③和句④ Firstly,_with_the_development_of_Chinese_economy,_more_and_more_foreigners_would_like_to_invest_in_China,_do_business_with_Chinese_people_and_travel_around_China,_all_of_which_can_be_done_better_by_communicating_in_Chinese. Step Four　连句成篇 Dear Tom， It is true that more and more foreigners are learning Chinese.There are three main reasons contributing to Chinese learning craze. Firstly, with the development of Chinese economy, more and more foreigners would like to invest in China, do business with Chinese people and travel around China, all of which can be done better by communicating in Chinese.Chinese long and rich culture inspires foreigners to learn more about China. That is another reason of Chinese learning craze. It can be predicated that with the continuous development of China, the Chinese learning craze will keep booming. Yours， Li Hua 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$