Unit 12 Section Ⅱ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3-【金版教程】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册创新导学案word（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Lesson 2 & Lesson 3 STEPHEN HAWKING 史蒂芬·霍金 On 14 March, 2018, one of the world's most influential scientists, Stephen Hawking, died at his home in England, aged 76. 2018年3月14日，世界上最有影响力的科学家之一，史蒂芬·霍金在英格兰的家中去世，享年76岁。 •Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)． 霍金出名，不仅因他在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究，更是因为他战胜了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)。 ①theoretical adj. 理论的 ②cosmology n. 宇宙论，宇宙学 ③overcome vt. 克服(困难)，控制(感情)；征服，战胜 ④“主(Hawking)系(was)表(famous)”。not just ... but also ... 连接了两个并列的原因状语。 Stephen Hawking was born on 8 January, 1942, in Oxford. 1942年1月8日史蒂芬·霍金出生于牛津。 He went to the University of Oxford to study physics in 1959. 他于1959年进入牛津大学学习物理。 •At the age of 21, when Hawking spent his first year at the University of Cambridge, physicians discovered he had a rare, slow­progressing form of ALS. 21岁那年，也是霍金在剑桥大学的第一年，医生发现他患有一种罕见的慢性肌萎缩侧索硬化症。 He was only expected to live for a few years. 他被预言只能再活几年。 ⑤“主(physicians)谓(discovered)宾(he had ... ALS)”。At the age of 21是时间状语，when引导定语从句，修饰先行词the age of 21；discovered后的宾语从句省略了连接词that。 Hawking later found a job at the Institute of Astronomy in Cambridge. 后来霍金在剑桥天文研究所找了份工作。 •In the early stages of his career, his illness got worse, but he was allowed to do research only rather than teach, which was easier for him. 在他职业生涯的早期，他的病情就转而恶化，研究所允许他可以只做研究而不用教学，这对他来说更容易。 In 1985, he had to have an operation. 1985年，他不得不动手术。 As a result, he lost his speech. 结果，他丧失了说话能力。 Soon his doctors developed a piece of speech­generating equipment that allowed him to speak. 很快，医生为他开发了一种发声设备使他能够说话。 However, as his illness became worse, he lost the use of his hands. 但是，随着他的病情继续恶化，手也动不了了。 ⑥“分句(In the early stages ... worse)＋but＋分句(he was allowed ... for him)”。本句是but连接的并列句，在第二个分句中，which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个句子。 Although Hawking's physical abilities declined over decades, he never ceased his studies and he developed a number of new ideas about black holes. 尽管在(过去)几十年里霍金的身体机能不断下降，但他从未停止过研究，对黑洞有了许多新的想法。 Hawking believed that the birth of the universe (the “Big Bang”) created many small black holes. 霍金认为宇宙诞生时(即“宇宙大爆炸”)创造了许多小黑洞。 His theory was that there was a sort of hole in the centre of a black hole. 他的理论是在黑洞的中心还有一种洞。 This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own. 这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的(世界)完全分隔。 ⑦decline vi. 减少，降低 Hawking also wrote books. 霍金还写书。 His 1988 book, A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes, sold one copy for every 750 people on Earth. 他1988年的著作，《时间简史：从大爆炸到黑洞》，地球上平均每750人便购买过一本。 •However, many people could not really understand what he had written. 然而，许多人并不能真正理解他写的内容。 Therefore, Hawking decided to write a simpler version, A Briefer History of Time (2005)． 因此，霍金决定写一个简化的版本，即《时间简史》(2005)。 ⑧“主(many people)谓(could not understand)宾(what he had written)”。what引导的从句作written的宾语。 In The Grand Design (2010, with Leonard Mlodinow), Hawking argued that we should look for a different way to discover the deepest secrets of the universe. 在《宏伟设计》(2010年出版，与莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺合著)一书中，霍金提出我们应该寻找一种不同的方式去发现宇宙最深处的秘密。 Instead of trying to find one big new explanation, scientists should put together all the ideas that they already have. 与其说尝试寻找一个全新的解释，科学家们应该把他们已经有的想法汇集起来。 At the opening of the London 2012 Olympics, Hawking said to a TV audience of 900 million people: “Look up at the stars and not down at your feet ... be curious.” 在2012 年伦敦奥运会开幕式上，霍金对9亿电视观众说：“仰望星空，而不是俯视脚下……要保持好奇心。” ⑨grand adj. 宏伟的，壮丽的，隆重的 In spite of his disease, Hawking didn't consider himself an unlucky man. 尽管霍金患有疾病，但他并不认为自己是个不幸的人。 He said it had not prevented him from having a family, and being successful in his work. 他说，这并没有阻碍他拥有家庭，也没有妨碍他在工作中取得成功。 “My expectations were reduced to zero when I was 21. “21岁时，我的人生期望值降为零。 Everything since then has been a bonus.” 从那以后，一切都是馈赠。” And he believed this was because of the help he received from his family and a large number of people and organisations. 他认为自己所取得的一切都源于家人和许多人及组织的帮助。 in__spite__of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……) ⑪bonus n. 意外收获，额外的好处；奖金；红利 1 Hawking was famous, not just for his brilliant work in theoretical physics and cosmology, but also for overcoming the challenges of ALS (a disease that affects muscle control)．(教材P58) 霍金不仅因在理论物理学和宇宙学方面的杰出研究而著名，更是因为战胜了肌萎缩侧索硬化症(一种影响肌肉控制的疾病)。 剖析 not just ... but also ... 连接两个并列的原因状语，此处just相当于only。 归纳拓展 ①True friends share not just/only our joys but also our sorrows. 真正的朋友与我们同甘共苦。 ②Not only you but also I am to blame. 不仅你，连我都要受责备。 ③Not only does he know her but also they are good friends. 他不但认识她，而且他们还是好朋友。 主谓一致使用就近原则的还有：not ... but ... ; either ... or ... ; neither ... nor ...。 (1)单句语法填空 ①Not only I but also my classmates ________ (be) tired of the examinations before the college entrance examination. ②Not only his parents ________ also his brother has gone to the Summer Palace. 答案：①are　②but (2)句型转换 ①Not only Mike but his classmates are fond of pop music. →________________________________________________________________________ (as well as) ②I not only heard it, but saw it as well. →________________________________________________________________________(倒装句) 答案：①His classmates as well as Mike are fond of pop music.　②Not only did I hear it, but also I saw it. 2 decline vi. 减少，降低(教材P58) 归纳拓展 情景助记 ①The number of tourists to the resort declined by 10% last year. 去年到这个胜地旅游的人数减少了10%。 ②Unemployment declined to 4 percent last month. 上个月失业率下降到4%。 ③The intense competition from overseas has caused the cotton industry fall/go into (a) decline. 来自海外的激烈竞争导致了国内棉花产业的衰退。 ④The number of elk was on the decline/in decline and they disappeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. 麋鹿的数量在下降，它们在明清时期消失了。 (1)单句语法填空 ①He is still one of the world's most popular golfers, but his skill is ________ decline. ②I didn't know why the boy declined ________ (answer) a question. 答案：①in　②to answer (2)单句表达 ①然而，过去10年的就业数字总和却下降了1.1个百分点。 Yet the last decade saw the total number of jobs ______________ 1.1 percent. ②新冠疫情使人们不能出去闲逛，这可能是超市客流量下降的原因。 COVID－19 pandemic has discouraged people from hanging out, which may account for __________________ consumer flows at the supermarket. 答案：①decline by　②the decline in 3 This hole led to another universe, completely separate from our own．(教材P59) 这种洞通向另一个宇宙，与我们的世界完全分隔。 剖析 completely separate from our own 是形容词短语作状语。 归纳拓展 ①Ripe, these apples are sweet. ＝When these apples are ripe, they are sweet. (作时间状语) 这些苹果熟了的时候很甜。 ②Weary and discouraged, I didn't seem able to do anything right. ＝Because I was weary and discouraged, I didn't seem able to do anything right.(作原因状语) 由于疲惫和失望，我似乎什么都干不好。 ③Large or small, all countries are equal. ＝Whether they are large or small, all countries are equal. (作让步状语) 不论大小，所有国家都是平等的。 ④He sat down beside Christina, able to relax for the first time in days. ＝He sat down beside Christina, and as a result he was able to relax for the first time in days. (作结果状语) 他在克里斯蒂娜旁边坐下，几天来第一次可以放松一下。 ⑤They started the experiment, hopeful for success. ＝They started the experiment and they were hopeful for success. (作伴随状语) 他们开始做实验，希望会成功。 ⑥The horses are running wild all over the field. ＝The horses are running all over the field as if they are wild. (作方式状语) 这些马正在原野上狂奔。 (1)单句表达 ①她在那里站了一会儿，无法相信刚刚发生的事。 For a moment she just stood there, __________________ what had just happened. ②他在风雪中度过了七天，又冷又饿。 He spent seven days in the wind and snow, __________________. 答案：①unable to believe　②cold and hungry (2)将下列句子改为形容词作状语 ①Because she was frightened, she asked me to go with her. →__________， she asked me to go with her. ②When the teacher asked the question, all the students sat there and kept silent. →When the teacher asked the question, all the students sat there, __________． 答案：①Frightened　②silent 4 in spite of 虽然；不顾；尽管……(仍……)(教材P59) 归纳拓展 ①He refused to give up in spite of/despite many discouragements. 尽管受到许多挫折，他仍拒绝放弃。 ②Our club is open to everyone regardless of/in spite of/despite age, sex or education background. 我们俱乐部对所有人开放，不分年龄、性别或教育背景。 ③Although/Though many cities have achieved amounts of money by hosting the Games, the Olympics can be financially risky. 尽管许多城市通过举办奥运会获得了巨额资金，但奥运会在财务上可能存在风险。 (1)选词填空(in spite of/though/although) ①________ his advanced age, he is learning to drive. ②I don't know him well ________ I've known him for a long time. ③Our team lost; it was a good game ________． 答案：①In spite of　②although/though　③though (2)同义句转换 Though/Although it is raining, we'll start off in time. →We'll start off in time __________________ the fact that it is raining. 答案：in spite of/despite/regardless of Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子 1．The staff were all excited when the company announced a fat ________ (奖金) for everyone. 答案：bonus 2．Without ________ (重力), we couldn't walk on the ground as freely as we do now. 答案：gravity 3．Now that she has earned her________ (博士学位), she wants to find a job with higher pay. 答案：PhD 4．Then he went to Cambridge University to study________ (宇宙学). 答案：cosmology 5．By ________ (巧合), I met the person we'd been discussing the next day. 答案：coincidence 6．He's completely c________ about computers. 答案：clueless 7．She finally e________ from her room at noon. 答案：emerged 8．This is the first time in my life that I have taken part in such a g________ celebration. 答案：grand 9．Without the support of the teachers, the student could not have o________ her difficulty. 答案：overcome 10．These results are in good agreement with the previous t________ and experimental studies. 答案：theoretical Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．Mid­term examination is an ________ (evaluate) of the basic capabilities and study. 答案：evaluation 2．Thankfully, the smoking of cigarettes is ________ the decline. 答案：on 3．Little Tom sat ________ (amaze) watching the monkey dancing in front of him. 答案：amazed 4．Not only the students but also the teacher ________ (be) against the plan. 答案：was 5．He failed in the exam, ________ made his parents very disappointed. 答案：which 6．________ time goes by, I gradually understand my father's words. 答案：As 7．We all want to know ________ actually happened last night. 答案：what 8．From my point of view, taking more exercise is a good way ________ (solve) these problems. 答案：to solve 9．Students can learn a lot by being involved ________ voluntary activities. 答案：in 10．Children will not be allowed ________ (enter) the park unless they are accompanied by their parents. 答案：to enter Ⅲ.选词填空 instead of; put ... together; in spite of; rather than; lead to; be successful in; be diagnosed with; regard ... as ...; point to; be reduced to 1．It has been proved that smoking can____________ lung cancer. 答案：lead to 2．She prefers to walk to work ____________ drive a car. 答案：rather than 3．We want people to acquire the habit of using public transport ____________ their cars. 答案：instead of 4．They had a wonderful holiday, ____________ bad weather. 答案：in spite of 5．Mike loves taking apart clocks. However, he never manages to ________ them ________ again. 答案：put; together 6．Faced with difficulties, he ____________ calming himself down. 答案：was successful in 7．Unable to cover the living expenses of his family, the young artist ____________ hiring himself out to feed pigs. 答案：was reduced to 8．Our neighbour ____________ lung cancer but the doctor said it was in its junior stage. 答案：was diagnosed with 9．These findings clearly ____________ the fact that climate change is changing many aspects of wildlife biology. 答案：point to 10．He seemed to ________ the whole thing ________ a joke. 答案：regard; as 课时语法精讲　介词短语 语法体验 用适当的介词填空 1．This new model of car is so expensive that it is ________ the reach of those with average income. 答案：beyond 2．As far as I know, workers are generally paid ________ the month. 答案：by 3．A clean environment can help the city bid for the Olympics, which ________ turn will promote its economic development. 答案：in 4．I found the book ________ the help of the librarian. 答案：with 5．If you are working three jobs ________ a time, it is not likely that you will succeed at any of them. 答案：at 6．“Tommy, run! Be quick! The house is ________ fire！” the mother shouted, with panic clearly in her voice. 答案：on 7．Sam was said to make a fortune ________ accident. 答案：by 8．The magician picked several persons ________ random from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance. 答案：at 9．As is known to all, traffic safety is ________ importance in our daily life. 答案：of 10．The old temple whose roof was damaged is now ________ repair. 答案：under 语法讲座 一、常用介词 方位介词 above, across, along, among, around, at, below, beside, between, down, in, inside, into, near, off, on, outside, over, through, to, towards, under, up 时间介词 after, at, before, by, during, for, from, in, on, over, since, through, till, until, within, between 表示工具、手段、方式的介词 by, on, over, with, in 表示原因的介词 with, for, from, of, over 表示支持、反对的介词 for, against 其他常用介词 besides, except, but, without, beyond, about等 二、常见的介词搭配 1.与介词in搭配的常用短语 in a way 在某种程度上　in no way 决不 in the way 挡住道路　in vain 徒劳 in general 通常，大体上　in detail 详细地 in turn 轮流　in return 作为回报 in need 需要　in time 及时 2．与out of搭配的常用短语 out of date 过时　out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 没门/不可能 out of shape 变形　out of fashion 不流行 out of order 出故障　out of reach 够不着 out of balance 失去平衡 out of breath 上气不接下气 3．“in＋名词＋of”常用搭配 in honor of 为纪念……　in charge of 负责，掌管 in terms of 依据，根据　in praise of 赞扬 in favor of 支持，赞同　in need of 需要 4．与介词at搭配的常用短语 at random 任意地，随机地 at risk 冒险 at ease 安逸；自在；无拘无束 at present 目前，现在 at peace 处于和平(平静)状态 at the same time 同时 at no time 决不 at a time 一次/每次 at one time 一度/曾经 at times 不时地/有时 at one's request 应某人的要求 at a loss 不知所措 5．“on＋n.”表示状态 on exhibition/show/display 在展出　on fire 着火 on sale 出售，打折　on trial 在试用 on strike 在罢工　on business 出差 on average 平均 6．“by＋n.”表示方式 by accident 偶然　by air/plane 乘飞机 by chance 偶然　by coincidence 碰巧 7．“of＋n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词) of benefit 有益处的　of help 有帮助的 of importance 重要的　of value 有价值的 8．“with＋n.”表示方式 with delight/joy 高兴地　with difficulty 困难地 9．“under＋n.”表进行中 under way 在进行中 under observation 在观察中 under consideration 在考虑中 under discussion 在讨论中 under construction 在建造中 under control 在控制中 10．其他常用短语 next to 紧挨着　on behalf of 代表 after all 毕竟，别忘了　regardless of 不管，不顾 on the whole 总的说来　on the contrary 相反 用适当的介词填空 ①We can't exchange money ________ friendship or love. ②Some of them are even particular ________ food. ③________ tradition, Chinese people will have a family reunion, admire the moon and share the mooncakes. ④________ the help of the advanced technology, we are sure to complete the task in advance. ⑤They believe that there are transport developments ________ the corner that will bring a lot of changes for the better. 答案：①for　②about　③By　④With　⑤around Ⅰ.用适当的介词填空 1．Eventually, the president had to leave office ________ response to public pressure in order to ease the tension of the situation. 答案：in 2．Once made out, the plan must be carried out regardless ________ any difficulty. 答案：of 3．Tom won first prize in the singing competition, much ________ our excitement. 答案：to 4．It is reported that some workers ________ strike come into conflict with the police. 答案：on 5．The measures taken to stop the spread of coronavirus will be discussed ________ detail at the meeting. 答案：in 6．Research has confirmed that the accident happened ________ coincidence. 答案：by 7．I am ________ a loss because what he has told me is the contrary of what you have told me. 答案：at 8．The instant Mary caught sight of the score, she jumped ________ delight. 答案：with 9．People doubt whether the rising house prices will be ________ control. 答案：under 10．Students should think for themselves instead ________ just obeying teachers. 答案：of Ⅱ.单句表达 1．我们大多数人在早上比晚些时候更专注于我们的任务。 Most of us are more____________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day. 答案：focused on 2．我很荣幸代表我们公司参加这次会议。 I have the honour of attending the conference __________________ our company. 答案：on behalf of 3．很多人认为饥饿只是发展中国家的问题，相反，这是一个世界性的问题。 Many people believe that hunger is only a problem in the developing countries; _______________， it is a problem all over the world. 答案：on the contrary 4．在失控前致力解决这个问题，这么做是明智的。 It is wise to work on the problem before it gets __________________． 答案：out of control 5．我姐姐反对我的建议，但我弟弟却支持。 My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was ________________ it. 答案：in favour of 课后课时作业(三) Ⅰ　完形填空 Emma Yang had become increasingly frustrated at trying to communicate with her grandmother suffering from Alzheimer's disease. The teen had a __1__ time keeping in touch because of the distance between her home in New York and her grandma's in Hong Kong. After the old woman __2__ Emma's and her dad's birthdays, the cogs (齿轮) in her young brain started to __3__—what if there were an app to help Alzheimer's patients __4__ events, faces and information? That's when Emma __5__ Timeless: the first app designed __6__ for Alzheimer's patients. The innovative teen had talked to dozens of elderly __7__ about the suffering. Finally, she found out __8__ to problems that had already troubled every patient. The app has lots of __9__ features. One of them is a __10__ recognition algorithm (算法) that can match names and __11__ with pictures of loved ones. A Today section is available, which has the time, date, weather forecast, and events listed in a comprehensive __12__. On the other hand, there is also a system that will let patients know if they are trying to call someone that they have already __13__． “The __14__ behind my idea is that we can allow technology to solve problems that we cannot solve ourselves，” Emma said. “The potential for technology to be able to help my grandmother and other suffering from Alzheimer's along the way is what __15__ me.” 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Emma(埃玛)为了帮助身患阿尔兹海默症的奶奶而专门设计了一款名为Timeless的应用程序。 1．A.smooth B．tough C．fortunate D．comfortable 答案：B　smooth “流畅的”；tough “困难的”；fortunate “幸运的”；comfortable “舒服的”。根据下文“because of the distance between her home in New York and her grandma's in Hong Kong”可知，她的家在纽约，而奶奶的家在香港，所以联系的时候是非常困难的。故选B。 2．A.celebrated B．recorded C．forgot D．confirmed 答案：C　根据上文“her grandmother suffering from Alzheimer's disease”可知，奶奶患有阿尔兹海默症，此处指奶奶忘了儿子和Emma的生日。故选C。 3．A.turn B．exist C．fly D．respond 答案：A　根据上文“the cogs (齿轮) in her young brain started to”可知，此处指Emma年轻头脑里的齿轮开始旋转，即Emma在思考。故选A。 4．A.make the best of B．have a gift for C．keep track of D．get rid of 答案：C　make the best of “充分利用”；have a gift for “有……的天赋”；keep track of “记录”；get rid of “摆脱；去除”。此处指要是有一个应用程序可以帮助阿尔兹海默症的病人记录事件、面孔、日期和信息，那该多好啊。故选C。 5．A.improved B．applied C．released D．created 答案：D　improve “改进”；apply “申请”；release “发布”；create “创造，发明”。此处指她发明了Timeless。故选D。 6．A.specifically B．regularly C．logically D．briefly 答案：A　specifically “专门地”；regularly “定期地；有规律地”；logically “逻辑上”；briefly “简要地”。根据下文“for Alzheimer's patients”可知，这个程序是专门针对患有阿尔兹海默症的病人设计的。故选A。 7．A.experts B．victims C．inventors D．parents 答案：B　expert “专家”；victim “患者，受害者”；inventor “发明家”；parents “父母”。根据下文“about the suffering”可知，此处指阿尔兹海默症患者。故选B。 8．A.barriers B．objections C．clues D．solutions 答案：D　barrier “障碍”；objection “反对；异议”；clue “线索”；solution “解决方法”。根据下文“to problems that had already troubled every patient”可知，此处指她找到了解决问题的方法。故选D。 9．A.flexible B．independent C．unique D．complex 答案：C　flexible “可变的，灵活的”；independent “独立的”；unique “独特的”；complex “复杂的”。根据下文“recognition algorithm”可知，此处指这个应用中有很多独特的功能。故选C。 10．A.facial B．formal C．emotional D．verbal 答案：A　根据上文“an app to help Alzheimer's patients __4__ events, faces and information”可知，此处指这个算法可以识别人的面部。故选A。 11．A.dates B．relationships C．numbers D．addresses 答案：B　date “日期”；relationship “关系”；number “电话号码，数字”；address “地址”。根据上文“an app to help Alzheimer's patients __4__ events, faces and information”可知，此处指这个应用可以将人名和关系，与亲人的照片进行匹配。故选B。 12．A.schedule B．file C．assessment D．contract 答案：A　schedule “日程”；file “文档”；assessment “评估”；contract “合同”。根据上文“A Today section is available, which has the time, date, weather forecast, and events listed”可知，此处指在Today这个项目里，有时间、日期、天气，而且重要事情都列成了详尽的日程。故选A。 13．A.turned to B．handled C．heard of D．contacted 答案：D　根据上文“that will let patients know if they are trying to call someone that they have already”可知，此处指让病人知道他们是否试图打电话给他们已经联系过的人。故选D。 14．A.progress B．concept C．revolution D．adjustment 答案：B　progress “进步”；concept “理念”；revolution “革命”；adjustment “调整”。根据下文“behind my idea is that”可知，此处指这个想法背后的理念。故选B。 15．A.impressed B．annoyed C．inspired D．embarrassed 答案：C　根据上文“The potential for technology to be able to help my grandmother and other suffering from Alzheimer's along the way”可知，此处指这个技术可以帮助像Emma的奶奶那样的患有阿尔兹海默症的人，这是激发她创造这个应用的灵感。故选C。 Ⅱ　阅读 A Yu Chenrui, 29, is a maker of automata (机关人偶) in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Automata are built to look like humans or animals and give the illusion (错觉) of being able to move on their own, “The art form amazes me, because it combines various skills, from storytelling to mechanics, and the pieces are built with a sense of humor，” Yu says. His creations have caught the attention of well­known artists and his fancy pieces of art have attracted collectors worldwide. Interested in handcrafts as a boy, Yu first encountered automata designed by Japanese artist Kazuaki at an exhibition in 2015 when he studied at the Communication University of China in Beijing. “It was like meeting a like­minded friend，” Yu says, recalling the moment. As an art and design major, he began to learn the craft by himself and, with the support of his tutor, he kept studying and examining automata in school. 　When he graduated in 2016, Yu landed a job at an advertising agency in Beijing. He stayed on at the company for three years because, at that time, he was not sure that he could make a living out of his hobby. While working as a designer Yu kept exploring and advancing his skills in wood carving and mechanics. Eventually, despite the job's good salary, it was not enough to make up for not following his true passion. Finally, in 2018, Yu quit his job and returned to Chengdu to open his automata workshop. To keep himself occupied while running his workshop, he planted blueberries, raspberries and cherries. He watered, weeded and added fertilizer (肥料) every day. “Daily routines helped me calm down and inspire my creativity, which resulted in an automaton called To Observe the Autumn，” Yu says. Over time, Yu's reputation grew and his business flourished (兴旺). Many of Yu's creations are built with a dash of wisdom, a sprinkle of humor and are inspired by observations of real life. Yu knows that there are many more creative ideas waiting to be expressed. “It feels quite good to be fully devoted to automata creation and I am still searching for myself.” 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了四川省成都市的机关人偶装置制作者俞宸睿的追梦经历。 1．What can we learn from the first paragraph? A．Yu is equipped with various skills. B．Yu is a person full of sense of humor. C．Yu is now gaining recognition worldwide. D．Yu is following the latest trend in handcraft. 答案：C　推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“His creations have caught the attention of well­known artists and his fancy pieces of art have attracted collectors worldwide. (他的作品引起了著名艺术家的注意，他的精美的艺术品也吸引了世界各地的收藏家。)”可推知，从第一段中我们了解到俞宸睿现在获得了世界范围的认可。故选C。 2．Why did Yu quit his job in Beijing? A．He couldn't make a living out of it. B．He wanted to pursue his own dream. C．He missed his family in Chengdu. D．He thought he had a lot experience. 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句“Eventually, despite the job's good salary ... to open his automata workshop.”可知，因为俞宸睿想追求自己的梦想，所以辞去北京的工作。故选B。 3．According to Yu, what contributes to his creativity as an automata artist? A．The fruits he grows. B．Success of his business. C．His devotion to the job. D．Observation from daily life. 答案：D　细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“Many of Yu's creations are built with a dash of wisdom, a sprinkle of humor and are inspired by observations of real life. (俞宸睿的许多作品都带有些许智慧和幽默，以对现实生活的观察为灵感。)”可知，作为一名机关人偶艺术家，是对日常生活的观察促成了他的创造力。故选D。 4．Which of the following can best describe Yu's story? A．There is no end to learning. B．Great hopes make great man. C．Actions speak louder than words. D．Experience is the mother of wisdom. 答案：B　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Eventually, despite the job's good salary, it was not enough to make up for not following his true passion.(最后，尽管这份工作薪水很高，但这还不足以弥补他没有追随自己真正的热爱的遗憾。)”以及最后一段最后一句“It feels quite good to be fully devoted to automata creation and I am still searching for myself.(全身心地投入到机关人偶的创作中感觉很好，我还在寻找自己。)”可推知，俞宸睿的故事说明伟大的理想造就伟大的人。故选B。 B Human speech contains more than 2，000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground－breaking, five－year study shows that diet－related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”， were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter－gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300，000 years ago. “The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution，” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类语音的发展与农业的发展，及其所带来的饮食结构的变化有着密不可分的关系。 5．Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on? A．Its variety. B．Its distribution. C．Its quantity. D．Its development. 答案：D　细节理解题。 根据第一段中的“A ground－breaking, five－year study ... diet－related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds”和第二段最后一句“Now a team of researchers ... how and why this trend arose.”可知，Damián Blasi(达米安·布拉西)的研究与人类语音的发展变化有关。故选D。 6．Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A．They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B．They could not open and close their lips easily. C．Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D．Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth ... by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth.”可知，要发出唇齿音，上牙需要触碰到下嘴唇，而古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，这种下颌骨结构让他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C。 7．What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Supporting evidence for the research results. B．Potential application of the research findings. C．A further explanation of the research methods. D．A reasonable doubt about the research process. 答案：A　段落大意题。上文提到人类语音及牙齿咬合的变化与新石器时代农业的发展有关，而第五段主要说明了一项语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，因此第五段主要为上文的研究结果提供证据。本段第一句中的“confirmed”是关键词。故选A。 8．What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A．It is key to effective communication. B．It contributes much to cultural diversity. C．It is a complex and dynamic system. D．It drives the evolution of human beings. 答案：C　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable ... and cultural evolution”可推知，人类的语音并不是一成不变的，而是一个复杂的、动态的、相互作用的系统。故选C。 课后课时作业(四) Ⅰ　阅读 A A company called Neuralink has shared a video where a monkey is playing a video game. That's fairly unusual, but what makes the video even stranger is that the monkey is playing the video game with just his mind. The monkey in the video is called Pager who has two of Neuralink's special “Link” devices (装置) inside his brain. The devices planted in Pager's brain are connected to 2，048 wires which lead to the parts of Pager's brain that control movements of the arms and hands. 　Scientists taught Pager to play a video game. At first, Pager controlled the video game using a joystick, which is a normal gaming controller. But as Pager played, his Link devices wirelessly sent out information about the signals his brain was using to control his arms and hands. Neuralink's scientists recorded all of these signals. Then they used computers to match the signals from Pager's brain to the movements that his hands were actually doing. This was the most difficult work and the scientists counted on artificial intelligence (AI) to help them decode (解码) Pager's brain signals. 　The final step was to have a computer make moves in the video game as if Pager had actually moved the joystick. If Pager thought about moving the joystick up, the computer would send an “up” signal to the video game. At first, the researchers let Pager keep moving the joystick with his hand, even though it was no longer connected to the computer. But soon Pager was able to play the video game using just his brain. 　Even though Neuralink's work right now focuses on animals and video games, there's a very serious purpose behind it. Neuralink wants to make it possible for humans who have lost the ability to make physical movements to interact with the world around them. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Neuralink公司的科学家们正在开发一款可以用大脑控制的科技装置，希望此项装置在未来能帮助到身体瘫痪的人们。 1．What are “Link” devices used to do? A．To pick up the arms' and hands' signals. B．To link the computer to the monkey's brain. C．To send out information about the brain's signals. D．To control movements of the arms and hands. 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“But as Pager played, his Link devices wirelessly sent out information about the signals his brain was using to control his arms and hands.(但当Pager(帕格)玩游戏时，它的Link设备会无线发送有关大脑用来控制手臂和手的信号的信息。)”可知，Link的作用是将大脑的信号发送出来。故选C。 2．What challenged scientists most in the study? A．Recording and sending out body signals. B．Training Pager to use the joystick correctly. C．Planting “Link” devices into Pager's brain. D．Matching brain signals to body movements. 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Then they used computers ... This was the most difficult work(然后他们用电脑将Pager大脑发出的信号与它的手实际所做的动作相匹配。这是最困难的工作)”可知，研究中最难的部分是把大脑信息和身体运动匹配起来。故选D。 3．What is Neuralink's real purpose of the study? A．To test artificial intelligence. B．To help those without arms or legs. C．To study how animals play video games. D．To develop more complex video games. 答案：B　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Neuralink wants to make it possible for humans who have lost the ability to make physical movements to interact with the world around them(Neuralink希望让那些失去了身体运动能力的人能够与周围的世界互动)”可推知，Neuralink的真正目的是帮助那些失去了手臂或脚的人。故选B。 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Video Games for Animals Are Developed B．Science Proves the Intelligence of Monkeys C．Monkey Plays Video Games Using His Mind D．Neuralink Is Leading the World in Technology 答案：C　标题判断题。根据第一段中的“That's fairly unusual, but what makes the video even stranger is that the monkey is playing the video game with just his mind.(这是相当不寻常的，但让视频更奇怪的是，猴子只是用他的大脑玩电子游戏。)”可知，本文通过猴子玩电子游戏引入话题，介绍了Neuralink公司的科学家们正在开发一款可以用大脑控制的科技装置。C项(猴子用大脑玩电子游戏)适合作本文标题。故选C。 B Solar cars aren't so familiar to us as solar water heaters on top of buildings. However, they're already in races. Solar­powered cars, to be exact, are powered by solar cells that convert (转换) solar energy into electricity. Every few years a collection of strange­looking low black vehicles gather in Australia for the World Solar Challenge, a solar­powered car race covering 3，020 kilometer from Darwin to Adelaide. Various teams from around the world will join in the race, most of which are sponsored (赞助) by universities and companies. The most successful team in the past decade has been a Dutch team from Delft University. Another team, consisting of Hawaiian high school students, was the subject of a famous film, Race the Sun. The solar­powered cars are allowed to drive through the Outback, the remote and arid areas in the centre of the country in the World Solar Challenge averaging over 90 km/hr. The purpose of the race is to promote the development of solar­powered cars. This aim has been more than realized, as solar technology has improved so much since the first race in 1987 that the cars can now go well over the legal speed limits. In fact, new rules have been introduced to reduce speeds. 　The new aim for solar powered vehicles makers is to develop cars larger and more comfortable than the racing models. In December, Swiss teacher Louis Palmer completed a 17­month, 52，000 km trip around the world in a “solar taxi”. His three­wheeled car pulled a trailer with solar cells and batteries. Palmer's solar car can travel 300 km on a single charge, and reach the speed of 90 km/hr. The prototype (原型) was expensive but he hopes that, if mass produced, it would sell for around 10，000 Euros. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍太阳能汽车在赛车比赛中的使用从而促进其各个方面的完善发展。 5．According to Paragraph 1, solar­powered cars are ________． A．invented in Australia B．used as taxis in daily life C．powered by electricity D．produced in large numbers 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第一段第三句“Solar­powered cars, to be exact, are powered by solar cells that convert (转换) solar energy into electricity.”可知，太阳能汽车是由能够将太阳能转化为电能的太阳能电池提供动力。故选C。 6．The passage shows the World Solar Challenge ________． A．takes place every year B．is sponsored by universities C．aims to develop solar cars D．features cheap and comfortable cars 答案：C　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“The purpose of the race is to promote the development of solar­powered cars.”可知，国际太阳能挑战赛的目的是促进太阳能汽车的发展。故选C。 7．What do we know about Louis Palmer? A．He's the winner of the race this year. B．He's travelled around the world by air. C．His solar car can travel 300 km per hour. D．His solar car cost more than 10，000 Euros. 答案：D　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The prototype (原型) was expensive but he hopes that, if mass produced, it would sell for around 10，000 Euros.”可知，Louis Pamler(路易斯·帕尔默)的车，如果大量生产的话，车子将会以10，000欧元的价格售卖。故选D。 8．What is the best title for the passage? A．Solar­powered Cars B．Race the Sun C．Car Race in Your Dream D．Future Transportation 答案：A　标题判断题。文章的第一段主要讲太阳能汽车在国际太阳能挑战赛的使用，第二段主要讲国际太阳能挑战赛对于太阳能汽车在速度方面的改善，第三段主要讲太阳能汽车外形和舒适度的改进，由此可见，太阳能汽车是文章重点的说明对象，所以文章的最佳标题应该是“太阳能汽车”。故选A。 Ⅱ　语法填空 A Detroit businessman has created the world's first mobile bowling alley by changing a semi­trailer (半挂车) truck into __1__ entertainment centre on wheels. __2__ (inspire) by giant companies such as Amazon, Uber and Grub hub, which rely heavily __3__ convenience for their business success, and enjoy great __4__ (popular) across the world, Terence Jackson Jr. decided to bring bowling to the masses. The businessman has been working on changing a 53­foot, semi­trailer truck into a mobile bowling alley for years, but due to __5__ (have) to overcome several obstacles, the facility was only published in 2020. 　“The mobile bowling alley's design took years __6__ (complete), a process which was farther slowed by the unavailability of building materials. However, we __7__ (eventual) got it done.” the businessman said. Luxury Strike Bowling __8__ (consist) of two bowling lanes, a scoring system, temperature control, lighting, an 80­inch theatre screen and a sky lounge (休息室). Because of size limitations, the two lanes are shorter than those of traditional bowling alleys, and the bowling balls are smaller and slightly __9__ (light) than regular ones. With rentals starting at $500 for two hours, the business is so successful. The businessman is already working on a second mobile alley, __10__ he hopes to make available next year. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________ 5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________ 9．________　10.________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上第一个移动保龄球馆。 1．an　考查冠词。此处应用不定冠词泛指“一个娱乐中心”，且entertainment的发音以元音音素开头。故填an。 2．Inspired　考查非谓语动词。此处inspire与主语Terence Jackson Jr.之间是被动关系，应用过去分词作状语。句子首字母大写。故填Inspired。 3．on/upon　考查介词。 rely on/upon意为“依靠，依赖”。故填on/upon。 4．popularity　考查词性转换。此处应用名词作enjoy的宾语。故填popularity。 5．having　考查非谓语动词。due to意为“由于”，to为介词，其后跟名词或动名词。故填having。 6．to complete　考查非谓语动词。主语＋take＋时间＋to do sth意为“某事花费多长时间”。故填to complete。 7．eventually　考查词性转换。句意：然而，我们最终做到了。此处应用副词修饰整个句子。故填eventually。 8．consists　考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：豪华保龄球馆包括两个保龄球道，一个计分系统，温度控制，灯光，一个80英寸的剧院屏幕和一个天空休息室。此处描述的是客观的事实，应用一般现在时。主语Luxury Strike Bowling是第三人称单数，谓语动词应用单数。故填consists。 9．lighter　考查形容词的比较级。句意：由于规模的限制，这两条球道比传统的保龄球道要短，而且保龄球要比普通的保龄球小一些，轻一些。根据下文than可知，此处应用形容词的比较级。故填lighter。 10．which　考查定语从句的引导词。此处引导非限制性定语从句，解释说明先行词a second mobile alley，且在从句中作宾语，指物。故填which。 Ⅲ　应用文写作 假如你是李华，你的外国笔友Jack想了解中国的新四大发明中对人们生活影响最大的一项。请你回信给他，内容包括： 1．这一项发明的名称； 2．这一项发明带来的影响。 注意：1.写作词数应为80左右； 2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 参考词汇：新四大发明China's Four New Great Inventions；高铁 high­speed rail (HSR)；移动支付 mobile payment；共享单车 shared bicycles；网上购物 online shopping 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 [精彩范文] Dear Jack， How is everything? I am more than glad to introduce high­speed rail (HSR) to you, as you wish to know the new great invention that primarily influences my life. Branded as a “name card” for China, HSR appeals to the world with its unparalleled convenience. People can reach the destination by train within hours while it could have taken days in the past. Besides, the tickets are accessible and affordable to ordinary people. With an ID card, passengers do not even need paper ticket anymore. You can imagine what a blessing it is to travel around in China with HSR. Come and have a ride yourself. Yours， Li Hua 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$