Unit 2 Section Ⅱ（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第三册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅱ　Welcome to the unit and Reading—Language Points [对应学生用书P28] 难词注解 教材原文 课文翻译 ①astronaut n．宇航员，航天员 ②come to an end结束 ③differ from与……不同 ④gravity n．重力，地球引力；严重性；严肃 ⑤due to由于 ⑥absence n．缺乏，不存在；缺席 ⑦float vi.飘动，漂流；浮动vt.使浮动，使漂流 ⑧cupboard n．衣柜；壁橱；橱柜 ⑨attach to系于；附属于 ⑩ceiling n．天花板；上限 ⑪bother vt.使烦恼，使担心；花费时间精力(做某事)；打扰 vi.花费时间精力(做某事) n．麻烦，困难 ⑫not...any more不再 ⑬occupy vt.占用，使用；居住；占领，侵占；使忙于 ⑭mission n．任务；使命，天职；军事行动；太空飞行任务 ⑮evaluate vt.评估，估计，评价 ⑯creature n．动物，生物；人 ⑰such as例如 ⑱mosquito n．蚊子 ⑲microscope n．显微镜 ⑳as well as也；与……一样 carry out开展 work on致力于 cast new light on使进一步了解…… lead to 导致；引起 maintenance n．维护，保养；维持，保持 do cleaning做清洁 take place产生；发生 scientific experiment 科学实验 circumstance n．条件，状况；(circumstances)境况，(尤指)经济状况 in the circumstances在这种情况下，既然如此 It's time for...是……的时候了。 put on穿上 exposure n．面临，遭受；揭露；报道；接触，体验 radiation n．辐射，放射线 head out走出 at a time一次；每次 visible adj.看得见的；明显的 in view of鉴于，考虑到 luxury n．不常有的乐趣(或享受)；奢侈品 float away漂浮；漂走 tube n．管，管子；软管 furthermore adv.此外，再者 pill n．药丸，药片 take pills吃药 some time一段时间 vital adj.必不可少的，对……极重要的；维持生命所必需的 discipline vt.严格要求(自己)；惩罚；训练n.训练，纪律；行为准则；自制力 at least至少 stop sb.from doing sth.阻止某人做某事 leisure n．闲暇，空闲 leisure time休闲时间 sit back坐下休息 crew n．全体乘务人员，全体船员；全体工作人员；专业团队 go by经过 take pictures拍照 at a speed of以……的速度 Life on a space station Living in spaceis every would­be astronaut①'s dream.My six­month stay on a space station has come to an end②，and it has been a challenging but magical adventure.I bet you'd love to know what daily life is like up in space and how it differs from③that on the Earth—the low gravity④definitely makes ordinary things strange! 动名词短语作主语。 bet后面接一个宾语从句you'd love to know what daily life is...on the Earth。其中，know后也有两个由what和how引导的并列的宾语从句。 The strangeness of living in space is apparent from the moment we sleep.Due to⑤the near absence⑥of gravity in space，we have to attach ourselves so that we don't float⑦around.We usually sleep in private quarters，which are more like large cupboards⑧，or in sleeping bags attached to⑨the walls or the ceiling⑩. It's strange that we try to sleep with no pressure against our back，but the unusual beds don't bother⑪us any more⑫.After about eight hours of sleep，we start our day of work. so that引导的目的状语从句。 which引导的非限制性定语从句。 The routine tasks that occupy⑬most of the day are demanding，but they can also be extremely rewarding.Our main mission⑭is to conduct scientific research.We need to evaluate⑮the effects of low gravity on animals and plants.Creatures⑯such as⑰mice，fish and mosquitoes⑱have also been sent to the station！In a low­gravity environment，we can learn more about changes in cells and microorganisms under the microscope⑲.As well as⑳doing these biological experiments，we carry outexperiments in other research fields.I have been working onone experiment which locates and tracks lightning over large regions of the Earth.Hopefully，it will cast new light onthe Earth's climate and lead tobetter lightning protection.With so much going on，the space station needs a lot of maintenance，so we constantly check support systems and do some cleaning. 此处是with复合结构，即“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”，作原因状语。 The most challenging work takes placewhen we need to perform tasks outside the space station，such as testing new equipment，monitoring scientific experimentsor repairing the space station.In the circumstances，it's time fora spacewalk.First，we put onour spacesuits，which allow us to breathe in space and protect us from exposureto the cold and radiation.Then we head out，and sometimes perform tasks for hours at a time，with the beautiful Earth visiblebelow.Splendid as the view of the Earth is，spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think.It's probably the most dangerous work，with potential risks such as electric shocks.That's why every spacewalk is carefully planned. when引导的时间状语从句。 as引导的让步状语从句。 why引导的表语从句。 In view ofthe low­gravity environment，eating is also different in space.Most food is dried or freeze­dried.It's a luxuryto eat fresh food，because fresh produce such as fruit and vegetables can only be delivered to the space station from the Earth every couple of months.Salt and pepper are only in liquid form，so that they will not float awayand block the air pipes.However，liquids can't be easily controlled in space.We must drink water or any other liquids out of a bag and through a thin tubeof plastic.Furthermore，to keep our body healthy, we must ensure a balanced supply of nutrients by taking pills. because引导的原因状语从句。 不定式作目的状语。同时，含有一个“keep＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构。 Spending some timein the gym is of vitalimportance to astronauts' health.Did you know that in just five months，astronauts could lose a significant amount of muscle and bone mass? Considering these negative effects low gravity has on the human body，we disciplineourselves to do at leasttwo hours of exercise every day.Exercise in space is not your average workout.We have to be tied onto specially designed exercise equipment to stop ourselves from floating around. 现在分词短语作原因状语。considering后面接的是宾语从句。 During our leisure time，there's nothing we like more than to sit backwith the rest of the crewand watch our remarkable planet go by，taking picturesfor our family and friends back home.As the space station travels at a speed ofabout 17，500 miles per hour, we get to see the sunrise every 90 minutes.In these precious moments，all the challenges of life in space seem worth it. 空间站的生活 在太空生活是每个想成为宇航员的人的梦想。我在空间站的六个月已经结束了，这是一次充满挑战但奇妙的冒险。我敢保证你很想知道太空中的日常生活是什么样子，以及它与地球上的生活有什么不同——低重力肯定会使平常的事情变得不同寻常！ 从睡觉的那一刻起，我们就能明显感受到在太空生活的奇妙。由于太空中近乎没有重力，我们必须把自己固定住，才不会四处飘浮。我们通常睡在独立的睡眠区，更像是大的橱柜，或者睡在固定在墙上或者天花板上的睡袋里。尝试背部没有压力入睡是奇怪的，但我们不再为这些特别的床而烦恼了。在约八小时的睡眠后，我们开始了一天的工作。 日常工作占用了一天里大部分时间，要求很高，但它们也会非常有意义。我们的主要任务是进行科学研究。我们需要评估低重力对动植物的影响。诸如老鼠、鱼、蚊子等生物也被送到了空间站！在低重力环境下，我们可以通过显微镜更多地了解细胞和微生物的变化。除了做这些生物实验，我们还开展其他研究领域的实验。我一直在做一个实验，可以定位并追踪地球上大片区域的闪电。希望这个实验能使人们进一步了解地球气候，并更好地做好雷电防护。空间站里发生那么多事情，需要大量的维护，所以我们经常检查空间站的支撑系统，并做一些清洁工作。 当我们需要在室间站外面执行任务时，例如测试新设备、监测科学实验或修理空间站，就会产生最具挑战性的工作。在这种情况下，是时候来场太空行走了。首先，我们穿上太空服，它们可以让我们在太空中呼吸，保护我们免受寒冷和辐射的伤害。然后我们走出空间站，有时执行任务要连续好几个小时，向下可以看到美丽的地球。尽管地球上的景色美妙绝伦，但太空行走并不像你们可能想象的那么激动人心。这可能是最危险的工作，因为有电击之类的潜在风险。这就是为什么(我们)要仔细规划好每次的太空行走。 考虑到低重力环境，太空中的饮食也大不相同。大多数食物都是脱水或冻干的。吃到新鲜的食物是一种奢侈，因为水果和蔬菜等新鲜农产品只能每隔几个月从地球运到空间站。盐和胡椒粉仅以液体的形式存在，这样它们就不会飘来飘去，堵塞通气管。但是，液体在太空中不容易控制。我们必须用塑料细管，从袋子里面喝水或其他液体。此外，为了保持身体健康，我们必须吃药来保证营养的均衡补给。 花些时间在健身房锻炼对宇航员的健康是至关重要的。你知道仅仅在五个月里宇航员就可能失去相当多的肌肉量和骨量吗？鉴于低重力对人体的这些负面影响，我们严格要求自己每天至少运动两个小时。在太空中锻炼可不是普通的锻炼。我们必须绑在专门设计的运动器材上，防止我们到处飘浮。 在闲暇时间，我们最喜欢做的事就是和其他工作人员一起舒服地坐下来，看着我们非凡的地球经过，拍下照片给地球上的家人和朋友看。空间站以每小时约17 500英里的速度飞行，所以我们每隔90分钟就能看到日出。在这些珍贵的时刻，太空生活的所有挑战似乎都是值得的。 1．astronaut n．宇航员，航天员 2．gravity n．重力，地球引力；严重性；严肃 3．absence n．缺乏，不存在； 缺席→absent adj.缺席的；不在的 4．occupy vt.占用，使用，居住；占领，侵占；使忙于→ occupation n．职业→occupied adj.被占领的，忙于 5．mission n．任务；使命，天职；军事行动；太空飞行任务 6．evaluate vt.评估，估计，评价→evaluation n．评估；评价 7．maintenance n．维护，保养；维持，保持 8．exposure n．面临，遭受；揭露；报道；接触，体验→expose v．使置身于危险中；暴露；揭露；使曝光 9．radiation n．辐射，放射线 10．visible adj.看得见的，明显的→invisible adj.看不见的；隐形的 11．luxury n．不常有的乐趣(或享受)；奢侈品 12．furthermore adv.此外，再者 13．discipline vt.严格要求(自己)；惩罚；训练n.训练，纪律；行为准则；自制力 14．leisure n．闲暇，空闲 15．crew n．全体乘务人员，全体船员；全体工作人员；专业团队 16．permanent adj.永久的，永恒的 1．come to an end结束 2．differ from与……不同 3．carry out开展 4．cast new light on使较容易理解 5．in the circumstances在这种情况下；既然如此 6．at a time一次；每次 7．in view of鉴于，考虑到 8．be designed for为……而设计 9．sit back坐下休息 10．at a speed of...以……的速度 1．with复合结构 With so much going on，the space station needs a lot of maintenance，so we constantly check support systems and do some cleaning. 空间站里发生那么多事情，需要大量的维护，所以我们经常检查空间站的支撑系统，并做一些清洁工作。 2．as引导让步状语从句 Splendid as the view of the Earth is，spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think. 尽管地球上的景色美妙绝伦，但太空行走并不像你们可能想象的那么激动人心。 1．absence n．缺席；缺乏，不存在 [教材P16]　Due to the near absence of gravity in space, we have to attach ourselves so that we don't float around. 由于太空中近乎没有重力，我们必须把自己固定住，才不会四处飘浮。 (1)absence from缺席；不在 absence of mind心不在焉 in one's absence某人不在时 in the absence of不在；缺少 (2)absent adj.缺席的；不在的；心不在焉的 be absent from不参加；缺席 absent­minded adj.心不在焉的；健忘的 (1)If Mom hadn't been that absent­minded，it would have saved us the trouble of going back again and again. 如果妈妈不那么健忘的话，我们不会那么麻烦，一次次回来。 (2)In the absence of any evidence，the police had to let Johnson go. 警察没有证据，只好把约翰逊放了。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①In the absence (absent) of wolves，coyote populations also grew quickly. ②What I failed to expect was that several students were absent (absence) from such an important exam. ③In a word，he must pay for his absence from the conference. 2．bother vt.使烦恼，使担心；费心；打扰；花费时间精力(做某事)vi.花费时间精力(做某事) n．麻烦，困难 [教材P16]　It's strange that we try to sleep with no pressure against our back，but the unusual beds don't bother us any more. 尝试背部没有压力入睡是奇怪的，但我们不再为这些特别的床而烦恼了。 (1)bother to do/doing sth.费心/特意做某事 bother sb.with/about sth.为某事打扰或麻烦某人 It bothers/bothered sb.that.../to do...使某人苦恼的是…… (2)have bother (in) doing sth.费劲/有麻烦做某事 (1)I am sorry I have bothered you with so many questions. 对不起，我问了你这么多问题，麻烦你了。 (2)What bothers me most is the fact that he seems to take no interest in his work. 最使我烦恼的是他似乎对工作不感兴趣。　 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Lots of people don't bother to go (go) through a marriage ceremony these days. ②The famous movie star could hardly walk down the street without being bothered (bother). 一句多译 ③你找到这所房子费劲吗？ Did you have much bother(in) finding the house？(bother) ＝Did you have trouble/difficulty(in) finding the house？(trouble/difficulty) ＝Did you find the house with trouble/difficulty？(trouble/difficulty) 3．occupy vt.占用，使用；居住；占领，侵占；使忙于 [教材P16]　The routine tasks that occupy most of the day are demanding，but they can also be extremely rewarding. 日常工作占用了一天里大部分时间，要求很高，但它们也会非常有意义。 (1)occupy oneself in doing sth./with sth.忙着做某事，专心做某事 (2)occupied adj.被占领的；忙于……的 be occupied in doing sth./with sth.忙着做某事，专心做某事 (3)occupation n．职业；占有 by occupation 职业上 (1)On average，about forty people travel in one bus，while the same number occupy thirty­three cars. 平均而言，大约40人乘坐一辆公共汽车，而同样数量的人要占用33辆小轿车。 (2)Teaching and doing housework keep her occupied every day. 教书和做家务使她每天都很忙。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①The police required me to write down my name，age and occupation(occupy). 一句多译 ②由于一整天都在做家务，所以她疲惫不堪。 She was occupied in doing housework all day，so she was tired out. ＝Occupied in doing housework all day，she was tired out. ＝Occupying herself in doing housework all day，she was tired out. [名师指津]　表示“忙于做某事”的其他短语还有： ①be engaged in doing sth. ②be busy in doing sth./with sth. ③be buried in doing sth. 4．evaluate vt.评估，评价，估计 [教材P16]　We need to evaluate the effects of low gravity on animals and plants. 我们需要评估低重力对动植物的影响。 (1)evaluate sb.on...根据……评价某人 (2)evaluation n．估计；评价 make an evaluation of对……进行评估 (1)Having collected and evaluated the information，I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow next and how fast. 收集和评估这些信息之后，我就帮助其他科学家一起预测熔岩接着将往何处流，流速是多少。 (2)We must evaluate her ability on her work. 我们必须根据她的工作来评价她的能力。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Do you want to evaluate your intelligence? Just complete the evaluation form below，please.(evaluate) 一句多译 ②我们需要评估一下这个政策效果怎么样。 We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.(evaluate) ＝We need to make an evaluation of how well the policy is working.(evaluation) 5．circumstance n．条件，状况；(circumstances)境况，(尤指)经济状况 [教材P17]　In the circumstances，it's time for a spacewalk. 在这种情况下，是时候来场太空行走了。 under/in no circumstances无论如何都不；决不(放在句首时，句子要用部分倒装) under/in the circumstances在这种情况下；既然如此 (1)Under the circumstances she could do nothing but wait. 在这种情况下，她除了等待别无选择。 (2)Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 无论如何你都不该把钱借给他。 [即学即用]　完成句子 ①Under no circumstances must you leave the house． 在任何情况下你都不能离开这所房子。 ②You must not mention your colleague under any circumstances． 在任何情况下你都不能提及你的同事。 ③If circumstances allow/permit，I'll sign up for the competition. 如果条件许可，我就报名参赛。 单句语法填空 ④He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong. ⑤Today，we'll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. [名师指津]　(1)抽象地点名词，如：point，stage，case，situation，condition，position，activity，scene，occasion，environment，circumstance 等作先行词，并在从句中作状语时，用where或“介词＋which”引导定语从句。 (2)在短语 in/under the/no circumstances中circumstance总是用复数。 6．exposure n．面临，遭受；揭露；报道；接触，体验 [教材P17]　First，we put on our spacesuits，which allow us to breathe in space and protect us from exposure to the cold and radiation. 首先，我们穿上太空服，它们可以让我们在太空中呼吸，保护我们免受寒冷和辐射的伤害。 (1)expose v．暴露，使显露；使面临 expose...to使显露；暴露 expose sth.to sb.向某人揭发某事 expose sb.to sth.使某人接触到某物；使某人面临/遭受某事 (2)exposed adj.暴露的；无遮蔽的 be exposed to暴露于……，处于……危险中 (1)There is convincing evidence that skin cancer is linked to exposure to the sun. 有令人信服的证据表明皮肤癌与日晒有关。　 (2)Visiting the exhibition will make you exposed to traditional Chinese culture. 参观这次展览将使你接触到中国的传统文化。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Exposure(expose) to the English language which is used in our daily life can make people familiar with it. 句型转换 ②Being exposed to the sunlight for too long will be harmful to your skin. ＝Exposing yourself to the sunlight for too long will be harmful to your skin.(用动名词短语作主语改写) ＝If exposed to the sunlight for too long，you will get your skin harmed.(用if省略句改写) ＝Exposed to the sunlight for too long，you will get your skin harmed.(用过去分词作状语改写) [情景助记] 7．in view of 鉴于，考虑到 [教材P17]　In view of the low­gravity environment，eating is also different in space. 考虑到低重力环境，太空中的饮食也大不相同。 (1)view n．看法，意见；风景，视野 in one's view＝from one's point of view依某人看 in view在看得见的范围内 come into view映入眼帘 (2)view v．观看；把……视为 view ...as ...把……看作…… (1)In view of the weather，the event will be held indoors. 考虑到天气(情况)，这项比赛将在室内进行。 (2)To climb the mountains was hard work but as we looked around us，we were surprised by the view. 登山是辛苦的工作，但当我们环顾四周时，却惊诧于周围的景色。 [即学即用]　写出黑体部分的含义 ①On the other hand，some students hold the view that labor education will take up their time，which will be spent studying.观点；见解 ②He climbed up to the top of the church tower to get a better view of the entire city.风景 ③If we sit near the front of the bus，we'll have a better view.视野 ④I got an opportunity to view the movie before it was released.观看 一句多译 ⑤依我看来，如果你想学好英语，你需要多听、多说、多读、多写。 In my view，if you want to learn English well，you need to do more listening，speaking，reading and writing.(view) ＝In my opinion，if you want to learn English well，you need to do more listening，speaking，reading and writing.(opinion) ＝As far as I'm concerned，if you want to learn English well，you need to do more listening，speaking，reading and writing.(concern) [名师指津]　view常指从远处或高处或某个特定的角度看到的景象。 8．vital adj.必不可少的，对……极重要的；维持生命所必需的 [教材P17]　Spending some time in the gym is of vital importance to astronauts' health. 花些时间在健身房锻炼对宇航员的健康是至关重要的。 (1)be vital for/to sth.对……极为重要 (2)It is vital that ...(should) do sth.做某事是十分重要的。 (3)It is vital to do sth. 做某事很重要。 (1)If the injuries are second or third degree burns，it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once. 如果是二度或者三度烧伤，至关重要的是把伤者立刻送去看医生或送往医院。 (2)It is absolutely vital that the matter (should) be kept secret. 这件事要保密，这是至关重要的。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①What's more，some drivers，cyclists and pedestrians do not think it vital to obey (obey) traffic rulers. ②As we all know，water is vital to/for keeping every living thing alive，without which the world would be a dead place. 一句多译 ③重要的是我们应该从失败中吸取教训。 What's vital is that we should learn something from failure.(主语从句) ＝It's vital that we (should) learn something from failure.(it作形式主语) 9．[教材P16]　With so much going on，the space station needs a lot of maintenance，so we constantly check support systems and do some cleaning. 空间站里发生那么多事情，需要大量的维护，所以我们经常检查空间站的支撑系统，并做一些清洁工作。 此处是with的复合结构，即“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”。 with 复合结构的常见形式： (1)with＋宾语＋形容词/副词/介词短语(表示状态) (2)with＋宾语＋现在分词(表示主动或进行) (3)with＋宾语＋过去分词(表示被动或完成) (4)with＋宾语＋动词不定式(表示未做) (1)After a while she saw some zebra with black and white lines going beneath their stomachs. 过了一会儿她看到了一些斑马，它们身上有一直延伸到腹部的黑白相间的条纹。 (2)With all the things she needed bought，she went home happily. 所有需要的东西都买好了，她高高兴兴地回家了。 (3)With nothing to do，Tom sleeps at home. 由于无事可做，汤姆在家睡觉。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①China's image is improving steadily，with more countries recognizing(recognize) its role in international affairs. ②Already well over 400 of the total of 6，800 languages are close to extinction(消亡)，with only a few elderly speakers left(leave). ③In the end，we took a group photo，with cups or tea in our hands，to record this unforgettable experience. 句式升级 ④The College Entrance Examination is drawing near，so the students feel great pressure. →With the College Entrance Examination drawing near，the students feel great pressure.(用with复合结构改写) 10．[教材P17]　Splendid as the view of the Earth is，spacewalking is not as exciting as you might think. 尽管地球上的景色美妙绝伦，但太空行走并不像你们可能想象的那么激动人心。 Splendid as the view of the Earth is是as引导的让步状语从句。 as作为连词的用法主要有： (1)“正如；按照”，引导方式状语从句。 (2)“当……时候；一边……一边；随着”，引导时间状语从句。 (3)“因为；既然”，引导原因状语从句。 (4)“尽管”，引导让步状语从句(从句使用部分倒装，即将形容词、副词、名词、动词等放于as前面；单数可数名词提前时应该省略冠词)。 (5)引导比较状语从句，常用于as...as...句型，意为“像……一样……”(第一个as是副词，第二个as是连词)。 (1)As time went by，we saw less and less of each other. 随着时间的推移，我们见面越来越少。 (2)I got close enough to hear them speaking Chinese，and I said “Ni Hao”，just as I might do in China. 我离他们足够近能听见他们正在说汉语，并且我像在中国可能做的那样说了声“你好”。 (3)As I was busy preparing for my final exam，I didn't reply to your email as soon as I received it. 因为我正忙着准备期末考试，我没有一收到电子邮件就给你回复。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology. ②Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed，Dr.Prinstein's studies show unpleasant consequences. 句式升级 ③As time went on，our knowledge broadened. →With time going on，our knowledge broadened.(用with复合结构改写) 1．As an old saying goes，“Happiness is not the absence (absent) of problems，but the ability to deal with them.” 2．In fact she felt herself like an aimless boat floating (float)on the sea. 3．He won't come，so why bother inviting/to invite (invite) him? 4．I suppose I was looking for an occupation (occupy) which was going to be an adventure. 5．We need to carry out a proper evaluation (evaluate) of the new system. 6．Their father told them not to touch the new computer under any circumstances(circumstance). 7．The newspaper exposed his secret to the public. 8．She was invisible (visible) in the dusk of the room. 9．The teacher came in，with many students following(follow)him. 10．As everyone can see，education is vital to/for the country's future. 1．He didn't tell the truth，which could not account for his absence from school． 他没有说实话，这不能说明他缺课的原因。 2．Child as he is，he knows how to help others. 他虽是个孩子，却知道如何帮助别人。 3．His words cast new light on the problem. 他的话使人们对这个问题有了新的认识。 4．You should expose yourself to English if you want to learn it well. 如果你想学好英语，你就应该多接触英语。 5．A group of riders came into view on the dirt road. 一群骑车的人出现在那条土路上。 6．Perseverance is vital to success． 毅力对于成功是至关重要的。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$