Unit 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar and usage（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第三册（译林版2020）

Section Ⅲ　Grammar and usage [对应学生用书P11] 非限制性定语从句 观察下面句子，说出黑体词起什么作用。 1．I will show you to the supermarket，where you can find everything you want. 2．He is English，which I know from his accent. 3．Living with host families，in which there may be other college students，gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture. 4．This is our headmaster，who I think has something important to tell you. [自我归纳] 以上例句中的黑体词均引导非限制性定语从句，其标志为从句与主句之间有逗号隔开。位置可以置于主句之中，也可以置于主句之后。 一、非限制性定语从句的引导词 1．关系代词的选择 (1)非限制性定语从句不能用关系代词 that 引导。指人时，如果引导词在从句中作主语，要用 who，作宾语要用 whom/who；指物时要用 which/as。在句中，即使引导词作宾语也不能省略。 Mr Zhang, who came to see me yesterday，is an old friend of my father's. 昨天来看我的张先生是我父亲的一位老朋友。(作主语) Peter，whom you met in London，is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。(作宾语，不能省略) (2)as 和 which 的选择 1)as 引导的非限制性定语从句 ①位置灵活，可置于句首、句中和句末 ②先行词不可是一个词，通常是整个主句 ③as 有“正如，就像”的意思，表示依据、评论、态度、看法等 ④常用于以下动词的主、被动语态：know，say，expect，suggest，report 等 She has been late again，as was expected. 她又迟到了，这是预料之中的事。(位于句末) As we had expected，Tom passed the driving test. 正如我们预料的那样，汤姆通过了驾照考试。(位于句首) Global warming，as we all know，has caused a lot of natural disasters. 众所周知，温室效应已经引发了很多自然灾害。(位于句中) These apple trees，which I planted three years ago，have not produced any fruits. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。(which 指代 these apple trees) Tom passed the driving test，which made his parents very happy. 汤姆通过了驾照考试，这使他的父母很高兴。(which 指代整个主句) He said that he had never seen her before，which was not true. 他说他以前从没见过她，这不是真的。(which 指代主句中的宾语从句) 2．关系副词的选择 在非限制性定语从句中，关系副词(when，where，why)的选择方法和在限制性定语从句中的一样，即引导词在从句中作时间状语时用 when，作地点状语时用 where，作原因状语时用 why。 The story in the book happened in Canada，where Doctor Bethune was born. 书中的故事发生在加拿大，白求恩大夫就是在那里出生的。 I left on Sunday，when everyone was at home. 我星期日离开的，那天所有人都在家。 二、限制性/非限制性定语从句的区别 区别 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式 不用逗号与主句隔开。如：Do you remember the man who taught us English? 你还记得教我们英语的那个人吗？ 用逗号与主句隔开。如：I've been to London，which is a beautiful city.我去过伦敦，那是一座美丽的城市。 意义 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删去，句子意思将不完整。如：This is the book (which/that) he lost yesterday.这就是他昨天丢的那本书。 只是对先行词的补充说明，如删去，句子意思仍然完整、明确。如：The book，which he lost yesterday，has been found.这本书已经找到了，他昨天弄丢了它。 译法 译成先行词的定语。如：He is the man who lives next to me.他就是住在我隔壁的那个人。 通常译成与主句并列的分句。如：He is a generous man，who lives next to me.他很慷慨，他住在我隔壁。 关系词的使用 1.作宾语时可省略 2．可用 that 1.不可省略 2．不可用 that 三、“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句 1．关系代词的选择 在此结构中，先行词指人时关系代词通常用 whom，不可用 who 和 that；先行词指物时关系代词通常用 which，不能用 that。注意：关系代词在从句中作定语时，要用 whose。 The young man with whom I travelled could speak French. 同我一起旅行的那个年轻人会说法语。 This is the ring on which she spent 1，000 dollars. 这就是她花1 000美元买的戒指。 This is Mr Smith, in whose factory we work. 这就是史密斯先生，我们就在他的工厂里工作。 2．介词的选择 (1)根据定语从句中的谓语动词与介词的习惯搭配确定介词。该动词与介词搭配构成动词短语。 Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这就是你花高价买的车吗？(pay for sth.) She is the person with whom I talked. 她就是我曾与之交谈的人。(talk with sb.) (2)根据定语从句中的主要形容词与介词的搭配确定介词。该形容词与介词搭配构成形容词短语。 He brought the result with which the boss was satisfied. 他带来了老板非常满意的结果。 (3)根据先行词与介词的搭配确定介词。先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方式等的词，它与介词之间有一定的联系。 Do you still remember the day on which we met for the first time? 你还记得我们第一次见面的日子吗？ Do you still remember the days during which we worked together? 你还记得我们在一起工作的那些日子吗？ (4)根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词与介词也不能构成固定的动词短语，这时，需要根据句子所要表达的意思选用不同的介词。 This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years. 这就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飞行员。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。 3．“介词＋关系代词”的特殊用法 (1)含有介词的固定短语动词一般不拆开使用，即介词不能提前，常见的此类短语动词有 look for，listen to，look after，take care of 等。 这就是我正在寻找的手表。 [正]This is the watch (which/that) I am looking for. [误]This is the watch for which I am looking. (2)“介词＋关系代词”前可有 some，any，none，both，all，neither，most，each，few，three，several 等代词或数词(相当于“介词＋关系代词＋代词/数词”)，也可以有名词(相当于“whose＋名词”)。 I bought many books yesterday，three/most of which (＝of which three/most) are written by Lu Xun. 我昨天买了很多书，其中三本/大部分是鲁迅写的。 (3)介词 in，on，at，for 等与关系代词 which 一起引导定语从句时，有时可用相应的关系副词 when，where，why 等替换。 The reason for which (＝why) he refused the invitation is not clear. 他拒绝邀请的理由还不清楚。 Great changes have taken place in the city in which (＝where) I was born. 我出生的城市发生了很大的变化。 (4)“the＋名词＋of which/whom”一般可用“whose＋名词”替换，非正式文体中可以用“of which/whom＋the＋名词”替换。 I came across a sentence when reading the newspaper，the meaning of which I didn't understand. ＝I came across a sentence when reading the newspaper，whose meaning I didn't understand. 我看报纸时碰到一个句子，我无法理解它的意思。 Usage要点拾遗 1．surrounding adj.周围的，附近的 [教材P6]　The prices of tourist essentials such as transport，accommodation and food usually increase too，which brings even more wealth to the surrounding community. 交通、住宿和食物等旅游必需品的价格通常也会上涨，这给周边社区带来了更多的财富。 (1)surround vt.包围；围绕；环绕 surround...with...用……包围…… be surrounded with/by 被……包围 (2)surroundings n．环境 (1)Why do the hikers take no notice of the surroundings during the journey? 为什么徒步旅行者在旅途中没有注意到周围的环境？ (2)The tall building is surrounded by a great many maple trees. 那栋高楼被许多枫树环绕。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①And don't forget：we are surrounded(surround) by a natural playground just perfect for walking，caving，climbing and cycling. ②The surrounding(surround) villages have been absorbed by the growing city. ③He tried to run away but gave up when he found himself surrounded(surround). 2．harmony n．融洽，和睦；和谐 [教材P6]　More nature­centred tourist attractions，where man and nature live in harmony，can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists. 人与自然和谐相处的以自然为中心的旅游景点，可能会受到大量游客的影响，甚至被破坏。 (1)be in harmony with...与……协调一致 be out of harmony with...与……不协调 live in harmony和睦相处 (2)harmonious adj.协调的；和睦的，友好的 (1)Human life is regarded as part of nature，so the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature. 人类的生命被认为是自然的一部分，所以我们生存的唯一方式就是与自然和谐相处。 (2)You should create a harmonious environment to get along with others，which can help you greatly. 你应该创造一个和谐的环境与他人相处，这对你有很大的帮助。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①It was she that was out of harmony with the actual world，not the staff. ②President Xi said at the meeting“We Chinese should work together for a harmonious (harmony) society”． ③We must ensure tourism develops in harmony with the environment. 3．manner n．方式，方法，举止；(manners)礼貌 [教材P7]　It is important to travel in an environmentally friendly manner． 用一种环保的方式旅行是很重要的。 (1)in a(n)...manner以一种……的方式 (2)it is bad/good manners to do sth.做某事没有/有礼貌 (1)Why are you talking in such a rude manner? 你为什么用如此粗暴的方式谈话？ (2)It's bad manners to break in while others are speaking. 当别人说话的时候插嘴是不礼貌的。 [即学即用]　单句语法填空 ①Generally speaking，good manners(manner) arise from respect for others. ②They settled the quarrel between them in a friendly manner. ③It's bad manners to break(break) into an office without knocking at the door. [名师指津]　manner作“方式；举止”讲时，常用单数；而作“礼貌；习俗”讲时，常用复数。 1．If you can't find any accommodations elsewhere，here is a room which can accommodate up to five people.(accommodation) 2．If everyone can live in harmony with others，our society will become more harmonious．(harmony) 3．He is a man gentle in manner but firm in action. 4．Energy consumption(consume)rises as countries industrialize. 5．We have launched another man­made satellite，which is announced in today's newspaper. 6．Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature，who, for some reason，had withdrawn from all human society. 7．There is no simple answer，as is often the case in science. 8．Mo Yan was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2012，which made one of the Chinese people's long­held dreams come true. 9．I didn't become a serious climber until the fifth grade，when I went up to rescue a kite that was stuck in the branches of a tree. 10．Her father works in a factory，where he makes cars. 11．The old lady has two daughters，one of whom is working abroad. 12．The famous footballer，in whose honour a party will be held，is to arrive this afternoon. The very film 1.that is called Titanic is such a beautiful and sad love story 2.as is popular with the public，3.whose hero and heroine are Jack and Rose.Rose is a young beautiful woman with 4.whom her mother went to America.Jack，5.who won a ship ticket by playing cards，is a poor painter.They met and fell in love with each other on Titanic 6.where they had a happy time.Sadly，the nice journey was destroyed by a huge iceberg，7.when Jack lost his life for saving Rose (everyone will be moved by the selfless way in 8.which most people can't behave in real life).Before Jack left Rose forever，he encouraged Rose to live well for him.9.As is known to all，love is the strongest strength.And that's the reason 10.why Rose could live alone and tell us the moving story. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$