Unit 3 Section Ⅱ Lesson 2 & Lesson 3-【金版教程】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第一册创新导学案课件PPT（北师大版2019）

WELCOME UNIT UNIT 3 CONSERVATION Section Ⅱ　Lesson 2 & Lesson 3 课前预习自检 重点合作探究 课堂效果检测（一） 目录 CONTENTS 1 2 ３ 课时语法精讲 4 课堂效果检测（二） 5 课后课时作业（三） 6 课后课时作业（四） 7 课前预习自检 THE ROAD TO DESTRUCTION 毁灭之路 Part 1 第 1部分 “This morning, it took me 40 minutes to go downtown.More roadworks on the A10！” “今天早上，我花了40分钟去市中心。A10公路还在修路！” “Oh really? “哦，真的吗？ 课前预习自检 It took me over an hour. 我花了一个多小时。 There was an accident on the M11.” M11公路上发生了一起事故。” How often have you heard these conversations? 你多久听到一次这样的对话？ How often do we get stuck in traffic jams? 有多少次我们碰到交通堵塞而动弹不得？ 课前预习自检 ①__________ n. 破坏，毁坏 ②__________ n. 道路施工 ③______ adj. 卡住的，无法移动的 ④_____ n. 拥挤，堵塞；果酱 ⑤__________ 交通堵塞 destruction roadworks stuck jam traffic jam 课前预习自检 How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out, tired and angry? 又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或者学校时感到压力巨大、疲惫不堪、愤怒不已呢？ For many people, the answer is every day. 对许多人来说，答案是每天。 But personal anger and stress are nothing compared to the real costs socially. 但是和真正的社会损失相比，个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一提。 课前预习自检 ⑥___________ 焦虑的 ⑦______ n. 愤怒；怒气 stressed out anger 课前预习自检 Here are some figures about Britain： 以下是一些关于英国的数据： ·In the last 20 years, the number of cars on the roads has gone up by 25%. ·在过去的20年里，道路上的汽车数量增加了25%。 There are now 32 million cars. 现在有3，200万辆汽车。 ·Over the last decade, an average of 2，500 people have died every year in vehicle accidents. ·在过去的十年里，平均每年有2，500人死于交通事故。 课前预习自检 •Traffic is one of the major causes of global warming and climate change, as car engines produce various types of greenhouse gases. ·交通是全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车引擎会产生各种类型的温室气体。 ·Almost 30，000 deaths per year are caused by air pollution. ·每年有近3万人死于空气污染。 ·Some types of cancer are related to traffic pollution. ·有些类型的癌症与交通污染有关。 课前预习自检 ⑧_______ n. 十年，十年期 ⑨____ n. 气，气体 ⑩_______ n. 癌症 ⑪______ vi. 相联系，有关联 ⑫____________ 与……有关联 ⑬“主句(Traffic ... change)＋原因状语从句(as ... gases)”。主句的结构是主(Traffic)系(is)表(one ... change)。of ... change是介词短语作one的_________，as引导原因状语从句，of greenhouse gases是介词短语作types的后置定语。 decade gas cancer relate be related to 后置定语 课前预习自检 Part 2 第 2部分 We know that cars are bad for us. 我们知道汽车对我们有害。 But we all make excuses：“The buses are terrible”； “The trains are always late”； “I haven't got time to walk”． 但我们都在找借口：“公共汽车很糟糕”；“火车总是晚点”；“我没有时间走路”。 I'm talking about myself, too. 我也在说我自己。 课前预习自检 To be frank, I'm addicted to my car. 坦率地说，我对我的车上瘾了。 •When I asked a friend working for a green－living organisation for advice about how to give up, she told me five things： 当我向一个在绿色生活组织工作的朋友请教如何放弃时，她告诉了我五件事： ⑭“时间状语从句(When I ... up)＋主句(she ... things)”。时间状语从句中，how to give up是“特殊疑问词＋不定式”作介词about的______。 宾语 课前预习自检 ·Use your legs. ·使用你的腿。 In 2014, over 55% of car journeys were under eight kilometres. 2014年，超过55%的汽车旅行在8公里以下。 Instead of taking short car journeys, we could easily walk or cycle. 我们可以很轻松地步行或骑自行车代替短途汽车旅行。 Leg power can save your money, keep you fit and help you live longer. 腿部动力可以让你省钱，保持健康，有助于你活得更长久。 Regular exercise also cuts the risk of heart disease by 50%! 定期锻炼还可以降低50%患心脏病的风险！ 课前预习自检 ·Use public transport. ·使用公共交通工具。 Up to 90 people can travel in one bus, while the same number will need at least 18 cars. 一辆公交车可容纳人数多达90人，而同样数量的乘客至少需要18辆汽车。 •Sometimes it can take a little bit longer, but so what? 有时可能需要更长的时间，但那又怎样？ You can relax, read a book, talk to someone—who knows? 你可以放松，读一本书，和别人聊天——谁知道呢？ 课前预习自检 ·Think before you go. ·走之前要三思。 Do you really have to go to that shopping centre on the other side of town? 你真得必须去镇上另一边的购物中心吗？ What about the shops around the corner? 街角的商店怎么样？ Before you get into your car, think about whether you really need to make that journey. 在你上车之前，想想你是否真的需要去走这一趟。 课前预习自检 ·Share cars. ·分享汽车。 If you really have to use a car, share journeys with someone else. 如果你真的必须用车，那就和别人一起旅行。 It is much cheaper and kinder to the environment. 它更便宜，也更环保。 课前预习自检 ⑮_______ adj. 定期的，有规律的 ⑯“分句(Sometimes ... longer)＋but＋分句(so what)”。本句是but连接的并列复合句。第二个分句中so what为省略句，意为“____________”。 regular 那又怎么样 课前预习自检 ·Take action! ·采取行动！ •We often think there is nothing we can do about the noise, pollution and danger of traffic. 我们常常认为我们对噪音、污染和交通的危险无能为力。 There is. 有。 If your street is full of heavy traffic, talk to your neighbours about it. 如果你住的街道交通拥挤，和你的邻居谈谈这个问题。 课前预习自检 Write to the papers. 给报纸写信。 Go to the city government. 去市政府。 Ask for a speed limit. 要求限速。 Do whichever of these things that suit you. 做这些事中适合你的任何一件。 课前预习自检 Don't just sit around and complain! 别光坐在那里抱怨！ All quite simple, isn't it? 一切都很简单，不是吗？ Five easy ways to improve our environment. 改善环境的五个简单方法。 Well, I'm sorry I have to finish this article, but I've got to pick up my daughter from school at 4 pm. 嗯，很抱歉我得结束这篇文章了，我下午4点要去学校接我女儿。 课前预习自检 Then I've got to drive to the supermarket to do the shopping. 然后我要开车去超市买东西。 After that, I have to take my son to a party. 之后，我要带我儿子去参加一个聚会。 The traffic is going to be horrible, but what can I do? 交通会很糟糕，但我能做什么呢？ 课前预习自检 ⑰____ vt. 适合　n. 套装 ⑱“主(We)谓(think)宾(there is ... traffic)”。there is ... traffic为_____从句，作think的宾语，其中we can do是省略了____的定语从句，nothing在从句中作do的_____。 suit 宾语 that 宾语 课前预习自检 重点合作探究 1 set out 开始做某事，着手进行(教材P110) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①We set out to work at six in the early morning and hoped to finish it before dark. 我们清晨6点出发去上班，希望天黑前能完成。 ②Jason always sets down new ideas that occur to him. 杰森总是把他突然想到的新想法记下来。 ③Many new buildings have been set up in this area in the past ten years. 在过去的十年里，这个地区新建了许多楼房。 ④In the end all slaves were set free. 最终所有的奴隶都被释放了。 重点合作探究 ⑤We set off to see the Pyramid and Sphinx. 我们出发去看金字塔和狮身人面像。 ⑥If you want others in your company to change, you must set an example for them to follow. 如果你希望公司里的人改变，你必须以身作则，树立榜样让他们跟随。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①A tall man was said to have set fire ____ the bar. ②In the absence of definite evidence the prisoner was set _____． ③This theatre is set ____ for children. to free up 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①雷锋为我们树立了全心全意为人民服务的榜样。 Lei Feng _____________________ in serving the people heart and soul. ②他疯了，放火烧了房子。 He was crazy and __________________． ③我们开始着手去寻找谜团背后的真相。 We _____________ the truth behind the mystery. ④一到达那里他们便开始做实验了。 On arriving there, they ______________ the experiment. set an example to/for us set the house on fire set out to find set about doing 重点合作探究 2 wasteful adj. 浪费的；挥霍的(教材P111) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①It is wasteful to leave water running from a pipe. 让水从管道里一直流是浪费的。 ②I think buying things you don't actually need is a total waste of money. 我认为买你实际上并不需要的东西完全是浪费钱。 ③I'm not one to waste time on just anyone. 我可不是个随便浪费时间在任何人身上的人。 ④Waste water from factories should be treated before flowing into rivers. 工厂里的废水在流入河里之前应该经过处理。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①I think fishing is ___ waste of time. ②I don't like to waste money ____ things I don't like. ③It's wasteful ________ (throw) away glass, paper and metal. (2)一句多译 警告他等于浪费时间，因为他决心按照自己的意思去做。 ________________________ him—he is determined to go his own way. (waste) ＝___________________ him—he is determined to go his own way. (wasteful) a on to throw It is a waste of time warning It is wasteful to warn 重点合作探究 3 realistic adj. 现实的，实际的(教材P111) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①We must be realistic in our self­estimation, neither being conceited nor belittling ourselves. 我们对自己的估计应该实事求是，既不要自高自大，也不要妄自菲薄。 ②He looked very confident and calm during the test, but in reality he was extremely nervous. 考试时他看上去自信且冷静，事实上他非常地紧张。 ③It's one thing to talk about shared goals, but quite another to turn that into reality. 谈论共同的目标是一回事，但将其实现又是另一回事。 ④Kate spoke realistically about the task ahead. 凯特如实地谈了面临的任务。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①This decision reflects the _______ (real) of the political situation. ②___________ (real), there is never one right answer. ③We are now far more sober and ________ (real)． (2)单句表达 ①事实上，你周围的人对你目前的情绪有很大的影响。 _________， the people around you have a huge impact on your current mood. ②为了把你的梦想变成现实，你需要设定目标。 You need to set goals in order to ________________________． reality Realistically realistic In reality turn your dream into reality 重点合作探究 4 destruction n. 破坏，毁坏(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①Refuse to cooperate in the destruction of your planet. 请拒绝与那些破坏你们星球的行为协作。 ②In the journey of life, giving up easily can destruct our resilience and determination, making us miss out on opportunities. 在人生旅途中，轻易放弃会破坏我们的韧性和决心，使我们错过机会。 重点合作探究 易混辨析：destroy/damage/ruin destroy 指彻底毁坏，所带来的损坏是不能修复的；有时用于比喻，表示希望破灭、计划落空等 damage 表示“损害，损坏”，程度较轻，所带来的损伤是可修复的 ruin 指彻底毁掉，多用于美好的事物，这种毁坏多是由自然力量、个人疏忽等造成的，“毁坏”的结果则是物体价值消失、功能丧失等；作名词时表示“毁灭、瓦解、废墟”等抽象概念 重点合作探究 ①A number of paintings in this castle are believed to have been destroyed in a fire in 2009. 人们认为这个城堡里的许多绘画作品毁于2009年的一场大火。 ②Fertilizers damage the land by killing the helpful bacteria and pests as well as the harmful ones. 化肥在杀死有害细菌和害虫的同时也会杀死有益的细菌和昆虫，从而损害 土地。 ③That one mistake ruined his chances of getting the job. 正是这个错误毁掉了他得到那份工作的机会。 重点合作探究 [图解助记]　 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①They _____________ (destroy) all of the evidence so far. ②It means we do not need to cut down more trees and cause the ___________ (destruct) of more forests. (2)单句表达 ①许多物种由于我们破坏了它们的天然栖息地，现在正面临灭绝的危险。 Many species are in peril of extinction _________________________ their natural habitat. ②没有人在爆炸中受伤，但大楼遭到了彻底毁坏。 No one was injured in the explosion, but the building _______________________． have destroyed destruction because of our destruction of was completely destroyed 重点合作探究 5 stuck adj. 卡住的，无法移动的(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①If you get stuck in the elevator, use the intercom to contact someone outside and wait for rescue. 如果你被困在电梯里，用内部通话设备和外面的人联系，然后等待救援。 ②We should stick to the principles and be flexible as well. 我们既要有原则性，也要有灵活性。 ③I hope you'll stick around till the end. 我希望你能留在这里直到结束。 ④She made a face and stuck out her tongue at him. 她做了个鬼脸，向他吐了吐舌头。 重点合作探究 “get＋过去分词”与“be＋过去分词”用法相近，但“get＋过去分词”强调动作，表示的常是意想不到的、突然的或偶然的情况，或谈论自身做的动作。常见的此类短语有： (1)be/get caught in＝be/get trapped in 被困在…… (2)get hurt/burnt 受伤/被烧伤 (3)get dressed/separated 穿衣/被分离 (4)get lost/drunk 迷路/喝醉 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Why don't you stick ________ here a while? ②What had Tom done to make him stick ____ from the crowd? ③I always get stuck ____ rush hour traffic. ④Stick ___ your plan with perseverance, and you will win through. around out in to 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①这类人总是坚持自己的观点，即使这意味着他们可能会陷入困境。 Such people always ________ their views, even if it means that they may get into trouble. ②消防员设法营救出了一个被困在大火中的女孩。 The firefighter managed to save a girl who _______________ the big fire. ③我们本不该雇用苏珊，但现在好像我们摆脱不了她了。 We should never have hired Susan, but it looks like we're __________ her. stick to was/got stuck in stuck with 重点合作探究 6 annoyed adj. 烦恼的，生气的(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 重点合作探究 ①I began to get annoyed with the naughty boy. 我开始烦这个淘气的男孩了。 ②To her annoyance, Lisa found that the others had gone without her. 让丽莎气恼的是，其他人不等她就走了。 ③Try making a note of the things which annoy you. 试着把烦心事写下来。 ④What's really annoying is that we made the same mistake as last time. 真正让人恼火的是，我们犯了同上次一样的错误。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Much to my _________ (annoy), he kept silent about some of the things that happened at school. ②Traffic jams are extremely ________ (annoy)． ③Alice felt slightly annoyed ______ herself. ④My mum will surely be annoyed ________ my carelessness. annoyance annoying with at/about 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①使她极为失望和苦恼的是，她的英语考试又没有及格。 ____________________________________， she failed in the English examination again. ②更重要的是，消费者觉得看电视剧时被打扰让人心烦。 What is more, consumers _________________________ when they are watching TV play. ③调查还发现，85%的人如果没得到自己认为应得的感谢，会感到恼怒。 It follows that 85 percent of people will _____________________ the gratitude they feel they deserve. To her great disappointment and annoyance feel annoyed to be interrupted be annoyed at not getting 重点合作探究 7 stressed out 焦虑的(教材P58) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①I can't imagine sitting in traffic, getting stressed out. 我不能想象坐车被堵在路上，变得越来越焦虑不安。 ②He is under great stress because of his new job. 他因为新工作压力很大。 ③She stressed the importance of a balanced diet. 她强调了均衡饮食的重要性。 ④She had a stressful job as a sales representative. 作为一名销售代表，她的工作压力很大。 重点合作探究 stressful 表示有压力的，表示主动；形容事物。 stressed 一般表示感到有压力的，表示被动；形容人有压力；不能放于名词前作定语。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①Things can easily go wrong when people are ______ stress. ②If I am not organized, I will become anxious and ________ (stress)． ③Most doctors and nurses live under ________ (stress) conditions. under stressed stressful 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①他在会议上强调了接受良好教育的重要性。 He _______________________ receiving a good education at the meeting. ②皮尤特别强调了纪律的必要性。 Pugh ______________ particular _________ the need for discipline. ③有些年轻人在现代生活的压力下过着艰难的生活。 Some young people live a hard life ________________ the modern life. stressed the importance of laid/placed/put stress on under the stress of 重点合作探究 8 How often do we arrive at work or school, stressed out, tired and angry? (教材P58) 又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或者学校时感到心力交瘁、心烦气躁呢？ 剖析 stressed out, tired and angry是形容词(短语)作状语，说明句子主语we的状态。 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①He lay in bed, awake. 他躺在床上，醒着。(表示伴随) ②Unable to afford the time, I had to give up the plan. 由于抽不出时间，我不得不放弃这个计划。(表示原因) ③He arrived home, hungry and tired. 他回到家里，又饿又累。(表示结果) 重点合作探究 ④Ripe, these apples are sweet. 这些苹果熟了的时候很甜。(表示时间/条件) ⑤Right or wrong, he always comes off worst in an argument because of his inability to speak coherently. 无论对或错，由于语言条理欠佳，他总是在辩论中表现得很糟糕。(表示让步) 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, __________ (exhaust)． ②The boy lay on the sofa, ________ (relax)． ③______ (tire) and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai. exhausted relaxed Tired 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①他饥寒交迫地在风雪中度过了七天。 He spent seven days in the wind and snow, _______________． ②因严重受伤，其中有些乘客被立刻送到了最近的医院。 _______________， some of the passengers were sent to the nearest hospital at once. ③克鲁索盯着脚印，心里充满了恐惧。 Crusoe stared at the footprint, __________． cold and hungry Seriously injured full of fear 重点合作探究 9 relate vi. 相联系，有关联(教材P59) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①Can you relate what happened in your childhood to your present state of mind? 你能否把童年时的遭遇同目前的心境联系起来？ ②He related the facts of the case to journalists. 他向记者讲述了案件的实情。 ③We shall discuss the problem as it relates to our interests. 我们将讨论与我们利益有关的问题。 ④I have a lot to say in relation to that affair. 关于那件事，我有许多话要说。 重点合作探究 (1)表示“与……有关”的常见短语： have sth to do with; be concerned in; be involved in; be connected with; be linked with。 (2)短语 be related to中，to为介词，后接名词、代词或动名词。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①His injuries were _______ (relate) to his carelessness in driving. ②They are living in ________ (relate) comfort. ③I have some comments to make in ________ (relate) to this matter. related relative relation 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①这五种颜色证明与我们的日常生活密切相关。 These five colors turn out to __________________ our daily life. ②战斗在相对平静的一段时间之后再次打响。 The fighting resumed after _____________________． ③你读了报纸上有关这次失事的报道了吗？ Have you read the report ____________ the crash in the newspaper? be closely related to a period of relative calm in relation to 重点合作探究 10 regular adj. 定期的，有规律的(教材P59) 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①He has a regular customer who comes in every Friday. 他有一位每周五都来光顾的常客。 ②In my free time, I'll continue to take regular exercise, such as swimming, running and all kinds of ball games. 在我的业余时间，我将继续定期进行训练，诸如游泳、跑步和各种各样的球类运动。 ③According to medical research, doing exercise on a regular basis can release pressure. 根据医学研究，定期进行锻炼可以减轻压力。 ④Check the oil at regular intervals, and have the car serviced regularly. 定期检查汽油，并对汽车进行定期维护。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①She was taken to hospital suffering from an ________ (regular) heartbeat. ②We used to see each other ________ (regular), but I haven't heard from him since last year. ③He was a _______ (regularly) attender at the opera. irregular regularly regular 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①他定期看望父母。 He ____________________ his parents. ②我们将定期在那里见面。 We're going to be meeting there ________________． ③你如果超重又不经常锻炼，就有可能患心脏病。 You risk heart disease if you are overweight and don't __________________． made a regular visit to on a regular basis take regular exercise 重点合作探究 11 Sometimes it can take a little bit longer, but so what? (教材P59) 有时可能需要更长的时间，但那又怎样呢？ 剖析 so what意为“那又如何；那又怎样”，是省略句的一种，表示对事情不关心或生气地告诉某人，某事与他无关。常用于交际用语中。 归纳 拓展 重点合作探究 ①—Your room looks a real mess, Tracy. —So what? ——特蕾西，你的房间看起来凌乱不堪。 ——那又怎么样？ ②What about going out for a cup of coffee? 出去喝杯咖啡怎么样？ ③What did you go to the doctor for? 你为什么去看医生？ 重点合作探究 ④What if it rained and then froze all through those months? 如果那几个月一直下雨然后又结冰该怎么办？ ⑤What's up with Tom? Is he drunk or something? 汤姆怎么啦？喝醉了还是怎么了？ ⑥What though I fail this time? I will try again next year. 即使我这次失败又有什么关系？明年可以再试。 ⑦Why not go there at once? 为什么不马上去那里呢？ 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①What are you coming here ____? ②But what's up _____ my shoulder? ③Here are three jackets you might buy; how ______ the grey one? for with about 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①如果他现在回来怎么办？ ________ he comes back now? ②就算没有一个人赞成我的意见，那又怎么样？ ________ if nobody else agrees with me? ③你看起来很累，为什么不去度假呢？ You are looking tired; ________ take a holiday? What if So what why not 重点合作探究 12 Before you get into your car, think about whether you really need to make that journey. (教材P59) 在你上车之前，想想你是否真的需要去走这一趟。 剖析 before引导的时间状语从句，意为“在……之前”。 归纳 拓展 before的用法： (1)作介词时，表示“在……之前；在……面前；与……面对面”。 (2)作副词时，表示“以前；已经”，单独在句中作状语，句子常用完成时态。 (3)作连词时 ①表示“在……之前；还没来得及……就”。强调主句或从句谓语动词表示的动作发生得过早或过快。 ②用于“It ＋ be ＋ 时间段 ＋ before ...”句型中，表示“在……之后才……”，如果主句中用否定式，则表示“不多久……就……；趁……(还没有)”。 重点合作探究 ①Don't put the cart before the horse. 不要本末倒置。 ②Before I could say a word, she had stormed out of the room. 我还没来得及说一句话，她就冲出了房间。 ③It will be five years before I come back. 我五年后才能回来。 ④It was not long before the enemy was driven out of their country. 不久之后，敌人就被赶出他们的国家了。 重点合作探究 (1)ago用在时间段之后，表示过去的某个时间点，句子用一般过去时；含有ago时间状语的直接引语变间接引语时，ago应变为before。 (2)before long单独用作状语，表示“不久以后”，其中long为名词，后面不接任何成分；可以用于各种时态；long before：①单独用作状语，表示“很久以前”，其中before为副词，其后不接任何成分；一般用在一般过去时或过去完成时的句子里。②表示“在……之前很久”，其中before用作介词或连词，后可接名词、动名词、代词或从句。 (3)before从句若是一个将来的动作，则用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 重点合作探究 (1)单句语法填空 ①I _________ (see) the film Titanic before. ②It will be only a few minutes before she ______ (come) back. ③August comes _______ September. have seen comes before 重点合作探究 (2)单句表达 ①我以前从未见过如此美丽的鲜花。 I _______________ such beautiful flowers before. ②他们不久就会互相了解的。 ____________________ they understand each other. ③把地址记下来，以免你忘了。 Write down the address __________________. have never seen It won't be long before before you forget it 重点合作探究 课堂效果检测(一) Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子 1．Other recommendations ______ (相联系) to the details of how such data is stored. 2．He stood in the doorway, listening to her quiet, _______ (有规律的) breathing. 3．He's ________ (现实的) enough to know he's not going to succeed overnight. 4．The average family in Europe throws as much as ￡3，000 worth of ________ (可再使用的) materials into its dustbin each year. relate regular realistic reusable 课堂效果检测(一) 81 5．This is the same as what comes in the bottle, just more convenient and not _________ (可再填充的)． 6．There is worldwide concern about the d________ of the rainforests. 7．He got a_______ and sliced the potatoes. 8．She said her car had got s____ in the snow. 9．All those beautiful mooncake boxes are really w______ and harmful to the environment. 10．T____________ and communications are becoming easier day by day. refillable estruction nnoyed tuck asteful ransportation 课堂效果检测(一) 82 Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．It took him a long time _________ (acquire) the skills he needed to become a professional artist. 2．He's a good teacher, but his inappropriate manner does tend ________ (annoy) people. 3．The present was beautifully wrapped ___ gold paper. 4．Eating properly and exercising ________ (regular) can make one enjoy a healthier and longer life. 5．My eldest son, _______ work takes him all over the world, is in New York at the moment. to acquire to annoy in regularly whose 课堂效果检测(一) 83 6．When a fire broke out at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings _____________ (destroy)． 7．You can sit _______ and worry about it, or you can prepare for it. 8．We get stuck ____ our thoughts that there is no other choice. 9．The new development philosophy requires efforts to pursue __________ (innovate), coordinated, green, open and shared development. 10．Now their peace talks have reached a key stage _______ one side must give in to the other. were destroyed around in innovative where 课堂效果检测(一) 84 Ⅲ.选词填空 1．When __________ on a long walk, always wear suitable boots. 2．The heart attack may ____________ his overwork. 3．When you are ___________， you should listen to music. 4．I don't want to _________ and waste my time in a traffic jam. 5．I guess you don't want to ______________ those people! setting out be related to stressed out get stuck sit around; be addicted to; get stuck; instead of; be related to; set out; to be frank; be compared to; stressed out; pick up be compared to 课堂效果检测(一) 85 6．On the other hand, a computer has so many attractive features that some people will _____________ it. 7．We have a tight deadline and we can't __________ and wait for the models to be completed. 8．___________， I've had enough of our canteen food. 9．Could you do me a favour and ________ Sam from school today? 10．__________ rushing at life, I wanted something more meaningful. be addicted to sit around To be frank pick up Instead of 课堂效果检测(一) 86 课时语法精讲——固定搭配（2） 课时语法精讲 88 语法体验 单句语法填空 1．I met Henry in the street ____ accident. 2．It wasn't a good thing; ____ the contrary, it was a huge mistake. 3．Too much noise does harm ____ our health. 4．We are grateful to you ____ your gifts. 5．Would you like to make room ____ the old lady? by on to for for 课时语法精讲 89 6．I have made ____ my mind to work harder than before. 7．You should not get ____ the bus until it has stopped completely. 8．We are doing our best to get rid ____ pollution. 9．When they arrived, the fire had gone _____． 10．This engine gives _____ lots of smoke and steam. up on of out off 课时语法精讲 90 语法讲座 短语的构成有很多，以下是英语中常用动词do, get, give, go, make, pick构成的短语，be＋形容词＋in/to构成的词组以及常见的介词短语。 一、由do构成的词组 do good to＝do sb good 对……有好处 do well/badly in 在某方面做得好/差 do harm to 对……有害 do damage to 损坏 do with 处理 课时语法精讲 91 do sb a favor 帮某人的忙 do away with ... 摆脱，废除 do up 整理；装饰；打扮 do one's best 尽某人最大努力 do a good deed/good deeds 做一件好事/做好事 二、由get构成的词组 get in 进入；到达；收割；收集；当选 get off 送出，送走；脱下(衣服等)；下(车)；出发，起飞 get on 上(车、马等)；进展；应付；接近；穿上 课时语法精讲 92 get together 聚集；商谈；积累 get up 起床；起立；产生；研究；安排；组织；增强 get back 回来；取回 get everything ready 把一切都准备好 get ready for＝be ready for 为……作好准备 get on/along well with 与……相处融洽 get rid of 除掉，去除 get to 到达 get in touch with 和……取得联系 课时语法精讲 93 get over 克服；度过 get into the habit of ... 养成……的习惯 get into trouble 陷入麻烦 get in a word 插话 get through 通过；接通；完成；经历 get across 被理解 get down to 开始认真于；着手处理 get away from 摆脱；偏离 get lost/trapped/caught 迷路/被困/被捉 课时语法精讲 94 get about/around/round 传开；传出去 get away 离开 三、由give构成的词组 give back 归还，送回 give some advice on 关于……提出一些忠告 give lessons to 给……上课 give in 屈服；投降 give up 放弃 give sb a chance 给某人一次机会 课时语法精讲 95 give a message to ... 给……留口信 give out 用完；耗尽 give away 分发；泄露；捐赠 give sb a hand 帮某人忙 give off 放出 give sth a try/go 愿意尝试做某事 四、由go构成的词组 go away 离去 go on 继续；(时间)流逝；(工作等)进行下去；发生 课时语法精讲 96 go through 通过；穿过；审查；经历；完成 go wrong (机器等)出毛病，发生故障；走错路；(计划等)失败 go ahead 先走，向前走；去吧，干吧 go to school/college 上学/上大学 go over 仔细检查；复习 go fishing/skating/swimming/shopping 去钓鱼/滑冰/游泳/购物 go up 上升，上涨 go out (灯、火)熄灭 go by (时间)过去；经过(地点) 课时语法精讲 97 go about 开始着手；到处走动；传开 go back 回家；追溯 go in for 参加；爱好 go beyond 超过 go down 下降；下沉；降落 go after 追逐；追求 go off 爆炸；停止运作；变质 go bad/mad/grey 变坏/发疯/变灰 go well/smoothly 进展顺利 课时语法精讲 98 go against 违背 go with 相配 五、由make构成的词组 make ... from 用……(原料)制造 make of 用……(材料)制造；从……中得出；了解 make a noise 吵闹；发出噪音 make a living 谋生 make sb do sth 迫使某人做某事 make faces/a face 做鬼脸 课时语法精讲 99 make friends (with ...) (与……)交朋友 make a mistake/mistakes 犯错误 make room/space for 给……腾出地方 make an apology to 向……道歉 make up 组成；化妆；打扮；补充；弥补；编造 make up one's mind 下决心 make up for 弥补 make use of 利用 make progress 取得进步 课时语法精讲 100 make the best/most of 充分利用 make out 认出；理解 make it 成功 make a promise 许诺 make a contribution/contributions to 为……做贡献 make a difference 起作用；有影响；使大不相同 make sense (of ...) 有意义；了解/理解…… 六、由pick构成的词组 pick off 摘下；采取 课时语法精讲 101 pick up 拾起；接某人；收听；学会；加速 pick out 选出；挑出；区别出；看出 pick one's way 小心走路；谨慎行事 pick on 选中；挑出 pick at 用指尖抓弄；无兴趣或没胃口地吃 七、由be＋形容词＋in构成的词组 be concerned in 与……有关 be disappointed in 对……感到失望 be engaged in 从事于，忙于 课时语法精讲 102 be experienced in 在……方面有经验 be expert in 在……方面是专家 be fortunate in 在……方面幸运 be honest in 在……方面诚实 be lack in 缺乏 be rich in 富于，在……方面富有 be skilful in 擅长于 be successful in 在……方面成功 be weak in 在……方面不行 课时语法精讲 103 be interested in doing sth 对做某事感兴趣 be strict in sth 在某方面要求严格 be patient in sth 对某事有耐心 be talented in 在某方面有天赋 八、由be＋形容词＋to构成的词组 be addicted to 沉溺于 be blind to 对……视而不见 be rude to sb 对某人粗鲁 be married to 与……结婚 课时语法精讲 104 be devoted to 献身；专心于 be equal to 等于；能胜任 be familiar to 为(某人)所熟悉 be important to 对……重要 be open to 对……开放；愿意接受(建议、观点等)的 be opposed to 反对；不赞成 be opposite to 在……对面；和……相反 be polite to 对……有礼貌 be cruel to 对……很残忍 课时语法精讲 105 be respectful to 尊敬 be similar to 与……相似 be accustomed to doing sth 习惯于做某事 be close to 靠近；接近 be good/nice/friendly to sb 对某人友好 be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事 be useful/helpful/harmful/grateful/thankful to sb 对某人有用/有帮助/有危害/感激/感谢 课时语法精讲 106 九、常见的介词短语 at once 立刻 with the help of ... 在……的帮助下 with one's own eyes 亲眼看见 from now on 从现在起 by the way 顺便说一下 by the end of ... 到……为止 in all 总共 in fact 事实上 课时语法精讲 107 in one's twenties 在某人二十几岁时 in a hurry 匆忙 in no time/in a minute 立刻，很快 in time/on time 及时/按时 on one hand ... on the other hand 一方面……另一方面 in the end 最后，终于 in surprise 惊奇地 in turn 依次；轮流 on one's way to 在某人去……的路上 课时语法精讲 108 at/on the weekend 在周末 to one's joy 使……高兴的是 to one's surprise 使……惊讶的是 in a way 在某种程度上 in peace 和平地；和睦地；安详地 in any case 无论如何，总之 in relief 如释重负；松了口气 in addition 另外 by accident 偶然；无意中；不小心 课时语法精讲 109 in memory of 纪念；追念 on the contrary 与此相反；正相反 in particular 尤其；特别 in general 总的来说；通常 in advance 提前 in the distance 在远处 at ease 舒适；快活；自由自在 in spite of 尽管；不顾；不管 at risk 处境危险；遭受危险 课时语法精讲 110 on behalf of ... 代表…… in other words 换句话说 in the meantime 在此期间；与此同时 in trouble 在麻烦中，在困难中 on purpose 故意地 at present 现在；目前 课时语法精讲 111 单句语法填空 ①Will you do me ___ favor to carry it upstairs? ②Before the exam, we should prepare ___ advance. ③___ present, our task is to improve the efficiency of study. ④I know you don't like him but be that as it may, you can at least be polite ___ him. ⑤The weather makes ___ difference to our mood. a in At to a 课时语法精讲 112 ⑥After hard­working, we made ___ at last. ⑦Do not get ____ the habit of smoking. ⑧I am getting ________ well with my classmates. ⑨Do not let the good chance go ____． ⑩Our food and water will give ____ soon. it into on/along by out 课时语法精讲 113 课堂效果检测(二) Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．Doing morning exercises will do good ____ your health. 2．I'd like to express my gratitude to our coach ____ behalf of our team. 3．The disease is spreading and all the children are ___ risk. 4．The church is close ____ the school. 5．We must make up ____ the time wasted before. to on at to for 课堂效果检测(二) 115 6．You must get down ____ your studies this year. 7．This festival goes back ____ Roman times. 8．I want some shoes to go _____ these trousers. 9．I persuaded him to give ____ the foolish plan. 10．He gave ______ most of his fortune to the poor workers. to to with up away 课堂效果检测(二) 116 Ⅱ.单句表达 1．有些人在我陷入困境时指责我，但是我最好的朋友莉莉一直支持我。 Some people blames me when I ______________， but my best friend Lily always stands by me. 2．一方面，吸烟对吸烟者自身有害；另一方面，它对公共卫生也是一个威胁。 ____________， smoking is harmful to smokers themselves; _______________， it is a threat to public health. get into trouble On one hand on the other hand 课堂效果检测(二) 117 3．在本的帮助下，我更好地理解了这篇文章。 ___________________， I get a better understanding of this article. 4．我们应该采取措施帮助濒临灭绝的动物。 We should take measures to help animals ____________ dying out. 5．我们不能对大自然之美视而不见。 We should not ___________ the beauty of nature. 6．做决定前要三思。 Think twice before ___________________． With the help of Ben in danger of be blind to making up your mind 课堂效果检测(二) 118 7．你要抓住每个跟外教说英语的机会。 You should ___________ every chance to speak English with your foreign teacher. 8．屈服还是抵抗，由你决定。 __________ or to resist, it's up to you. 9．他有照料孩子的经验。 He ________________ looking after children. 10．吉米染上了酗酒的坏习惯。 Jimmy ___________________ drinking. make use of To give in is experienced in gets into the habit of 课堂效果检测(二) 119 课后课时作业（三） Ⅰ　完形填空 In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The __1__ is that countries around the world have growing mountains of __2__ because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before. How did we become a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to __3__ an object than to spend time and money to repair it. __4__ modern manufacturing and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and __5__． 课后课时作业（三） 121 Another cause is our love of disposable (一次性的) products. As __6__ people, we are always looking for ways to save time and make our lives easier. Companies __7__ thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and tissues, to name a few. Our appetite for new products also responds to the problem. We are __8__ buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that __9__ is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we __10__ useful possessions to make room for new ones. 课后课时作业（三） 122 All around the world, we can see the __11__ of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To __12__ the amount of rubbish and to protect the environment, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. __13__， this is not enough to solve our problem. Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions __14__ throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about __15__. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best ways to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment. 课后课时作业（三） 123 篇章导读：本文是一篇议论文。随着社会的发展，人们倾向于扔掉旧物品，用新物品取而代之。文章建议人们养成循环利用的习惯，以此来减少垃圾的产生并减轻环境的压力。 课后课时作业（三） 124 解析：key 关键，重点；problem 问题，麻烦事；project 项目；reason 理由。根据下文“because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before”可知，垃圾堆积如山已经造成问题。故选B。 1．A.key B．problem C．project D．reason 课后课时作业（三） 125 解析： debt 债务；gift 礼物；product 产品；rubbish 垃圾。根据下文“people are throwing out more rubbish”可知，垃圾堆积如山。故选D。 2．A.debt B．gifts C．products D．rubbish 课后课时作业（三） 126 解析：句意：首先，现在更换一个物体比花时间和金钱去修理它要容易得多。control 控制；hide 隐藏；replace 更换；替换；withdraw 撤退，收回。故选C。 3．A.control B．hide C．replace D．withdraw 课后课时作业（三） 127 解析：句意：由于当代制造业和技术的发展，公司能够很快地生产产品，成本也降低很多。as to 至于；except 除……之外；regardless of 不管，不顾；thanks to 多亏了，由于。故选D。 4．A.As to B．Except C．Regardless of D．Thanks to 课后课时作业（三） 128 解析：根据上文“inexpensively”可知，成本降低的话，产品价格也会相对便宜。故选A。 5．A．cheap B．funny C．powerful D．safe 课后课时作业（三） 129 解析：句意：作为忙碌的人，我们总是想办法节省时间，让我们的生活更轻松。brave 勇敢的；busy 忙碌的；kind 友好的；sensitive 敏感的。故选B。 6．A.brave B．busy C．kind D．sensitive 课后课时作业（三） 130 解析：句意：公司生产成千上万种不同种类的一次性产品：纸盘、塑料杯和纸巾等。donate 捐献；preserve 保护，维持；produce 生产；receive 收到。故选C。 7．A.donate B．preserve C．produce D．receive 课后课时作业（三） 131 解析： be ashamed for 为……而感到羞愧；be addicted to 沉迷于；be tired of 厌烦；be worried about 担忧。根据上文中的“appetite”可知，人们痴迷于购买新产品。故选B。 8．A.ashamed for B．addicted to C．tired of D．worried about 课后课时作业（三） 132 解析：根据下文“we will be happier with the latest products”可知，广告使人们相信最新的产品更好。故选C。 9．A.higher B．larger C．newer D．stronger 课后课时作业（三） 133 解析： hold onto 抓住不放；pay for 为……付款；pick up 捡起；throw away 扔掉。根据下文“make room for new ones”可知，人们扔掉自己有用的物品来为新的物品腾地方。故选D。 10．A.hold onto B．pay for C．pick up D．throw away 课后课时作业（三） 134 解析：句意：在世界各地，我们都可以看到这种使用一次性物品生活方式的后果。advantage 优势；consequence 后果，结果；function 功能；purpose 目的。根据下文“Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger.”可知，这里指的是乱扔垃圾的后果。故选B。 11．A.advantages B．consequences C．functions D．purposes 课后课时作业（三） 135 解析： decrease 减少；measure 测量；record 记录；show 展示。根据下文“more governments are requiring people to recycle materials”可知，越来越多的政府要求人们循环使用物品，这样做是为了减少垃圾。故选A。 12．A．decrease B．measure C．record D．show 课后课时作业（三） 136 解析：句意：然而，这并不足以解决我们的问题。however 然而；meanwhile 与此同时；otherwise 要不然；therefore 因此。故选A。 13．A．However B．Meanwhile C．Otherwise D．Therefore 课后课时作业（三） 137 解析：句意：我们需要修理我们的物品，而不是扔掉它们。in favor of 支持，赞成；instead of 代替，而不是；or rather 更准确地说；other than 除了，不同于。故选B。 14．A.in favor of B．instead of C．or rather D．other than 课后课时作业（三） 138 解析：根据下文“changing our spending habits”可知，我们还需要对我们的消费态度进行重新思考。故选D。 15．A.advertising B．collecting C．repairing D．spending 课后课时作业（三） 139 Ⅱ　阅读 A The idea of turning recycled plastic bottles into clothing is not new. During the last five years, a large number of clothing companies, businesses and environmental organizations have started turning plastics into fabric to deal with plastic pollution. But there's a problem with this method. Research now shows that microfibers could be the biggest source of plastic in the sea. 课后课时作业（三） 140 Dr Mark Browne in Santa Barbara, California, has been studying plastic pollution and microfibers for 10 years now. He explains that every time synthetic clothes go into a washing machine, a large number of plastic fibers fall off. Most washing machines can't collect these microfibers. So every time the water gets out of a washing machine, microfibers are entering the sewers and finally end up in the sea. In 2011, Browne wrote a paper stating that a single piece of synthetic (合成的) clothing can produce more than 1，900 fibers per wash. Browne collected samples from seawater and freshwater sites around the world, and used a special way to examine each sample. He discovered that every single water sample contained microfibers. 课后课时作业（三） 141 This is bad news for a number of reasons. Plastic can cause harm to sea life when eaten. Studies have also shown that plastic can absorb other pollutants. Based on this evidence, it may seem surprising that companies and organizations have chosen to turn plastic waste into clothing as an environmental “solution”. Even though the science has been around for a while, Browne explains that he's had a difficult time getting companies to listen. When he asked well­known clothing companies to support Benign by Design—his research project that seeks to get clothes that have a bad effect on humans and the environment out of the market, Browne didn't get a satisfying answer. Only one women's clothing company, Eileen Fisher, offered Browne funding. 课后课时作业（三） 142 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。在处理塑料污染方面，把可回收塑料重组成衣服的一部分虽然不失为一个好办法。但研究表明，合成型衣服的清洗会产生大量纤维，其中微纤维对海洋环境的危害最为严重。 课后课时作业（三） 143 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段第二句“During the last five years ... to deal with plastic pollution.”可知，在过去的五年里，很多制衣公司、企业和环境组织已经开始把塑料转换成纤维来解决塑料污染问题。由此可推知，在过去五年会有很多塑料瓶被再次利用。故选C。 1．What has happened during the past five years? A．Fabric has become much stronger. B．Plastic pollution has been less serious. C．Many plastic bottles have been reused. D．Microfibers have been greatly improved. 课后课时作业（三） 144 解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“He discovered that every single water sample contained microfibers.(他发现每一种海水样本中都存在微纤维。)”及第四段第二句“Plastic can cause harm to sea life when eaten. (当塑料被食用后，塑料会对海洋生物有很大的危害。)”可知，合成型衣服的清洗会产生大量微纤维，微纤维的排放会加重海洋污染问题。故选B。 2．What does Browne think of washing synthetic clothes? A．It is adding microfibers to the clothes. B．It is worsening environmental problems. C．It is making synthetic clothes last longer. D．It is doing great damage to washing machines. 课后课时作业（三） 145 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第三句“When he asked well­known ... didn't get a satisfying answer.”可知，在他要求世界知名制衣公司支持把对人类和环境有危害的衣服撤出市场的研究项目时，他并没有得到一个令人满意的答案。由此可推知，他的研究项目遇到了难题。故选D。 3．What can be inferred about Browne's Benign by Design research project? A．It has achieved great success. B．It hasn't got anything done. C．It is known to very few people. D．It is facing some difficulties. 课后课时作业（三） 146 解析：标题判断题。通读全文可知，在过去的五年里，大量的服装公司、企业和环保组织已经开始将塑料变成织物来处理塑料污染。并且研究显示，微纤维是海洋塑料的最大来源。由此可知，文章就这项技术究竟是对环境的保护还是对环境的再次污染进行说明。故C项能够概括文章中心，可作为标题。故选C。 4．What's the best title for the text? A．It's important to learn to recycle B．It's never easy to solve pollution problems C．Recycled plastic clothing: solution or pollution? D．Are human beings moving forward or backward? 课后课时作业（三） 147 B Grizzly bears have all but disappeared from the continental United States. But there's one place where the bears are making a comeback in and around Yellowstone National Park. By 1975, the grizzly population had dropped below 140. Forty­one years later, that number has increased to about 700. US officials suggest it's time to remove them from the endangered species list.“The bears are occupying all suitable habitat，” Michael Thabault, of the US Fish and Wildlife Service, said. “This tells us the population is fixed.” 课后课时作业（三） 148 Scientists argue that the bears still face many challenges in the wild. The loss of important food sources is one. Trout and elk, both favorite grizzly foods, are dwindling. According to Thabault, the bears are adaptable and will eat whatever foods are available in order to survive. The biggest worry for scientists is that grizzlies will be hunted once protections are removed. The bears will remain protected within Yellowstone National Park, but nearby states—Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho—plan to allow hunting. 课后课时作业（三） 149 “States want to manage their own wildlife and not have the federal government tell them how to do it，” says Andrea Santarsiere. She's a lawyer for the Center for Biological Diversity, a group that protects animals. She says the government should recover historic bear habitat before even thinking about delisting. The decision on delisting grizzlies in the Yellowstone area could be announced by mid­November. States are creating a protection plan in case that they gain control over the bears' management. 课后课时作业（三） 150 Biologist Kerry Gunther, of the National Park Service, believes grizzlies are ready for delisting. But he admits that the bears' lives depend on the strength of each state's plan. “The recovery of this symbol of the wilderness is a success story，” he says. Whether or not that story has a happy ending will depend on what happens next. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了灰熊的数量有所恢复，美国官员表示应将它们从濒危物种名单中删除。对此，社会各界人士发表了自己的 看法。 课后课时作业（三） 151 解析：推理判断题。根据第一段第三、四句“By 1975, the grizzly population had dropped below 140. Forty­one years later, that number has increased to about 700.(到1975年，灰熊的数量已经下降到140只以下。41年后，这个数字增加到大约700只。)”可推知，第一段提到的数字表明灰熊的数量有所恢复。故选A。 5．The numbers mentioned in Paragraph 1 show that ________． A．grizzly bears have returned B．there will be more national parks C．governments should save more bears D．grizzlies have become endangered animals 课后课时作业（三） 152 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段第一句“The biggest worry for scientists is that grizzlies will be hunted once protections are removed.(科学家们最担心的是，一旦保护措施被取消，灰熊将会被猎杀。)”可推知，科学家认为灰熊面临的最大威胁是人类。故选C。 6．What is the biggest threat to grizzlies according to the scientists? A．Food shortage. B．The pollution. C．Human beings. D．Their natural enemies. 课后课时作业（三） 153 解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句“She says the government should recover historic bear habitat before even thinking about delisting.(她说政府应该在考虑除名之前就恢复具有历史意义的熊的栖息地。)”可推知，关于灰熊的除名，Santarsiere认为这是不可接受的。故选B。 7．What does Santarsiere say about delisting grizzlies? A．It is useless. B．It is unacceptable. C．It has a bright future. D．It should be done immediately. 课后课时作业（三） 154 解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段第二句“But he admits that the bears' lives depend on the strength of each state's plan.(但他承认，熊的生命取决于各州计划的力度。)”可知，Gunther(巩特尔)会同意D项(各州在保护灰熊方面起着重要的作用。)的观点。故选D。 8．What does Gunther agree with? A．Delisting has a happy ending. B．States should make plans for parks. C．Grizzlies need more time to survive in the wild. D．States play an important role in protecting grizzlies. 课后课时作业（三） 155 课后课时作业（四） Ⅰ　阅读 A Many cities and towns have laws that require people to recycle paper and plastics. Now some states and local governments have passed laws that require citizens to recycle their food waste as well. California and Vermont have statewide laws about recycling food waste that apply to businesses and homes. The process of recycling food waste and turning it into usable soil is called composting (堆制肥料)． 课后课时作业（四） 157 Food waste that can be composted includes fruit and vegetable peels, coffee grounds, tea bags, and eggshells. Garden waste such as stems and leaves can also be composted. Meat, fish, and dairy food waste cannot be recycled. According to environmental groups, composting reduces the amount of trash going into landfills, and composted waste holds a wide range of nutrients (营养物). When compost is added to the soil in gardens and fields, it helps crops grow. 课后课时作业（四） 158 Reducing the amount of waste that goes into landfills is one reason why cities and states are passing food­waste recycling laws. “Our landfills are far from enough for the creation of new ones is shrinking.” Renee Crowley, a project manager at the Lower East Side Ecology Center in New York City, told TFK. Officials in Seattle, Washington, say that food waste makes up 30% of the trash going into landfills, and they are looking to reduce that percentage. That city has a law requiring people to recycle food waste. It is banned from all garbage. There is a fine (罚款) for people who put it into regular garbage. 课后课时作业（四） 159 Those who are against food­recycling laws say that the composting process is costly. In addition, it can be difficult for people who live in apartments to store their waste because they don't have access to outside storage bins. Patti Ferguson from Orange County, California, told her local newspaper that she thought an indoor container containing food waste would get smelly. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章阐述了关于循环利用食物垃圾，人们对此产生的一些不同看法。 课后课时作业（四） 160 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的内容可知，可以堆肥的食物垃圾包括水果和蔬菜皮、咖啡渣、茶包和蛋壳。花园垃圾，如茎和叶，也可以制成堆肥。肉类、鱼类和奶制品的食物垃圾则不能被回收利用。由此可知，不是所有的食物垃圾都可以堆肥。故选B。 1．What do we know about composting from the text? A．Leaves can't be reused. B．Not all food waste can be composted. C．It is cheap to compost food waste. D．It is usually processed in empty landfills. 课后课时作业（四） 161 解析：段落大意题。根据第三段的内容可知，根据环保组织的说法，堆肥减少了进入垃圾填埋场的垃圾数量，而且堆肥的垃圾含有多种营养成分。当堆肥被添加到花园和田野的土壤中，它有助于农作物生长。由此可知，第三段主要讲了回收食物垃圾的好处。故选A。 2．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．Benefits of recycling food waste. B．Ways of keeping nutrients in the soil. C．Ways of reducing the amount of trash. D．Examples of different useful nutrients. 课后课时作业（四） 162 解析：细节理解题。根据第五段最后一句“There is a fine (罚款) for people who put it into regular garbage.(把食物垃圾倒进普通垃圾的人会被罚款。)”可知，在西雅图，把食物垃圾扔进垃圾堆是违法的，会被罚款。故选D。 3．In Seattle, throwing food waste into garbage is ________． A．acceptable B．shameful C．required D．illegal 课后课时作业（四） 163 解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段第三句可知，来自加州奥兰治县的Patti Ferguson (帕蒂·弗格森)告诉当地报纸，她认为装食物垃圾的室内容器会发臭。由此可推知，Patti Ferguson对食品回收法律持消极态度。故选B。 4．What's Patti Ferguson's attitude towards food­recycling laws probably? A．Thankful. B．Negative. C．Uncaring. D．Supportive. 课后课时作业（四） 164 B Do you know where the food in your cafeteria comes from? The students at Sopris Elementary School do. They grow it themselves! A story in TIME FOR KIDS two years ago about fresh food in schools planted the idea for the school garden. The article suggested that readers invite a local lawmaker to lunch. Fifth graders Niamone Myer and Meghan Cobb invited the mayor (市长) Bruce Christensen. “We wonder if we could make school lunches a little healthier，” Niamone told TFK. 课后课时作业（四） 165 Christensen agreed. “We talked about the importance of fresh food, and that's how it all got started，” he says. Christensen is also the executive director of Mountain Valley Developmental Services (MVDS), which supports people with developmental disabilities and is located next door to Sopris Elementary School. After lunch, Christensen invited the students to use part of MVDS' greenhouse. Fifth­grade teacher Mark Browning created a plan for the use of the greenhouse and for how to pay for it. “I saw all the possibilities for teaching science and growing vegetables，” he says. 课后课时作业（四） 166 Today, the project is blooming. The school added a solar­heating system to the greenhouse to keep plant beds warm in winter. More than 400 students take care of the plants, working in the greenhouse three times a week. Students are using worms to improve the soil. First, vegetable scraps (剩菜) from the cafeteria are separated from other waste and taken to the greenhouse. Then the worms break down the scraps to create fresh soil. Last month, students harvested their first crop of vegetables. Hannah Jull, 11, says the crops are doing well. “We have so much fun，” she says. “Everyone likes the food we're growing.” 课后课时作业（四） 167 Niamone believes the school garden has inspired kids to plant gardens at home. “The project taught us that with a little hard work, you can make a healthier choice，” she says. “You just have to take that first step.” 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一所学校的学生自种蔬菜，过着环保健康生活的趣事。 课后课时作业（四） 168 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“Do you know where the food in your cafeteria comes from ... They grow it themselves！”可知，这些学生对食物的来源很清楚是因为他们自己种蔬菜。故选A。 5．How do students at Sopris Elementary School know where food comes from? A．By planting vegetables. B．By studying science. C．By owning a greenhouse. D．By working in the cafeteria. 课后课时作业（四） 169 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Christensen is also the executive ... next door to Sopris Elementary School.”可知，Christensen(克里斯汀森)通过让学生租用MVDS的温室来帮助学生们。故选D。 6．Christensen helps the students at Sopris Elementary School by ________． A．teaching them lessons B．making plans for their study C．inviting them to join MVDS D．renting them a greenhouse 课后课时作业（四） 170 解析：推理判断题。根据第四段第二句“After lunch, Christensen invited the students to use part of MVDS' greenhouse.”可知，市长Christensen支持学校种植蔬菜的计划。由此可推知，学校种植蔬菜的计划发展得更好。故选B。 7．It can be inferred that after Bruce Christensen ate at the cafeteria, ________． A．more students enjoyed fresh food B．planting vegetables developed better C．service of the cafeteria became better D．more students read TIME FOR KIDS 课后课时作业（四） 171 解析：标题判断题。全文讲述了Sopris Elementary School的学生们在学校种菜的做法，这一项目如何得以进一步发展，以及该项目的意义。C项(在校培植蔬菜园)适合作为文章标题。故选C。 8．What's the best title for the passage? A．Learning about plants B．Making an easier choice C．Planting gardens at school D．Working harder at school 课后课时作业（四） 172 Ⅱ　语法填空 Tea or coffee? Sometimes we choose one over the other based on the belief that it's __1__ (healthy), better for keeping us alert (警觉的) or for calming us, or has fewer side __2__ (effect). But is there any real reason to choose __3__ tea and coffee, other than personal preference? The amount of caffeine in tea and coffee varies, __4__ depends on the strength, variety and brewing method, but coffee tends __5__ (contain) more than tea.Purely based on the __6__ (assume) that caffeine equals increased alertness, coffee wins at waking us up. But some research suggests it's not that simple. 课后课时作业（四） 173 There's evidence the effects of caffeine in a cup of tea are enhanced by an amino acid called L­theanine, if it is drunk __7__ (regular). The research finds “L­theanine may interact with caffeine to enhance performance in terms of attention switching and the ability to ignore distraction”. So if you find tea has __8__ more positive effect on keeping you alert, you might be right! What's the price of all this extra alertness? After 5 6 hours, around half the caffeine you __9__ (drink) will still be in your system, and after 10 12 hours, a quarter of it could still be there, according to sleep scientist Matt Walker. This means you may have trouble __10__ (stay) asleep. 课后课时作业（四） 174 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5.________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9.________　10.________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要从咖啡和茶中咖啡因含量的不同，来进一步介绍喝茶和喝咖啡对人的不同影响。 课后课时作业（四） 175 1．答案：healthier 解析：考查形容词的比较级。设空处与下文的“better”和“fewer”构成并列成分，意为“更健康的”，所以此处应用形容词的比较级；healthy的比较级是healthier。故填healthier。 2．答案：effects 解析：考查名词。句意：有时候，我们会选择一种而不是另一种，因为我们相信它更健康，更能使我们保持清醒或让我们平静，或者副作用更少。设空前有形容词比较级fewer，用于修饰名词复数。故填effects。 课后课时作业（四） 176 3．答案：between 解析：考查介词。句意：但是除了个人喜好之外，还有什么真正的理由在茶和咖啡之间做出选择呢？此处考查固定结构between ... and ...意为“在……和……之间”。故填between。 4．答案：which 解析：考查定语从句的引导词。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代先行词The amount of caffeine，指物，且在从句中作主语，应用关系代词。故填which。 课后课时作业（四） 177 5．答案：to contain 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：茶和咖啡中咖啡因的含量各不相同，这取决于茶的强度、种类和酿造方法，但咖啡往往比茶含有更多的咖啡因。tend to do sth意为“往往会做某事”。故填to contain。 6．答案：assumption 解析：考查词性转换。句意：纯粹基于咖啡因等于提高警觉性的假设，咖啡在唤醒我们这方面更胜一筹。设空前有定冠词the，设空后有that引导的同位语从句，所以设空处应用名词。故填assumption。 课后课时作业（四） 178 7．答案：regularly 解析：考查词性转换。句意：有证据表明，如果经常喝茶，一种叫做L­茶氨酸的氨基酸会增强咖啡因的作用。设空处用于修饰动词drunk，应用副词。故填regularly。 8．答案：a 解析：考查冠词。句意：所以如果你发现茶对保持清醒有更积极的作用，你可能是对的！此处考查固定结构have an effect on ...，意为“对……有影响/作用”；设空前more的发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。 课后课时作业（四） 179 9．答案：have drunk 解析：考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：睡眠科学家Matt Walker(马特·沃克)说，5～6小时后，你喝下的咖啡因大约一半仍会存在于你的体内，10～12小时后，四分之一的咖啡因仍可能存在。设空处作谓语；根据句意可知，此处表示过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响或结果，所以应用现在完成时；主语you是第二人称，所以助动词应用have。故填have drunk。 10．答案：staying 解析：考查非谓语动词。此处考查固定用法have trouble (in) doing sth意为“做某事有困难”。故填staying。 课后课时作业（四） 180 Ⅲ　应用文写作 假设你是星光中学的李华，将参加主题为“Let's Ride Bicycles”的英语演讲比赛，请写一份演讲稿。内容主要包括： 1．汽车带来的问题； 2．骑自行车的益处； 3．你的建议。 注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右； 2．开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数； 3．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 课后课时作业（四） 181 参考词汇：低碳的 low­carbon Good morning, everyone! I'm Li Hua from Xingguang Middle School. ﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍ Thanks for your listening! 课后课时作业（四） 182 [精彩范文] Good morning, everyone! I'm Li Hua from Xingguang Middle School. The topic of my speech is “Let's Ride Bicycles”． As we know, cars have become a popular means of transport, bringing great convenience to our life. However, they have also caused problems such as air pollution and traffic jams. 课后课时作业（四） 183 Personally, riding bicycles is a good solution to the problems. For one thing, bicycles are energy­saving. For another, bicycles are environmentally friendly because they won't release waste gas. What's more, riding bicycles is beneficial to our health. Now let's ride bicycles and build up a low­carbon society! Thanks for your listening! 课后课时作业（四） 184 R $$