2025年中考英语一轮复习专题七 动词的时态和语态

专题七 动词的时态和语态 目录 表动作或状态的词。 谓语动词;非谓语动词。 动词 动词的分类 实义动词:具有实际意义的动词 实义动词有实际意义,能独立作谓语。可分为及物动词和不及物动词。 一、及物动词 1. 及物动词后接_。 例:My brother bought a car. I hate her. 2. 及物动词后接_(直接宾语_间接宾语_) Can you lend me a bike ? My parents bought me a new pen. 宾语 双宾语 5 3.常见的双宾语(人间直物)。 一、及物动词 bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某物带给某人 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人 give sb. sth. = give sth. to sb. 将某物给某人 pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付给某人某物的钱 teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某物 pass sb. sth.= pass sth. to sb. 把某物递给某人 return sb. sth.= return sth. to sb. 归还某物给某人 award sb. sth.= award sth. to sb. 颁奖给某人 目录 实义动词:具有实际意义的动词 二、不及物动词 1. 不及物动词一般情况下意义完整,不接宾语。 I come. I fail. 2. 常见的不及物动词:listen, look, cry, happen, rise等 例:Don't cry in the public. I slept well yesterday. 实义动词:具有实际意义的动词 二、不及物动词 3.不及物动词和介词一起使用时,后面可跟宾语,往往是固定结构。 例:listen to, look at, lead to, refer to, arrive at+小地点, arrive in+大地点, belong to, believe in ... 活学活用 1. Don't worry. I will call you as soon as I _Beijing. A. get B. arrive C. reach D. arrive at 2. The sun _from the east. A. raise B. rises C. rise D. arises 8 在很多情况下,根据动词表达的意义动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。 例:A. I can sing. 我会唱歌。 B. I can sing an English song. 我会唱一首英语歌。 在以上A句中sing为_,在B句中sing为_。 三、既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词的动词 不及物动词 及物动词 目录 系动词分类 系动词不能单独做谓语,必须与表语构成系表结构 来说明主语的状况、性质、特征等。 1.状态类系动词 3.变化类系动词 2.感官类系动词 4.结果类系动词 5.持续类系动词 be: is am are was were look feel smell sound taste become get turn go grow come prove turn out keep remain stay 6.表像类系动词 seem appear look 系动词 目录 1. 表示主语的状态和特征 2. be动词的五种形式 例:I _ young and lovely. He a worker. We in the classroom. 。 I _ 16 years old last year. They _ friendly to us before. 一、be动词 am are were is was is are was am were 系动词 目录 look 看起来, feel摸起来, smell闻起来, sound听起来, taste尝起来 例:The cake _ delicious. 蛋糕吃起来是美味。 The silk _soft. 丝绸摸起来是柔软的。 She pale. 她看起来脸色苍白。 Roses sweet. 玫瑰闻起来很香。 His explanation reasonable. 他的解释听起来很有道理。 二、感官类系动词 looks smell sounded feels tastes 系动词 目录 Your dream will true one day. You'll wise as you _ older. 随着年龄的增长,你会变得更睿智的。 His face red with anger. The milk has_ bad. 三、变化类系动词 come become turned gone grow 系动词 目录 系动词 四、结果类系动词 prove 证明, turn out结果 例:The answer _ to be wrong. 答案证明是错误的。 She (to be) a friend of my sister's. 她最终成了我姐姐的朋友。 proved turned out 14 keep, remain, stay 等 例:_ quiet, please. The weather has hot this week. 本周天气一直都很热。 In spite of their quarrel, they the best friends. 尽管他们吵过架,但他们仍然是最好的朋友。 五、持续类系动词 stayed remained Keep 系动词 目录 表示“看起来好像”,主要有seem, appear, look等。 He _ tired. 他看起来很累。 He _ (to be) quite happy. 他好像很快活。 The doctor_very capable. 那医生似乎很有能力。 He _quite well. 他显得身体相当好。 六、表像类系动词 seems looks seems appears 系动词 目录 1. What Mr. White said sounds_. A. friendly B. wonderfully C. pleasantly D. nicely 2. Jack _ younger than Tom. A. look B. feel C. feels D. looks 3. She looks _. A. happy B. to be happy C. happily D. that she is happy 4. These apples taste_. A. to he good B. to be well C. well D. good 5. When I went home yesterday, it was _ dark. A. going B. getting C. running D. coming 6. Their plan _ to be a perfect one. A. proved B. was proved C. is proving D. proving 目录 助动词:帮助动词变形,变态 表示不同的时态、语态以及句子的否定和疑问。助动词本身无词义,不可独立作谓语,只能协助主要动词构成谓语。 助动词:帮助动词变形,变态 ①be 类:am, is, are, was, were ②do类: do, does, did ③have 类:have, has, had ④will类: will, would I am reading a book. Do you like apples? I don't like apples. I have learned 3000 words. I will go to Beijing next month. + doing/ done/to do +动词原形 +done +动词原形 01 02 03 04 05 1.助动词be的各种形式 am, is, are, was, were主要用来构成现在进行时和被动语态 The house was painted purple. 房子被漆成了紫色。 We are working hard in the garden. 我们正在花园里努力工作。 助动词do, does, did用来构成疑问句和否定句。 He doesn’t like eating hamburgers. 他不喜欢吃汉堡 Did you live in Shanghai? 你以前住在上海吗? 2.助动词do, does, did的用法 20 助动词have, has, had用来构成完成时态。 Had you finished the work before he came back? 在他回来之前,你完成工作了吗? Have you bought a ticket? 你买票了吗? 3.助动词have, has, had的用法 21 1. What time _Mary usually _up? A. is,get B. can,get C. do,get D. does,get 2. -_ the boys enjoy _ the World Cup?-Yes,they _. A. Does,watching,does B. Do,to see,do C. Do,watching,do D. Does seeing,does 3. -_ Mr. Wu sing well?-Yes,he teaches _ music this year. A. Is,us B. Is,our C. Does,us D. Does,our 4. Everyone _ here now.Let'_ A. are,begin B.are,to begin C. is,start D. is,to start 5. Sam _ his homework at school. A. do does B. doesn't do C. does do D. do 6.What _he usually do on weekends?He usually _TV. A. does; watch B. is; watches C. does; watches D. do; watches 情态动词 modal verb 情态动词的含义: 情态动词是表示“说话人”对某个事件或者某个动作行为持有某种情绪、某种态度以及某种看法的动词,不能单独做谓语,后面必须接动词原形,并与后面的动词原形一起做谓语。 情态动词 can could may might must have to shall should ought to will would need dare 1.can / could 1. 表示能力,“能;会;可以” 4. 表示猜测(用于否定句和疑问句),“不可能;不会” 3. 表示请求和允许,“可以” 2. 表示客观可能性,译为“有时会” 1.can / could 表示能力,“能;会;可以”(有某种知识或技能) 表示能力 can 表示现在的能力 could 表示过去想做某事就可做某事的能力,或用于间接引语中 be able to 表示能力,可用于多种时态(不用于进行时态和be going to) *be able to 可以表示经过努力而成功地办到了某事,相当于manage to do=succeed in doing 1.can / could 表示能力 e.g. Can you speak Engish? 你会说英语吗? He couldn’t find his pen. 他找不到他的钢笔了。 We won’t be able to finish the work tonight. 我们今晚完成不了工作。 1.can / could 2. 表示客观可能性 1)表示理论上的可能性,即从理论上或逻辑上分析是可能的,但实际未必会发生 2)后接be,get, seem,become+形容词,表示“有时会”“时常会” 1.can / could 表示客观可能性 e.g. Even experienced teachers can make mistakes. 即使有经验的教师也可能出错。 It can get very hot here. 这里有时会很热 She can be very anxious. 她有时会感到很焦虑。 1.can / could 3. 表示请求和允许,“可以” 即请求别人允许自己做某事,could表示更委婉的语气 1.can / could 表示请求和允许 e.g. Can I say it in Chinese? 我可以用汉语说吗? Could I borrow your homework? 我可以借用一下你的作业? 肯定回答:Yes, you can. 否定回答:No, you can’t. / No, I’m afraid not. 1.can / could 4. 表示推测,“可能” 表示对现在或将来的推测 can 用于否定句和疑问句 could 语气更委婉,用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句 1.can / could 表示推测 e.g. He can’t be in the classroom now. 他现在不可能在教室。 She could be in Chongqing. 她可能在重庆。 1.can / could 相关短语 cannot... too... “无论/ 怎么……也不(过分)” cannot but do sth. “不得不;只好” can’t help doing “情不自禁做……” 1.can / could 相关短语 e.g. You cannot be too careful when you cross the road. 过马路的时候无论多小心都不为过。 I cannot but agree to your decision. 我不得不同意你的决定。 They can’t help laughing. 他们情不自禁笑起来。 2.may / might 1. 表示允许、许可 2. 表示推测 3. 用于祈使句 2.may / might 1. 表示允许、许可 1)请求允许:请求别人允许自己做某事,might表示更委婉的语气 2)给与允许:自己允许别人做某事,只能用may 2.may / might 表示允许、许可 e.g. May/ Might I come in the moring? 我早上来可以吗? 肯定回答:Yes, you may. 可以 (不用might) 否定回答:No, you mustn’t. 不可以 No, you’d better not. 最好不要 2.may / might 2. 表示推测, “可能;或许;大概” might比may语气更不确定,表示的可能性更小 may用于肯定句或否定陈述句 might用于肯定句、否定句或疑问句 表推测时: *may/might not 表示“可能不” can not 表示“不可能” 2.may / might 表示推测 e.g. This news may be true. 这个消息可能是真的。 I’m afraid it might rain tonight. 我想今晚可能会下雨。 2.may / might 表示推测 e.g. Mike can’t be a policeman, for he is much too short. Mike不可能是警察,因为他太矮了。 Richard might not come by car. He likes taking train. Richard可能不开车来,他喜欢坐火车。 2.may 3. may用于祈使句,用于正式场合或书面语中,表示祝愿 e.g. May you be happy! 祝你快乐! May God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你! 2.may / might 相关短语 may (just)as well might (just)as well (语气更委婉) “最好;可以;倒不如” “不妨” “还是……为好” e.g. There is nothing to do. I may/ might as well go to bed. 既然没什么事可做,我还是去睡觉为好。 3.must / have to 词 含义 形式 必须 must “必须;应该”(主观看法) must have to “必须;不得不” (客观需要) 根据人称和时态变化 *mustn’t 表示“禁止;不许” ,don’t have to表示“不必” 3.must / have to e.g. You musn’t smoke in public. 公共场合禁止吸烟。 You don’t have to buy a new computer. 你不必买台新电脑。 3.must 开头的疑问句 e.g. Must I do my homework?我必须要做我的作业吗? 肯定回答:Yes, you must. 是的,一定要做。 否定回答:No, you needn’t. 不必 No, you don’t have to. 不必 3.must 2. must表示有把握的推测, “一定;准是” e.g. It must be true. 那必定是真的。 You must be tired after a long journey. 旅行这么久你一定累了。 *否定句或疑问句中用can 4.shall / should / ought to shall 陈述句 主语为第一人称 “将要;会” 主语为第二、三人称 表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、威胁、许诺、规定等 疑问句 主语为第一、三人称 表示征求意见或请求指示,“要不要;……好吗” e.g. We shall arrive tomorrow. 我们明天到达。 The students shall wear uniforms. 学生应该穿校服。(表规定) Tell him that he shall have his phone tomorrow. 告诉他他的手机明天会给他。(表允诺) 4.shall 陈述句 e.g. Shall I open the window? 要我打开窗户吗? Shall he go there instead of you? 他要代替你去那里吗? 4.shall 疑问句 4.shall / should / ought to should 表示义务或责任、劝告或建议 “应该” 肯定句中,表示推测 “想必;理应;大概” 语气较肯定,有一定事实依据 疑问句或感叹句中,表示意外、惊异 “竟会” 与why,what, how, who连用 e.g. We should help the old. 我们应该帮助老人。 They should arrive at noon. 他们想必中午能到。 Why should I be angry with you? 我怎么会生你的气呢? 4.should 4.shall / should / ought to ought to 表示有责任有义务、建议或劝告 “应该;应当” 没有词性变化,通用于所有人称 表示推测 “应是;会是;应该” 表示合乎逻辑且非常可能的事情 e.g. They ought to apologize. 他们应该道歉。 If he started at nine, he ought to be here by now. 他如果九点出发,现在应该到这里了。 4.ought to 5.will / would 表示请求,建议 表示意志或意愿或决心,“决心;决意.’ 表示习惯和倾向性,“总是;惯于” will 现在 现在 would 表示委婉的语气 过去 过去 e.g. We will not go there again. 我们不会再去那里。 She asked if I would go to the cinema with him. 他问我是否愿意和他一起去看电影。 5.will / would 表示意愿、征求意见 e.g. Will / Would you please tell me the way to the bank? 你能告诉我去银行的路吗? e.g. Every day she will sit here doing nothing。 When he was a child, he would often go skiing. 他小时候经常去滑雪。 5.will / would 表示习惯和倾向性 5. would 相关短语 would like/ would love + 名词、代词或to do “想要……” e.g. I would like a cup of tea. 我想要一杯茶。 6.need / dare 1. 做情态动词,仅用于否定句和疑问句中,“需要;必要” 2. 做实义动词, “需要;必需” need to do sth need doing = need to be done (表示被动含义) need e.g. You needn’t worry. 你不需要担心。 6.need 做情态动词 e.g. Need I stay here any longer? 我需要在这里待下去吗? 肯定回答:Yes, you must. 是的,需要待下去。 否定回答:No, you needn’t. 不需要。 e.g. He needs to get some sleep. 他需要去睡会儿觉。 The shirt needs washing. 这件衬衫该洗了。 6.need 做实义动词 6.need / dare 1. 做情态动词,没有人称和数的变化,用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句 “敢于” 2. 做实义动词, “敢于” dare to do sth not dare (to) do sth (否定句中) dare e.g. She dare not go out alone. 她不敢单独出去。 She didn’t dare (to) say what she thought. 她不敢说出她的想法。 6. dare 动词的时态 英语中共16种时态,2种语态(主动和被动),高中阶段要求掌握常见的10种时态及它们的被动语态。 65 一、一般现在时 (am/is/are; do/ does) ①表示客观事实、普遍真理或名言警句 ②表示经常性或习惯性发生的动作或状态 (常与频度副词always,often,usually等或表示现在的时间状语连用。) ③按时间表、时刻表、日程表等安排将要发生的动作 (只限于go、arrive、leave、start、stay、return、begin、come等动词) ④用在时间,条件,让步状语从句中,遵循“主将从现”的原则 future past now The earth moves around the sun. Columbus proved that the earth is round. We always care for each other and help each other. The train leaves at 10 o‘clock. If you are free tomorrow, I'll go with you. 考点1 动词的时态 future past now 二、一般过去时 (was/were; did) 表示过去发生的动作或状态或过去经常习惯性发生的动作。 常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)。 时间状语有: yesterday,last year,last night,the other day(不久前的一天),just now,then(当时),two days ago,in 1999,at that time等。 注意: 凡有具体的过去时间状语的通常用一般过去时 I met him in the street yesterday. The students went to the Great Wall last Sunday. When she was in Shanghai, she often came to see me. 一般过去时的常用固定句式 1.It is (high/about) time that... 意为“是……的时候了” 从句中可用一般过去时,也可用“should+动词原形”且 should不可省略。 It is time that the kids went/should go to school. 孩子们该去上学了。 2.since引导时间状语从句时,从句时态常用一般过去时。 Mary hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.玛丽自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。 3.It was +时间段+before….意为“过了多长时间后才……” 从句时态用一般过去时。 It was three years before he found his lost boy. 过了三年他才找到失踪的儿子。 future past now 三、一般将来时( will/ shall be/do或 is/ am / are going to do) ①表示将来要发生的动作或状态。常用will be/will do ②be going to do sth表示打算,计划要做的事或据已有的迹象将发生的动作。 ③be about to do sth表示正要/刚要做某事。不与具体的时间状语连用。 ④be to do sth表示一定会/注定会做某事或打算做某事。 表将来的时间状语有: tomorrow/ next week / in the future / soon / this evening / in two days / in 2030... He will be back in a few days. We are going to have a class meeting next Monday. I will/ shall return you the book as soon as possible. Look at the clouds. It is going to rain. I am about to close the door when the telephone rings. You are to succeed. 1.The festival traditionally _(begin) on the first day of the first month in the Chinese calendar and ends with Lantern Festival which is on the fifth day. 2.Our hosts shared many of their experiences and _ (recommend) wonderful places to eat, shop, and visit. 3.He _(attend) an important meeting next Saturday. 4.If their marketing plans succeed, they _(increase)their sales by 20 percent. begins recommended will attend will increase 70 future past now 四、现在进行时( is / am / are doing ) “正...” ①表示说话时正在进行或现阶段正在进行的动作。 (常用的时间状语有: now, at present, at the moment...) ②表示按计划或安排即将进行的动作,表示这种动作的动词有:come, go, leave, arrive, start, see等,并常与表示将来时间的状语连用。即:现在进行时表将来 We are having our English class now. I’m looking for a pair of black shoes. They are working in a factory these days. They are visiting Beijing this week. The weather is getting colder and colder. [点拨] 专题语法 五、过去进行时 ( was / were doing) ①表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。 常用的时间状语有:at that time/ at this time yesterday/ from nine to ten yesterday evening/ all day yesterday/ the whole morning/ ... ②表示一个过去的动作正在进行时,另一个过去的动作发生了。 常用在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。 future past now At that time, he was working in a university. He was reading a novel in the library this morning. When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk. 1. Look, the children _(play) basketball on the playground. 2. He_(listen) to the radio when I came in. are playing was listening 74 六、现在完成时(have/has done) 1.表示过去发生的某一动作到现在已完成,并对现在造成影响。 句子中常见already, yet, never, ever, just, twice, before等副词。 2.表示过去某时开始并持续至今的动作或状态。 常用的时间状语有“since+时间点 for+时间段” She has finished her homework.(她已经完成作业 现在可以休息) I have lost my key.(我丢了钥匙,现在找不到) I have learned English since 2015.(我自从2015就开始学英语,现在还在学) They have lived there for ten years.(他们在这里住了十年,现在仍住着) 现在完成时的常用固定句式 1.“This/It is the first/second...time + that sb. has done sth”句型中 This is the first time that I have spoken at the meeting. 2“This/It is the+形容词最高级+名词+that sb. has done”句型中。 This is the best song that I have ever heard. 3.“It has been+时间段+since…”句型中,since引导的从句用一般过去时 It has been five years since he began to smoke. 自从他开始吸烟已经5年了。 It has been five years since he smoked. 他不抽烟已经5年了。 六、过去完成时(had done) ①表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态,即过去的过去。 ②在“hardly/scarcely...when...”“no sooner...than...”句型结构中,主句用过去完成时,部分倒装,从句用一般过去时,意为“刚……就……”。 ③在“It/This was the first(second..) time+that从句”句型中 从句谓语动词用过去完成时。 By the end of yesterday,we had received over 100 letters from all over the world. Hardly had I finished my homework when the telephone rang. It was the first time I had taken part in such a meaningful activity. 1. 主动语态用于主动句,表示主语是动作的执行者; The mouse eats the cheese. 2. 被动语态用于被动句,表示主语是动作的承受者。 The cheese is eaten by the mouse. 被动语态基本结构:be + done (by) 动词的语态 英语中动词有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态 1.各种时态中被动语态的构成 时态 一般式 进行式 完成式 现在时 am/is/are+过去分词 am/is/are+being+过去分词 have/has+been+过去分词 过去时 was/were+过去分词 was/were+being+过去分词 had+been+过去分词 将来时 shall/will be+过去分词 2.“get+过去分词”表被动 They got married last week. 3.主动形式表被动意义。 ①系动词(look feel sound smell taste seem appear turn等+形容词/名词) The apple tastes sweet. ②表示主语的某种属性的词,如read write drive sell wash clean wear等,主语通常是物。 Books of this kind sell well. ③be worth后常加动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 A lot of small towns in the area are worth visiting. ④need、want 、require、 deserve等动词后用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。 Most house plants require regular watering. 不能使用被动语态的几种情况 ①不及物动词(短语)不用于被动语态, 如happen,occur,fail,remain,spread,take place,break out,come true等。 The disease spreads easily.这种疾病容易传播。 ②某些动词(短语)不用于被动语态,如benefit,fit,lack,contain,join,last,arrive at/in,agree with,look like,consist of,suffer from,succeed in等。 This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.这种饮料不含任何酒精。 ③表示归属的动词(短语)不用于被动语态, 如have,own,belong to等。 The red pen belongs to me. 这支红色的钢笔属于我。 ④宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,谓语动词用主动语态,不用被动语态。 We often help each other.我们经常互相帮助。 $$