专题05 阅读理解之说明文（人教版2019）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语下学期期中真题分类汇编

专题05 阅读理解之说明文 Passage 1 （22-23高一下·湖北·期中） Have you ever had a food that you tasted and you immediately disliked? Maybe it was broccoli, dark chocolate, or cottage cheese. Maybe you were “encouraged” to try the food again, and then one of those times you actually liked it. Many people have had this experience. While tastes are developed at a young age, they can be changed, which depends on a person’s desire to try. Researchers at the University of Birmingham released a study that showed people have a flavor window. The flavor window is open for four-to-six-month-old babies. During this time, it is easier to get babies to try a food they have not previously tasted. As they grow up, the flavor window slowly closes, leaving most of them dubious of new foods. However, the flavor window closing at a young age doesn’t mean it can’t be reopened. A study found that if babies are introduced to a new food 5 to 10 times, they can grow to like it. That amount goes up as children grow older. Ultimately, the study came to the conclusion that the flavor window may never be completely shut. Being willing to try a new food repeatedly is necessary to open a person’s flavor window again. Each attempt will lessen the natural unwillingness of something new. Eventually, “not bad” can turn into “pretty good”. One method for inspiring courage to try new foods multiple times is testing different ingredients. Adding an ingredient-sugar or salt, perhaps-that one enjoys, might make an unappealing food more appealing. Once the person has trained him or herself to like the food, the added ingredient may not be necessary. Overcoming a dislike of a particular food requires tasting a food in different ways and at different times. In spite of strange smells, odd textures, or distinctive flavors, a person has the ability to acquire a true liking for even the most unique and unusual foods. So don’t give up-you never know when you might surprise yourself and discover that broccoli is your new favorite food! 1. What does the study find about babies? A. Babies are naturally unwilling to try new foods. B. Babies develop a favorite food if they eat that food many times. C. Babies are more likely to accept new foods when the flavor window is open. D. Babies who are not exposed to new foods will experience a narrow flavor window. 2. What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A. Greedy. B. Doubtful. C. Impatient. D. Bored. 3. Why does the author include paragraph 4 in the text? A. To explain how adding sugar or salt improves the taste of foods B. To highlight that there is no reason why people stop trying new foods. C. To warn that people may have difficulty preparing new foods properly. D. To suggest that people can expand their flavor preferences with time and effort. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Don’t give up on broccoli. B. Try new foods before it is too late. C. Ways to reopen your flavor window. D. A new study about your eating habits. Passage 2 （23-24学年高一下·湖南省雅礼中学期中） Depending on the right combination of currents and wind, a large mass of Sargassum “seaweed”circling the Gulf of Mexico may soon wash up along the US coast near Florida. The bloom (藻华), which is likely to be the largest ever recorded, is visible from space. Sargassum is a type of leafy, rootless algae that form large floating mats on the ocean floor. It can be found in the Sargasso Sea and was first mentioned by Christopher Columbus in 1492 when he was afraid his ship would become trapped in it. Sargassum is an important habitat for marine species because it provides food, shelter, and breeding grounds. It absorbs carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, just like other floating marine vegetation, according to Phys.org. However, when tons of it gathers along coastlines, it sends out a terrible strong smell which can cause headaches, eye discomfort, and upset stomachs. Too much algae on beaches can harm marine ecosystems and make it difficult for people to keep on with their recreational and fishing activities, costing communities millions of dollars. Scientists have been tracking the formation of large Sargassum blooms. However, this year’s bloom could be the largest ever, covering more than 8,800 kilometers from the coasts of Africa to the Gulf of Mexico and weighing 10 million tons. It is critical to improve Sargassum management. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) not only advocates best practices in Sargassum cleanup and removal, but also cooperates with governments and communities to develop policies, standards, and measures to protect public and environmental health. FAO is also promoting ways to repurpose Sargassum, turning it into products to provide additional employment and income. In fact, small businesses are already using Sargassum to make bricks, shoes, soaps and paper. Larger businesses are considering turning Sargassum into renewable energy, bioplastics, and compost. 1. Why does the author mention space in paragraph 1? A. To stress the Sargassum bloom is massive. B. To explain how currents and wind combine. C. To show what the Gulf of Mexico looks like from space. D. To demonstrate how the Sargassum movement was tracked. 2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Sargassum’s significance in the marine economy. B. The process of Sargassum’s moving to the coast. C. Sargassum’s contribution to reducing global warming. D. The double-edged effects of Sargassum’s existence. 3. How do small businesses fight against Sargassum blooms? A. They participate in cleanup activities. B. They help rebuild marine ecosystems. C. They create products from Sargassum. D. They transform Sargassum into resources. 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. Smelly Seaweed Bloom Heads to Florida B. FAO Now Works on Reducing Marine Litter C. Groundbreaking Project Turns Sargassum into Plastics D. Sargassum is Changing the Beach Vacation in Mexico Passage 3 （23-24高一下·湖南常德·期中） Climate change is driving increasing wildfires, and those burns make up a large share of planet-heating pollution. Now, a company in Berlin uses AI with sensors (传感器) in forests to find minor (微小的) burns before they spread into big fires. With nose-like sensors, fires can be discovered in their early stages, making it easier to put out them before they become too large or difficult to control. The company Dryad has set up 50 sensors across various locations, from the Middle East to California. Recently, the sensors discovered a small fire in Lebanon within just 30 minutes. Another way to stop big fires is to set “controlled burns” outside of fire season to clean some trees and grass that may become fuel for fires. These controlled burns are usually carefully planned and monitored by burn managers to make sure that they are safe and do not get out of control. But to do the work, burn managers need to know how the fire might behave so it doesn’t lose control. “They need to know things like the weather patterns, road conditions and the amount of moisture (水分) in the plants,” says Yolanda Gil, a researcher at the University of Southern California. After interviewing fire scientists, Gil and their team used AI to create a smart assistant to help burn managers decide where and when to make controlled burns. “It’s kind of like Apple’s Siri. But for burn managers, the technology can help them understand the situation in an area and provide a way to make a safe controlled burn.” Gil says. 1. What is the purpose of AI from the Berlin company? A. To monitor climate change. B. To work out the causes of a wildfire. C. To cut down on pollution in forests. D. To prevent fires in their early stages. 2. What do we know about the “controlled burns”? A. They can promote the growth of trees. B. They can hurt burn managers anytime. C. They can help clear away fuel for wildfires. D. They are often carried out during fire season. 3. Which of the following information do burn managers need to know? ① Road conditions.     ② Weather patterns.    ③ The number of plants.     ④ The temperature of the burns. A. ①② B. ②③ C. ②④ D. ③④ 4. What does Gil think of the smart assistant? A. It is difficult to operate. B. It is a helpful tool. C. It is smarter than Siri. D. It needs to be improved. Passage 4 （23-24高一下·河北保定·期中） Deep sleep doesn’t just rest your body. Scientists believe it’s also when the brain washes away toxins (毒素), with a new project looking at whether the brain’s self-clean can be boosted. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr Tim Sargeant has teamed with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI’s Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. Studies have shown that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia (痴呆). Scientists believe our brains clean themselves out each night when we enter deep sleep. Cerebrospinal fluid (脑脊液) is thought to wash through the brain, cleaning out toxins. Studies have shown a clear link between poor memory and toxins like the buildup of sticky plaques (粘性斑块) in the brains. Scientists believe brains that have a buildup of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. Fortunately, the hope is that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia. The brain scan will use special material to track how well the brain can keep itself clean and healthy through the process of removing and recycling its waste. “We’re aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (老年痴呆症) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. This new scan, an exciting imaging technology, will allow scientists to form a picture of a living brain and watch how it’s recycling wasting material in real time. “The scan takes out a lot of the guess work, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they’ve hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realising they’re at a dead end.” 1. What is the aim of Dr Sargeant and Dr Robins’ developing the brain scan? A. To help people enter deep sleep. B. To reduce memory loss and dementia. C. To research how to remove sticky plaques. D. To study what the brain uses to clean itself. 2. What may cause dementia according to the text? A. Not enough blood in the brain. B. Too frequent cleaning of the brain. C. The increase of cerebrospinal fluid. D. The gradual increase of sticky plaques. 3. What does the underlined word “onset” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Beginning. B. Improvement. C. Worsening. D. Disappearance. 4. What does Dr Robins think of the brain scan? A. It brings more work. B. It is just imaginary. C. It is quite effective. D. It is far from exact. Passage 5 （23-24高一下·湖南长沙·期中） As William Shakespeare is to literature in English, so is the poet Du Fu to the Chinese literary tradition. “We have Dante, Shakespeare and Du Fu. These poets create the very values by which poetry is judged,” remarked Harvard Professor Stephen Owen in Du Fu: China’s Greatest Poet, a BBC documentary that aired on April 7. Aimed at introducing the charm and beauty of traditional Chinese literature to viewers around the globe, the documentary invited the famous British actor Ian McKellen, who played the wizard Gandalf in the film series The Lord of the Rings, to read 15 of Du’s poems that have been translated into English. The one-hour film traces the poet’s life experiences in detail. Born in 712, Du lived in the reign of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712—756), a time marked by extraordinary prosperity, inclusiveness and glorious cultural accomplishments. However, as An Lushan’s rebel army floored the empire, the 43-year-old Du, the former civil servant at the Tang court, had to take his family out of his hometown, and faced starvation and sufferings. Through ups and downs, the poet never stopped writing and about 1, 500 poems have been kept over the ages. Even though he never held a high position in the government, Du still cared about common people. For example, in the poem My Cottage Unroofed by Autumn Gales, he wrote that “Could I get mansions covering ten thousand miles, I’d house all poor scholars and make them beam with pleasure”. “That is why he is honored as the Poet Sage by later generations. A difficult life and his spirit of concern about the world helped him create so many masterpieces,” Shi Wenxue, a cultural critic based in Beijing, told the Global Times. 1. What can we know about the BBC documentary? A. It introduces Shakespeare. B. Du Fu is acted by Ian McKellen in it. C. Its target audience is Chinese. D. It shows 15 of Du Fu’s poems to the audience. 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature marking Du Fu’s time? A. Extraordinary prosperity. B. Social stability. C. Social inclusiveness. D. Cultural accomplishments. 3. What does the underlined word “That” in the last paragraph refer to? A. Du’s concern about common people. B. My Cottage Unroofed by Autumn Gales. C. Du’s high position in the government. D. Du’s low position in the government. 4. In which section of a website may this text appear? A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Literature. D. Science. Passage 6 （23-24高一下·湖北武汉·5月月考） “Why does grandpa have ear hair?” Just a few years ago my child was so curious to know “why” and “how” that we had to cut off her questions five minutes before bedtime. Now a soon-to-be fourth grader, she says that she dislikes school because “it’s not fun to learn.” I am shocked. As a scientist and parent, I have done all to promote a love of learning in my children. Where did I go wrong? My child’s experience is not unique. Psychologist Susan Engel notes that curiosity — defined as “spontaneous (自发的) investigation and eagerness for new information” — drops greatly in children by the fourth grade. In Wonder: Childhood and the Lifelong Love of Science, Yale psychologist Frank C. Keil details the development of wonder — a spontaneous passion to explore, discover, and understand. He takes us on a journey from its early development, when wonder drives common sense and scientific reasoning, through the drop-off in wonder that often occurs, to the trap of life in a society that denies wonder. As Keil notes, children are rich in wonder while they are rapidly developing causal mechanisms (因果机制) in the preschool and early elementary school years. They are sensitive to the others’ knowledge and goals, and they expertly use their desire for questioning. Children’s questions, particularly those about “why” and “how,” support the development of causal mechanisms which can be used to help their day-to-day reasoning. Unfortunately, as Keil notes, “adults greatly underestimate (低估) young children’s causal mechanisms.” In the book, Wonder, Keil shows that we can support children’s ongoing wonder by playing games with them as partners, encouraging question-asking, and focusing on their abilities to reason and conclude. A decline in wonder is not unavoidable. Keil reminds us that we can accept wonder as a positive quality that exists in everyone. I value wonder deeply, and Wonder has given me hope by suggesting a future for my children that will remain wonder-full. 1. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage in paragraph 1? A. By listing some statistics. B. By presenting an explanation. C. By making some comparison. D. By asking some questions. 2. What is a common problem among fourth graders? A. They annoy their parents too often. B. They ask too many strange questions. C. Their desire for fun disappears quickly. D. Their desire to learn weakens sharply. 3. What can be inferred about children’s causal mechanisms in paragraph 4? A. They control children’s sensitivity. B. They slightly change in early childhood. C. They hardly support children’s reasoning. D. They develop by children’s questioning. 4. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A research paper. D. A children’s story. Passage 7 （23-24高一下·湖北武汉·期中） As the world’s oldest living organisms, trees have been our silent companions. Although they inspire a large quantity of fancy tales, the richness of what they say is beyond description. The German forester Peter Wohlleben spent decades working and learning their secrets. Feelings are rarely applied to trees, but Wohlleben has done so without hesitation. According to Wohlleben, that humans do not speak the trees’ language does not mean they do not communicate. Trees are badly misunderstood even if they communicate with chemical and electrical signals. Wohlleben claims that trees are creatures as human beings. In one of 50 cases, Wohlleben’s team sees the special friendships between trees, as they can distinguish between one individual and another. This means that trees do not treat all other trees the same. For instance, Wohlleben saw two old beeches standing next to each other. Compared to the usual case, each one growing its branches turned away from the other rather than toward each other. This kind of partnership is well-known to foresters. They know that such tree pairs are really like a human couple. If they chop one down, they need to chop down both because the other will die anyway. Trees were also found to keep each other alive in different ways. They pass food to nearby sick trees and send signals to warn others of dangerous insects. In one of his investigations, Wohlleben also discovered a beech tree cut about 400 to 500 years ago. The trunk is still alive and was found with green chlorophyll (叶绿素) under the thick bark. Since it has no leaves to create sugar, the only explanation is that neighbouring trees have supported this tree for more than centuries. The trees that suffered through drought were found to consume less water in the spring so that they will have more water available in the summer months. This implies that a tree can learn and remember a drought its whole life, acting on that memory by being more cautious about its water consumption. 1. What is the function of the first paragraph? A. To arouse readers’ interest. B. To introduce a topic. C. To present a new discovery. D. To demonstrate a heated debate. 2. According to Wohlleben’s research, what can we learn about trees? A. Trees communicate in the same way as humans. B. Trees can’t tell friends and enemies apart. C. Trees are loyal to their partners. D. Trees can keep each other alive within limited periods. 3. Why do some trees consume less water in the spring? A. Because they have more water available in summer. B. Because they have suffered through drought before. C. Because they don’t need so much water in the spring. D. Because they can depend on the support from other trees. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Mysteries of trees are unfolded. B. Trees are our silent companions. C. Trees can adapt to the environment. D. Trees can form special relationships. Passage 8 （23-24高一下·湖北·期中） A small car around the size of a Mini Cooper, the Seagull is a fast-charging electric vehicle (车辆) (EV) produced by BYD. It’s hardly a luxury car but it’s well-equipped, with a power driver’s seat and cruise control. The best part? Its base model costs about $10,700 in China. That’s about a third of the cost of the cheapest EV you can buy in the US. In 2018, Trump put, and Biden has since continued, a special 25 percent tax on Chinese-made cars, on top of the ordinary 2.5 percent tax on foreign-made cars, which perfectly shows that however motivated the Biden government might be by climate concerns, it is much more motivated by a desire to help American carmakers. The basic environmental argument for electric cars is simple: Burning petrol in internal combustion enginest (内燃机) produces CO2. Electric cars emit (排放) less per mile traveled both because some electricity is generated through clean sources like wind, solar, and because electric motors are far more efficient than petrol engines. EVs are slightly more carbon-intensive (密集) to produce in the first place, but most estimates suggest the lower per-mile emissions of EVs quickly make up for the extra emissions involved in their creation. But is this still true for Chinese EVs? China still gets more than 60 percent of its electricity from coal, compared to less than 20 percent in the US. So, does this mean that BYD’s cheap EVs are bad for the environment? Hardly. Close to 90 percent of the emissions of a fossil fuel vehicle (化石燃料汽车) are from the combustion of the fuel. Besides, EVs of whatever origin are getting cleaner over time as the electrical grid (电网) gets cleaner. That means EVs will do even more for the environment as the years go on. The biggest factor for China is that they control all the upstream material supply chain for lithium batteries (锂电池). Even if your EV’s battery is made by a plant of Panasonic in the US, the raw materials for that are processed in China first. “Part of why they’re so successful is they’ve been thinking outside the box on cost reduction for a long time,” an expert says. 1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph? A. Chinese EVs are a threat to American electric cars. B. American government has placed a ban on Chinese EVs. C. The seagull provides luxury experience at a reasonable price. D. Climate concerns are the only driver of EV development in the US. 2. What does the author think of EVs? A. They are no better than typical gas vehicles. B. Their power is generated in green ways. C. They are eco-friendly in the long run. D. Their production causes no pollution. 3. What is the advantage of Chinese EV industry? A. Lower carbon emission. B. The advanced technology. C. The low budget marketing. D. The control of raw materials for batteries. 4. What is the best title of the passage? A. EVs: opportunity and challenge. B. Chinese EVs: powering ahead. C. Green cars: a long way to go. D. Petrol vehicles: faded glory. Passage 9 （23-24高二下·湖北荆州·5月月考） Falling birth rates are a major concern for some of Asia’s biggest economies. Government s in the region are spending hundreds of billions of dollars trying to reverse the trend. Will it work? Japan began introducing policies to encourage couples to have more children in the 1990s. South Korea started doing the same in the 2000s, while Singapore’s first fertility (生育) policy dates back to 1987. China, which has seen its population fall for the first time in 60 years, recently joined the growing club. While it is difficult to quantify exactly how much these policies have cost, South Korean President YoonSuk-yeol recently said his country had spent more than $200bn (£160bn) over the past 16 years on trying to boost the population. Yet last year South Korea broke its own record for the world’s lowest fertility rate, with the average number of babies expected per woman falling to 0.78. In neighbouring Japan, which had record low births of fewer than 800,000 last year, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida has promised to double the budget for child-related policies from 10tn yen ($74.7bn; £59.2bn). Having a bigger population who can work and produce more goods and services leads to higher economic growth. And while a larger population can mean higher costs for governments, it can also result in bigger tax revenues (税收). Also, many Asian countries are ageing rapidly. Japan leads the pack with nearly 30% of its population now over the age of 65 and some other nations in the region are not far behind. Compare that with India, which has just overtaken China as the world’s most populous nation. More than a quarter of its people are between the age of 10 and 20, which gives its economy huge potential for growth. And when the share of the working age population gets smaller, the cost and burden of looking after the non-working population grow. “Negative population growth has an impact on the economy, and together with an ageing population, they won’t be able to afford to support the elderly,” said Xiujian Peng of Victoria University. 1. Which Asian country first took measures to increase population in this passage? A. Japan. B. South Korea. C. Singapore. D. China. 2. What can we learn about the population of Asian countries from the passage? A. Japan hit the lowest record of new-born babies last year. B. India has the largest and youngest population in the world. C. China’s population has been decreasing in the recent 60 years. D. South Korea had the lowest population record last year in the world. 3. What can we infer from paragraph 4? A. The economy of India will overtake that of Japan. B. Negative population growth leads to an ageing population. C. The larger the population is, the better the economy will be. D. A bigger share of working age population helps support the elderly. 4. What’s the main idea of this passage? A. Low birth rate is a negative factor for economy. B. China is joining the countries of low birth rate. C. Many Asian countries came to negative population growth. D. Many Asian countries are trying all out to battle low birth rate. Passage 10 （23-24高一下·湖北武汉·期中） Well, let’s continue from where we stopped last time. I’m sure you’re well aware of the dangers lurking (潜伏) on the World Wide Web. And whether it’s for schoolwork, entertainment, or just socializing with friends. the Internet will surely be a major part of your child’s life. So, it’s important to secure their online stays. It’s not an easy task, but maintaining open communication is key. Let them know they can share their online activities with you. Discuss what interests them online and learn about popular websites and apps from them. This will help you understand and identify potential risks. Next, monitor without spying. Most kids learn to understand boundaries, like respecting others’ personal space, or not opening the cookie jar without asking. Internet use is no different. It’s helpful to set clear rules for them. like which websites they can visit, which apps they can use, and what they can share online. Remind them that if they feel uneasy with anything that occurs online, they need to alert (使警觉) an adult immediately. How you handle your kids’ internet usage will depend in large part on their age. There are websites and browsing tools designed for younger children, such as YouTube Kids, which aims to provide a safe online experience for children. Older kids may be allowed more freedom since they want to socialize and need to use the internet for information-gathering. But you can set boundaries that feel right for you. Just limit their access appropriately. Allowing your children to make good decisions online teaches them responsibility, shows that you trust them. and reminds them that rules may be tightened if they disobey them. Stay tuned. 1. What did the author talk about last time? A. The potential risks of the Internet. B. The influence of the Internet. C. Information offered by the Internet. D. The importance of the World Wide Web. 2. What does the author suggest parents do to better understand their kids’ online behavior? A. Communicate with children actively. B. Spy on their children’s online activities. C. Share online activities with their children. D. Set strict rules for internet usage without discussion. 3. What can be inferred from the passage about older kids? A. They should be prevented from using the internet. B. They can have more freedom to access the internet. C. They should be monitored more closely than younger kids. D. They should only use the internet for information gathering. 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. How to Limit Kids’ Screen Time B. How to Keep Your Kids Safe Online C. How to Set Online Boundaries for Kids D. How to Monitor Your Kids’ Online Activities Passage 11 （23-24高一下·福建泉州·期中） Plastic is everywhere, from the Arctic ice to vital organs in the human body. In fact, previous estimates suggest that the average person swallows a credit card-worth of microscopic plastic particles (颗粒) every week. But new research shows that this could actually be an understatement. Microplastics are plastics smaller than 5 millimeters, found in industrial waste, beauty products, and formed during the degradation of larger plastic pieces. Over time, they break down into even smaller nanoplastics. These tiny particles can pass through our intestines and lungs into our bloodstreams, reaching vital organs like the heart and brain. While the idea of eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the major concern here is that these plastic particles contain chemicals that can interrupt our body’s natural release of hormones, potentially increasing our risk of reproductive disorders and certain cancers. They can also carry toxins (毒素) on their surface like heavy metals. In the past, researchers have shown bottled water can contain tens of thousands of identifiable plastic fragments in a single container. However, until recently, only the larger microplastics were detectable with available measuring tools, leaving the area of nanoplastics largely a mystery. Using Raman microscopy (显微镜学), capable of detecting particles down to the size of a flu virus, the team measured an average of 240, 000 particles of plastic per liter of bottled water, 90 percent of which were nanoplastics, a revelation 10 to 100 times larger than previous estimates. These plastics likely originate from the bottle material, filters used to “purify” the water, and the source water itself. “It is not totally unexpected to find so much of this stuff, ” the study’s lead author, Columbia graduate student Naixin Qian, said in a statement. His team hopes to expand their research into tap water and other water sources to better inform our exposure to these potentially dangerous particles. “The idea is that the smaller things get, the more of them I reveal, ” he added. 1. What is the primary focus of the new research? A. The presence of plastic particles. B. The use of plastic in everyday products. C. The detection methods for microplastics. D. The potential risks of nanoplastics to human. 2. What is the advantage of Raman microscopy? A. Finding the source of plastic particles. B. Helping to cure the deadly flu virus. C. Detecting the smaller plastic particles. D. Improving the quality of bottled water. 3. Why will the team expand their research into tap water? A. To focus on areas with higher plastic pollution. B. To be aware of the dangerous particles in daily life. C. To further measure the types of particles in tap water. D. To detect the smaller plastic particles in industrial areas. 4. What is Qian’s attitude towards his research? A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Conservative. D. Positive. Passage 12 （23-24学年高一下·福建省泉州期中） A diet high in fats and sugars actually affects the parts of the brain that are important to memory and makes people more likely to desire for unhealthful food, says American psychologist Terry Davidson. Davidson didn’t start out studying people’s eating. Instead, he was interested in learning about the hippocampus (海马体), a part of the brain heavily involved in memory. He noticed something strange when he studied mice with hippocampal damage. They would go to pick up food more often than the others, but they would eat a little bit, then drop it. Davidson realized these mice didn’t know they were full. He says something similar may happen in human brains when people eat a diet high in fat and sugar. If our brain system is damaged by that diet, that makes it harder for us to stop eating that diet. The evidence is growing. In another study by Cambridge psychologist Lucy Cheke, her researchers asked obese (肥胖的) and thin people to do a memory task, a virtual treasure hunt. The subjects had to hide something in a scene across various computer sessions (会话框), then they were asked what they hid, where they hid it and in which session. The obese people were 15-20 percent worse than the thin ones in all aspects of the experiment. Cheke says with the link between obesity and the brain growing as a field of research, we could see more ways of targeting obesity. For example, if the problem is that obese peopled diet degrades their memory, perhaps making peopled meals more memorable would help them eat less bad stuff. Previous researches showed that watching TV while eating will probably make people eat more, get hungry in the afternoon and eat more at dinner. So Cheke suggests not watching TV while eating. It is one of the easy changes people can make that don’t involve much self-control, but that makes a great difference. 1. What inspired Davidson’s new finding? A. The growing popularity of unhealthy diet. B. His former study on hippocampus. C. His research on people’s eating habits. D. The strange behaviour of the studied mice. 2. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. A sense of hunger. B. The similarity in brains. C. The damage of brain. D. A diet high in fat and sugar. 3. What are the subjects in Cheke’s study required to do? A. Memorize the treasure locations. B. Answer questions on their hiding task. C. Chat on various computer sessions. D. Conduct an experiment with obesity. 4. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Possible approaches to targeting obesity. B. The research’s contribution to brain science. C. The link between obesity and memory. D. Changes of people’s living habits. Passage 13 （23-24高一下·福建莆田·期中） My father started learning French at 57, drawn by the potential benefits of bilingualism (双语能力) in delaying dementia (失智症). Now, 20 years later, he’s on his third teacher. Many people like my father have attempted to pick up a new language. But can this really boost brain health? According to experts, regularly using a new language brings cognitive (认知的) benefits. If you’re trying to recall the right words in another language, your brain is forced to inhibit your mother tongue. This process, called cognitive inhibition, helps improve your brain function. Repeating this process makes your brain more resistant to diseases like dementia. The more you challenge your brain, the better it functions, even if your brain health starts to decline. However, evidence for the benefits of learning a second language in your 60s is weaker. Research by Dr. Leo Antoniou found that older Italians who took English lessons for four months didn’t see any difference in their cognition scores, but people who didn’t saw their scores decline. Prof. Diana Smith’s 2023 studies found similar results. Researchers offered a few potential explanations for their disappointing results. One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, probably of high cognitive level for their age, making it hard to see any improvements. “When choosing participants, we have to be careful, are they really representative of the population?” said Dr. Judith Ware. Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short. These studies have used language lessons that “were very different in their length and frequency,” said Prof. Laura Grossman. To Dr. Antoniou, the limited findings are not entirely surprising. No one would say that learning a new language for six months would be the same as having used two languages for your entire life. But he does think that language lessons can provide cognitive benefits by being cognitively stimulating. Perhaps more important, Prof. Grossman said, learning another language offers other potential advantages, like traveling or connecting with new communities. My father, for example, has remained pen friends with his first teacher and traveled to France numerous times. And at 76, he’s as sharp as ever. 1. What happens in the process of “cognitive inhibition”? A. Memory improves. B. Brain health worsens. C. Dementia is cured. D. Native language is held back. 2. Which is a possible explanation for the disappointing research results? A. The poor choice of research participants. B. The great length of the language course. C. The intervention of the first language. D. The age difference of the research subjects. 3. Whose opinion does the author support by mentioning his father’s experience? A. Leo Antoniou’s. B. Diana Smith’s. C. Laura Grossman’s. D. Judith Ware’s. 4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. Is it never too late to learn a new language? B. Can learning a new language delay dementia? C. Why does my father start learning a new language? D. How does learning a new language benefit aging brain? Passage 14 （23-24学年高一下·福建省四地五校联考期中） Teenagers have long been told that being active and taking part in various sports is good for their health. But new research suggests that too much sport for teenagers could negatively affect their well-being just as much as too little sport. Researchers from Switzerland say their study suggests that 14 hours of physical activity a week is best for promoting good health in teenagers. However, they found that more than 14 hours appears to be detrimental to their health. To reach their findings, the researchers surveyed more than 1,245 teenagers aged between 16 and 20 from Switzerland. All participants were required to answer questions on height and weight, sports practice, sports injuries and well-being. Their well-being was assessed (评估) using the World Health Organization (WHO) Well-Being Index, and the average well-being score for all participants was 17. The researchers divided sports participation into low (0 — 3.5 hours a week), average (3.6 — 10.5 hours), high (10.6 — 17.5 hours), and very high (more than 17.5 hours). The researchers found that participants in the low and very high activity groups were more than twice as likely to have well-being scores below 13, compared with participants in the average group. The researchers found that the highest well-being scores were gotten by participants who carried cut around 14 hours of physical activity a week, but exercising beyond 14 hours resulted in lower well-being scores. Commenting on their findings, the researchers say physical activity has been connected with positive emotional well-being, reduced sadness, anxiety and stress disorders, and improved self-respect in teenagers. The researchers suggest that their study stresses the importance for physicians caring for teenagers to check their level of sports practice and ask them about their well-being. Teenagers probably need a supportive and closer follow-up of their health and well-being. The findings can provide information for guideline groups who produce recommendations on sports practice for teenagers. 1. What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Useless. B. Important. C. Reasonable. D. Harmful. 2. What do the researchers find out? A. Low sports participation causes overweight. B. The sports participation is divided into four levels. C. The highest well-being scores are gotten in the “high” group. D. The average well-being score of teenagers between 16 and 20 in Switzerland is 17. 3. Where is this text probably taken from? A. A research paper. B. A health magazine. C. A business report. D. A fitness diary. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. Measures to improve teenagers’ well-being. B. Concerns of physicians about teenagers’ well-being. C. Importance of physical activities on teenagers’ well-being. D. Relationship between sports participation and teenagers’ well-being. Passage 15 （24-25高一下·福建福州·期中） In the not-so-distant future, the doctors who treat our diseases might be tiny machines that swim through our bodies. Movies like Fantastic Voyage have long played with the idea of making machines the size of a single cell (细胞) — today advances in robotics have brought the idea ever closer to reality. In my lab, I’m just trying to build such intelligent, or smart, microrobots. Tiny organisms (living things), such as bacteria (细菌), have many intelligent behaviors, and if we can make robots copy some of them, it’s very exciting. The way bacteria travel across their environment is unbelievable. At first, they kind of just aimlessly move around, but when they start sensing food, like an amino acid (氨基酸), they will move gradually in that direction. As a roboticist, you could imagine making tiny robots that can do the same thing. For example, look at something like E. coli (大肠杆菌). It has receptors on its surface that can sense amino acids around it. It can change how it’s moving. It can rebuild or repair itself. In fact, E. coli does all these so well that some researchers are using it as part of their tiny machines. They are having their microrobots get free rides from it, and letting it do all the sensing for them and direct their movements. We’re already using smaller and smaller medical tools for operations, like catheters (long thin pipes) that can travel deep into your brain to treat a tumor (肿瘤) or a blood clot. Next, we will put microrobots into the body that can travel into even smaller spaces and treat disease at an early stage. Imagine a device that can treat a blood clot deep in your brain that can’t be reached with existing catheters. It’s important to note, though, that we may not actually need something as powerful as artificial intelligence (AI) in these cases. You can still build an extremely useful microrobot with a low degree of intelligence. For example: If a microrobot notices a tumor, it can slowly move in that direction, and carry medicine directly to that part. It might only have the intelligence of bacteria but could still be unbelievably effective. 1. Which of the following inspires the author’s work? A. Bacteria’s ability to stay alive. B. Movies about tiny machines. C. Tiny organisms’ behaviors. D. New advances in robotics. 2. What are some researchers doing according to paragraph 3? A. Letting E. coli work for their tiny robots. B. Using microrobots to sense amino acids. C. Asking robots to direct bacteria’s movements. D. Changing tiny machines into bacteria’s drivers. 3. What does the author think of existing catheters? A. They are unlikely to be widely used by doctors. B. They are unable to get to tinier areas in the body. C. They will be smaller than microrobots in the future. D. They can help doctors treat disease at an earlier stage. 4. Why does the author give the example in the last paragraph? A. To show microrobots can treat tumors very easily. B. To show AI’s important role in developing tiny robots. C. To explain the connection between AI and microrobots. D. To explain limited intelligence is enough for microrobots. 5. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Artificial Intelligence: The Core of Future Medical Tools B. Bacteria: Nature’s Tiny Engineers Guiding Robotics C. The Challenges of Creating Cell-Sized Machines D. Microrobots: Tiny Healers Inspired by Nature Passage 16 （23-24高一下·浙江·期中） An increase in a country’s working-age population is a blessing. Lots of workers support relatively few children and retired people. So long as the labor market can absorb an increasing number of job-seekers, output per head will rise. That can boost savings and investment, leading to higher economic growth, more productivity gains and developmental speed-up. Yet for countries that fail to seize this opportunity, the results can be tough. Consider Thailand. It is rapidly aging. In 2021, the share of Thais aged 65 or over hit 14%, a figure that is often used to define an aged society Soon Thailand will, like Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, see a decreasing supply of workers and flagging productivity and growth without extraordinary measures. Yet unlike Japan and the rest. Thailand is not a developed country. It has got old before it has got rich. This is a big barrier to Thailand’s future development. To protect its aging citizens, many of whom are poor, Thailand’s government will have to spend more on health care and pensions (养老金). This will make it harder to invest in productivity-boosting skills and infrastructure (基础设施). And where Thailand goes, many developing countries will follow. One conclusion is that countries with a working-age burst need seeking more economic growth out of it. India may never have a better chance than the present. It is widely accepted that privatization and looser foreign-investment rules could raise its growth rate. Another conclusion is that developing countries need to start planning for old age earlier. They should reform their pension systems, including by raising retirement ages. They should encourage financial markets, providing options for long-term saving and health insurance. And they should try harder to increase female participation in the labor force. Getting more women into jobs would help deal with the fact that women live longer than men, but tend to have less savings and pensions, leaving them in difficult situations in old age. 1. What does “opportunity” in the first paragraph refer to? A. Providing more jobs for working-age laborers. B. Reducing support for children and the elderly. C. Encouraging investment for economic growth. D. Increasing economic output and labor productivity. 2. Why is aging considered a barrier to Thailand’s future development? A. It causes a shortage of young workers. B. It forces the country to invest in infrastructure. C. It leads to less investment in economic development. D. It increases the burden on the working-age population. 3. Why is it important for developing countries to involve more women in labor force? A. To extend women’s retirement ages. B. To encourage women to be included in health insurance. C. To equalize the number of men and women in the workplace. D. To settle the conflict between women’s long lifespan and small pension. 4. What is the best title of the passage? A. Aging Problems in Developing Countries. B. Planning Ahead for Aging Societies. C. Challenges and Opportunities of Aging Societies. D. The Role of Female Labors in Addressing the Aging Issue. Passage 17 （23-24学年高一下·浙江省宁波五校期中） “Consumers complain that the modern tomato has little flavor. It’s like a water bomb,” said Sanwen Huang, who works at the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. “Tomato farmers care about yield, and the genetic variants related to yield are not related to tasty tomato favors.” How can farmers ditch this unpleasant thing and recover the rich, sweet flavor of the tomato? To find out, Huang and colleagues investigated which genes are related to tomatoes’ taste. The scientists created a 100-person group that sampled 160 tomatoes based on sensory qualities. Based on the group’s feedback, the researchers identified dozens of chemical compounds (化合物) that could be related to the tomato’s taste. Using a statistical model that determined the concentration of various chemicals in the tomatoes, the scientists identified 33 most important flavor compounds. The researchers then measured the content of them in each of the tomatoes, and identified about 250 genetic loci (基因座) that controlled tomato flavor. This finding revealed the genetic basis of tomato flavor. But the researchers also wanted to determine why store-bought tomatoes don’t taste good. It turns out that modern tomato varieties are selected according to qualities such as big size because buyers prefer large fruit, and firmness because it makes tomatoes easier to ship. Meanwhile, the quality of flavor has been ignored, said the researchers. Volatiles (挥发性物质), in particular, are essential for good flavor. The removal of specific volatiles from tomatoes results in significant reduction in people’s liking. Moreover, refrigeration can change a tomato’s volatile compounds. “But there is hope for a future filled with tasty, new varieties of store-bought tomatoes, as our results provide a road map for improvement of flavor. By working together, geneticists, biochemists, farmers and customers can provide better-flavored tomatoes for our society.” Huang said. 1. How does the author present the study in paragraph 2? A. By giving a definition. B. By listing figures. C. By analyzing the cause. D. By making a comparison. 2. What is the main idea of paragraphs 3-4? A. The reasons why stores favor such tomatoes. B. Some qualities consumers prefer in buying tomatoes. C. The importance of volatiles in deciding tomato flavor. D. The reasons why store-bought tomatoes have little flavor. 3. Which of the following statements will Huang probably agree with? A. The store-bought tomatoes have a promising future. B. Yield-related genetic variants provide tasty tomatoes. C. Their research has changed a tomato’s volatile compounds. D. Farmers and customers can certainly provide better-flavored tomatoes. 4. What’s the purpose of the text? A. To persuade readers to buy tomatoes. B. To introduce the high yielding tomatoes. C. To prove store-bought tomatoes are tasteless. D. To inform readers of the research about tomato flavors. Passage 18 （23-24高一下·浙江温州·期中） Landfills are places where a large amount of waste and other refuse is buried in the ground. They are responsible for releasing a large amount of planet-warming methane gas into the atmosphere, a new study suggests. The study, which was published in Science Advances on Wednesday, is aimed at helping local governments carry out targeted efforts to limit global warming by identifying areas of major concern. For this purpose, the scientists used satellite data from four major cities around the world — Delhi and Mumbai in India, Lahore in Pakistan and Buenos Aires in Argentina. Based on the collected data, the scientists have drawn the conclusion that landfills are the third-largest source of methane emissions (排放) worldwide, after oil and gas systems and agriculture. And further investigation shows that the methane released from the landfills is generated from the decomposition (分解) of natural waste in them, like food, wood or paper. Methane, though only accounting for about 11 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, traps 80 times more heat in the atmosphere than CO₂. Scientists estimate that at least 25 percent of today’s warming is driven by methane from human actions. That’s why landfills are partly to blame for the global warming. Joannes Maasakkers, a leader of the study, said, “We found that these landfills, which are relatively small compared to city sizes, are responsible for a large part of total emissions from a given area.” Another scientist, Euan Nisbet, who was not part of the study, said, “This new work shows just how important it is to manage landfills better, especially in countries like India where landfills are often on fire, resulting in a wide range of damaging pollutants (污染物).” He also added that the newer satellite technology and on-the-ground research make it easier for researchers to identify “who is polluting the world”. 1. Why did the scientists carry out the study? A. To reduce the emission of the methane. B. To help the authorities control the global warming. C. To test out the new satellite technology. D. To clarify which places people are concerned about. 2. What do we know about methane gas according to the passage? A. There exists methane in food, wood and paper. B. Methane makes up most of the greenhouse gases. C. More methane is released from landfills than from agriculture. D. Methane prevents more heat in the air from escaping than CO₂ does. 3. What’s Euan Nisbet’s attitude towards the study? A. Favourable. B. Concerned. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful. 4. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Methane causes the temperature of the earth to go up. B. Satellite data help identify the source of the pollutants. C. Landfills are to blame for the release of much methane. D. Waste and other refuse should be forbidden for their impact. Passage 19 （23-24高一下·浙江杭州·期中） In 2021, scientists studying animal communication discovered that some dogs connect objects with words similarly to babies. Then what about cats, which are commonly believed to be unconcerned about human affairs? Saho Takagi, a researcher at Azabu University, doubted cats’ seeming unconcern. “Cats don’t appear to listen to people’s conversations, but in fact, they do,” said Takagi. According to previous research, cats understand human communication better than expected. Like dogs, they can use human pointing and stares to find food. They even can tell the difference between human facial expressions and states of attention, according to a 2016 study. However, cats can do more than that. Another study showed that cats can discriminate their own names from the names of their cat companions (those that live in the same house). The researchers believed that cats learned to connect names with other cats by observing communication between their owners and their cat friends. In a recently published study, Takagi and her colleagues compared two groups of cats: cats living with at least two other cats and cats living in “cat cafés” with up to 30 cats. Using a simple two-phase (阶段) test, they assessed the cats’ responses to hearing their names and seeing their faces on a monitor. Sometimes, the cat that appeared on the screen matched the name spoken; other times, the name and the image did not match. If cats knew the names of their cat friends, they would investigate by staring doubtfully at the monitor when the name and image did not match. House cats had a significantly longer stare than café cats, indicating that house cats generally expected a specific cat’s face upon hearing the cat’s name. “This is the first evidence showing that house cats link human words and their social companions through daily experiences,” the researchers wrote. “However, we could not recognize the mechanism (机制) for learning. But with more and more scientists becoming interested in cats, who are much smarter than we assume, this question is sure to be solved.” 1. What’s people’s common understanding of cats? A. They have their own language. B. They can connect objects with words. C. They show no interest in human things. D. They can use human instructions to find food. 2. By comparing cats and dogs in Paragraph 2, the author wants to stress ______. A. cats and dogs are all clever animals B. cats’ ability to learn is stronger than dogs’ C. cats and dogs can get along well with humans D. cats’ ability goes beyond recognizing body language 3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “discriminate” in Paragraph 3? A. Choose. B. Protect. C. Tell. D. Learn. 4. What is the unsettled question of the study? A. How cats can recognize other cats’ face. B. Whether cats are much smarter than expected. C. Whether cats can understand human communication. D. How cats link human words and their social companions. Passage 20 （23-24学年高一下·浙江省杭州5月月考） In Singapore, buses have been given the green light to find new ways to reduce emissions (排放) and improve the air quality of their services. Last month, GWS Living Art, a company specializing in urban green structures installed (安装) green roofs on 10 public buses. While a bus might not seem like the typical location for a green roof, the installation could provide environmental and economic benefits. According to research by Michigan State University, green roofs are great at reducing polluting emissions, providing spaces for nature and cooling cities through the water that evaporates (蒸发) from their leaves and by shading surfaces that would otherwise absorb heat. “While the impact of green plants on buildings has been well documented, much less is known about the effects of them on moving vehicles,” said Tan Chun Liang, a research fellow at National University of Singapore who advises the “Garden on the Move” bus campaign. This bus campaign is part of a three-month study to test whether green plants can help lower the temperature inside the buses and reduce the amount of fuel needed to power the air-conditioning. Liang hopes the research will provide a possible solution for cities to fight against global warming and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect -- when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas, due to the heat produced and absorbed by industry, traffic and building materials. To make Singapore a “Garden City,” the government has joint this bus campaign with other green projects such as the Green Mark Scheme which aims for 80% of building to be green by 2030 and Gardens by the Bay, an eco-friendly garden featuring solar-powered “supertrees” and over 1.5 million plants. 1. Why were green roofs installed on 10 public buses in Singapore? A. To provide more space for plants to live in. B. To increase the diversity of species in Singapore. C. To attract more people to use public transportation. D. To test green plants’ environmental and economic benefits. 2. According to the text, why can green plants lower the temperature in cities? A. They can clean the air. B. They can reflect sunlight. C. They can absorb greenhouse gases. D. They can provide water and shade. 3. How many projects are mentioned to make Singapore a “Garden City”? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 4. What’s the best title for the text? A. Green Roofs on Buses B. Impact of the Plants C. Green Campaigns in Singapore D. An Eco-Friendly Garden 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文 Passage 1 （22-23高一下·湖北·期中） Have you ever had a food that you tasted and you immediately disliked? Maybe it was broccoli, dark chocolate, or cottage cheese. Maybe you were “encouraged” to try the food again, and then one of those times you actually liked it. Many people have had this experience. While tastes are developed at a young age, they can be changed, which depends on a person’s desire to try. Researchers at the University of Birmingham released a study that showed people have a flavor window. The flavor window is open for four-to-six-month-old babies. During this time, it is easier to get babies to try a food they have not previously tasted. As they grow up, the flavor window slowly closes, leaving most of them dubious of new foods. However, the flavor window closing at a young age doesn’t mean it can’t be reopened. A study found that if babies are introduced to a new food 5 to 10 times, they can grow to like it. That amount goes up as children grow older. Ultimately, the study came to the conclusion that the flavor window may never be completely shut. Being willing to try a new food repeatedly is necessary to open a person’s flavor window again. Each attempt will lessen the natural unwillingness of something new. Eventually, “not bad” can turn into “pretty good”. One method for inspiring courage to try new foods multiple times is testing different ingredients. Adding an ingredient-sugar or salt, perhaps-that one enjoys, might make an unappealing food more appealing. Once the person has trained him or herself to like the food, the added ingredient may not be necessary. Overcoming a dislike of a particular food requires tasting a food in different ways and at different times. In spite of strange smells, odd textures, or distinctive flavors, a person has the ability to acquire a true liking for even the most unique and unusual foods. So don’t give up-you never know when you might surprise yourself and discover that broccoli is your new favorite food! 1. What does the study find about babies? A. Babies are naturally unwilling to try new foods. B. Babies develop a favorite food if they eat that food many times. C. Babies are more likely to accept new foods when the flavor window is open. D. Babies who are not exposed to new foods will experience a narrow flavor window. 2. What does the underlined word in paragraph 2 mean? A. Greedy. B. Doubtful. C. Impatient. D. Bored. 3. Why does the author include paragraph 4 in the text? A. To explain how adding sugar or salt improves the taste of foods B. To highlight that there is no reason why people stop trying new foods. C. To warn that people may have difficulty preparing new foods properly. D. To suggest that people can expand their flavor preferences with time and effort. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Don’t give up on broccoli. B. Try new foods before it is too late. C. Ways to reopen your flavor window. D. A new study about your eating habits. 【答案】1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 【导语】这是是一篇说明文。介绍了一个研究发现，人有味觉窗口，在四到六个月的幼儿时期味觉窗口是开放的。随着年龄增长，味觉窗口逐渐关闭，但是研究者们发现味觉窗口可以重新打开的，只要我们愿意去不断尝试。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“During this time it is easier to get babies to try a food they have not previously tasted.(在这段时间里，更容易让婴儿尝试他们以前没有尝过的食物。)”可知，婴儿在味觉窗口开放期更容易接受没有尝过的食物。故选C项 2. 词义猜测题。根据第二段中“As they grow up, the flavor window slowly closes, leaving most of them dubious of new foods. (随着他们的成长，味觉窗口慢慢关闭，让他们中的大多数人对新食物持怀疑态度。)”可知，随着婴儿长大，味觉窗口逐渐关闭，他们对没有尝过的食物就不再容易接受，保持怀疑的态度。所以划线单词意思是“怀疑的”，故选B项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Being willing to try a new food repeatedly is necessary to open a person’s flavor window again. Each attempt will lessen the natural unwillingness of something new. Eventually, “not bad” can turn into “pretty good”. (愿意反复尝试一种新的食物是再次打开一个人的味觉窗口的必要条件。每一次尝试都会减少对新事物的自然不情愿。最终，“不错”可以变成“相当不错”。)”可知，本段的目的是让人们知道，可以通过反复尝试和训练打开味觉之窗，也就是说人们可以通过时间和努力来扩大他们的口味偏好。故选D项。 4. 主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了味觉窗口的研究，它告诉人们，我们通过努力和尝试，可以重新打开味觉窗口，让我们重新爱上以前难以接受的食物。C选项“重新打开你的味觉窗口的方法。”符合文章主旨，故选C项。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高一下·湖南省雅礼中学期中） Depending on the right combination of currents and wind, a large mass of Sargassum “seaweed”circling the Gulf of Mexico may soon wash up along the US coast near Florida. The bloom (藻华), which is likely to be the largest ever recorded, is visible from space. Sargassum is a type of leafy, rootless algae that form large floating mats on the ocean floor. It can be found in the Sargasso Sea and was first mentioned by Christopher Columbus in 1492 when he was afraid his ship would become trapped in it. Sargassum is an important habitat for marine species because it provides food, shelter, and breeding grounds. It absorbs carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, just like other floating marine vegetation, according to Phys.org. However, when tons of it gathers along coastlines, it sends out a terrible strong smell which can cause headaches, eye discomfort, and upset stomachs. Too much algae on beaches can harm marine ecosystems and make it difficult for people to keep on with their recreational and fishing activities, costing communities millions of dollars. Scientists have been tracking the formation of large Sargassum blooms. However, this year’s bloom could be the largest ever, covering more than 8,800 kilometers from the coasts of Africa to the Gulf of Mexico and weighing 10 million tons. It is critical to improve Sargassum management. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) not only advocates best practices in Sargassum cleanup and removal, but also cooperates with governments and communities to develop policies, standards, and measures to protect public and environmental health. FAO is also promoting ways to repurpose Sargassum, turning it into products to provide additional employment and income. In fact, small businesses are already using Sargassum to make bricks, shoes, soaps and paper. Larger businesses are considering turning Sargassum into renewable energy, bioplastics, and compost. 1. Why does the author mention space in paragraph 1? A. To stress the Sargassum bloom is massive. B. To explain how currents and wind combine. C. To show what the Gulf of Mexico looks like from space. D. To demonstrate how the Sargassum movement was tracked. 2. What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Sargassum’s significance in the marine economy. B. The process of Sargassum’s moving to the coast. C. Sargassum’s contribution to reducing global warming. D. The double-edged effects of Sargassum’s existence. 3. How do small businesses fight against Sargassum blooms? A. They participate in cleanup activities. B. They help rebuild marine ecosystems. C. They create products from Sargassum. D. They transform Sargassum into resources. 4. What would be the best title for the text? A. Smelly Seaweed Bloom Heads to Florida B. FAO Now Works on Reducing Marine Litter C. Groundbreaking Project Turns Sargassum into Plastics D. Sargassum is Changing the Beach Vacation in Mexico 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了Sargassum (马尾藻)对海洋生态系统和沿海社区的影响。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Depending on the right combination of currents and wind, a large mass of Sargassum “seaweed”circling the Gulf of Mexico may soon wash up along the US coast near Florida. The bloom (藻华)，which is likely to be the largest ever recorded，is visible from space. (根据洋流和风的正确组合，在墨西哥湾盘旋的大量马尾藻“海藻”可能很快就会沿着佛罗里达州附近的美国海岸冲走。从太空中可以看到可能是有史以来最大的藻华。)”可知，作者在第一段中提到太空是为了强调这可能是有记录以来最大的藻华，并且从太空中可见，故选A项。 2. 主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“Sargassum is an important habitat for marine species because it provides food, shelter, and breeding grounds. It absorbs carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, just like other floating marine vegetation, according to Phys.org. However, when tons of it gathers along coastlines, it sends out a terrible strong smell which can cause headaches, eye discomfort, and upset stomachs. Too much algae on beaches can harm marine ecosystems and make it difficult for people to keep on with their recreational and fishing activities, costing communities millions of dollars. (马尾藻是海洋物种的重要栖息地，因为它提供食物、庇护所和繁殖地。据Phys.org称，它吸收二氧化碳，这是一种导致全球变暖的重要温室气体，就像其他漂浮的海洋植被一样。然而，当成吨的它聚集在海岸线上时，它会散发出一种可怕的强烈气味，会导致头痛、眼睛不适和胃部不适。海滩上过多的藻类会损害海洋生态系统，使人们难以继续从事娱乐和捕鱼活动，使社区损失数百万美元。)”可知，第三段主要讲述了马尾藻的好处和危害，即马尾藻对的双刃剑效应，故选D项。 3. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中“In fact, small businesses are already using Sargassum to make bricks, shoes, soaps and paper. (事实上，小企业已经在使用马尾藻来制造砖块、鞋子、肥皂和纸张。)”可知，小企业是通过马尾藻制造产品来对抗藻华的，故选C项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了Sargassum藻华可能沿着墨西哥湾将会在佛罗里达附近的美国海岸上冲上来，同时也提到了它的臭味和对人们的影响。A项最好的概括了文章主题。故选A项。 Passage 3 （23-24高一下·湖南常德·期中） Climate change is driving increasing wildfires, and those burns make up a large share of planet-heating pollution. Now, a company in Berlin uses AI with sensors (传感器) in forests to find minor (微小的) burns before they spread into big fires. With nose-like sensors, fires can be discovered in their early stages, making it easier to put out them before they become too large or difficult to control. The company Dryad has set up 50 sensors across various locations, from the Middle East to California. Recently, the sensors discovered a small fire in Lebanon within just 30 minutes. Another way to stop big fires is to set “controlled burns” outside of fire season to clean some trees and grass that may become fuel for fires. These controlled burns are usually carefully planned and monitored by burn managers to make sure that they are safe and do not get out of control. But to do the work, burn managers need to know how the fire might behave so it doesn’t lose control. “They need to know things like the weather patterns, road conditions and the amount of moisture (水分) in the plants,” says Yolanda Gil, a researcher at the University of Southern California. After interviewing fire scientists, Gil and their team used AI to create a smart assistant to help burn managers decide where and when to make controlled burns. “It’s kind of like Apple’s Siri. But for burn managers, the technology can help them understand the situation in an area and provide a way to make a safe controlled burn.” Gil says. 1. What is the purpose of AI from the Berlin company? A. To monitor climate change. B. To work out the causes of a wildfire. C. To cut down on pollution in forests. D. To prevent fires in their early stages. 2. What do we know about the “controlled burns”? A. They can promote the growth of trees. B. They can hurt burn managers anytime. C. They can help clear away fuel for wildfires. D. They are often carried out during fire season. 3. Which of the following information do burn managers need to know? ① Road conditions.     ② Weather patterns.    ③ The number of plants.     ④ The temperature of the burns. A. ①② B. ②③ C. ②④ D. ③④ 4. What does Gil think of the smart assistant? A. It is difficult to operate. B. It is a helpful tool. C. It is smarter than Siri. D. It needs to be improved. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了柏林公司开发了一种人工智能传感器，可以监控火灾，介绍了其工作原理以及优点。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Now, a company in Berlin uses AI with sensors (传感器) in forests to find minor (微小的) burns before they spread into big fires.(现在，柏林的一家公司在森林中使用人工智能传感器，在轻微燃烧蔓延成大火之前发现它们)”可知，柏林公司开发AI的目的是在早期阶段预防火灾。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Another way to stop big fires is to set “controlled burns” outside of fire season to clean some trees and grass that may become fuel for fires.(另一种阻止大火的方法是在火灾季节之外进行“控制燃烧”，清理一些可能成为火灾燃料的树木和草)”可知，“控制燃烧”可以帮助清除野火的燃料。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段““They need to know things like the weather patterns, road conditions and the amount of moisture (水分) in the plants,” says Yolanda Gil, a researcher at the University of Southern California.(南加州大学的研究员约兰达·吉尔说：“他们需要知道诸如天气模式、道路状况和植物中的水分含量等信息。”)”可知，燃烧管理人员需要了解路况和天气模式。故选A。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“But for burn managers, the technology can help them understand the situation in an area and provide a way to make a safe controlled burn.(但对于燃烧管理人员来说，这项技术可以帮助他们了解一个地区的情况，并提供一种安全控制烧伤的方法)”可知，吉尔觉得这个智能助手是一个有用的工具。故选B。 Passage 4 （23-24高一下·河北保定·期中） Deep sleep doesn’t just rest your body. Scientists believe it’s also when the brain washes away toxins (毒素), with a new project looking at whether the brain’s self-clean can be boosted. South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr Tim Sargeant has teamed with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI’s Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. Studies have shown that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia (痴呆). Scientists believe our brains clean themselves out each night when we enter deep sleep. Cerebrospinal fluid (脑脊液) is thought to wash through the brain, cleaning out toxins. Studies have shown a clear link between poor memory and toxins like the buildup of sticky plaques (粘性斑块) in the brains. Scientists believe brains that have a buildup of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. Fortunately, the hope is that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia. The brain scan will use special material to track how well the brain can keep itself clean and healthy through the process of removing and recycling its waste. “We’re aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (老年痴呆症) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. This new scan, an exciting imaging technology, will allow scientists to form a picture of a living brain and watch how it’s recycling wasting material in real time. “The scan takes out a lot of the guess work, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they’ve hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realising they’re at a dead end.” 1. What is the aim of Dr Sargeant and Dr Robins’ developing the brain scan? A. To help people enter deep sleep. B. To reduce memory loss and dementia. C. To research how to remove sticky plaques. D. To study what the brain uses to clean itself. 2. What may cause dementia according to the text? A. Not enough blood in the brain. B. Too frequent cleaning of the brain. C. The increase of cerebrospinal fluid. D. The gradual increase of sticky plaques. 3. What does the underlined word “onset” in paragraph 4 mean? A. Beginning. B. Improvement. C. Worsening. D. Disappearance. 4. What does Dr Robins think of the brain scan? A. It brings more work. B. It is just imaginary. C. It is quite effective. D. It is far from exact. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了科学家们研究深睡眠时大脑自我清洁的现象，发现深睡眠有助于清除大脑中的毒素，与记忆力和抵御痴呆症有关。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI) neuroscientist Dr Tim Sargeant has teamed with Dr Edward Robins from SAHMRI’s Molecular Imaging and Therapy Research Unit to develop a brain scan that shows how well a brain is cleaning itself. Studies have shown that a clean brain would help with memory while fighting dementia (痴呆). (南澳大利亚健康与医学研究所（SAHMRI）的神经科学家Tim Sergeant博士与SAHMRI分子成像和治疗研究部门的Edward Robins博士合作，开发了一种脑部扫描，显示大脑的自我清洁情况。研究表明，干净的大脑有助于记忆，同时对抗痴呆)”可知，Tim Sargeant博士与Edward Robins博士开发大脑扫描的目的是研究大脑用什么来自我清洁，故选D项。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Scientists believe brains that have a buildup of this plaque over time may not be cleaning themselves properly, putting people at risk of dementia. (科学家认为，随着时间的推移，这种斑块积聚的大脑可能无法正确清洁自己，使人们面临痴呆的风险。)”可知，粘性斑块的增加可能导致痴呆症，故选D项。 3. 词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中““We’re aiming to catch the signs of the brain struggling to keep itself clean in individuals around the age of 50 or 60, well before the onset of Alzheimer’s disease (老年痴呆症) in most people,” Dr Sargeant said. (“我们的目标是在大多数人onset阿尔茨海默症之前，捕捉到大脑在努力保持自身清洁的迹象，这些人通常在50或60岁左右”Sargeant博士说。)”可知，此处是指患病之前，由此猜测，onset的意思是“开始，发病”，故选A项。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“This new scan, an exciting imaging technology, will allow scientists to form a picture of a living brain and watch how it’s recycling wasting material in real time. “The scan takes out a lot of the guess work, by allowing scientists to see with their own eyes if they’ve hit the target or not,” Dr Robins said. “Without imaging, a researcher can get all the way up to the trial stage before realising they’re at a dead end.” (这项新的扫描是一项令人兴奋的成像技术，将使科学家能够形成一个活体大脑的图像，并实时观察它如何回收浪费的材料。罗宾斯博士说：“扫描消除了很多猜测工作，让科学家亲眼看到他们是否击中了目标”。“在没有成像的情况下，研究人员可以一路走到试验阶段，然后才意识到他们处于死胡同。”)”可知，Dr Robins认为大脑扫描非常有效，故选C项。 Passage 5 （23-24高一下·湖南长沙·期中） As William Shakespeare is to literature in English, so is the poet Du Fu to the Chinese literary tradition. “We have Dante, Shakespeare and Du Fu. These poets create the very values by which poetry is judged,” remarked Harvard Professor Stephen Owen in Du Fu: China’s Greatest Poet, a BBC documentary that aired on April 7. Aimed at introducing the charm and beauty of traditional Chinese literature to viewers around the globe, the documentary invited the famous British actor Ian McKellen, who played the wizard Gandalf in the film series The Lord of the Rings, to read 15 of Du’s poems that have been translated into English. The one-hour film traces the poet’s life experiences in detail. Born in 712, Du lived in the reign of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712—756), a time marked by extraordinary prosperity, inclusiveness and glorious cultural accomplishments. However, as An Lushan’s rebel army floored the empire, the 43-year-old Du, the former civil servant at the Tang court, had to take his family out of his hometown, and faced starvation and sufferings. Through ups and downs, the poet never stopped writing and about 1, 500 poems have been kept over the ages. Even though he never held a high position in the government, Du still cared about common people. For example, in the poem My Cottage Unroofed by Autumn Gales, he wrote that “Could I get mansions covering ten thousand miles, I’d house all poor scholars and make them beam with pleasure”. “That is why he is honored as the Poet Sage by later generations. A difficult life and his spirit of concern about the world helped him create so many masterpieces,” Shi Wenxue, a cultural critic based in Beijing, told the Global Times. 1. What can we know about the BBC documentary? A. It introduces Shakespeare. B. Du Fu is acted by Ian McKellen in it. C. Its target audience is Chinese. D. It shows 15 of Du Fu’s poems to the audience. 2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a feature marking Du Fu’s time? A. Extraordinary prosperity. B. Social stability. C. Social inclusiveness. D. Cultural accomplishments. 3. What does the underlined word “That” in the last paragraph refer to? A. Du’s concern about common people. B. My Cottage Unroofed by Autumn Gales. C. Du’s high position in the government. D. Du’s low position in the government. 4. In which section of a website may this text appear? A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Literature. D. Science. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一部BBC纪录片《杜甫：中国最伟大的诗人》，向世界各地的观众介绍了中国传统文学的魅力和美丽。文章介绍了新纪录片的一些情况以及诗人杜甫的一些个人经历和成就。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Aimed at introducing the charm and beauty of traditional Chinese literature to viewers around the globe, the documentary invited the famous British actor Ian McKellen, who played the wizard Gandalf in the film series The Lord of the Rings, to read 15 of Du’s poems that have been translated into English.(为了向世界各地的观众介绍中国传统文学的魅力和美丽，纪录片邀请了在系列电影《指环王》中扮演巫师甘道夫的著名英国演员Ian McKellen朗读了15首已被翻译成英语的杜甫的诗)”可知，这部纪录片向观众展示了杜甫的15首诗。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“The one-hour film traces the poet’s life experiences in detail. Born in 712, Du lived in the reign of the Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712—756), a time marked by extraordinary prosperity, inclusiveness and glorious cultural accomplishments.(这部长达一小时的电影详细地追溯了这位诗人的人生经历。杜出生于712年，生活在唐玄宗统治时期(712 - 756)，这是一个异常繁荣、包容和辉煌文化成就的时代)”可知，杜甫所在的朝代异常繁荣、社会包容性强且文化成就辉煌，未提及“社会稳定”，故选B。 3. 词句猜测题。that通常指代上文所提到的部分内容。根据倒数第二段“Even though he never held a high position in the government, Du still cared about common people. For example, in the poem My Cottage Unroofed by Autumn Gales, he wrote that ‘Could I get mansions covering ten thousand miles, I’d house all poor scholars and make them beam with pleasure’.”. (虽然杜甫在朝廷里的职位并不高，但他仍然关心老百姓。例如，在诗《茅屋为秋风所破歌》中他写道：‘安得广厦千万间，大庇天下寒士俱欢颜！’)”以及画线词后文“A difficult life and his spirit of concern about the world helped him create so many masterpieces(艰苦的生活和他对世界的关怀帮助他创作了这么多的杰作)”可知，正是杜甫关心普通人的心怀使得他被后人尊为诗圣。That指的是“杜甫对普通百姓的关心”。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Aimed at introducing the charm and beauty of traditional Chinese literature to viewers around the globe, the documentary invited the famous British actor Ian McKellen, who played the wizard Gandalf in the film series The Lord of the Rings, to read 15 of Du’s poems that have been translated into English. (为了向世界各地的观众介绍中国传统文学的魅力和美丽，纪录片邀请了在系列电影《指环王》中扮演巫师甘道夫的著名英国演员Ian McKellen朗读了15首已被翻译成英语的杜甫的诗)”并结合文章主要介绍了一部BBC新纪录片《杜甫：中国最伟大的诗人》可推知，文章可能出现在网站的“文学”版面。故选C。 Passage 6 （23-24高一下·湖北武汉·5月月考） “Why does grandpa have ear hair?” Just a few years ago my child was so curious to know “why” and “how” that we had to cut off her questions five minutes before bedtime. Now a soon-to-be fourth grader, she says that she dislikes school because “it’s not fun to learn.” I am shocked. As a scientist and parent, I have done all to promote a love of learning in my children. Where did I go wrong? My child’s experience is not unique. Psychologist Susan Engel notes that curiosity — defined as “spontaneous (自发的) investigation and eagerness for new information” — drops greatly in children by the fourth grade. In Wonder: Childhood and the Lifelong Love of Science, Yale psychologist Frank C. Keil details the development of wonder — a spontaneous passion to explore, discover, and understand. He takes us on a journey from its early development, when wonder drives common sense and scientific reasoning, through the drop-off in wonder that often occurs, to the trap of life in a society that denies wonder. As Keil notes, children are rich in wonder while they are rapidly developing causal mechanisms (因果机制) in the preschool and early elementary school years. They are sensitive to the others’ knowledge and goals, and they expertly use their desire for questioning. Children’s questions, particularly those about “why” and “how,” support the development of causal mechanisms which can be used to help their day-to-day reasoning. Unfortunately, as Keil notes, “adults greatly underestimate (低估) young children’s causal mechanisms.” In the book, Wonder, Keil shows that we can support children’s ongoing wonder by playing games with them as partners, encouraging question-asking, and focusing on their abilities to reason and conclude. A decline in wonder is not unavoidable. Keil reminds us that we can accept wonder as a positive quality that exists in everyone. I value wonder deeply, and Wonder has given me hope by suggesting a future for my children that will remain wonder-full. 1. How does the author introduce the topic of the passage in paragraph 1? A. By listing some statistics. B. By presenting an explanation. C. By making some comparison. D. By asking some questions. 2. What is a common problem among fourth graders? A. They annoy their parents too often. B. They ask too many strange questions. C. Their desire for fun disappears quickly. D. Their desire to learn weakens sharply. 3. What can be inferred about children’s causal mechanisms in paragraph 4? A. They control children’s sensitivity. B. They slightly change in early childhood. C. They hardly support children’s reasoning. D. They develop by children’s questioning. 4. What is the text? A. A news report. B. A book review. C. A research paper. D. A children’s story. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. D 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是Wonder这本书的主要内容，这本书主要分析的是为什么孩子们对外界事物的好奇会在四年级时急剧减少。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段““Why does grandpa have ear hair?” Just a few years ago my child was so curious to know “why” and “how” that we had to cut off her questions five minutes before bedtime. Now a soon-to-be fourth grader, she says that she dislikes school because “it’s not fun to learn.” I am shocked. As a scientist and parent, I have done all to promote a love of learning in my children. Where did I go wrong?(“爷爷为什么有耳毛？”就在几年前，我的孩子非常想知道“为什么”和“如何”，以至于我们不得不在睡觉前五分钟停止她的问题。现在马上就要上四年级了，她说她不喜欢上学，因为“学习没有乐趣”。我很震惊。作为一名科学家和家长，我竭尽全力培养孩子们对学习的热爱。我哪里做错了？)”可知，第一段通过对比的方式介绍文章的主题。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Developmental psychologist Susan Engel notes that curiosity defined as “spontaneous (自发的)” investigation and eagerness for new information-drops dramatically in children by the fourth grade.(发展心理学家Susan Engel指出，到四年级时，被定义为“自发”调查的好奇心和对新信息的渴望会急剧下降。)”可知，四年级学生的常见问题是他们的学习欲望急剧下降。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Children’s questions, particularly those about “why” and “how” support the development of causal mechanisms which can be used to help their day-to-day reasoning.(孩子们的问题，特别是那些关于“为什么”和“如何”的问题，支持因果机制的发展，可以用来帮助他们的日常推理。)”可知，从第四段可以推断出儿童的因果机制是通过孩子们的提问发展起来的。故选D。 4. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第二段“In the book, Wonder, Keil shows that we can support children’s ongoing wonder by playing games with them as partners, encouraging question-asking, and focusing on their abilities to reason and conclude.(在Wonder这本书中，Keil告诉我们，我们可以通过和孩子们一起玩游戏，鼓励他们提问，关注他们推理和总结的能力，来支持孩子们持续的惊奇。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是Wonder这本书的主要内容，因此本文是这本书的书评。故选B。 Passage 7 （23-24高一下·湖北武汉·期中） As the world’s oldest living organisms, trees have been our silent companions. Although they inspire a large quantity of fancy tales, the richness of what they say is beyond description. The German forester Peter Wohlleben spent decades working and learning their secrets. Feelings are rarely applied to trees, but Wohlleben has done so without hesitation. According to Wohlleben, that humans do not speak the trees’ language does not mean they do not communicate. Trees are badly misunderstood even if they communicate with chemical and electrical signals. Wohlleben claims that trees are creatures as human beings. In one of 50 cases, Wohlleben’s team sees the special friendships between trees, as they can distinguish between one individual and another. This means that trees do not treat all other trees the same. For instance, Wohlleben saw two old beeches standing next to each other. Compared to the usual case, each one growing its branches turned away from the other rather than toward each other. This kind of partnership is well-known to foresters. They know that such tree pairs are really like a human couple. If they chop one down, they need to chop down both because the other will die anyway. Trees were also found to keep each other alive in different ways. They pass food to nearby sick trees and send signals to warn others of dangerous insects. In one of his investigations, Wohlleben also discovered a beech tree cut about 400 to 500 years ago. The trunk is still alive and was found with green chlorophyll (叶绿素) under the thick bark. Since it has no leaves to create sugar, the only explanation is that neighbouring trees have supported this tree for more than centuries. The trees that suffered through drought were found to consume less water in the spring so that they will have more water available in the summer months. This implies that a tree can learn and remember a drought its whole life, acting on that memory by being more cautious about its water consumption. 1. What is the function of the first paragraph? A. To arouse readers’ interest. B. To introduce a topic. C. To present a new discovery. D. To demonstrate a heated debate. 2. According to Wohlleben’s research, what can we learn about trees? A. Trees communicate in the same way as humans. B. Trees can’t tell friends and enemies apart. C. Trees are loyal to their partners. D. Trees can keep each other alive within limited periods. 3. Why do some trees consume less water in the spring? A. Because they have more water available in summer. B. Because they have suffered through drought before. C. Because they don’t need so much water in the spring. D. Because they can depend on the support from other trees. 4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A. Mysteries of trees are unfolded. B. Trees are our silent companions. C. Trees can adapt to the environment. D. Trees can form special relationships. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. B 4. A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要揭露了一些树木之间的秘密，包括树与伙伴之间的关系以及树木以不同的方式相互维持生命等。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“As the world’s oldest living organisms, trees have been our silent companions. Although they inspire a large quantity of fancy tales, the richness of what they say is beyond description.(作为世界上最古老的生物，树木一直是我们沉默的伙伴。虽然它们激发了大量的奇幻故事，但它们所说的内容之丰富是无法形容的)”以及下文揭露了一些树木之间的秘密可知，第一段的作用是引入话题。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“This kind of partnership is well-known to foresters. They know that such tree pairs are really like a human couple. If they chop one down, they need to chop down both because the other will die anyway.(这种伙伴关系为林务人员所熟知。他们知道这样的树对就像人类的夫妻。如果他们砍倒了一个，他们就需要把两个都砍倒，因为另一个无论如何都会死)”可知，树对它们的伴侣很忠诚。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“The trees that suffered through drought were found to consume less water in the spring so that they will have more water available in the summer months.(研究发现，遭受干旱的树木在春天消耗的水更少，这样它们在夏天就有更多的水可用)”可知，有些树在春天耗水量少是因为它们以前遭受过干旱。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第二段“The German forester Peter Wohlleben spent decades working and learning their secrets. Feelings are rarely applied to trees, but Wohlleben has done so without hesitation. According to Wohlleben, that humans do not speak the trees’ language does not mean they do not communicate. Trees are badly misunderstood even if they communicate with chemical and electrical signals.(德国护林员彼得·沃莱本花了几十年的时间研究和了解它们的秘密。感觉很少应用于树木，但Wohlleben毫不犹豫地这样做了。根据Wohlleben的说法，人类不会说树木的语言并不意味着它们不会交流。即使树木用化学和电子信号交流，它们也被严重误解了)”结合文章主要揭露了一些树木之间的秘密，包括树与伙伴之间的关系以及树木以不同的方式相互维持生命等。可知，A选项“树木的奥秘被揭露”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage 8 （23-24高一下·湖北·期中） A small car around the size of a Mini Cooper, the Seagull is a fast-charging electric vehicle (车辆) (EV) produced by BYD. It’s hardly a luxury car but it’s well-equipped, with a power driver’s seat and cruise control. The best part? Its base model costs about $10,700 in China. That’s about a third of the cost of the cheapest EV you can buy in the US. In 2018, Trump put, and Biden has since continued, a special 25 percent tax on Chinese-made cars, on top of the ordinary 2.5 percent tax on foreign-made cars, which perfectly shows that however motivated the Biden government might be by climate concerns, it is much more motivated by a desire to help American carmakers. The basic environmental argument for electric cars is simple: Burning petrol in internal combustion enginest (内燃机) produces CO2. Electric cars emit (排放) less per mile traveled both because some electricity is generated through clean sources like wind, solar, and because electric motors are far more efficient than petrol engines. EVs are slightly more carbon-intensive (密集) to produce in the first place, but most estimates suggest the lower per-mile emissions of EVs quickly make up for the extra emissions involved in their creation. But is this still true for Chinese EVs? China still gets more than 60 percent of its electricity from coal, compared to less than 20 percent in the US. So, does this mean that BYD’s cheap EVs are bad for the environment? Hardly. Close to 90 percent of the emissions of a fossil fuel vehicle (化石燃料汽车) are from the combustion of the fuel. Besides, EVs of whatever origin are getting cleaner over time as the electrical grid (电网) gets cleaner. That means EVs will do even more for the environment as the years go on. The biggest factor for China is that they control all the upstream material supply chain for lithium batteries (锂电池). Even if your EV’s battery is made by a plant of Panasonic in the US, the raw materials for that are processed in China first. “Part of why they’re so successful is they’ve been thinking outside the box on cost reduction for a long time,” an expert says. 1. What can be inferred from the first paragraph? A. Chinese EVs are a threat to American electric cars. B. American government has placed a ban on Chinese EVs. C. The seagull provides luxury experience at a reasonable price. D. Climate concerns are the only driver of EV development in the US. 2. What does the author think of EVs? A. They are no better than typical gas vehicles. B. Their power is generated in green ways. C. They are eco-friendly in the long run. D. Their production causes no pollution. 3. What is the advantage of Chinese EV industry? A. Lower carbon emission. B. The advanced technology. C. The low budget marketing. D. The control of raw materials for batteries. 4. What is the best title of the passage? A. EVs: opportunity and challenge. B. Chinese EVs: powering ahead. C. Green cars: a long way to go. D. Petrol vehicles: faded glory. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章以比亚迪的廉价电动汽车为例，说明中国电动汽车的情况。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“In 2018, Trump put, and Biden has since continued, a special 25 percent tax on Chinese-made cars, on top of the ordinary 2.5 percent tax on foreign-made cars, which perfectly shows that however motivated the Biden government might be by climate concerns, it is much more motivated by a desire to help American carmakers.( 2018年，除了对外国制造的汽车征收2.5%的普通税外，特朗普还对中国制造的汽车征收了25%的特别税，此后拜登一直在继续征收这一税。这充分表明，无论拜登政府是出于气候问题的考虑，它的动机更多的是出于帮助美国汽车制造商的愿望)”可知，美国政府对中国制造的汽车征收特别税，是为了帮助美国汽车制造商，由此推知中国的电动汽车对美国的电动汽车构成了威胁。故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段末句“That means EVs will do even more for the environment as the years go on.(这意味着随着时间的推移，电动汽车将为环境做出更大的贡献)”可知，作者认为从长远看电动汽车是环保的。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“The biggest factor for China is that they control all the upstream material supply chain for lithium batteries (锂电池). Even if your EV’s battery is made by a plant of Panasonic in the US, the raw materials for that are processed in China first.(对中国来说，最大的因素是他们控制了锂电池的所有上游材料供应链。即使你的电动汽车的电池是由松下在美国的一家工厂生产的，其原材料也是首先在中国加工的)”可知，中国电动汽车行业的优势是对电池原材料的控制，故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第三段中“So, does this mean that BYD’s cheap EVs are bad for the environment? Hardly.(那么，这是否意味着比亚迪的廉价电动汽车对环境有害呢？几乎没有)”和最后一段中“‘Part of why they’re so successful is they’ve been thinking outside the box on cost reduction for a long time,’ an expert says.(一位专家表示：‘他们如此成功的部分原因是，他们长期以来一直在降低成本方面跳出常规思维。’)”可知，文章以比亚迪的廉价电动汽车为例，说明中国电动汽车的情况，B项“中国电动汽车：砥砺前行”为最佳标题，故选B。 Passage 9 （23-24高二下·湖北荆州·5月月考） Falling birth rates are a major concern for some of Asia’s biggest economies. Government s in the region are spending hundreds of billions of dollars trying to reverse the trend. Will it work? Japan began introducing policies to encourage couples to have more children in the 1990s. South Korea started doing the same in the 2000s, while Singapore’s first fertility (生育) policy dates back to 1987. China, which has seen its population fall for the first time in 60 years, recently joined the growing club. While it is difficult to quantify exactly how much these policies have cost, South Korean President YoonSuk-yeol recently said his country had spent more than $200bn (£160bn) over the past 16 years on trying to boost the population. Yet last year South Korea broke its own record for the world’s lowest fertility rate, with the average number of babies expected per woman falling to 0.78. In neighbouring Japan, which had record low births of fewer than 800,000 last year, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida has promised to double the budget for child-related policies from 10tn yen ($74.7bn; £59.2bn). Having a bigger population who can work and produce more goods and services leads to higher economic growth. And while a larger population can mean higher costs for governments, it can also result in bigger tax revenues (税收). Also, many Asian countries are ageing rapidly. Japan leads the pack with nearly 30% of its population now over the age of 65 and some other nations in the region are not far behind. Compare that with India, which has just overtaken China as the world’s most populous nation. More than a quarter of its people are between the age of 10 and 20, which gives its economy huge potential for growth. And when the share of the working age population gets smaller, the cost and burden of looking after the non-working population grow. “Negative population growth has an impact on the economy, and together with an ageing population, they won’t be able to afford to support the elderly,” said Xiujian Peng of Victoria University. 1. Which Asian country first took measures to increase population in this passage? A. Japan. B. South Korea. C. Singapore. D. China. 2. What can we learn about the population of Asian countries from the passage? A. Japan hit the lowest record of new-born babies last year. B. India has the largest and youngest population in the world. C. China’s population has been decreasing in the recent 60 years. D. South Korea had the lowest population record last year in the world. 3. What can we infer from paragraph 4? A. The economy of India will overtake that of Japan. B. Negative population growth leads to an ageing population. C. The larger the population is, the better the economy will be. D. A bigger share of working age population helps support the elderly. 4. What’s the main idea of this passage? A. Low birth rate is a negative factor for economy. B. China is joining the countries of low birth rate. C. Many Asian countries came to negative population growth. D. Many Asian countries are trying all out to battle low birth rate. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了亚洲出生率下降这一现象，许多亚洲国家正采取措施竭尽全力与低出生率作斗争。 1. 细节理解题。由第二段“Japan began introducing policies to encourage couples to have more children in the 1990s. South Korea started doing the same in the 2000s, while Singapore’s first fertility (生育) policy dates back to 1987. China, which has seen its population fall for the first time in 60 years, recently joined the growing club. (20世纪90年代，日本开始出台鼓励夫妇多生孩子的政策。韩国在21世纪初就开始这样做，而新加坡的第一个生育政策可以追溯到1987年。中国60年来首次出现人口下降，最近加入了这个不断增长的俱乐部)”可知，新加坡早在1987年首先采取了增加人口的措施。故选C项。 2. 细节理解题。由第三段中“In neighbouring Japan, which had record low births of fewer than 800,000 last year, Prime Minister Fumio Kishida has promised to double the budget for child-related policies from 10tn yen ($74.7bn; £59.2bn). (在邻国日本，去年出生率创下历史新低，不到80万，首相岸田文雄承诺将儿童相关政策的预算从10万亿日元（747亿美元；592亿英镑）增加一倍)”可知，日本去年创下新生儿出生率的最低纪录。故选A项。 3. 推理判断题。由第四段中“And when the share of the working age population gets smaller, the cost and burden of looking after the non-working population grow. “Negative population growth has an impact on the economy, and together with an ageing population, they won’t be able to afford to support the elderly,” said Xiujian Peng of Victoria University. (当劳动年龄人口的比例越来越小时，照顾非劳动人口的成本和负担就会增加。维多利亚大学的彭秀建说：“人口负增长会对经济产生影响，再加上人口老龄化，他们将无法负担赡养老人的费用。”)”可知，能工作的人口比例小，说明不能工作的人口比例大，加上老龄化，小比例的能工作的人口无法负担赡养不断增长的老人的费用，可得出更大比例的劳动年龄人口有助于赡养老年人。故选D项。 4. 主旨大意题。由第一段中“Falling birth rates are a major concern for some of Asia’s biggest economies. Government s in the region are spending hundreds of billions of dollars trying to reverse the trend. (出生率下降是亚洲一些最大经济体的主要担忧。该地区的政府正花费数千亿美元试图扭转这一趋势)”和全文可知，文章讲述了亚洲出生率下降这一现象，许多亚洲国家正采取措施竭尽全力与低出生率作斗争，D项“许多亚洲国家正竭尽全力与低出生率作斗争”是文章大意。故选D项。 Passage 10 （23-24高一下·湖北武汉·期中） Well, let’s continue from where we stopped last time. I’m sure you’re well aware of the dangers lurking (潜伏) on the World Wide Web. And whether it’s for schoolwork, entertainment, or just socializing with friends. the Internet will surely be a major part of your child’s life. So, it’s important to secure their online stays. It’s not an easy task, but maintaining open communication is key. Let them know they can share their online activities with you. Discuss what interests them online and learn about popular websites and apps from them. This will help you understand and identify potential risks. Next, monitor without spying. Most kids learn to understand boundaries, like respecting others’ personal space, or not opening the cookie jar without asking. Internet use is no different. It’s helpful to set clear rules for them. like which websites they can visit, which apps they can use, and what they can share online. Remind them that if they feel uneasy with anything that occurs online, they need to alert (使警觉) an adult immediately. How you handle your kids’ internet usage will depend in large part on their age. There are websites and browsing tools designed for younger children, such as YouTube Kids, which aims to provide a safe online experience for children. Older kids may be allowed more freedom since they want to socialize and need to use the internet for information-gathering. But you can set boundaries that feel right for you. Just limit their access appropriately. Allowing your children to make good decisions online teaches them responsibility, shows that you trust them. and reminds them that rules may be tightened if they disobey them. Stay tuned. 1. What did the author talk about last time? A. The potential risks of the Internet. B. The influence of the Internet. C. Information offered by the Internet. D. The importance of the World Wide Web. 2. What does the author suggest parents do to better understand their kids’ online behavior? A. Communicate with children actively. B. Spy on their children’s online activities. C. Share online activities with their children. D. Set strict rules for internet usage without discussion. 3. What can be inferred from the passage about older kids? A. They should be prevented from using the internet. B. They can have more freedom to access the internet. C. They should be monitored more closely than younger kids. D. They should only use the internet for information gathering. 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. How to Limit Kids’ Screen Time B. How to Keep Your Kids Safe Online C. How to Set Online Boundaries for Kids D. How to Monitor Your Kids’ Online Activities 【答案】1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了如何确保孩子们在网络上的安全，提到了维护开放沟通、监测而不窥探、根据孩子的年龄处理他们的网络使用以及让孩子在线上做出好的决定等方法。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Well, let’s continue from where we stopped last time. I’m sure you’re well aware of the dangers lurking (潜伏) on the World Wide Web.(好吧，让我们从上次停止的地方继续。我相信你很清楚万维网上潜藏的危险)”可知，上次谈论了互联网上的潜在风险，故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s not an easy task, but maintaining open communication is key. Let them know they can share their online activities with you. Discuss what interests them online and learn about popular websites and apps from them. This will help you understand and identify potential risks.(这不是一件容易的事，但保持开放的沟通是关键。让他们知道他们可以和你分享他们的在线活动。在网上讨论他们感兴趣的东西，从他们那里了解流行的网站和应用程序。这将帮助你了解和识别潜在的风险)”可知，作者建议父母积极与孩子交流来更好地了解孩子的上网行为。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Older kids may be allowed more freedom since they want to socialize and need to use the internet for information-gathering.(大一点的孩子可能会有更多的自由，因为他们想要社交，需要使用互联网来收集信息)”可知，大孩子可以更自由地上网。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“And whether it’s for schoolwork, entertainment, or just socializing with friends. the Internet will surely be a major part of your child’s life. So, it’s important to secure their online stays.(无论是为了学习、娱乐，还是只是和朋友社交。互联网肯定会成为你孩子生活的重要组成部分。所以，确保他们的在线住宿是很重要的)”结合文章主要讨论了如何确保孩子们在网络上的安全，提到了维护开放沟通、监测而不窥探、根据孩子的年龄处理他们的网络使用以及让孩子在线上做出好的决定等方法。可知，B选项“如何让你的孩子安全上网”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage 11 （23-24高一下·福建泉州·期中） Plastic is everywhere, from the Arctic ice to vital organs in the human body. In fact, previous estimates suggest that the average person swallows a credit card-worth of microscopic plastic particles (颗粒) every week. But new research shows that this could actually be an understatement. Microplastics are plastics smaller than 5 millimeters, found in industrial waste, beauty products, and formed during the degradation of larger plastic pieces. Over time, they break down into even smaller nanoplastics. These tiny particles can pass through our intestines and lungs into our bloodstreams, reaching vital organs like the heart and brain. While the idea of eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the major concern here is that these plastic particles contain chemicals that can interrupt our body’s natural release of hormones, potentially increasing our risk of reproductive disorders and certain cancers. They can also carry toxins (毒素) on their surface like heavy metals. In the past, researchers have shown bottled water can contain tens of thousands of identifiable plastic fragments in a single container. However, until recently, only the larger microplastics were detectable with available measuring tools, leaving the area of nanoplastics largely a mystery. Using Raman microscopy (显微镜学), capable of detecting particles down to the size of a flu virus, the team measured an average of 240, 000 particles of plastic per liter of bottled water, 90 percent of which were nanoplastics, a revelation 10 to 100 times larger than previous estimates. These plastics likely originate from the bottle material, filters used to “purify” the water, and the source water itself. “It is not totally unexpected to find so much of this stuff, ” the study’s lead author, Columbia graduate student Naixin Qian, said in a statement. His team hopes to expand their research into tap water and other water sources to better inform our exposure to these potentially dangerous particles. “The idea is that the smaller things get, the more of them I reveal, ” he added. 1. What is the primary focus of the new research? A. The presence of plastic particles. B. The use of plastic in everyday products. C. The detection methods for microplastics. D. The potential risks of nanoplastics to human. 2. What is the advantage of Raman microscopy? A. Finding the source of plastic particles. B. Helping to cure the deadly flu virus. C. Detecting the smaller plastic particles. D. Improving the quality of bottled water. 3. Why will the team expand their research into tap water? A. To focus on areas with higher plastic pollution. B. To be aware of the dangerous particles in daily life. C. To further measure the types of particles in tap water. D. To detect the smaller plastic particles in industrial areas. 4. What is Qian’s attitude towards his research? A. Skeptical. B. Objective. C. Conservative. D. Positive. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 【导语】本文是说明文。主要介绍了一项新的研究揭示微塑料和纳米塑料对人体健康的潜在影响。 1. 细节理解题。根据第三段“While the idea of eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the major concern here is that these plastic particles contain chemicals that can interrupt our body’s natural release of hormones, potentially increasing our risk of reproductive disorders and certain cancers. They can also carry toxins (毒素) on their surface like heavy metals. (虽然吃塑料的想法本身就令人不安，但主要的担忧是，这些塑料颗粒含有的化学物质会中断我们身体自然释放的激素，可能会增加我们患生殖障碍和某些癌症的风险。它们的表面也会携带重金属等毒素。)” 可知，新研究的焦点是纳米塑料对人体可能造成的风险。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第五段“Using Raman microscopy (显微镜学), capable of detecting particles down to the size of a flu virus, the team measured an average of 240, 000 particles of plastic per liter of bottled water, 90 percent of which were nanoplastics, a revelation 10 to 100 times larger than previous estimates.(利用拉曼显微镜，能够检测到流感病毒大小的颗粒，研究小组测量到每升瓶装水中平均有24万个塑料颗粒，其中90%是纳米塑料，比之前估计的要大10到100倍。)”可知，拉曼显微镜学的优势是能够检测到非常小的塑料颗粒。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“His team hopes to expand their research into tap water and other water sources to better inform our exposure to these potentially dangerous particles.(他的团队希望将他们的研究扩展到自来水和其他水源，以更好地了解我们接触这些潜在危险颗粒的情况。)”可以推断出，研究小组将研究扩展到自来水等其他水源是为了让人们意识到在日常生活中面临的颗粒风险。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中Qian的话 “It is not totally unexpected to find so much of this stuff (发现这么多这种东西并不完全出乎意料) ” 及 “The idea is that the smaller things get, the more of them I reveal (我的想法是，东西越小，我揭示的东西就越多)” 可知他并不对发现大量微塑料感到完全意外，并且研究对象越小，揭示的就会越多，因此可以推断出Qian对他的研究持积极态度。故选D。 Passage 12 （23-24学年高一下·福建省泉州期中） A diet high in fats and sugars actually affects the parts of the brain that are important to memory and makes people more likely to desire for unhealthful food, says American psychologist Terry Davidson. Davidson didn’t start out studying people’s eating. Instead, he was interested in learning about the hippocampus (海马体), a part of the brain heavily involved in memory. He noticed something strange when he studied mice with hippocampal damage. They would go to pick up food more often than the others, but they would eat a little bit, then drop it. Davidson realized these mice didn’t know they were full. He says something similar may happen in human brains when people eat a diet high in fat and sugar. If our brain system is damaged by that diet, that makes it harder for us to stop eating that diet. The evidence is growing. In another study by Cambridge psychologist Lucy Cheke, her researchers asked obese (肥胖的) and thin people to do a memory task, a virtual treasure hunt. The subjects had to hide something in a scene across various computer sessions (会话框), then they were asked what they hid, where they hid it and in which session. The obese people were 15-20 percent worse than the thin ones in all aspects of the experiment. Cheke says with the link between obesity and the brain growing as a field of research, we could see more ways of targeting obesity. For example, if the problem is that obese peopled diet degrades their memory, perhaps making peopled meals more memorable would help them eat less bad stuff. Previous researches showed that watching TV while eating will probably make people eat more, get hungry in the afternoon and eat more at dinner. So Cheke suggests not watching TV while eating. It is one of the easy changes people can make that don’t involve much self-control, but that makes a great difference. 1. What inspired Davidson’s new finding? A. The growing popularity of unhealthy diet. B. His former study on hippocampus. C. His research on people’s eating habits. D. The strange behaviour of the studied mice. 2. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. A sense of hunger. B. The similarity in brains. C. The damage of brain. D. A diet high in fat and sugar. 3. What are the subjects in Cheke’s study required to do? A. Memorize the treasure locations. B. Answer questions on their hiding task. C. Chat on various computer sessions. D. Conduct an experiment with obesity. 4. What is the last paragraph mainly about? A. Possible approaches to targeting obesity. B. The research’s contribution to brain science. C. The link between obesity and memory. D. Changes of people’s living habits. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究发现，该研究表明高脂肪和高糖的饮食实际上会影响大脑中对记忆很重要的部分，使人们更容易想吃不健康的食物。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Davidson didn’t start out studying people’s eating. Instead, he was interested in learning about the hippocampus（海马体）, a part of the brain heavily involved in memory. He noticed something strange when he studied mice with hippocampal damage. They would go to pick up food more often than the others, but they would eat a little bit, then drop it.(戴维森一开始并没有研究人们的饮食。相反，他感兴趣的是学习海马体，这是大脑中与记忆密切相关的一部分。当他研究海马损伤的老鼠时，他注意到了一些奇怪的事情。他们会比其他老鼠更频繁地去捡食物，但他们会吃一点，然后扔掉。)”可知，Davidson是注意到做实验的老鼠的一些奇怪的行为才开始自己的研究。故选D。 2. 词句猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“If our brain system is damaged by that diet (如果我们的大脑系统被这种饮食破坏了)”可知，下文的“that”指的是大脑被饮食损坏。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“In another study by Cambridge psychologist Lucy Cheke, her researchers asked obese（肥胖的）and thin people to do a memory task, a virtual treasure hunt. The subjects had to hide something in a scene across various computer sessions（会话框）, then they were asked what they hid, where they hid it and in which session. The obese people were 15-20 percent worse than the thin ones in all aspects of the experiment.(在剑桥大学心理学家Lucy Cheke的另一项研究中，她的研究人员让肥胖者和瘦子做一项记忆任务，这是一场虚拟的寻宝游戏。受试者必须在不同的计算机会话中隐藏某个场景中的东西，然后问他们隐藏了什么，藏在哪里，在哪个会话中。在实验的各个方面，肥胖的人比瘦弱的人差15- 20%。)”可知，在Lucy Cheke的实验中，参与实验的人员被要求回答一些和藏东西有关的问题。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Cheke says with the link between obesity and the brain growing as a field of research, we could see more ways of targeting obesity.( Cheke说，随着肥胖和大脑之间的联系成为一个研究领域，我们可以看到更多针对肥胖的方法。)”以及“So Cheke suggests not watching TV while eating. It is one of the easy changes people can make that don’t involve much self-control, but that makes a great difference.(所以Cheke建议不要边吃边看电视。这是人们可以做的一个简单的改变，不需要太多的自我控制，但却会产生很大的不同。)”可知，最后一段主要讲述的是减肥的一些可能的方法。故选A。 Passage 13 （23-24高一下·福建莆田·期中） My father started learning French at 57, drawn by the potential benefits of bilingualism (双语能力) in delaying dementia (失智症). Now, 20 years later, he’s on his third teacher. Many people like my father have attempted to pick up a new language. But can this really boost brain health? According to experts, regularly using a new language brings cognitive (认知的) benefits. If you’re trying to recall the right words in another language, your brain is forced to inhibit your mother tongue. This process, called cognitive inhibition, helps improve your brain function. Repeating this process makes your brain more resistant to diseases like dementia. The more you challenge your brain, the better it functions, even if your brain health starts to decline. However, evidence for the benefits of learning a second language in your 60s is weaker. Research by Dr. Leo Antoniou found that older Italians who took English lessons for four months didn’t see any difference in their cognition scores, but people who didn’t saw their scores decline. Prof. Diana Smith’s 2023 studies found similar results. Researchers offered a few potential explanations for their disappointing results. One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, probably of high cognitive level for their age, making it hard to see any improvements. “When choosing participants, we have to be careful, are they really representative of the population?” said Dr. Judith Ware. Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short. These studies have used language lessons that “were very different in their length and frequency,” said Prof. Laura Grossman. To Dr. Antoniou, the limited findings are not entirely surprising. No one would say that learning a new language for six months would be the same as having used two languages for your entire life. But he does think that language lessons can provide cognitive benefits by being cognitively stimulating. Perhaps more important, Prof. Grossman said, learning another language offers other potential advantages, like traveling or connecting with new communities. My father, for example, has remained pen friends with his first teacher and traveled to France numerous times. And at 76, he’s as sharp as ever. 1. What happens in the process of “cognitive inhibition”? A. Memory improves. B. Brain health worsens. C. Dementia is cured. D. Native language is held back. 2. Which is a possible explanation for the disappointing research results? A. The poor choice of research participants. B. The great length of the language course. C. The intervention of the first language. D. The age difference of the research subjects. 3. Whose opinion does the author support by mentioning his father’s experience? A. Leo Antoniou’s. B. Diana Smith’s. C. Laura Grossman’s. D. Judith Ware’s. 4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. Is it never too late to learn a new language? B. Can learning a new language delay dementia? C. Why does my father start learning a new language? D. How does learning a new language benefit aging brain? 【答案】1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要讨论了学习新语言是否能提高大脑健康，尤其是对于年纪较大的人来说，是否能延缓痴呆症的发生。 1. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“If you’re trying to recall the right words in another language, your brain is forced to inhibit your mother tongue. This process, called cognitive inhibition, helps improve your brain function.”（如果你试图用另一种语言回忆正确的单词，你的大脑会被迫抑制你的母语。这个过程被称为认知抑制，有助于提高你的大脑功能。）可知，认知抑制的过程中，母语被抑制。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers, probably of high cognitive level for their age, making it hard to see any improvements.”（一种可能的解释是参与者都是高度积极的志愿者，他们的认知水平可能已经很高，这使得改进变得难以察觉。）可知，研究结果不尽人意的一个可能的解释是研究参与者的选择不佳。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据第五段“But he does think that language lessons can provide cognitive benefits by being cognitively stimulating.”（但是他确实认为，语言课程可以通过认知刺激来提供认知益处。）和文章最后一段“My father, for example, has remained pen friends with his first teacher and traveled to France numerous times. And at 76, he’s as sharp as ever.”（例如，我的父亲一直与他的第一位老师保持笔友关系，并多次去法国旅行。现在他76岁了，他的头脑依然敏锐。）可知，作者通过提到他父亲的经历来支持Laura Grossman的观点，即学习另一种语言提供了其他潜在的优势，如旅行或与新的社区建立联系。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“My father started learning French at 57, drawn by the potential benefits of bilingualism (双语能力) in delaying dementia (失智症).”（我父亲57岁开始学习法语，被双语能力在延缓失智症方面的潜在好处所吸引。）以及“But can this really boost brain health?”（但这真的能促进大脑健康吗?）可知，短文的最佳标题为“学习一门新语言能延缓失智症吗？”。故选B。 Passage 14 （23-24学年高一下·福建省四地五校联考期中） Teenagers have long been told that being active and taking part in various sports is good for their health. But new research suggests that too much sport for teenagers could negatively affect their well-being just as much as too little sport. Researchers from Switzerland say their study suggests that 14 hours of physical activity a week is best for promoting good health in teenagers. However, they found that more than 14 hours appears to be detrimental to their health. To reach their findings, the researchers surveyed more than 1,245 teenagers aged between 16 and 20 from Switzerland. All participants were required to answer questions on height and weight, sports practice, sports injuries and well-being. Their well-being was assessed (评估) using the World Health Organization (WHO) Well-Being Index, and the average well-being score for all participants was 17. The researchers divided sports participation into low (0 — 3.5 hours a week), average (3.6 — 10.5 hours), high (10.6 — 17.5 hours), and very high (more than 17.5 hours). The researchers found that participants in the low and very high activity groups were more than twice as likely to have well-being scores below 13, compared with participants in the average group. The researchers found that the highest well-being scores were gotten by participants who carried cut around 14 hours of physical activity a week, but exercising beyond 14 hours resulted in lower well-being scores. Commenting on their findings, the researchers say physical activity has been connected with positive emotional well-being, reduced sadness, anxiety and stress disorders, and improved self-respect in teenagers. The researchers suggest that their study stresses the importance for physicians caring for teenagers to check their level of sports practice and ask them about their well-being. Teenagers probably need a supportive and closer follow-up of their health and well-being. The findings can provide information for guideline groups who produce recommendations on sports practice for teenagers. 1. What does the underlined word “detrimental” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Useless. B. Important. C. Reasonable. D. Harmful. 2. What do the researchers find out? A. Low sports participation causes overweight. B. The sports participation is divided into four levels. C. The highest well-being scores are gotten in the “high” group. D. The average well-being score of teenagers between 16 and 20 in Switzerland is 17. 3. Where is this text probably taken from? A. A research paper. B. A health magazine. C. A business report. D. A fitness diary. 4. What is the text mainly about? A. Measures to improve teenagers’ well-being. B. Concerns of physicians about teenagers’ well-being. C. Importance of physical activities on teenagers’ well-being. D. Relationship between sports participation and teenagers’ well-being. 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了瑞士的一项研究发现，对于青少年来说，每周进行14小时的体育活动最有益于健康，而超过这个时间则可能对他们的健康产生负面影响。 1. 词句猜测题。划线词句前文“Researchers from Switzerland say their study suggests that 14 hours of physical activity a week is best for promoting good health in teenagers.(来自瑞士的研究人员表示，他们的研究表明，每周14小时的体育活动对促进青少年的健康是最好的)”和第一段中“But new research suggests that too much sport for teenagers could negatively affect their well-being just as much as too little sport.(但新的研究表明，青少年运动过多和运动过少一样会对他们的健康产生负面影响)”说明研究表明每周14小时的体育活动最好，过多也会有害健康，从而推知划线词句“However, they found that more than 14 hours appears to be detrimental to their health.(然而，他们发现，超过14小时的运动看来对他们的健康detrimental)”可知，划线部分意思是“有害的”。故选D项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段“The researchers divided sports participation into low (0 —3.5 hours a week), average (3.6 — 10.5 hours), high (10.6 — 17.5 hours), and very high (more than 17.5 hours). The researchers found that participants in the low and very high activity groups were more than twice as likely to have well-being scores below 13, compared with participants in the average group. The researchers found that the highest well-being scores were gotten by participants who carried cut around 14 hours of physical activity a week, but exercising beyond 14 hours resulted in lower well-being scores.(研究人员将参与体育活动分为低（每周0-3.5小时）、平均（3.6 -10.5小时）、高（10.6 - 17.5小时）和非常高（超过17.5小时）。研究人员发现，与平均水平组的参与者相比，低运动量组和高运动量组的参与者幸福感得分低于13分的可能性是后者的两倍多。研究人员发现，每周锻炼14小时左右的人幸福感得分最高，但超过14小时的锻炼会导致幸福感得分较低)”可知，研究人员发现幸福感得分最高的是“高”组。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Teenagers have long been told that being active and taking part in various sports is good for their health. But new research suggests that too much sport for teenagers could negatively affect their well-being just as much as too little sport.(青少年一直被告知积极参加各种体育运动对他们的健康有好处。但新的研究表明，青少年运动过多和运动过少一样会对他们的健康产生负面影响)”可知，本文是一篇有关青少年健康的文章，应该取自健康杂志。故选B项。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，根据第四段中“The researchers found that the highest well-being scores were gotten by participants who carried cut around 14 hours of physical activity a week, but exercising beyond 14 hours resulted in lower well-being scores.(研究人员发现，每周锻炼14小时左右的人幸福感得分最高，但超过14小时的锻炼会导致幸福感得分较低)”以及第五段“Commenting on their findings, the researchers say physical activity has been connected with positive emotional well-being, reduced sadness, anxiety and stress disorders, and improved self-respect in teenagers.(在评论他们的研究结果时，研究人员表示，体育活动与积极的情绪健康、减少悲伤、焦虑和压力障碍以及提高青少年的自尊有关)”可知，这篇文章的主要内容是参加体育活动与青少年幸福感的关系。故选D项。 Passage 15 （24-25高一下·福建福州·期中） In the not-so-distant future, the doctors who treat our diseases might be tiny machines that swim through our bodies. Movies like Fantastic Voyage have long played with the idea of making machines the size of a single cell (细胞) — today advances in robotics have brought the idea ever closer to reality. In my lab, I’m just trying to build such intelligent, or smart, microrobots. Tiny organisms (living things), such as bacteria (细菌), have many intelligent behaviors, and if we can make robots copy some of them, it’s very exciting. The way bacteria travel across their environment is unbelievable. At first, they kind of just aimlessly move around, but when they start sensing food, like an amino acid (氨基酸), they will move gradually in that direction. As a roboticist, you could imagine making tiny robots that can do the same thing. For example, look at something like E. coli (大肠杆菌). It has receptors on its surface that can sense amino acids around it. It can change how it’s moving. It can rebuild or repair itself. In fact, E. coli does all these so well that some researchers are using it as part of their tiny machines. They are having their microrobots get free rides from it, and letting it do all the sensing for them and direct their movements. We’re already using smaller and smaller medical tools for operations, like catheters (long thin pipes) that can travel deep into your brain to treat a tumor (肿瘤) or a blood clot. Next, we will put microrobots into the body that can travel into even smaller spaces and treat disease at an early stage. Imagine a device that can treat a blood clot deep in your brain that can’t be reached with existing catheters. It’s important to note, though, that we may not actually need something as powerful as artificial intelligence (AI) in these cases. You can still build an extremely useful microrobot with a low degree of intelligence. For example: If a microrobot notices a tumor, it can slowly move in that direction, and carry medicine directly to that part. It might only have the intelligence of bacteria but could still be unbelievably effective. 1. Which of the following inspires the author’s work? A. Bacteria’s ability to stay alive. B. Movies about tiny machines. C. Tiny organisms’ behaviors. D. New advances in robotics. 2. What are some researchers doing according to paragraph 3? A. Letting E. coli work for their tiny robots. B. Using microrobots to sense amino acids. C. Asking robots to direct bacteria’s movements. D. Changing tiny machines into bacteria’s drivers. 3. What does the author think of existing catheters? A. They are unlikely to be widely used by doctors. B. They are unable to get to tinier areas in the body. C. They will be smaller than microrobots in the future. D. They can help doctors treat disease at an earlier stage. 4. Why does the author give the example in the last paragraph? A. To show microrobots can treat tumors very easily. B. To show AI’s important role in developing tiny robots. C. To explain the connection between AI and microrobots. D. To explain limited intelligence is enough for microrobots. 5. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Artificial Intelligence: The Core of Future Medical Tools B. Bacteria: Nature’s Tiny Engineers Guiding Robotics C. The Challenges of Creating Cell-Sized Machines D. Microrobots: Tiny Healers Inspired by Nature 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. D 【导语】本文是说明文。在不远的将来，像细胞一样大的机器人将进入人体治疗疾病。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In the not-so-distant future, the doctors who treat our diseases might be tiny machines that swim through our bodies. (在不久的将来，治疗我们疾病的医生可能是在我们体内游动的微型机器)”和“In my lab, I’m just trying to build such intelligent, or smart, microrobots. (在我的实验室里，我正试图制造这种智能的微型机器人)”以及第二段的内容，尤其是“As a roboticist, you could imagine making tiny robots that can do the same thing. (作为一名机器人专家，你可以想象制造出能做同样事情的微型机器人)”可知，微生物的智能行为给作者的工作带来了灵感。作者是机器人专家，他想制造智能微型机器人，让它们做微生物可以做到的事。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In fact, E. coli does all these so well that some researchers are using it as part of their tiny machines. They are having their microrobots get free rides from it, and letting it do all the sensing for them and direct their movements.(事实上，大肠杆菌在这些方面做得非常好，以至于一些研究人员把它作为他们的微型机器的一部分。他们让他们的微型机器人免费乘坐它，让它为它们做所有的传感和指导它们的行动)”可知，一些研究人员正在利用大肠杆菌为他们的微型机器人工作。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Next, we will put microrobots into the body that can travel into even smaller spaces and treat disease at an early stage. Imagine a device that can treat a blood clot deep in your brain that can’t be reached with existing catheters.(接下来，我们将把微型机器人植入人体内，它们可以进入更小的空间，在早期治疗疾病。想象一下，一种设备可以治疗你大脑深处的血块，而现有的导管无法到达)”可知，作者认为现有的医用导管不能到达人体内更微小的地方。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“It might only have the intelligence of bacteria but could still be unbelievably effective.(它可能只有细菌的智力，但仍然可能是令人难以置信的有效)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了说明简单的智能对微型机器人来说已经够用了。故选D。 5. 主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“In the not-so-distant future, the doctors who treat our diseases might be tiny machines that swim through our bodies. (在不久的将来，治疗我们疾病的医生可能是在我们体内游动的微型机器)”可知，文章聚焦微型机器人（microrobots）的研发，强调其灵感来源于细菌等微生物的智能行为（如感知环境、定向移动等），并展望其在未来医疗中治疗疾病的作用‌, 选项D‌ “微型机器人：受大自然启发的微型治疗者”精准概括了全文核心。故选D。 Passage 16 （23-24高一下·浙江·期中） An increase in a country’s working-age population is a blessing. Lots of workers support relatively few children and retired people. So long as the labor market can absorb an increasing number of job-seekers, output per head will rise. That can boost savings and investment, leading to higher economic growth, more productivity gains and developmental speed-up. Yet for countries that fail to seize this opportunity, the results can be tough. Consider Thailand. It is rapidly aging. In 2021, the share of Thais aged 65 or over hit 14%, a figure that is often used to define an aged society Soon Thailand will, like Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, see a decreasing supply of workers and flagging productivity and growth without extraordinary measures. Yet unlike Japan and the rest. Thailand is not a developed country. It has got old before it has got rich. This is a big barrier to Thailand’s future development. To protect its aging citizens, many of whom are poor, Thailand’s government will have to spend more on health care and pensions (养老金). This will make it harder to invest in productivity-boosting skills and infrastructure (基础设施). And where Thailand goes, many developing countries will follow. One conclusion is that countries with a working-age burst need seeking more economic growth out of it. India may never have a better chance than the present. It is widely accepted that privatization and looser foreign-investment rules could raise its growth rate. Another conclusion is that developing countries need to start planning for old age earlier. They should reform their pension systems, including by raising retirement ages. They should encourage financial markets, providing options for long-term saving and health insurance. And they should try harder to increase female participation in the labor force. Getting more women into jobs would help deal with the fact that women live longer than men, but tend to have less savings and pensions, leaving them in difficult situations in old age. 1. What does “opportunity” in the first paragraph refer to? A. Providing more jobs for working-age laborers. B. Reducing support for children and the elderly. C. Encouraging investment for economic growth. D. Increasing economic output and labor productivity. 2. Why is aging considered a barrier to Thailand’s future development? A. It causes a shortage of young workers. B. It forces the country to invest in infrastructure. C. It leads to less investment in economic development. D. It increases the burden on the working-age population. 3. Why is it important for developing countries to involve more women in labor force? A. To extend women’s retirement ages. B. To encourage women to be included in health insurance. C. To equalize the number of men and women in the workplace. D. To settle the conflict between women’s long lifespan and small pension. 4. What is the best title of the passage? A. Aging Problems in Developing Countries. B. Planning Ahead for Aging Societies. C. Challenges and Opportunities of Aging Societies. D. The Role of Female Labors in Addressing the Aging Issue. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. D 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要是关于工作年龄人口增加对经济增长的潜在影响，以及那些过早面临老龄化挑战的国家所面临的问题和应对策略。 1. 词句猜测题。根据第一段“opportunity”上文的“An increase in a country’s working-age population is a blessing. Lots of workers support relatively few children and retired people. So long as the labor market can absorb an increasing number of job-seekers, output per head will rise. That can boost savings and investment, leading to higher economic growth, more productivity gains and developmental speed-up.(一个国家适龄劳动人口的增加是一件好事。许多工人抚养的孩子和退休人员相对较少。只要劳动力市场能够吸收越来越多的求职者，人均产出就会上升。这可以促进储蓄和投资，从而实现更高的经济增长、生产率的提高和发展速度的加快。)”可知，这里的“opportunity”指的是劳动力市场能够吸收越来越多的求职者。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“To protect its aging citizens, many of whom are poor, Thailand’s government will have to spend more on health care and pensions(养老金). This will make it harder to invest in productivity-boosting skills and infrastructure(基础设施).(为了保护老年公民，其中许多人都很穷，泰国政府将不得不在医疗保健和养老金方面投入更多资金。这将使投资提高生产力的技能和基础设施变得更加困难。)”可知，泰国正在迅速老龄化，这意味着政府将不得不增加在医疗保健和养老金方面的支出。这将使得投资于提高生产力的技能和基础设施变得更加困难。因此，老龄化导致泰国在经济发展方面的投资减少，从而成为其未来发展的一个障碍。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“And they should try harder to increase female participation in the labor force. Getting more women into jobs would help deal with the fact that women live longer than men, but tend to have less savings and pensions, leaving them in difficult situations in old age.(他们应该更加努力地提高女性在劳动力中的参与度。让更多的女性参加工作将有助于解决这样一个事实:女性比男性寿命更长，但往往储蓄和养老金较少，使她们在老年时处境困难。)”可知，让更多的女性进入工作岗位将有助于应对女性寿命更长但储蓄和养老金较少的现实。这意味着，通过提高女性劳动力市场的参与度，可以使得这些女性有更多的机会进行储蓄和获得更好的养老金，从而解决她们寿命长但养老金少的问题。故选D。 4. 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“An increase in a country’s working-age population is a blessing. Lots of workers support relatively few children and retired people. So long as the labor market can absorb an increasing number of job-seekers, output per head will rise. That can boost savings and investment, leading to higher economic growth, more productivity gains and developmental speed-up. Yet for countries that fail to seize this opportunity, the results can be tough.(一个国家适龄劳动人口的增加是一件好事。许多工人抚养的孩子和退休人员相对较少。只要劳动力市场能够吸收越来越多的求职者，人均产出就会上升。这可以促进储蓄和投资，从而实现更高的经济增长、生产率的提高和发展速度的加快。然而，对于未能抓住这一机遇的国家来说，结果可能会很艰难。)”以及全文内容可知，本文首先讨论了老龄化社会为经济增长带来的潜在机遇，随后转向过早老龄化的国家所面临的挑战，并为这些国家提供了应对挑战的建议。因此选项C“Challenges and Opportunities of Aging Societies. (老龄化社会的挑战与机遇)”最能概括文章的主要内容和结构。故选C。 Passage 17 （23-24学年高一下·浙江省宁波五校期中） “Consumers complain that the modern tomato has little flavor. It’s like a water bomb,” said Sanwen Huang, who works at the Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. “Tomato farmers care about yield, and the genetic variants related to yield are not related to tasty tomato favors.” How can farmers ditch this unpleasant thing and recover the rich, sweet flavor of the tomato? To find out, Huang and colleagues investigated which genes are related to tomatoes’ taste. The scientists created a 100-person group that sampled 160 tomatoes based on sensory qualities. Based on the group’s feedback, the researchers identified dozens of chemical compounds (化合物) that could be related to the tomato’s taste. Using a statistical model that determined the concentration of various chemicals in the tomatoes, the scientists identified 33 most important flavor compounds. The researchers then measured the content of them in each of the tomatoes, and identified about 250 genetic loci (基因座) that controlled tomato flavor. This finding revealed the genetic basis of tomato flavor. But the researchers also wanted to determine why store-bought tomatoes don’t taste good. It turns out that modern tomato varieties are selected according to qualities such as big size because buyers prefer large fruit, and firmness because it makes tomatoes easier to ship. Meanwhile, the quality of flavor has been ignored, said the researchers. Volatiles (挥发性物质), in particular, are essential for good flavor. The removal of specific volatiles from tomatoes results in significant reduction in people’s liking. Moreover, refrigeration can change a tomato’s volatile compounds. “But there is hope for a future filled with tasty, new varieties of store-bought tomatoes, as our results provide a road map for improvement of flavor. By working together, geneticists, biochemists, farmers and customers can provide better-flavored tomatoes for our society.” Huang said. 1. How does the author present the study in paragraph 2? A. By giving a definition. B. By listing figures. C. By analyzing the cause. D. By making a comparison. 2. What is the main idea of paragraphs 3-4? A. The reasons why stores favor such tomatoes. B. Some qualities consumers prefer in buying tomatoes. C. The importance of volatiles in deciding tomato flavor. D. The reasons why store-bought tomatoes have little flavor. 3. Which of the following statements will Huang probably agree with? A. The store-bought tomatoes have a promising future. B. Yield-related genetic variants provide tasty tomatoes. C. Their research has changed a tomato’s volatile compounds. D. Farmers and customers can certainly provide better-flavored tomatoes. 4. What’s the purpose of the text? A. To persuade readers to buy tomatoes. B. To introduce the high yielding tomatoes. C. To prove store-bought tomatoes are tasteless. D. To inform readers of the research about tomato flavors. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员就现在的西红柿没什么味道进行了研究。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“To find out, Huang and colleagues investigated which genes are related to tomatoes’ taste. The scientists created a 100-person group that sampled 160 tomatoes based on sensory qualities. Based on the group’s feedback, the researchers identified dozens of chemical compounds (化合物) that could be related to the tomato’s taste. Using a statistical model that determined the concentration of various chemicals in the tomatoes, the scientists identified 33 most important flavor compounds. The researchers then measured the content of them in each of the tomatoes, and identified about 250 genetic loci(基因座)that controlled tomato flavor. (为了找到答案，黄和他的同事研究了哪些基因与西红柿的味道有关。科学家们创建了一个100人的小组，根据感官质量对160个西红柿进行采样。根据研究小组的反馈，研究人员确定了几十种可能与西红柿味道有关的化合物。利用一个统计模型来确定西红柿中各种化学物质的浓度，科学家们确定了33种最重要的风味化合物。然后，研究人员测量了每个西红柿的含量，并确定了大约250个控制西红柿风味的基因座。)”可知，作者在第二段中通过列举数字的方式来介绍研究，故选B。 2. 主旨大意题。根据第三段中“But the researchers also wanted to determine why store-bought tomatoes don’t taste good. (但是研究人员也想知道为什么商店里买的西红柿不好吃。)”和第四段“Volatiles (挥发性物质), in particular, are essential for good flavor. The removal of specific volatiles from tomatoes results in significant reduction in people’s liking. Moreover, refrigeration can change a tomato’s volatile compounds.(尤其是挥发性物质，对于美味是必不可少的。去除西红柿中的特殊挥发物会导致人们对西红柿的喜爱程度显著下降。此外，冷藏可以改变番茄的挥发性化合物。)”可知，第三段和第四段主要介绍了商店购买的西红柿没有什么味道的原因。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段““But there is hope for a future filled with tasty, new varieties of store-bought tomatoes, as our results provide a road map for improvement of flavor. By working together, geneticists, biochemists, farmers and customers can provide better-flavored tomatoes for our society.” Huang said.(“但是，我们希望未来能够充满美味的新品种的商店购买的西红柿，因为我们的研究结果提供了一个改善风味的路线图。通过合作，遗传学家、生物化学家、农民和消费者可以为我们的社会提供口味更好的西红柿。”黄说。)”可知，从黄说的话可知，未来商店买来的西红柿口味会更好，由此可推知，黄可能赞同未来商店买的西红柿会很受欢迎，即未来商店买的西红柿会有光明的前途。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“How can farmers ditch this unpleasant thing and recover the rich, sweet flavor of the tomato? To find out, Huang and colleagues investigated which genes are related to tomatoes’ taste. (农民怎样才能摆脱这种令人不快的东西，恢复西红柿丰富而甜美的味道呢？为了找到答案，黄和他的同事研究了哪些基因与西红柿的味道有关。)”和第三段中“But the researchers also wanted to determine why store-bought tomatoes don’t taste good.(但是研究人员也想知道为什么商店里买的西红柿不好吃。)”可知，文章主要介绍了研究人员就现在的西红柿没什么味道进行了研究，由此可推知，文章的目的是为了告知读者有关西红柿风味的研究。故选D。 Passage 18 （23-24高一下·浙江温州·期中） Landfills are places where a large amount of waste and other refuse is buried in the ground. They are responsible for releasing a large amount of planet-warming methane gas into the atmosphere, a new study suggests. The study, which was published in Science Advances on Wednesday, is aimed at helping local governments carry out targeted efforts to limit global warming by identifying areas of major concern. For this purpose, the scientists used satellite data from four major cities around the world — Delhi and Mumbai in India, Lahore in Pakistan and Buenos Aires in Argentina. Based on the collected data, the scientists have drawn the conclusion that landfills are the third-largest source of methane emissions (排放) worldwide, after oil and gas systems and agriculture. And further investigation shows that the methane released from the landfills is generated from the decomposition (分解) of natural waste in them, like food, wood or paper. Methane, though only accounting for about 11 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, traps 80 times more heat in the atmosphere than CO₂. Scientists estimate that at least 25 percent of today’s warming is driven by methane from human actions. That’s why landfills are partly to blame for the global warming. Joannes Maasakkers, a leader of the study, said, “We found that these landfills, which are relatively small compared to city sizes, are responsible for a large part of total emissions from a given area.” Another scientist, Euan Nisbet, who was not part of the study, said, “This new work shows just how important it is to manage landfills better, especially in countries like India where landfills are often on fire, resulting in a wide range of damaging pollutants (污染物).” He also added that the newer satellite technology and on-the-ground research make it easier for researchers to identify “who is polluting the world”. 1. Why did the scientists carry out the study? A. To reduce the emission of the methane. B. To help the authorities control the global warming. C. To test out the new satellite technology. D. To clarify which places people are concerned about. 2. What do we know about methane gas according to the passage? A. There exists methane in food, wood and paper. B. Methane makes up most of the greenhouse gases. C. More methane is released from landfills than from agriculture. D. Methane prevents more heat in the air from escaping than CO₂ does. 3. What’s Euan Nisbet’s attitude towards the study? A. Favourable. B. Concerned. C. Unclear. D. Doubtful. 4. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. Methane causes the temperature of the earth to go up. B. Satellite data help identify the source of the pollutants. C. Landfills are to blame for the release of much methane. D. Waste and other refuse should be forbidden for their impact. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明，垃圾填埋场向大气中释放了大量使地球变暖的甲烷气体。文章对此进行了介绍。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“The study, which was published in Science Advances on Wednesday, is aimed at helping local governments carry out targeted efforts to limit global warming by identifying areas of major concern.(这项研究发表在周三的《科学进展》杂志上，旨在帮助地方政府通过确定主要关注的领域来进行有针对性的努力，以限制全球变暖。)”可知，科学家进行这项研究是为了帮助政府控制全球变暖。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Methane, though only accounting for about 11 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, traps 80 times more heat in the atmosphere than CO₂.(甲烷虽然只占温室气体排放量的11%左右，但它在大气中吸收的热量是二氧化碳的80倍。)”可知，甲烷比二氧化碳更能阻止空气中的热量逸出。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句到最后一句“Another scientist, Euan Nisbet, who was not part of the study, said, “This new work shows just how important it is to manage landfills better, especially in countries like India where landfills are often on fire, resulting in a wide range of damaging pollutants (污染物).” He also added that the newer satellite technology and on-the-ground research make it easier for researchers to identify “who is polluting the world”.(另一位没有参与这项研究的科学家尤安·尼斯贝特说：“这项新工作表明更好地管理垃圾填埋场是多么重要，尤其是在像印度这样的国家，垃圾填埋场经常着火，导致各种有害污染物。”他还补充说，更新的卫星技术和实地研究使研究人员更容易确定“谁在污染世界”。)”可知，尤安·尼斯贝特对这项研究是持赞成态度。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Landfills are places where a large amount of waste and other refuse is buried in the ground. They are responsible for releasing a large amount of planet-warming methane gas into the atmosphere, a new study suggests.(垃圾填埋场是将大量废物和其他垃圾埋在地下的地方。一项新的研究表明，它们向大气中释放了大量使地球变暖的甲烷气体。)”可知，文章主要是讲垃圾填埋场是释放大量甲烷的罪魁祸首。故选C。 Passage 19 （23-24高一下·浙江杭州·期中） In 2021, scientists studying animal communication discovered that some dogs connect objects with words similarly to babies. Then what about cats, which are commonly believed to be unconcerned about human affairs? Saho Takagi, a researcher at Azabu University, doubted cats’ seeming unconcern. “Cats don’t appear to listen to people’s conversations, but in fact, they do,” said Takagi. According to previous research, cats understand human communication better than expected. Like dogs, they can use human pointing and stares to find food. They even can tell the difference between human facial expressions and states of attention, according to a 2016 study. However, cats can do more than that. Another study showed that cats can discriminate their own names from the names of their cat companions (those that live in the same house). The researchers believed that cats learned to connect names with other cats by observing communication between their owners and their cat friends. In a recently published study, Takagi and her colleagues compared two groups of cats: cats living with at least two other cats and cats living in “cat cafés” with up to 30 cats. Using a simple two-phase (阶段) test, they assessed the cats’ responses to hearing their names and seeing their faces on a monitor. Sometimes, the cat that appeared on the screen matched the name spoken; other times, the name and the image did not match. If cats knew the names of their cat friends, they would investigate by staring doubtfully at the monitor when the name and image did not match. House cats had a significantly longer stare than café cats, indicating that house cats generally expected a specific cat’s face upon hearing the cat’s name. “This is the first evidence showing that house cats link human words and their social companions through daily experiences,” the researchers wrote. “However, we could not recognize the mechanism (机制) for learning. But with more and more scientists becoming interested in cats, who are much smarter than we assume, this question is sure to be solved.” 1. What’s people’s common understanding of cats? A. They have their own language. B. They can connect objects with words. C. They show no interest in human things. D. They can use human instructions to find food. 2. By comparing cats and dogs in Paragraph 2, the author wants to stress ______. A. cats and dogs are all clever animals B. cats’ ability to learn is stronger than dogs’ C. cats and dogs can get along well with humans D. cats’ ability goes beyond recognizing body language 3. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “discriminate” in Paragraph 3? A. Choose. B. Protect. C. Tell. D. Learn. 4. What is the unsettled question of the study? A. How cats can recognize other cats’ face. B. Whether cats are much smarter than expected. C. Whether cats can understand human communication. D. How cats link human words and their social companions. 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究表明猫不仅可以分辨出人类面部表情和注意力状态之间的区别，还可以区分自己的名字和猫同伴的名字。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Then what about cats, which are commonly believed to be unconcerned about human affairs? (那么通常被认为不关心人类事务的猫呢？)”可知，人们对猫的普遍想法是它们对人类的事情不感兴趣。故选C项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“According to previous research, cats understand human communication better than expected. Like dogs, they can use human pointing and stares to find food. They even can tell the difference between human facial expressions and states of attention, according to a 2016 study. However, cats can do more than that. (根据之前的研究，猫比预期的更能理解人类的交流。像狗一样，它们可以使用人类的指向和凝视寻找食物。根据2016年的一项研究，它们甚至可以分辨出人类面部表情和注意力状态之间的区别。然而，猫能做的远不止这些。)”可推知，通过两者之间的比较，作者是想强调猫的能力不仅仅是识别肢体语言。故选D项。 3. 词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句的下文“The researchers believed that cats learned to connect names with other cats by observing communication between their owners and their cat friends. (研究人员认为，猫通过观察它们的主人和它们的猫朋友之间的交流，学会了把名字和其他猫联系起来。)”可知，猫能够把名字和其他猫联系起来，由此可知，画线词所在句表示“猫可以区分自己的名字和同伴的名字”，画线词discriminate意思应该是“区别”，与tell意思相近。故选C项。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中研究人员表述的内容“This is the first evidence showing that house cats link human words and their social companions through daily experiences (这是第一个证明家猫通过日常经历将人类语言和它们的社会伙伴联系起来的证据)”和“However, we could not recognize the mechanism (机制) for learning. (然而，我们无法认识到这一学习的机制)”可知，这项研究中尚未解决的问题是猫是如何将人类的话和它们的社会伙伴联系起来的。故选D项。 Passage 20 （23-24学年高一下·浙江省杭州5月月考） In Singapore, buses have been given the green light to find new ways to reduce emissions (排放) and improve the air quality of their services. Last month, GWS Living Art, a company specializing in urban green structures installed (安装) green roofs on 10 public buses. While a bus might not seem like the typical location for a green roof, the installation could provide environmental and economic benefits. According to research by Michigan State University, green roofs are great at reducing polluting emissions, providing spaces for nature and cooling cities through the water that evaporates (蒸发) from their leaves and by shading surfaces that would otherwise absorb heat. “While the impact of green plants on buildings has been well documented, much less is known about the effects of them on moving vehicles,” said Tan Chun Liang, a research fellow at National University of Singapore who advises the “Garden on the Move” bus campaign. This bus campaign is part of a three-month study to test whether green plants can help lower the temperature inside the buses and reduce the amount of fuel needed to power the air-conditioning. Liang hopes the research will provide a possible solution for cities to fight against global warming and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect -- when a city experiences much warmer temperatures than nearby rural areas, due to the heat produced and absorbed by industry, traffic and building materials. To make Singapore a “Garden City,” the government has joint this bus campaign with other green projects such as the Green Mark Scheme which aims for 80% of building to be green by 2030 and Gardens by the Bay, an eco-friendly garden featuring solar-powered “supertrees” and over 1.5 million plants. 1. Why were green roofs installed on 10 public buses in Singapore? A. To provide more space for plants to live in. B. To increase the diversity of species in Singapore. C. To attract more people to use public transportation. D. To test green plants’ environmental and economic benefits. 2. According to the text, why can green plants lower the temperature in cities? A. They can clean the air. B. They can reflect sunlight. C. They can absorb greenhouse gases. D. They can provide water and shade. 3. How many projects are mentioned to make Singapore a “Garden City”? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 4. What’s the best title for the text? A. Green Roofs on Buses B. Impact of the Plants C. Green Campaigns in Singapore D. An Eco-Friendly Garden 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. B 4. A 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了新加坡公交上的绿色屋顶计划，以及这个计划带来好处和影响。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“the installation could provide environmental and economic benefits”（这个安装能提供环境和经济的效益）可知，安装绿色屋顶是用来检测绿色植物的环境和经济的效益。故选D。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“According to research by Michigan State University, green roofs are great at reducing polluting emissions, providing spaces for nature and cooling cities through the water that evaporates (蒸发) from their leaves and by shading surfaces that would otherwise absorb heat.”（根据密歇根州立大学的研究，绿色屋顶有助于减少污染排放，为大自然提供空间并且可以通过树叶蒸发的水以及通过遮蔽会吸收热量的表面来降低城市的温度。）可知，绿色植物可以用树叶蒸发的水来降低城市的温度以及提供阴凉。故选D。 3. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“To make Singapore a “Garden City,” the government has joint this bus campaign with other green projects such as the Green Mark Scheme which aims for 80% of building to be green by 2030 and Gardens by the Bay, an eco-friendly garden featuring solar-powered “supertrees” and over 1.5 million plants.”（为了让新加坡变成一个花园城市，政府与其他项目合办这次公交运动，例如目标是到2030年80%建筑为绿色建筑的绿色标志计划和打造一个以太阳能超级树和超过150万植物为特色的滨海湾花园计划。）可知，除了加入公交车运动，政府还加入了绿色标志计划以及滨海湾花园计划，一共提到了3个项目。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“In Singapore, buses have been given the green light to find new ways to reduce emissions (排放) and improve the air quality of their services”（在新加坡，公交车已经获准寻找新的出路来减少排放以及改善空气质量。）以及第二段第一句“Last month, GWS Living Art, a company specializing in urban green structures installed (安装) green roofs on 10 public buses”（上个月，一家专攻城市绿地结构名为GWS Living Art的公司在10辆公交车上安装了绿色屋顶。）可知，本文介绍了新加坡的公交车上的绿色屋顶计划，所以短文的最佳标题为“公交车上的绿色屋顶”。故选A。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$