精品解析：2025届北京市朝阳区高三下学期一模考试英语试题

北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测一 英语试卷 （考试时间90分钟 满分100分） 本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。 第一部分 知识运用（共两节，30分） 第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 New-born babies aren’t afraid of the dark. They don’t have a ___1___ of the dark yet; that comes later. One day, my 2-year-old daughter suddenly said, “Too dark!” after we turned out the light. She believed something was under the bed. To ___2___ her tears, I plugged in the desk lamp to prove there were no monsters. When I first started writing, I didn’t worry about the dark as I could create all kinds of stories. After graduation, I became a busy parent. My writing ___3___. Nights that I would spend reading or thinking were gone. I wrote at 5 am before the ___4___ of the everyday housework—laundry, playdates and feedings—but soon nodded off. I was so ___5___. Writing anxiety grew slowly. Worn out, I forgot to buy a nightlight. The desk lamp was too bright. A nightlight was enough to help my daughter see the outline of the bed. It would burn through the night, calming her fears. She didn’t need it to see; she needed it to feel ___6___. In the basement I found an old plastic Christmas tree and took it up to her room. My daughter saw it and clapped ___7___, “Light! My light!” It sits there year-round. A Christmas tree in July is odd, but perfect doesn’t ___8___, and besides, it casts the ideal amount of light. In being a parent and a writer, there is no fixed ___9___, no one way of doing things that is right; some things that we must do are odd. Many things bring the light. Some bring just enough light that you are no longer afraid. The shadowy light that says, Don’t be scared, write it! It is a light to ____10____ you, to keep you going. And it burns through the night, keeping the monsters at bay. 1. A. secret B. hope C. fear D. habit 2. A. wipe B. hide C. stop D. draw 3. A. slowed B. ceased C. improved D. increased 4. A. training B. division C. movement D. repetition 5. A. lonely B. tired C. focused D. energetic 6. A. safe B. quiet C. proud D. confident 7. A. shyly B. softly C. politely D. excitedly 8. A. last B. exist C. work D. arrive 9. A. need B. term C. bond D. routine 10. A. guide B. blind C. attract D. follow 【答案】1. C 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. B 6. A 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过对自身经历的叙述，鼓励人们要勇于追寻生命中的能指引你前行的那束光。 【1题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们还不害怕黑暗。A. secret秘密；B. hope希望；C. fear害怕；D. habit习惯。根据上句“New-born babies aren’t afraid of the dark.(刚出生的婴儿不怕黑。)”可知，这里指刚出生的婴儿对黑不害怕，以后才会有恐惧感。故选C。 【2题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了止住她的眼泪，我插上了台灯的插头，以证明没有怪物。A. wipe擦掉；B. hide隐藏；C. stop停止；D. draw绘画。根据“to prove there were no monsters”可知，女儿因为害怕有怪物所以哭泣，作者插上了台灯的插头是为了证明没有怪物，从而止住女儿的眼泪。故选C。 【3题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：我的写作慢了下来。A. slowed放慢速度；B. ceased终止；C. improved提高；D. increased增加。根据下文“I wrote at 5 am before the 　4　 of the everyday housework—laundry, playdates and feedings—but soon nodded off.(我在早上5点写作，然后开始重复每天的家务——洗衣服、玩伴和喂饭——但很快就睡着了。)”可知，作者每日忙于家务，非常疲惫，所以写作速度也变慢了。故选A。 【4题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：我在早上5点写作，然后开始重复每天的家务——洗衣服、玩伴和喂饭——但很快就睡着了。A. training训练；B. division分歧；C. movement运动；D. repetition重复。根据上文“I became a busy parent.(我成了一个忙碌的家长。)”和句中的“everyday housework”及常识可知，作者成为家长后非常忙碌，每天都要重复做琐碎的家务活。故选D。 【5题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我太累了。A. lonely孤独的；B. tired累的；C. focused专注的；D. energetic精力充沛的。根据上句“I wrote at 5 am before the 　4　 of the everyday housework—laundry, playdates and feedings—but soon nodded off.(我在早上5点写作，然后开始重复每天的家务——洗衣服、玩伴和喂饭——但很快就睡着了。)”及下文“Worn out(感到筋疲力尽)”可知，作者每天都很忙碌及疲惫。故选B。 【6题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她需要它来感到安全。A. safe安全的；B. quiet安静的；C. proud自豪的；D. confident自信的。根据上文“It would burn through the night, calming her fears.(它会整夜亮着，安抚她的恐惧。)”可知，女儿需要这盏小夜灯安抚她的恐惧，让她不再害怕，有安全感。故选A。 【7题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：我女儿看到了，兴奋地拍手：“光！我的光!”A. shyly害羞地；B. softly温柔地；C. politely礼貌地；D. excitedly兴奋地。根据女儿的欢呼““Light! My light!””可知，女儿看见圣诞树时是非常兴奋的。故选D。 【8题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：七月的圣诞树是奇怪的，但完美是不存在的，而且，它投下了理想数量的光。A. last持续；B. exist存在；C. work工作；D. arrive到达。根据常识可知，世上没有完美的东西，所以完美是不存在的。故选B。 【9题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：作为父母和作家，没有固定的惯例，没有一种正确的做事方法。A. need需要；B. term学期；C. bond联系；D. routine惯例。根据句中“no one way of doing things that is right”和常识可知，作为父母和作家，没有什么正确的做事方法，可见也没有固定的生活方式和日常习惯。故选D。 【10题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：它是一束指引你前进的光。A. guide引导、指引；B. blind蒙蔽；C. attract吸引；D. follow跟随。根据上句“The shadowy light that says, Don’t be scared, write it!(阴影的光说，不要害怕，写下来！)”和本句中“to keep you going”可知，这是一束指引你前行的光。故选A。 第二节 （共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Zhu Mengdan, a 15-year-old from the Li ethnic (少数民族的) group, grew up climbing coconut trees. However, she had never imagined her childhood game ____11____ (become) an official event at a national competition one day. In 2024, as the youngest competitor on Hainan’s team, Zhu ____12____ (participate) in the coconut tree climbing competition at the National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities. “____13____ makes the event so special is that it showcases Hainan’s unique cultural identity. I hope this event continues to grow,” she remarked. 【答案】11. would become 12. participated 13. What 【解析】 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了今年15岁黎族姑娘朱梦丹是攀椰竞速项目海南代表队年龄最小的选手，参加了全国少数民族传统运动会。 【11题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：然而，她从来没有想到，她童年的游戏有一天会成为全国比赛的正式项目。become为动词，表示“变成”，在句中作谓语；根据“had never imagined”和“one day”及句意可知，空处表示在过去某时看来将要发生的动作，应用过去将来时。故填would become。 【12题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：2024年，作为海南队最年轻的选手，参加了全国少数民族传统运动会爬椰树比赛。participate为动词，表示“参加”，在句中作谓语，与主语“Zhu”之间为主动关系；根据“In 2024”可知，该句为一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作。故填participated。 【13题详解】 考查主语从句。句意：这次活动的特别之处在于它展示了海南独特的文化特征。空处引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，表示“使活动特别的东西”，故应用连接代词what；句首字母大写。故填What。 B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 DeepSeek-R1, ____14____ core technologies are built upon a next-generation large language model architecture, highlights China’s growing strength in AI innovation. This smart assistant can answer complex questions, create digital art and even write computer code. DeepSeek-R1 learns by repeatedly ____15____ (try), unlike other AIs that rely on large amounts of prepared examples. It practises many times and gets ____16____ (good), much like how students master maths. ____17____ the development of DeepSeek-R1, China shows the world that great things come from new ideas and hard work, not just money. 【答案】14. whose 15. trying 16. better 17. With 【解析】 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能应用DeepSeek-R1。 【14题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：DeepSeek-R1的核心技术建立在下一代大型语言模型架构之上，凸显了中国在人工智能创新方面日益增长的实力。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词“DeepSeek-R1”，在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 【15题详解】 考查动名词。句意：DeepSeek-R1通过反复尝试来学习，不像其他人工智能依赖于大量准备好的例子。动词try用在介词“by”后面，应用动名词形式，作宾语，表示“通过反复尝试”。故填trying。 【16题详解】 考查形容词比较级。句意：它反复练习，然后变得越来越好，就像学生如何掌握数学一样。空处应用形容词作表语；根据“practises many times”可知，空处指多次练习作对比，变得更好，应用比较级形式。故填better。 【17题详解】 考查介词。句意：随着DeepSeek-R1的发展，中国向世界展示了伟大的事物来自新想法和努力工作，而不仅仅是金钱。空处应用介词，后接名词短语“the development of DeepSeek-R1”作宾语，表示“随着”，应用介词with；句首字母大写。故填With。 C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 It’s difficult ____18____ (understand) jargon-filled (充满行话的) writing that academics have long been accused of. To track academic writing over time, The Economist analyzed 347,000 PhD abstracts ____19____ (publish) between 1812 and 2023. They found that the abstracts have become harder to read. Though specialization and advances in technology require more precise terms, the trend of unreadable academic writing ____20____ (grow) stronger. Clear and simple writing would be a breath of fresh air. 【答案】18. to understand 19. published 20. is growing 【解析】 【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章主要叙述了难以读懂的学术写作趋势越来越强的现状。 【18题详解】 考查动词不定式。句意：学者们长期以来被指责的充满行话的文章很难理解。understand为动词，表示“理解”，根据句中谓语动词“is”可知，应用其非谓语动词形式；固定句式It’s difficult to do表示“做某事很困难”，It为形式主语，动词不定式to do为真正的主语。故填to understand。 【19题详解】 考查过去分词。句意：《经济学人》分析了1812年至2023年间发表的347,000篇博士论文摘要。publish为动词表示“出版、发表”，根据谓语动词“analyzed”可知，应用其非谓语动词形式，作定语，修饰“abstracts”，并与其之间为被动关系，表示“发表的摘要”，故应用过去分词形式。故填published。 【20题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：虽然专业化和技术的进步需要更精确的术语，但难以读懂的学术写作趋势越来越强。grow为动词，表示“成长、发展”，在句中作谓语，根据句意，该句应用现在进行时，表示目前“正在发生的动作”，主语是“the trend”，谓语为单数。故填is growing。 第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，38分） 第一节 （共14小题；每小题2分，共28分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A UNESCO is inviting teams and individuals from Asia and the Pacific to submit case studies on the roles and risks of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) (非物质文化遗产) in the context of climate change. The goal is to safeguard ICH while advancing sustainable development. These case studies will deepen the understanding of the links between ICH and environmental sustainability, and inform future policies and practices in heritage protection and climate action. Focus of the Case Studies: Submitted case studies should address one or more of the following questions in detail: ● What roles does ICH play in identifying, assessing and monitoring climate change? ● What roles does ICH play in promoting communities’ adaptation and safeguarding against climate change? ● What roles does ICH play in reducing carbon emissions (排放) and disaster risk? ● What are the cultural, social and economic impacts and risks to ICH practice, transmission (传承) and safeguarding due to climate change? ● What changes to ICH are required for adaptation to climate change? ● What are local and regional strategies for safeguarding ICH in the context of climate change? The case studies should be grounded in evidence-based research and involve the widest possible participation of the community, groups or individuals. They should highlight the links between cultural diversity and environmental sustainability and offer locally-suited solutions for sustainable development. Submission Details: The case studies should be written in English and between 3,000 and 5,000 words in length. All submissions are to be sent to beijing.culture@unesco.org before April 15th, 2025. Authors of selected case studies may have the opportunity to participate in publications or international conferences. 21. Why is UNESCO calling for case studies? A. To show the risk of climate change. B. To protect ICH in a sustainable way. C. To stress UNESCO’s importance. D. To raise funds for ICH protection. 22. Which of the following is a focus of the case studies? A. ICH’s role in evaluating climate change. B. ICH’s economic value for communities. C. Global strategies to safeguard ICH. D. Carbon emissions’ effects on ICH. 23. The case studies to be submitted should ________. A. cover all the listed questions B. maximize public participation C. be based on personal opinions D. be written in Chinese or English 【答案】21. B 22. A 23. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了联合国教科文组织征集关于非物质文化遗产在气候变化中的角色与风险案例研究的背景、焦点及提交详情。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“The goal is to safeguard ICH while advancing sustainable development.(目的是在促进可持续发展的同时保护非物质文化遗产)”可知，联合国教科文组织呼吁进行案例研究是为了以可持续的方式保护非物质文化遗产。故选B。 【22题详解】 细节理解题。根据“Focus of the Case Studies(案例研究重点)”中的第一个问题“● What roles does ICH play in identifying, assessing and monitoring climate change?(●非物质文化遗产在识别、评估和监测气候变化方面发挥什么作用？)”可知，非物质文化遗产在评估气候变化方面的作用是案例研究的一个重点。故选A。 【23题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The case studies should be grounded in evidence-based research and involve the widest possible participation of the community, groups or individuals.(案例研究应以基于证据的研究为基础，并使社区、团体或个人尽可能广泛地参与)”可知，提交的案例研究应该使公众参与范围最大化。故选B。 B Luther Gerlach’s images enrich the permanent collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles and the National Portrait Gallery in London, among other institutions. While studying his work, one cannot help but revisit the journey he undertook in pursuit of art. Gerlach has dyslexia, a condition that makes it difficult for him to read and spell, and in middle school, it began to affect his studies. At the University of Minnesota, where Gerlach studied biology, his struggle with writing reached a tipping point. Gerlach left the university and entered art school. “Art has never been something that slowed me down, in contrast to the written word,” Gerlach says. After graduating from art school, Gerlach took what he learned and traveled across the United States selling his prints at art fairs. It was the late 1980s, and Gerlach traveled roughly 90,000 miles a year, taking photos along the way. He was making $100,000 a year doing what he loved. But the emergence of digital photography changed everything. Photographers began to use Photoshop to create the hand-brushed quality of Gerlach’s photographs and told customers they were using the same process Gerlach was using. “I would hear them talking — complete lies,” he says. Rather than dive into digital, Gerlach moved into a photographic process that was quite unusual: the wet collodion (火棉胶) process, invented in 1851. The process involves coating a plate of glass or metal with collodion, followed by using a silver nitrate (硝酸银) bath to make the plate sensitive to light. The plate is then placed in a light-tight film holder, with the photo made almost immediately while the plate is still wet. It wasn’t easy when he first started, but Gerlach has always considered “constant problem solving” to be part of the creative process. It made Gerlach feel “present as an artist”. “I saw the final product right there in front of me. The same leaves on the tree that I’m standing in front of are on the image,” Gerlach explains. “The process allowed me to feel more like a photographer instead of a machine that printed prints to sell so I could make money. And when the final product works, nothing else compares to it.” 24. Luther Gerlach’s dyslexia ________. A. forced him to change his major B. drove him to go into business C. made him drop out of middle school D. affected his artistic performance 25. As digital photography emerged, Luther Gerlach ________. A. adopted a unique photographic technique B set off for new places to take photographs C. praised photographers for using Photoshop D. improved the hand-brushed quality of his photos 26. Why did Luther Gerlach prefer the wet collodion process? A. It was cheap and reliable. B. It was easy and efficient. C. It gave him artistic satisfaction. D. It helped him sell prints for profit. 27. What can we learn from this passage? A. Necessity inspires invention. B. Everything comes to those who wait. C Hope for the best; prepare for the worst. D. Dare to be different in a world of copycats. 【答案】24. A 25. A 26. C 27. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了患有阅读障碍症的Luther Gerlach追求艺术生涯的历程。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“At the University of Minnesota, where Gerlach studied biology, his struggle with writing reached a tipping point. Gerlach left the university and entered art school.(在Gerlach学习生物学的明尼苏达大学，他在写作上的困难达到了一个临界点。Gerlach离开大学，进入了艺术学院)”可知，阅读障碍症迫使Gerlach放弃了生物专业，改学艺术专业。故选A。 【25题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段“Rather than dive into digital, Gerlach moved into a photographic process that was quite unusual: the wet collodion (火棉胶) process, invented in 1851.(Gerlach没有深入研究数码技术，而是转向了一种相当不同寻常的摄影方法：1851年发明的湿胶法)”可知，当数码摄影出现时，Gerlach没有跟风研究它， 而是采用了一种独特的摄影技术。故选A。 【26题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“It wasn’t easy when he first started, but Gerlach has always considered “constant problem solving” to be part of the creative process. It made Gerlach feel “present as an artist”.(刚开始的时候并不容易，但Gerlach一直认为“不断解决问题”是创作过程的一部分，这让Gerlach感到“作为一名艺术家的存在”)”和“The process allowed me to feel more like a photographer instead of a machine that printed prints to sell so I could make money. And when the final product works, nothing else compares to it.(这个过程让我觉得自己更像是一个摄影师，而不是一台打印印刷品出售的机器，这样我就可以赚钱。当最终产品成功时，没有什么能与之相比)”可知，Gerlach更喜欢这种湿胶法的过程，是因为这个创作过程让他感受到自己是一名艺术家，最终的作品也是无与伦比的，从而能够获得艺术上的满足感。故选C。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“Rather than dive into digital, Gerlach moved into a photographic process that was quite unusual: the wet collodion (火棉胶) process, invented in 1851.(Gerlach没有深入研究数码技术，而是转向了一种相当不同寻常的摄影方法：1851年发明的湿胶法)”和最后一段“The process allowed me to feel more like a photographer instead of a machine that printed prints to sell so I could make money. And when the final product works, nothing else compares to it.(这个过程让我觉得自己更像是一个摄影师，而不是一台打印印刷品出售的机器，这样我就可以赚钱。当最终作品成功时，没有什么能与之相比)”及全文内容可知，在数码摄影技术兴起的时候，Gerlach并不盲目跟随潮流、模仿他人，而是敢于探索不同的方法，并不断学习和研究，最终创造出无与伦比的作品，可见在一个充斥着模仿者的世界里，他敢于与众不同。故选D。 C When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 28. The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. evaluate a statement B. justify an assumption C. challenge an argument D. introduce a new concept 29. Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Rare. B. Wrong. C. Limited. D. Unexpected. 30. What can we infer from this passage? A. Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B. Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C. Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D. The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. 【答案】28 C 29. B 30. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对“战斗或逃跑”这一大脑反应模式的质疑与新的理解。 【28题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)?(显而易见的结论是，中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）在威胁情况下控制着战斗或逃跑反应。但是，如果大脑并没有专门用于战斗或逃跑的回路呢？威胁探测真的只是大脑自身神经回路的一种主要模式吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了挑战一个论点，即“战斗或逃跑”反应是否由大脑中的特定回路控制。故选C。 【29题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第二段“The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic ‘system’ or the ‘neocortex’ for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively.(这个星球上唯一拥有“蜥蜴脑”的动物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分别负责情感或理性的统一“边缘系统”或“新皮层”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴脑，也没有分别用于情感或理性的统一的边缘 “系统” 或 “新皮质”。说明前面提到的 “三位一体脑” 模型是错误的，所以“spurious”意思是“错误的”。故选B。 【30题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段“In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur.(在日常生活中，人们可能会觉得他们对各种刺激的认知和反应，要么是将其视为威胁，要么是视为安全。实际上，大脑会利用过往的经验，在刺激发生之前，巧妙地预测并制定行动计划，以应对即将发生的事件)”可知，“战斗或逃跑”这一观念忽视了大脑的预测能力。大脑利用过去的经验，在刺激发生之前就能熟练地预测并制定行动计划。故选D。 D In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept. From a philosophical standpoint, the debate around free will has continued intensely for centuries. Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework. In contrast, incompatibilists maintain free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinists view the universe as a closed system governed by strict laws of nature, where every event, including human actions, is predetermined. In this view, the idea of free will is an illusion (幻觉). Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity. Studies on the brain’s reward system and neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine (多巴胺), further challenge the nature of free will. Addictive behaviors, for instance, can be strongly influenced by the brain’s response to dopamine. A person struggling with addiction may feel they lack the free will to resist it, as their brain chemistry has been altered in a way that forces them into acting. The scientific evidence is not conclusive, though. Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made. Additionally, the complexity of the human brain and the fact that much of its functioning is still not fully understood leave room for the possibility of free will. If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too. 31. Which of the following situations reflects the compatibilists’ view? A. Driven by dopamine, Tim keeps checking his social media. B. Lucy speaks first after being randomly selected by software. C. Exposed to a sudden blinding light, Lily quickly shuts her eyes. D. Jerry shifts between companies of shared bikes based on discounts. 32. What can we learn from the passage? A. The altered brain chemistry enhances free will. B Conscious decisions are independent of neural activities. C. Hard determinists see free will vital to moral accountability. D. Neuroscientists’ views on the causes of human actions differ. 33. As for the existence of free will, the author is ________. A. neutral B. disapproving C. positive D. doubtful 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Does Neuroscience Threaten Free Will? B. Why the Arguments Against Free Will Fail C. Exploration into the Complexity of Free Will D. Free Will: Bridging Neuroscience and Philosophy 【答案】31. D 32. D 33. C 34. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段的“Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework.(相容论者认为，自由意志可以与决定论共存，只要我们的行为是出于我们自己的欲望和动机。例如，出于热情而选择音乐事业，在这个框架下就被视为一种自由的选择)”可知，兼容论者认为只要我们的行为是自身欲望和动机的结果，自由意志就可以与决定论共存。D选项“Jerry根据折扣在共享单车公司之间转换”符合相容论者的观点，即行为是基于个人欲望和动机的自由选择。故选D。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain, revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity.(神经科学在解码大脑方面取得了显著进展，揭示出许多行为在发生之前都会有神经活动)”和第四段的“Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made.(有些人认为，在做出有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能并非该行为的原因，而是仍为自由做出的决定所做的准备过程的一部分)”可知，神经科学表明很多行为先有神经活动，但有些人认为有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能不是行为的原因，而是自由做出决定的准备过程的一部分。这说明神经科学家对于人类行为的原因存在不同的观点。故选D。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too.(如果自由意志是一种幻觉，那么它就会挑战我们关于道德责任的基本观念。我们赞扬或责备他人的行为，是因为我们相信他们本可以做出不同的选择。如果他们从未真正拥有自由选择其他行为的能力，我们又如何能让个人对自己的行为负责呢？没有自由意志，我们社会的基本道德框架将会崩塌，陷入混乱与冷漠。只有当你也认为自由意志是幻觉时，它才真正是幻觉)”可知，作者认为如果自由意志是幻觉，会挑战我们的道德责任观念，没有自由意志社会的道德框架会崩溃，最后说 “自由意志只有在你也是幻觉时才是幻觉”，暗示作者认为自由意志是存在的，态度是积极的。故选C。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept.(在哲学与神经科学相交汇的领域，几乎没有哪个问题能像自由意志这一概念那样，既深深吸引着人类，又让人类感到困惑。乍一看，我们拥有做出非预定选择的能力这一想法似乎是直觉上的。然而，更深入的探究揭示了一个由哲学论点和科学发现交织而成的复杂网络，这些论点和发现挑战了这一看似简单的概念)”可知，文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议，包括相容论者与不相容论者的观点、神经科学对自由意志的挑战以及科学证据的不确定性等。C选项“对自由意志复杂性的探索”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故选C。 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 When I think of my friends, I am mostly filled with love and warmth: I simply can’t wait to see them again for their affection and support. ____35____ In the right mood, these individuals can deliver a fun-filled evening, but at the wrong moment, they can drain (耗尽) all my goodwill. If this sounds familiar, then you too have frenemies, who psychologists call “ambivalent relationships”. These love-hate relationships could include a friend, a parent, a colleague or even a husband or wife. Their ambivalence can come in many forms. ____36____ It could be a partner love-bombing you one day, but fiercely critical the next, leaving you unsure about their true feelings. ____37____ At the very least, you would expect them to be better for us than our aversive (令人厌恶的) relationships. Unfortunately, research suggests things aren’t so simple. A team at the University of Utah asked people to take a reaction-time test and they found that rapidly flashing the name of an ambivalent connection on a screen intensified stress response of participants. Another study at Brigham Young University found that simply knowing an ambivalent connection was nearby as participants prepared to give a speech was enough to send their blood pressure rocketing. ____38____ Cutting ties with our ambivalent connections isn’t always possible or desirable if they are deeply mixed into our social network. So, what can be done? Simply being aware of the ambivalent nature of a relationship might offer some protection. We can manage our expectations and mentally prepare ourselves for the mixed feelings when interacting with frenemies. ____39____ As importantly, be a little more mindful of any interactions with all our ties. Show others the appreciation and respect we feel for them, for accidental neglect could be taken as a sign of indifference. A. It might be a friend who is often unavailable when you need his support. B. We might hope that in such relationships, the good would outweigh the bad. C. In fact, even unconscious reminders of a frenemy can break our peace of mind. D. This allows us to focus on their good qualities and show empathy for the unpleasant ones. E. If you feel someone too negative a presence in your life, you may decide to cut off contact. F. A handful, however, stimulate quite different emotions—a mixture of eagerness and anxiety. G. After all, the benefits of social connection come from feeling well understood and supported. 【答案】35. F 36. A 37. B 38. C 39. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了人际关系中的爱恨交织现象及其应对策略。 【35题详解】 上文“When I think of my friends, I am mostly filled with love and warmth: I simply can’t wait to see them again for their affection and support.(当我想到我的朋友时，我大多充满了爱和温暖：我迫不及待地想再次见到他们，得到他们的关爱和支持)”说明作者想到朋友时，大多充满了爱和温暖。结合下文“In the right mood, these individuals can deliver a fun-filled evening, but at the wrong moment, they can drain (耗尽) all my goodwill.(心情好的时候，这些人能让我度过一个充满乐趣的夜晚，但心情不好的时候，他们会耗尽我所有的善意)”推知，空处和前文为转折关系，说明有些朋友给作者带来的是不同的感受。F项中的However表示转折，“stimulate quite different emotions”与上文的“filled with love and warmth”形成对比，说明有些朋友会激起不同的情感。所以F项“然而，有少数人激起了截然不同的情感——渴望和焦虑的混合体。”符合语境。故选F。 【36题详解】 上文“Their ambivalence can come in many forms.(他们的矛盾心理可能以多种形式出现)”说明他们的矛盾心理有多种表现形式。空处承接上文，举例说明矛盾心理的一种表现形式。A项“可能是一个在你需要他支持时却经常不在身边的朋友。”符合语境。故选A。 【37题详解】 下文“At the very least, you would expect them to be better for us than our aversive (令人厌恶的) relationships.(至少，你会期望他们比我们厌恶的关系对我们更好)”说明人们期望这种爱恨交织的关系能带来一些好处。B项中的“We might hope”与下文的“you would expect”相呼应，“the good would outweigh the bad”与下文的“better for us than our aversive relationships”相契合。所以B项“我们可能希望在这样的关系中，好的一面会超过坏的一面。”符合语境。故选B。 【38题详解】 上文“Another study at Brigham Young University found that simply knowing an ambivalent connection was nearby as participants prepared to give a speech was enough to send their blood pressure rocketing.(杨百翰大学的另一项研究发现，当参与者准备演讲时，仅仅知道一个爱恨交织的人就在附近，就足以让他们的血压飙升)”说明即使是无意识的提醒也会让人血压升高。C项中的“even unconscious reminders”与上文的“simply knowing”相呼应，“break our peace of mind”与上文的“send their blood pressure rocketing”相契合，进一步说明这种关系的影响。所以C项“事实上，即使是无意识地想起一个爱恨交织的人，也会打破我们的平静。”符合语境。故选C。 【39题详解】 上文“We can manage our expectations and mentally prepare ourselves for the mixed feelings when interacting with frenemies.(在与爱恨交织的人交往时，我们可以管理自己的期望，并在心理上为这种复杂的情感做好准备)”说明我们可以管理自己的期望，为复杂的情感做好准备。D项中的“This allows us”承接上文，“focus on their good qualities and show empathy for the unpleasant ones”与上文的“manage our expectations and mentally prepare ourselves”相契合，说明这样做的好处。所以D项“这让我们能够关注他们的优点，并对不愉快的方面表示同情。”符合语境。故选D。 第三部分 书面表达（共两节，32分） 第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分） 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 Growing up, my favourite children’s book was Amelia Bedelia. Amelia’s silly behaviours that were a result of her literal interpretation of language often had me laughing. When she was told to dust the furniture, instead of grabbing a feather duster, she sprinkled (撒) dust all over the chairs and tables. A classic moment in Amelia’s life. Recently, several of my friends have decided to limit their use of electronic devices for chatting to avoid potential misunderstandings. Yet, I enjoy using these tools to stay connected with my children and grandchildren. But I admit it does lead to more frequent Amelia Bedelia moments. The other day I was providing childcare for my granddaughter Cora and her one-year-old brother, Zay. Zay was sleeping while Cora was in her bedroom colouring, with her tablet right next to her. Hoping to have a few minutes of peace, I told Cora I would be in the backyard and that she should call me if Zay woke up. Shortly after, the door opened. There was Cora, red-faced, struggling to carry Zay. I quickly took him from her, gently scolding (训斥), “Cora, I told you to call me.” She simply replied, “Grandma, I did call you. You didn’t answer. Where’s your phone?” Her call had come via an app on her tablet to my phone which was on the kitchen table. Clearly, we had different ideas of what “call” meant. As my grandchildren become more proficient (熟练) with technology and the language of a different generation, there is no doubt our Amelia Bedelia moments will only increase. I can resist the misunderstandings by putting my phone away, but to enjoy the smile of the loved ones, I’d rather keep it closer to me to experience the silly accidents that will occur. 40. What caused Amelia’s silly behaviours? ____________________________________________________ 41. Why didn’t the author’s granddaughter call her the way she had expected? ____________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. The author cherishes Amelia Bedelia moments because she wants to resist the misunderstandings. ____________________________________________________ 43. If you experience an Amelia Bedelia moment, what would you do? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________ 【答案】40. Her literal interpretation of language. 41. Because they had different ideas of what “call” meant. 42. The author cherishes Amelia Bedelia moments because she wants to resist the misunderstandings. The author cherishes Amelia Bedelia moments because she wants to enjoy the smile of the loved ones. 43. If I experience an Amelia Bedelia moment, I would laugh it off and try to understand the other person’s perspective, because it’s a chance to see the world from a different angle.(答案不唯一，合理即可) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述作者和孙女间因对“call”理解不同产生的趣事及感悟。 【40题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段的“Amelia’s silly behaviours that were a result of her literal interpretation of language often had me laughing.(阿米莉亚那些因对语言的字面理解而产生的愚蠢行为常常让我捧腹大笑)”可知，Amelia愚蠢的行为是由于她对语言的字面理解造成的。故答案为Her literal interpretation of language. 【41题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段的“Her call had come via an app on her tablet to my phone which was on the kitchen table. Clearly, we had different ideas of what ‘call’ meant.(她是通过平板电脑上的一个应用程序给我打电话的，而我的手机当时放在厨房的桌子上。很明显，我们对 “call” 的理解不一样)”可知，孙女是通过平板电脑上的应用程序给作者打电话，而作者期望的是她在弟弟醒了后叫他。故答案为Because they had different ideas of what “call” meant. 【42题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段的“I can resist the misunderstandings by putting my phone away, but to enjoy the smile of the loved ones, I’d rather keep it closer to me to experience the silly accidents that will occur.(我可以通过把手机放在一边来避免这些误解，但为了能看到所爱之人的笑容，我宁愿把手机放在身边，去经历那些将会发生的小趣事)”可知，作者珍惜这些“Amelia Bedelia 时刻”不是为了避免误解，而是为了享受亲人的笑容，体验那些会发生的愚蠢的意外，所以错误的地方是 because she wants to resist the misunderstandings. 。故答案为The author cherishes Amelia Bedelia moments because she wants to resist the misunderstandings. The author cherishes Amelia Bedelia moments because she wants to enjoy the smile of the loved ones. 【43题详解】 开放性试题。本题为开放性试题，答案不唯一，合理即可。如果经历了阿米莉亚·贝迪莉娅的时刻，我会笑着面对，尝试从对方的角度去理解，因为这是一个从不同角度看世界的机会。故答案为If I experience an Amelia Bedelia moment, I would laugh it off and try to understand the other person’s perspective, because it’s a chance to see the world from a different angle. 第二节（20分） 44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校正在举办以“美丽校园”为主题的原创作品征集活动，交换生Jim打算参加，发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复，内容包括： 1. 建议创作内容； 2. 就以上建议简要说明理由。 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】Dear Jim, Excited about your plan to participate in “The Beauty of Campus” activity! I’m eager to share my suggestions about what to create. I believe it would be a wonderful idea to shoot a video highlighting the heartfelt bonds between students and teachers. You can capture footage of bustling offices where teachers diligently help students with their academic challenges. To add a more heartwarming touch you could interview students and incorporate their appreciation for teachers’ guidance, support, and the positive impact they’ve had on their lives into the video. Their honest remarks would not only beautifully show the dynamic campus life, but also portray the beauty of character. What do you think of my ideas? Feel free to ask me any questions during your shooting. Yours, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于建议信。要求考试给交换生Jim回封邮件，就他所询问的有关学校正在举办的以“美丽校园”为主题的原创作品征集活动的创作内容提出建议，并说明理由。 【详解】1. 词汇积累： 参加：participate in→take part in 渴望的：eager→longing 突出、强调：highlight→emphasize 联系：bond→connection 影响：impact→influence 充满活力的：dynamic→energetic 2. 句式拓展： 同义句转换： 原句：I believe it would be a wonderful idea to shoot a video highlighting the heartfelt bonds between students and teachers. 拓展句：I believe it would be a wonderful idea to shoot a video that highlights the heartfelt bonds between students and teachers. 【点睛】【高分句型1】You can capture footage of bustling offices where teachers diligently help students with their academic challenges.（运用了以关系副词where引导的限制性定语从句。） 【高分句型2】To add a more heartwarming touch, you could interview students and incorporate their appreciation for teachers’ guidance, support, and the positive impact they’ve had on their lives into the video.（运用了动词不定式作目的状语和省略了关系代词的限制性定语从句。） 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 北京市朝阳区高三年级第二学期质量检测一 英语试卷 （考试时间90分钟 满分100分） 本试卷共10页。考生务必在答题卡指定区域作答，在试卷上作答无效。 第一部分 知识运用（共两节，30分） 第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） 阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 New-born babies aren’t afraid of the dark. They don’t have a ___1___ of the dark yet; that comes later. One day, my 2-year-old daughter suddenly said, “Too dark!” after we turned out the light. She believed something was under the bed. To ___2___ her tears, I plugged in the desk lamp to prove there were no monsters. When I first started writing, I didn’t worry about the dark as I could create all kinds of stories. After graduation, I became a busy parent. My writing ___3___. Nights that I would spend reading or thinking were gone. I wrote at 5 am before the ___4___ of the everyday housework—laundry, playdates and feedings—but soon nodded off. I was so ___5___. Writing anxiety grew slowly. Worn out, I forgot to buy a nightlight. The desk lamp was too bright. A nightlight was enough to help my daughter see the outline of the bed. It would burn through the night, calming her fears. She didn’t need it to see; she needed it to feel ___6___. In the basement I found an old plastic Christmas tree and took it up to her room. My daughter saw it and clapped ___7___, “Light! My light!” It sits there year-round. A Christmas tree in July is odd, but perfect doesn’t ___8___, and besides, it casts the ideal amount of light. In being a parent and a writer, there is no fixed ___9___, no one way of doing things that is right; some things that we must do are odd. Many things bring the light. Some bring just enough light that you are no longer afraid. The shadowy light that says, Don’t be scared, write it! It is a light to ____10____ you, to keep you going. And it burns through the night, keeping the monsters at bay. 1. A. secret B. hope C. fear D. habit 2. A. wipe B. hide C. stop D. draw 3. A. slowed B. ceased C. improved D. increased 4. A. training B. division C. movement D. repetition 5. A. lonely B. tired C. focused D. energetic 6. A. safe B. quiet C. proud D. confident 7. A. shyly B. softly C. politely D. excitedly 8. A. last B. exist C. work D. arrive 9. A. need B. term C. bond D. routine 10. A. guide B. blind C. attract D. follow 第二节 （共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分） A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Zhu Mengdan, a 15-year-old from the Li ethnic (少数民族的) group, grew up climbing coconut trees. However, she had never imagined her childhood game ____11____ (become) an official event at a national competition one day. In 2024, as the youngest competitor on Hainan’s team, Zhu ____12____ (participate) in the coconut tree climbing competition at the National Traditional Games of Ethnic Minorities. “____13____ makes the event so special is that it showcases Hainan’s unique cultural identity. I hope this event continues to grow,” she remarked. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 DeepSeek-R1, ____14____ core technologies are built upon a next-generation large language model architecture, highlights China’s growing strength in AI innovation. This smart assistant can answer complex questions, create digital art and even write computer code. DeepSeek-R1 learns by repeatedly ____15____ (try), unlike other AIs that rely on large amounts of prepared examples. It practises many times and gets ____16____ (good), much like how students master maths. ____17____ the development of DeepSeek-R1, China shows the world that great things come from new ideas and hard work, not just money. C 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 It’s difficult ____18____ (understand) jargon-filled (充满行话的) writing that academics have long been accused of. To track academic writing over time, The Economist analyzed 347,000 PhD abstracts ____19____ (publish) between 1812 and 2023. They found that the abstracts have become harder to read. Though specialization and advances in technology require more precise terms, the trend of unreadable academic writing ____20____ (grow) stronger. Clear and simple writing would be a breath of fresh air. 第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，38分） 第一节 （共14小题；每小题2分，共28分） 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 A UNESCO is inviting teams and individuals from Asia and the Pacific to submit case studies on the roles and risks of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) (非物质文化遗产) in the context of climate change. The goal is to safeguard ICH while advancing sustainable development. These case studies will deepen the understanding of the links between ICH and environmental sustainability, and inform future policies and practices in heritage protection and climate action. Focus of the Case Studies: Submitted case studies should address one or more of the following questions in detail: ● What roles does ICH play in identifying, assessing and monitoring climate change? ● What roles does ICH play in promoting communities’ adaptation and safeguarding against climate change? ● What roles does ICH play in reducing carbon emissions (排放) and disaster risk? ● What are the cultural, social and economic impacts and risks to ICH practice, transmission (传承) and safeguarding due to climate change? ● What changes to ICH are required for adaptation to climate change? ● What are local and regional strategies for safeguarding ICH in the context of climate change? The case studies should be grounded in evidence-based research and involve the widest possible participation of the community, groups or individuals. They should highlight the links between cultural diversity and environmental sustainability and offer locally-suited solutions for sustainable development. Submission Details: The case studies should be written in English and between 3,000 and 5,000 words in length. All submissions are to be sent to beijing.culture@unesco.org before April 15th, 2025. Authors of selected case studies may have the opportunity to participate in publications or international conferences. 21. Why is UNESCO calling for case studies? A. To show the risk of climate change. B. To protect ICH in a sustainable way. C. To stress UNESCO’s importance. D. To raise funds for ICH protection. 22. Which of the following is a focus of the case studies? A. ICH’s role in evaluating climate change. B. ICH’s economic value for communities. C. Global strategies to safeguard ICH. D. Carbon emissions’ effects on ICH. 23. The case studies to be submitted should ________. A. cover all the listed questions B. maximize public participation C. be based on personal opinions D. be written in Chinese or English B Luther Gerlach’s images enrich the permanent collections of the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles and the National Portrait Gallery in London, among other institutions. While studying his work, one cannot help but revisit the journey he undertook in pursuit of art. Gerlach has dyslexia, a condition that makes it difficult for him to read and spell, and in middle school, it began to affect his studies. At the University of Minnesota, where Gerlach studied biology, his struggle with writing reached a tipping point. Gerlach left the university and entered art school. “Art has never been something that slowed me down, in contrast to the written word,” Gerlach says. After graduating from art school, Gerlach took what he learned and traveled across the United States selling his prints at art fairs. It was the late 1980s, and Gerlach traveled roughly 90,000 miles a year, taking photos along the way. He was making $100,000 a year doing what he loved. But the emergence of digital photography changed everything. Photographers began to use Photoshop to create the hand-brushed quality of Gerlach’s photographs and told customers they were using the same process Gerlach was using. “I would hear them talking — complete lies,” he says. Rather than dive into digital, Gerlach moved into a photographic process that was quite unusual: the wet collodion (火棉胶) process, invented in 1851. The process involves coating a plate of glass or metal with collodion, followed by using a silver nitrate (硝酸银) bath to make the plate sensitive to light. The plate is then placed in a light-tight film holder, with the photo made almost immediately while the plate is still wet. It wasn’t easy when he first started, but Gerlach has always considered “constant problem solving” to be part of the creative process. It made Gerlach feel “present as an artist”. “I saw the final product right there in front of me. The same leaves on the tree that I’m standing in front of are on the image,” Gerlach explains. “The process allowed me to feel more like a photographer instead of a machine that printed prints to sell so I could make money. And when the final product works, nothing else compares to it.” 24. Luther Gerlach’s dyslexia ________. A. forced him to change his major B. drove him to go into business C. made him drop out of middle school D. affected his artistic performance 25. As digital photography emerged, Luther Gerlach ________. A. adopted a unique photographic technique B. set off for new places to take photographs C. praised photographers for using Photoshop D. improved the hand-brushed quality of his photos 26. Why did Luther Gerlach prefer the wet collodion process? A. It was cheap and reliable. B. It was easy and efficient. C. It gave him artistic satisfaction. D. It helped him sell prints for profit. 27 What can we learn from this passage? A. Necessity inspires invention. B. Everything comes to those who wait. C. Hope for the best; prepare for the worst. D. Dare to be different in a world of copycats. C When people view photographs of frightening spiders, scientists usually observe increased electrical activity deep in their brain, in a region called the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The obvious conclusion is that the PAG controls fight-or-flight responses in threatening situations. But what if brains don’t have dedicated circuits for fighting and flighting? Is threat detection really a primary mode of the brain with its own neural circuitry (神经回路)? This idea of fight-or-flight circuits originates from the “triune brain” model dividing brains into the so-called lizard brain, including the PAG, for survival functions, the “limbic system” for emotions, and the “neocortex” for higher-order reasoning. If you know anything about evolution, you might know that something is spurious. The only animal on this planet with a lizard brain is a lizard. Also, there’s no unified limbic “system” or the “neocortex” for emotions or rationality (理性) respectively. So where does this leave the fight-or-flight story? Recently, changes in PAG activity have been observed in nonthreatening tasks, such as reading a fascinating article about the brain. The PAG has also been proved to regulate bodily systems continuously. Incidentally, this explains why antianxiety medications manage anxiety disorders without healing them. They target brain circuits that aren’t dedicated to anxiety or fight-or-flight but that simply regulate the body. Researches on the brain’s powers also cast new light on our understandings. In daily life, individuals might feel like they perceive and react to various stimuli as either threatening or safe. Actually, the brain, using past experiences, skillfully predicts and formulates action plans in anticipation of events before stimuli occur. The brain’s preparatory mechanism, metabolically (新陈代谢地) expensive, involves complicated neuronal activities for sustaining multiple predictions and corresponding action plans over extended periods. But the experiences in fight-or-flight responses crafted by your brain don’t reveal how it works. Moreover, your brain, which does much more than avoid threats, handles a complex social world full of uncertainty. That’s a recipe for stress. And what is stress? It reflects energy preparation for anticipated challenges. Your brain often makes sense of metabolic cost of uncertainty, if it drags on for long enough, as anxiety, but that’s not a must. People seek uncertainty out — and its positive cousin, novelty — when they try new foods or learn new skills. Uncertainty is common, but these days, with social media and round-the-clock news coverage, it sometimes bombards us and leaves us anxious and exhausted. But these feelings don’t emerge from fight-or-flight circuits. They may just mean, in an ever changing and only partly predictable world, that you’re doing something hard. 28. The author asks the questions in Paragraph 1 to ________. A. evaluate a statement B. justify an assumption C. challenge an argument D. introduce a new concept 29. Which does the underlined word “spurious” in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A. Rare. B. Wrong. C. Limited. D. Unexpected. 30. What can we infer from this passage? A. Hunting for novelty reduces stress and anxiety. B. Medicine targeting PAG cures anxiety disorders. C. Uncertainty is a product of modern media and news cycles. D. The “Fight or Flight” idea overlooks the brain’s predictive power. D In the field where philosophy and neuroscience overlap, few questions have fascinated and confused humanity as deeply as the concept of free will. At first glance, the idea that we have the power to make choices that are not predetermined seems intuitive (直觉的). However, a closer examination reveals a complex web of philosophical arguments and scientific findings that challenge this seemingly straightforward concept. From a philosophical standpoint, the debate around free will has continued intensely for centuries. Compatibilists argue free will can coexist with determinism, as long as our actions are a result of our own desires and motivations. For example, choosing a music career out of passion is considered as a free choice within this framework. In contrast, incompatibilists maintain free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinists view the universe as a closed system governed by strict laws of nature, where every event, including human actions, is predetermined. In this view, the idea of free will is an illusion (幻觉). Neuroscience has advanced markedly in decoding the brain revealing that many actions are preceded (先于) by neural activity. Studies on the brain’s reward system and neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine (多巴胺), further challenge the nature of free will. Addictive behaviors, for instance, can be strongly influenced by the brain’s response to dopamine. A person struggling with addiction may feel they lack the free will to resist it, as their brain chemistry has been altered in a way that forces them into acting. The scientific evidence is not conclusive, though. Some argue that the neural activity observed before conscious decisions may not be the cause of the action but rather part of the preparatory process for a decision that is still freely made. Additionally, the complexity of the human brain and the fact that much of its functioning is still not fully understood leave room for the possibility of free will. If free will is an illusion, it challenges our fundamental notions of moral responsibility. We praise and blame people for their actions because we believe they could have acted differently. How can we hold individuals accountable for their actions if they were never truly free to choose otherwise? Without free will, the essential moral framework of our societies would collapse into chaotic indifference. Free will is only an illusion if you are, too. 31. Which of the following situations reflects the compatibilists’ view? A. Driven by dopamine, Tim keeps checking his social media. B. Lucy speaks first after being randomly selected by software. C. Exposed to a sudden blinding light, Lily quickly shuts her eyes. D. Jerry shifts between companies of shared bikes based on discounts. 32. What can we learn from the passage? A. The altered brain chemistry enhances free will. B. Conscious decisions are independent of neural activities. C. Hard determinists see free will vital to moral accountability. D. Neuroscientists’ views on the causes of human actions differ. 33. As for the existence of free will, the author is ________. A. neutral B. disapproving C. positive D. doubtful 34. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Does Neuroscience Threaten Free Will? B. Why the Arguments Against Free Will Fail C. Exploration into the Complexity of Free Will D. Free Will: Bridging Neuroscience and Philosophy 第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分） 根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。 When I think of my friends, I am mostly filled with love and warmth: I simply can’t wait to see them again for their affection and support. ____35____ In the right mood, these individuals can deliver a fun-filled evening, but at the wrong moment, they can drain (耗尽) all my goodwill. If this sounds familiar, then you too have frenemies, who psychologists call “ambivalent relationships”. These love-hate relationships could include a friend, a parent, a colleague or even a husband or wife. Their ambivalence can come in many forms. ____36____ It could be a partner love-bombing you one day, but fiercely critical the next, leaving you unsure about their true feelings. ____37____ At the very least, you would expect them to be better for us than our aversive (令人厌恶的) relationships. Unfortunately, research suggests things aren’t so simple. A team at the University of Utah asked people to take a reaction-time test and they found that rapidly flashing the name of an ambivalent connection on a screen intensified stress response of participants. Another study at Brigham Young University found that simply knowing an ambivalent connection was nearby as participants prepared to give a speech was enough to send their blood pressure rocketing. ____38____ Cutting ties with our ambivalent connections isn’t always possible or desirable if they are deeply mixed into our social network. So, what can be done? Simply being aware of the ambivalent nature of a relationship might offer some protection. We can manage our expectations and mentally prepare ourselves for the mixed feelings when interacting with frenemies. ____39____ As importantly, be a little more mindful of any interactions with all our ties. Show others the appreciation and respect we feel for them, for accidental neglect could be taken as a sign of indifference. A. It might be a friend who is often unavailable when you need his support. B. We might hope that in such relationships, the good would outweigh the bad. C. In fact, even unconscious reminders of a frenemy can break our peace of mind. D. This allows us to focus on their good qualities and show empathy for the unpleasant ones. E. If you feel someone too negative a presence in your life, you may decide to cut off contact. F. A handful, however, stimulate quite different emotions—a mixture of eagerness and anxiety. G. After all, the benefits of social connection come from feeling well understood and supported. 第三部分 书面表达（共两节，32分） 第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分） 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 Growing up, my favourite children’s book was Amelia Bedelia. Amelia’s silly behaviours that were a result of her literal interpretation of language often had me laughing. When she was told to dust the furniture, instead of grabbing a feather duster, she sprinkled (撒) dust all over the chairs and tables. A classic moment in Amelia’s life. Recently, several of my friends have decided to limit their use of electronic devices for chatting to avoid potential misunderstandings. Yet, I enjoy using these tools to stay connected with my children and grandchildren. But I admit it does lead to more frequent Amelia Bedelia moments. The other day I was providing childcare for my granddaughter Cora and her one-year-old brother, Zay. Zay was sleeping while Cora was in her bedroom colouring, with her tablet right next to her. Hoping to have a few minutes of peace, I told Cora I would be in the backyard and that she should call me if Zay woke up. Shortly after, the door opened. There was Cora, red-faced, struggling to carry Zay. I quickly took him from her, gently scolding (训斥), “Cora, I told you to call me.” She simply replied, “Grandma, I did call you. You didn’t answer. Where’s your phone?” Her call had come via an app on her tablet to my phone which was on the kitchen table. Clearly, we had different ideas of what “call” meant. As my grandchildren become more proficient (熟练) with technology and the language of a different generation, there is no doubt our Amelia Bedelia moments will only increase. I can resist the misunderstandings by putting my phone away, but to enjoy the smile of the loved ones, I’d rather keep it closer to me to experience the silly accidents that will occur. 40 What caused Amelia’s silly behaviours? ____________________________________________________ 41. Why didn’t the author’s granddaughter call her the way she had expected? ____________________________________________________ 42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why. The author cherishes Amelia Bedelia moments because she wants to resist the misunderstandings. ____________________________________________________ 43. If you experience an Amelia Bedelia moment, what would you do? (In about 40 words) ____________________________________________________ 第二节（20分） 44. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你校正在举办以“美丽校园”为主题的原创作品征集活动，交换生Jim打算参加，发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复，内容包括： 1. 建议创作内容； 2. 就以上建议简要说明理由。 注意：1. 词数100左右； 2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$