精品解析：北京市第二中学2023-2024学年高一下学期段考三英语试题

2024北京二中高一(下)段考三 英 语 必修Ⅱ 第一部分：知识运用(共两节，15分) 第一节 语音知识(共10小题;每小题0. 5分，共5分) 请选出下列各组单词中下划线部分的发音与其他单词不相同的一个单词。 1. A. heritage B. exit C. protest D. exist 2. A. profit B. quote C. province D. promise 3. A. parade B. paraphrase C. privacy D. persuade 4. A. species B. relic C. fiction D. insect 5. A. habitat B. attack C. accurate D. pyramid 6. A. identify B. benefit C. average D. engine 7. A. campaign B. cash C. canteen D. capable 8. A. resident B. minor C. charity D. illegal 9 A. archaeologist B. charity C. attach D. chore 10. A. illegal B. digital C. kangaroo D. target 第二节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1. 5分，共15分) 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 A Labrador has been doing an important job to help people stay safe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight-year-old Roby runs through the streets of the hilly city of Medellin several times a day with a ___11___ in his jaws, taking vegetables, fruit and packaged foods to customers of the Fresh4U mini-market. “He helps us to maintain social distancing,” said Roby’ owner, Sherry Botero. “And people ___12___ it when we send the dog.” Roby enjoys eating carrots ___13___ to him by customers, a tip for bringing a basket of food. Roby wasn’t always a star. He was accepted into the family ___14___ by Ms Botero after repeated requests by her son to ___15___ a dog. But Ms Botero quickly ___16___ with the dog. And when she opened a mini-market four years ago, he started to accompany her to make deliveries. Roby can’t read ___17___. But he remembers the names of customers who have previously rewarded him with treats. And with some practice, he has learned to go to their houses on his own. “He knows the names of five or six of our customers,” Ms Botero said, “So I send the goods with a receipt in the basket, and my customers ___18___ me through a bank transfer(转账；转移).” Roby might not know that he’s become an ___19___ worker. But he is happy to help his owner and ___20___ his daily pay. 11 A. bag B. chain C. basket D. stick 12. A. respect B. love C. follow D. notice 13. A. gifted B. returned C. lent D. donated 14. A. intentionally B. regretfully C. immediately D. unwillingly 15. A. adopt B. train C. adore D. walk 16. A. got away B. kept in touch C. caught up D. fell in love 17. A. minds B. addresses C. numbers D. receipts 18. A. treat B. help C. pay D. impress 19. A. essential B. honest C. optimistic D. adventurous 20. A. spend B. calculate C. collect D. increase 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) A When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. ” 21. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem. C To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine. 22. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea. C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention. 23. What is the basis for John’s work? A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive. C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups. B Grizzly bears which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the US was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the US. Their recovery has been so successful that the US Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 24. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. 25. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. 26. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates. 27. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. C Because the commercial internet has been developed with so little regard for privacy, tech companies have been able to turn personal data into considerable profits, raising billions of dollars off their ability to collect and sell information about anyone who has wandered within shouting distance of their software. This week, Google announced a step in the right direction-but not a huge step, nor one that will stop Google from continuing to collect immense amounts of personal data. At issue is how online companies track internet users as they browse (浏览) from site to site online, typically through cookies (information that a website leaves in your computer so that the website will recognize you when you use it again). The most harmful version, “third-party” cookies, is the web alternative of a company posting security guards across the internet to monitor what you do, even when you’re on other companies’ sites. Google declared in a blog post Wednesday that it would no longer use or support third-party cookies, nor would it create or use any other technology that tracks individual users across the web. Given that Google is a main supplier of online advertising technology, its change in approach will impact far and wide. That’s welcome news, although with huge amounts of warning. As Lee Tien of the Electronic Frontier Foundation noted, third-party cookies were already on the retreat, with Apple and other makers of popular web browsers moving to block them. Meanwhile, Google, Facebook and other Big Tech companies continue to collect personal information in large quantities from people who use their sites and services through first-party cookies and similar techniques. The concerns about personal data collection are the same whether it’s being collected through first-party or third-party techniques, said Michelle Richardson of the Center for Democracy and Technology. “Companies may use the information to discriminate among internet users, offering different goods, services and even prices to different users.” Instead of helping advertisers track individuals, Google says, it is improving a technology that assigns users namelessly to large groups with common interests. That’s an improvement, even though it too may be at risk of abuse. But why do any form of tracking at all? Privacy advocates say pitches (兜售) can be targeted effectively by basing them on where the user is at the moment, not where he or she has browsed previously online. Ultimately, lawmakers are going to have to lay down regulations giving people far more control over whether and how personal information is used online. Ideally the federal (联邦的) government will set a strong floor under online privacy protections, but until then it will be up to state lawmakers or voters to act, as this state has done with its groundbreaking online privacy laws. It’s good to see Google move the ball forward, but there’s much farther to go. 28. What does the underlined phrase “on the retreat” in Para 4 most probably mean? A. Exposed. B. Removed. C. Emerging. D. Fading. 29. It can be learned from the declaration that Google . A. is developing new technologies to stop data collection B. refuses to work with companies tracking privacy C. intends to abandon its advertising technologies D. resolves to stop the use of third-party cookies 30. From the passage we can know that first-party cookies . A. are still collecting personal information B. are blocked by big companies like Apple C. are mainly used by advertising companies D. are less concerning than third-party cookies 31. What is the writer’s attitude towards Google’s new move? A. It is less satisfactory than expected. B It needs to be more forceful to be effective. C. It will accelerate the disappearance of cookies. D. It has driven lawmakers to make new regulations. D People who think of themselves as tough-minded and realistic tend to take it for granted that human nature is selfish and that life is a struggle in which only the fittest may survive. According to this philosophy, the basic law by which people must live, is the law of the jungle. The “fittest” are those who can bring to the struggle superior force, superior cunning and superior ruthlessness. But we are entitled to ask whether the ruthlessness of the tiger, the cunning of the fox and the obedience to the law of the jungle are, in their human applications, actually evidence of human fitness to survive. If human beings are to pick up pointers on behavior from the lower animals, are there not animals other than beasts of prey from which we might learn lessons in survival? We might, for example, look to the rabbit or the deer and define fitness to survive as superior speed in running away from our enemies. We might point to the earthworm or the mole and attribute their fitness to survive to the ability to keep out of sight and out of the way. If we simply look to animals in order to define what we mean by “fitness to survive”, there is no limit to the subhuman systems of behavior that we can think up. We may admire and imitate any animal because they have all obviously survived in one way or another. We are still entitled to ask, however, if human survival does not revolve around a different kind of fitness from that of the lower animals. Biologists distinguish between two kinds of struggle for survival. First, there is the interspecific (物种之间) struggle, warfare between different species of animals. Second, there is the intraspecific (物种之内) struggle, warfare among members of a single species. A great deal of evidence in modern biology indicates that those species that have developed elaborate means of intraspecific competition often make themselves unfit for interspecific competition, and that strength and fierceness in fighting and killing other animals, whether in interspecific or intraspecific competition, have never been enough in themselves to guarantee the survival of a species. If we are going to talk about human survival, one of the first things to do, even if we grant that people must fight to live, is to distinguish between those qualities that are useful in fighting the environment and other species and those qualities that are useful in fighting other people. There are also characteristics important to human survival that do not involve fighting. Cooperation is essential to the survival of most living creatures. And human beings are the talking animals. Any theory of human survival that leaves this fact out of account is no more scientific than would be a theory of be aver survival that failed to consider the interesting uses a be aver makes of its teeth and flat tail. Let us see what talking means. 32. According to the passage, the “Survival of the Fittest” theory ________. A. shows that the tough-minded and realistic survive. B. applies better in human society than in the wild. C. is often used as an excuse for one’s being selfish. D. is universally acknowledged among scientists. 33. According to the passage, the author is most likely to agree that ________. A. humans have no superior force over other species. B. humans have survived because they are the fittest. C. humans don’t have to learn from animals to survive. D. humans need to fight each other for their own survival. 34. What is most likely to be talked about next? A. Ways to make humans more competitive. B. Human’s cooperation via communication. C. Differences between beavers and humans. D. The development of human survival skills. 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 What is heritage? The word can be difficult to define. Heritage is always something that is passed down by families or other groups for many years.____35____ It can also be the customs, traditions, and values shared by groups of people. One way to think about heritage is to break it down into three groups. These are the tangible(有形的), the natural, and the intangible. ____36____ It can include many human-made objects that hold cultural value. Some examples are national monuments and works of art. Many ancient sites are also part of this group. On a smaller scale, a family home can be part of an individual’s heritage. Many parts of the natural world are also important to cultural heritage. This can include bodies of water, plant life, landforms and more. One example is the Nile River.____37____ Efforts to protect natural heritage are key in many cultures. The intangible group includes any part of cultural heritage that you can’t feel through touch. Maybe you’ve read about forms of dance, like Flamenco dancing. You might know about the music of Mariachi Bands or holidays like Eid. These are all examples of intangible heritage. ____38____ Exploring your own heritage can be fun. It can help you learn about yourself, your family, and your ancestors. But it’s also important to learn about the heritage of others. ____39____ It can also lead you to find things you may have in common with others! A. They are treasures that can be touched. B. What tangible items can be part of heritage? C. However, heritage isn’t limited to concrete objects. D. Languages, holidays and customs also make the list. E. Therefore, it’s difficult to protect them from fading away. F. Doing so can help you build a stronger understanding of other cultures. G. It has been part of cultural heritage in many African nations for centuries. 第三部分：词汇、语法知识(共三节，23分) 第一节 单词填空(共20小题;每小题0. 5分，共10分) 请根据括号中所给的提示或首字母提示，使用单词的正确形式完成句子，并将完整的单词答案写到答题纸相应位置上，每空仅填写一个单词。 40. To live a ___________ (和谐的) life, we must remove our prejudices and doubts. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 41. Sherlock Holmes is known to everybody for his quick thinking and careful o___________ (观察). (根据中英文提示单词拼写) 42. We strongly encourage all teenagers to follow these lifestyle tips, because living well is the safest and most _________(有效的) way to get into shape. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 43. Normally, such an outward display of affection is ___________ (保留) for his mother. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 44. People are becoming more sensitive to the dangers ___________ (威胁) the environment. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 45. In 2016, Liu, a then student of Tsinghua University, noticed a popular campaign called “Leftover Party”, where people brought their leftovers to eat together, intending to raise ___________ (意识) of food waste. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 46. I will meet you at the ___________ (入口) of the music hall at seven that evening. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 47. The committee put forward a ___________ (propose) to reduce the time limit. (所给词的适当形式填空) 48. They say the government is not doing enough to investigate tens of thousands of killings and ___________ (失踪) over the past few years. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 49. TV Ears has helped thousands of people with various degrees of hearing ___________ (丧失) hear the television clearly without turning up the volume. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 50. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an ___________ (尝试) to show that babies are at higher risk of developing the diseases. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 51. Volunteers came with carloads of ___________ (被捐赠的) clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 52. If you’re staying for more than three months or working ___________ (在海外), a full 10-year passport is required. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 53. I’m happy to inform you that you ___________ (晋升) to captain. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 54. The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of _______(create) thinking. (所给词的适当形式填空) 55. He said his car had got ___________ (stick) in the mud. (所给词的适当形式填空) 56. Sometimes, avoidance of one particular food will have this b___________ (有益的) effect, though admittedly rarely. (根据中英文提示单词拼写) 57. The Russian student’s ___________ (熟悉) with Mark Twain(马克吐温) delighted him. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 58. The house is ___________ (便利) located within the town centre. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 59. Let me give you an ___________ (更新, 最新消息) on how the project is going. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 第二节 语法填空(共8小题;每小题1分，共8分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place _____60_____ people welcome the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural _____61_____ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. It is a distinct visual contrast that shouldn’t work, _____62_____ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, _____63_____ (mean) there is always something new to discover here. B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Dr. Sylvia Earle urges people around the world to help protect the ocean, the blue heart” of the planet. She explains how the natural cycles that balance Earth’s water, air, and climate have much to do with the ocean. She also notes our dependence on the ocean’s food chain, from the biggest fish to the tiniest organisms. If just one link in the chain _____64_____ (remove), it will affect the whole system. Today, the ocean _____65_____ (damage) at a rapid rate, and it is clear that humans are responsible. More trash and chemicals end up into the water. This damages delicate ecosystems, such as coral reefs, and all the life _____66_____ they support. People are also overfishing. In fact, over 90 percent of big fish such as tuna _____67_____ (kill) for food so far. Earle firmly believes that the ocean must be under protection from further harm. 第四部分：书面表达(共两节，24分) 第一节 阅读表达(共3小题，第1、2题各2分，第3小题5分，共9分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 It’s not your fault? That doesn’t mean you’ re off the hook Back in 1964, in his book Games People Play, psychiatrist Eric Berne described a pattern of conversation he called “Why Don’t You — Yes But”, which remains one of the most annoying aspects of everyday social life. The person adopting the strategy is usually a chronic complainer. Something is terrible about their relationship, job, or other situation, and they complain about it endlessly, but find some excuse to dismiss any solution that’s proposed. The reason, of course, is that on some level they don’t want a solution; they want to be accepted in their position that the world is out to get them. If they can “win” the game — dismissing every suggestion until the person they talk with gives up in annoyance—they get to feel pleasurably right in their anger and excused from any obligation to change. Part of the trouble here is the so-called responsibility/fault fallacy (谬误). When you’ re feeling hard done by — say, obliged to work for a stupid boss — it’s easy to become attached to the position that it’s not your job to address the matter, and that doing so would be an admission of fault. But there’s a confusion here. For example, if I were to discover a newborn at my front door, it wouldn’t be my fault, but it most certainly would be my responsibility. There would be choices to make, and no possibility of avoiding them, since trying to ignore the matter would be a choice. The point is that what goes for the baby on the doorstep is true in all cases: even if the other person is 100% in the wrong, there’s nothing to be gained from using this as a good reason to escape responsibility in the long run. If you find yourself on the receiving end of this kind of complaining, there’s a clever way to shut it down — which is to agree with them. Then you’ll be spared further complaining, since the other person’s motivation was to confirm her beliefs, and now you’ re confirming them. “And then, sometimes, something magical might happen,” Gotlieb writes. The other person “might realize she’s not as trapped as you are saying she is, or as she feels.” 68. What is the conversation pattern described by Eric Berne called? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 69. What does the author advise people to do to chronic complainers? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 70. Besides the strategy mentioned in the passage, what other techniques could you use to deal with chronic complainers? And explain why. (In about 40 words) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 第二节 写作(共15分) 71. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友Jim听说直播购物（live-stream shopping）在中国很流行，发来邮件询问相关信息。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括： 1.你是否通过直播进行过购物； 2.你对直播购物的看法或感受。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $ 2024北京二中高一(下)段考三 英 语 必修Ⅱ 第一部分：知识运用(共两节，15分) 第一节 语音知识(共10小题;每小题0. 5分，共5分) 请选出下列各组单词中下划线部分的发音与其他单词不相同的一个单词。 1. A. heritage B. exit C. protest D. exist 2. A. profit B. quote C. province D. promise 3. A. parade B. paraphrase C. privacy D. persuade 4. A. species B. relic C. fiction D. insect 5. A. habitat B. attack C. accurate D. pyramid 6. A. identify B. benefit C. average D. engine 7. A. campaign B. cash C. canteen D. capable 8. A. resident B. minor C. charity D. illegal 9. A. archaeologist B. charity C. attach D. chore 10. A. illegal B. digital C. kangaroo D. target 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. D 8. B 9. A 10. B 【解析】 【1题详解】 A. heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/；B. exit /ˈeksɪt/；C. protest /ˈprəʊtest/；D. exist /ɪɡˈzɪst/。heritage、exit和protest”中 “e” 发 /e/ 音，“exist” 中 “e” 发 /ɪ/ 音，故选D。 2题详解】 A. profit /ˈprɒfɪt/；B. quote /kwəʊt/；C. province /ˈprɒvɪns/；D. promise /ˈprɒmɪs/。profit、province和promise”中 “o” 发 /ɒ/ 音，“quote” 中 “o” 发 /əʊ/ 音，故选B。 【3题详解】 A. parade /pəˈreɪd/；B. paraphrase /ˈpærəfreɪz/；C. privacy /ˈpraɪvəsi/；D. persuade /pəˈsweɪd/。parade第二个“a” 、paraphrase中第三个“a” 和persuade中 “a” 发 /eɪ/ 音，“privacy” 中 “a” 发 /ə/ 音，故选C。 【4题详解】 A. species /ˈspiːʃiːz/；B. relic /ˈrelɪk/；C. fiction /ˈfɪkʃn/；D. insect /ˈɪnsekt/。relic、fiction和insect中 “c” 发 /k/ 音，“species” 中 “c” 发 /ʃ/ 音，故选A。 【5题详解】 A. habitat /ˈhæbɪtæt/；B. attack /əˈtæk/；C. accurate /ˈækjərət/；D. pyramid /ˈpɪrəmɪd/。attack、accurate和pyramid中 “a” 发 /ə/ 音，“habitat ” 中第二个 “a” 发 /æ/ 音，故选A。 【6题详解】 A. identify /aɪˈdentɪfaɪ/；B. benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/；C. average /ˈævərɪdʒ/；D. engine /ˈendʒɪn/。identify中“e” 、benefit中第一个“e” 和engine中第一个 “e” 发 /e/ 音，“average” 中第一个 “e” 发 /ə/ 音，故选C。 【7题详解】 A. campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/；B. cash /kæʃ/；C. canteen /kænˈtiːn/；D. capable/ˈkeɪpəbl/。campaign中第一个“a”以及cash和canteen中 “a” 发 /æ/ 音，“capable” 中 第一个“a” 发 /eɪ/ 音，故选D。 【8题详解】 A. resident /ˈrezɪdənt/；B. minor /ˈmaɪnə(r)/；C. charity /ˈtʃærəti/；D. illegal /ɪˈliːɡl/。resident、charity和illegal 中 “i” 发 /ɪ/ 音，“minor” 中 “i” 发 /aɪ/ 音，故选B。 【9题详解】 A. archaeologist /ˌɑːkiˈɒlədʒɪst/；B. charity /ˈtʃærəti/；C. attach /əˈtætʃ/；D. chore /tʃɔː(r)/。charity、attach和chore中 “ch” 发/tʃ/ 音，“archaeologist” 中 “ch” 发 /k/ 音，故选A。 10题详解】 A. illegal：/ɪˈliːɡl/；B. digital /ˈdɪdʒɪtl/；C. kangaroo /ˌkæŋɡəˈruː/；D. target /ˈtɑːɡɪt/。illegal、kangaroo和target中 “g” 发 /ɡ/ 音，“digital” 中 “g” 发 /dʒ/ 音，故选B。 第二节 完形填空(共10小题;每小题1. 5分，共15分) 阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 A Labrador has been doing an important job to help people stay safe during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eight-year-old Roby runs through the streets of the hilly city of Medellin several times a day with a ___11___ in his jaws, taking vegetables, fruit and packaged foods to customers of the Fresh4U mini-market. “He helps us to maintain social distancing,” said Roby’ owner, Sherry Botero. “And people ___12___ it when we send the dog.” Roby enjoys eating carrots ___13___ to him by customers, a tip for bringing a basket of food. Roby wasn’t always a star. He was accepted into the family ___14___ by Ms Botero after repeated requests by her son to ___15___ a dog. But Ms Botero quickly ___16___ with the dog. And when she opened a mini-market four years ago, he started to accompany her to make deliveries. Roby can’t read ___17___. But he remembers the names of customers who have previously rewarded him with treats. And with some practice, he has learned to go to their houses on his own. “He knows the names of five or six of our customers,” Ms Botero said, “So I send the goods with a receipt in the basket, and my customers ___18___ me through a bank transfer(转账；转移).” Roby might not know that he’s become an ___19___ worker. But he is happy to help his owner and ___20___ his daily pay. 11. A. bag B. chain C. basket D. stick 12. A. respect B. love C. follow D. notice 13. A. gifted B. returned C. lent D. donated 14. A. intentionally B. regretfully C. immediately D. unwillingly 15. A. adopt B. train C. adore D. walk 16. A. got away B. kept in touch C. caught up D. fell in love 17. A. minds B. addresses C. numbers D. receipts 18. A. treat B. help C. pay D. impress 19. A. essential B. honest C. optimistic D. adventurous 20. A. spend B. calculate C. collect D. increase 【答案】11. C 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. A 20. C 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了在新冠疫情期间，拉布拉多犬Roby帮助人们送蔬菜、水果和包装食品的故事。 【11题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：8岁的Roby每天叼着篮子在多山城市Medellin的街道上跑好几次，把蔬菜、水果和包装食品送到Fresh4U迷你市场的顾客那里。A. bag包；B. chain链子；C. basket篮子；D. stick棍子。根据下一段“a tip for bringing a basket of food.”和倒数第二行““So I send the goods with a receipt in the basket,”可知，此处指叼着篮子把蔬菜，水果等送到顾客那。故选C。 【12题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当我们派Roby过去时，人们很喜欢它。A. respect尊重；B. love爱，喜欢；C. follow跟随；D. notice注意。根据下文“____ to him by customers, a tip for bringing a basket of food.”可知，人们喜欢Roby。故选B。 【13题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Roby喜欢吃顾客送给他的胡萝卜，这是他带了一篮子食物的小费。A. gifted.用礼物送；B. returned返回；C. lent借出；D. donated捐赠。根据后文“a tip for bringing a basket of food.”可知，人们送给Roby胡萝卜作为送食物的小费。故选A。 【14题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：Botero的儿子多次请求收养一只狗，但Botero不情愿地接受了这只狗。A. intentionally故意地；B. regretfully后悔地；C. immediately立刻地；D. unwillingly不情愿地。根据后文“after repeated requests by her son”可知，Botero不太愿意让儿子养狗，所以此处需用副词unwillingly不情愿地。故选D。 【15题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. adopt领养；B. train训练；C. adore崇拜，爱慕；D. walk行走。根据前文“He was accepted into the family ____ by Ms Botero ”可知，Botero不太愿意让儿子养狗。故选A。 【16题详解】 考查动词短语词义辨析。句意：但是Botero女士很快就爱上了这只狗。A. got away离开；B. kept in touch保持联系；C. caught up赶上；D. fell in love爱上。根据后文“And when she opened a mini-market four years ago, he started to accompany her to make deliveries.”和空前转折连词but可知，Botero女士喜欢上了小狗Roby。故选D。 【17题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Roby看不懂地址。A. minds思想；B. addresses地址；C. numbers号码；D. receipts收据。根据前文“he started to accompany her to make deliveries.”和常识可知，因为是狗去送货，不认识字，所以看不懂地址。故选B。 【18题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：所以，我把货物连同收据放在篮子里寄出去，我的客户通过银行汇款给我。A. treat对待，款待；B. help帮助；C. pay付款；D. impress给……留下印象。根据空后“ me through a bank transfer(转账；转移).”可知，此处指转账付款。故选C。 【19题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：Roby可能不知道他已经成为一个必不可少的“工人”。A. essential必不可少的，重要的；B. honest诚实的；C. optimistic乐观的；D. adventurous冒险的。因为Roby帮Ms Botero送货，所以他已经成了一个必不可少的“工人”。故选A。 【20题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：但他很乐意帮助他的主人和领取他的日常工资。A. spend花费；B. calculate计算；C. collect领取，收集；D. increase增加。根据前文描述可知，人们会给Roby一些食物作为小费，所以此处指他会领取他的日常报酬。故选C。 第二部分 阅读理解(共两节，38分) 第一节 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(共14小题;每小题2分，共28分) A When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. ” 21. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem. C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine. 22. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou? A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea. C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention. 23. What is the basis for John’s work? A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive. C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups. 【答案】21. D 22. B 23. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了John Todd小时候通过观察发现大自然有自我清洁能力，后来利用所学知识，建造生态机器，来清理污水的故事。 【21题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段“The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. (John给自己定的任务是去除污泥中的有害物质。首先，他建造了一系列相互连接的透明玻璃纤维罐。然后他去了当地的池塘和溪流，带回了一些植物和动物。他把它们放在罐子里，等待着。渐渐地，这些不同种类的生命相互适应，形成了自己的生态系统。几个星期后，John把污泥加了进去)”和第四段“He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. (他对结果感到惊讶。生态机器里的动植物把污泥当成了食物，开始吃起来！几周之内，它就被消化了，只剩下纯净水) ”可知，他放入污泥是为了测试这个生态机器能否像他设想的那样处理废弃物，故选D。 【22题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段“Over the years John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1, 600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. (这些年来，John承担了许多重大工作。他开发了一个类似温室的设施，可以处理来自南伯灵顿1600个家庭的污水。他还设计了一种生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水) ”可知，John 的生态设计理念得到了实际应用，故推断提到福州就是为了展示他这种理念在实际中的运用，故选B。 【23题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段““Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair. ” (“生态设计”是John给他所做的事情起的名字。他说：“地球上的生命就像是发明家的一箱备用零件。”“你把生物体放在新的关系中，观察会发生什么。然后让这些新系统自行发展自我修复的方式。”)” 可知，John强调了自然自我修复的理念，所以他工作的基础是大自然能自我修复，故选A。 B Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche — we revere (敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and their answer is often the same: a grizzly bear. “Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range,” says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven’t been seen in a century or more, they’re increasingly being sighted by humans. The western half of the US was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the US. Their recovery has been so successful that the US Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. Obviously, if precautions (预防) aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. 24. How do Americans look at grizzlies? A. They cause mixed feelings in people. B. They should be kept in national parks. C. They are of high scientific value. D. They are a symbol of American culture. 25. What has helped the increase of the grizzly population? A. The European settlers’ behavior. B. The expansion of bears’ range. C. The protection by law since 1975. D. The support of Native Americans. 26. What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from delisting grizzlies? A. The opposition of conservation groups. B. The successful comeback of grizzlies. C. The voice of the biologists. D. The local farmers’ advocates. 27. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. Food should be provided for grizzlies. B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies. C. A special path should be built for grizzlies. D. Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies. 【答案】24. A 25. C 26. A 27. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文，讲述了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到2000多头，但也带来了一些问题。 【24题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5 m long and weigh over 400 kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere them even as they give us frightening dreams. (灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们)”可知，美国人对灰熊既有害怕，又有敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A项。 【25题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句“In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. (1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》)”以及第四段“Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀)”可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C项。 【26题详解】 细节理解题。根据第四段中“Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. (如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上)”可知，是环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A项。 【27题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,“ says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula. (显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。“我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，”詹姆斯·琼克尔说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家)”可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B项。 【点睛】 C Because the commercial internet has been developed with so little regard for privacy, tech companies have been able to turn personal data into considerable profits, raising billions of dollars off their ability to collect and sell information about anyone who has wandered within shouting distance of their software. This week, Google announced a step in the right direction-but not a huge step, nor one that will stop Google from continuing to collect immense amounts of personal data. At issue is how online companies track internet users as they browse (浏览) from site to site online, typically through cookies (information that a website leaves in your computer so that the website will recognize you when you use it again). The most harmful version, “third-party” cookies, is the web alternative of a company posting security guards across the internet to monitor what you do, even when you’re on other companies’ sites. Google declared in a blog post Wednesday that it would no longer use or support third-party cookies, nor would it create or use any other technology that tracks individual users across the web. Given that Google is a main supplier of online advertising technology, its change in approach will impact far and wide. That’s welcome news, although with huge amounts of warning. As Lee Tien of the Electronic Frontier Foundation noted, third-party cookies were already on the retreat, with Apple and other makers of popular web browsers moving to block them. Meanwhile, Google, Facebook and other Big Tech companies continue to collect personal information in large quantities from people who use their sites and services through first-party cookies and similar techniques. The concerns about personal data collection are the same whether it’s being collected through first-party or third-party techniques, said Michelle Richardson of the Center for Democracy and Technology. “Companies may use the information to discriminate among internet users, offering different goods, services and even prices to different users.” Instead of helping advertisers track individuals, Google says, it is improving a technology that assigns users namelessly to large groups with common interests. That’s an improvement, even though it too may be at risk of abuse. But why do any form of tracking at all? Privacy advocates say pitches (兜售) can be targeted effectively by basing them on where the user is at the moment, not where he or she has browsed previously online. Ultimately, lawmakers are going to have to lay down regulations giving people far more control over whether and how personal information is used online. Ideally the federal (联邦的) government will set a strong floor under online privacy protections, but until then it will be up to state lawmakers or voters to act, as this state has done with its groundbreaking online privacy laws. It’s good to see Google move the ball forward, but there’s much farther to go. 28. What does the underlined phrase “on the retreat” in Para 4 most probably mean? A. Exposed. B. Removed. C. Emerging. D. Fading. 29. It can be learned from the declaration that Google . A. is developing new technologies to stop data collection B. refuses to work with companies tracking privacy C. intends to abandon its advertising technologies D. resolves to stop the use of third-party cookies 30. From the passage we can know that first-party cookies . A. are still collecting personal information B. are blocked by big companies like Apple C. are mainly used by advertising companies D. are less concerning than third-party cookies 31. What is the writer’s attitude towards Google’s new move? A. It is less satisfactory than expected. B. It needs to be more forceful to be effective. C. It will accelerate the disappearance of cookies. D. It has driven lawmakers to make new regulations. 【答案】28. D 29. D 30. A 31. B 【解析】 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了本周谷歌宣布停止使用第三方cookies，这是朝着正确方向迈出的一步——但并不是很大的一步，也不会阻止谷歌继续收集大量的个人数据。 【28题详解】 词句猜测题。根据第四段中“As Lee Tien of the Electronic Frontier Foundation noted, third-party cookies were already on the retreat, with Apple and other makers of popular web browsers moving to block them. (正如电子前沿基金会的李田指出的那样，第三方cookies已经___________，苹果和其他流行浏览器制造商开始屏蔽它们。)”由“苹果和其他流行浏览器制造商开始屏蔽它们”可猜测划线短语on the retreat意为“衰退，逐渐消失”。故选D项。 【29题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“Google declared in a blog post Wednesday that it would no longer use or support third-party cookies, nor would it create or use any other technology that tracks individual users across the web.(谷歌周三在一篇博客文章中宣布，它将不再使用或支持第三方cookies，也不会创建或使用任何其他技术来跟踪网络上的个人用户。)”可知，谷歌决心停止使用第三方cookies。故选D项。 30题详解】 细节理解题。根据第五段中“The concerns about personal data collection are the same whether it’s being collected through first-party or third-party techniques, said Michelle Richardson of the Center for Democracy and Technology. (民主与技术中心的米歇尔·理查森表示，无论是通过第一方还是第三方技术收集个人数据，人们对这些数据收集的担忧是相同的。)”可知，第一方cookies仍然在收集个人信息。故选A项。 【31题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“ It’s good to see Google move the ball forward, but there’s much farther to go. (很高兴看到谷歌将向前推进，但是还有很长的路要走。)”可知，作者认为谷歌的新举措需要更加有力的推进才能有效。故选B项。 D People who think of themselves as tough-minded and realistic tend to take it for granted that human nature is selfish and that life is a struggle in which only the fittest may survive. According to this philosophy, the basic law by which people must live, is the law of the jungle. The “fittest” are those who can bring to the struggle superior force, superior cunning and superior ruthlessness. But we are entitled to ask whether the ruthlessness of the tiger, the cunning of the fox and the obedience to the law of the jungle are, in their human applications, actually evidence of human fitness to survive. If human beings are to pick up pointers on behavior from the lower animals, are there not animals other than beasts of prey from which we might learn lessons in survival? We might, for example, look to the rabbit or the deer and define fitness to survive as superior speed in running away from our enemies. We might point to the earthworm or the mole and attribute their fitness to survive to the ability to keep out of sight and out of the way. If we simply look to animals in order to define what we mean by “fitness to survive”, there is no limit to the subhuman systems of behavior that we can think up. We may admire and imitate any animal because they have all obviously survived in one way or another. We are still entitled to ask, however, if human survival does not revolve around a different kind of fitness from that of the lower animals. Biologists distinguish between two kinds of struggle for survival. First, there is the interspecific (物种之间) struggle, warfare between different species of animals. Second, there is the intraspecific (物种之内) struggle, warfare among members of a single species. A great deal of evidence in modern biology indicates that those species that have developed elaborate means of intraspecific competition often make themselves unfit for interspecific competition, and that strength and fierceness in fighting and killing other animals, whether in interspecific or intraspecific competition, have never been enough in themselves to guarantee the survival of a species. If we are going to talk about human survival, one of the first things to do, even if we grant that people must fight to live, is to distinguish between those qualities that are useful in fighting the environment and other species and those qualities that are useful in fighting other people. There are also characteristics important to human survival that do not involve fighting. Cooperation is essential to the survival of most living creatures. And human beings are the talking animals. Any theory of human survival that leaves this fact out of account is no more scientific than would be a theory of be aver survival that failed to consider the interesting uses a be aver makes of its teeth and flat tail. Let us see what talking means. 32. According to the passage, the “Survival of the Fittest” theory ________. A. shows that the tough-minded and realistic survive. B. applies better in human society than in the wild. C. is often used as an excuse for one’s being selfish. D. is universally acknowledged among scientists. 33. According to the passage, the author is most likely to agree that ________. A. humans have no superior force over other species. B. humans have survived because they are the fittest. C. humans don’t have to learn from animals to survive. D. humans need to fight each other for their own survival. 34. What is most likely to be talked about next? A. Ways to make humans more competitive. B. Human’s cooperation via communication. C. Differences between beavers and humans. D. The development of human survival skills. 【答案】32. C 33. C 34. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要围绕人类生存的本质和所需的特质进行讨论，提出了对于“适者生存”这一观念的质疑，并探讨了人类生存中不同于动物生存的关键要素，如合作与沟通的重要性。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“People who think of themselves as tough-minded and realistic tend to take it for granted that human nature is selfish and that life is a struggle in which only the fittest may survive. According to this philosophy, the basic law by which people must live, is the law of the jungle. The “fittest” are those who can bring to the struggle superior force, superior cunning and superior ruthlessness.(那些自认为意志坚定、务实的人往往理所当然地认为，人性本私，生活就是一场只有适者才能生存的斗争。根据这一理念，人们必须遵循的基本生存法则就是弱肉强食的丛林法则。所谓的“适者”，是指那些在斗争中具备强大力量、高超的狡诈手段以及极度冷酷无情特质的人。)”可知，那些自认为意志坚定、务实的人认为人性本私，生活是一场只有适者才能生存的斗争，“适者”是那些在斗争中具备强大力量、高超的狡诈手段以及极度冷酷无情特质的人。选项C“is often used as an excuse for one’s being selfish(常被用作一个人自私的借口)”指出因为人们认为人性本私，且遵循“适者生存”（丛林法则），所以这种理论常被用来为自私行为开脱，符合文意。故选C。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“If human beings are to pick up pointers on behavior from the lower animals, are there not animals other than beasts of prey from which we might learn lessons in survival?(如果人类要从低等动物身上获取行为方面的启示，难道可供我们学习生存之道的动物，就只有那些食肉动物吗？)”以及后面列举不同动物的生存方式来探讨人类生存适应性，表明作者认为如果人类向动物学习生存，可供学习的动物不应该局限于某些类型，且人类的生存所依赖的适应性可能不同于低等动物，暗示人类不必单纯地从动物那里学习生存。故选C。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。文章开篇提出了“适者生存”的观点并进行了质疑，接着从生物学角度区分了种间和种内斗争，阐述了单纯的竞争和力量不足以保证物种生存，随后指出合作对大多数生物生存至关重要，并且强调人类是会交流的动物，任何忽视这一事实的人类生存理论都不科学。而文章最后提到“Let us see what talking means.(让我们来看看交流意味着什么)”可推测，最有可能接下来讨论的是人类通过交流进行合作。故选B。 第二节(共5小题;每小题2分，共10分) 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 What is heritage? The word can be difficult to define. Heritage is always something that is passed down by families or other groups for many years.____35____ It can also be the customs, traditions, and values shared by groups of people. One way to think about heritage is to break it down into three groups. These are the tangible(有形的), the natural, and the intangible. ____36____ It can include many human-made objects that hold cultural value. Some examples are national monuments and works of art. Many ancient sites are also part of this group. On a smaller scale, a family home can be part of an individual’s heritage. Many parts of the natural world are also important to cultural heritage. This can include bodies of water, plant life, landforms and more. One example is the Nile River.____37____ Efforts to protect natural heritage are key in many cultures. The intangible group includes any part of cultural heritage that you can’t feel through touch. Maybe you’ve read about forms of dance, like Flamenco dancing. You might know about the music of Mariachi Bands or holidays like Eid. These are all examples of intangible heritage. ____38____ Exploring your own heritage can be fun. It can help you learn about yourself, your family, and your ancestors. But it’s also important to learn about the heritage of others. ____39____ It can also lead you to find things you may have in common with others! A. They are treasures that can be touched. B. What tangible items can be part of heritage? C. However, heritage isn’t limited to concrete objects. D. Languages, holidays and customs also make the list. E. Therefore, it’s difficult to protect them from fading away. F. Doing so can help you build a stronger understanding of other cultures. G. It has been part of cultural heritage in many African nations for centuries. 【答案】35. C 36. B 37. G 38. D 39. F 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。讲述了遗产是由家庭或其他群体传承多年东西。然而，遗产并不局限于具体的物品，它也是一群人共有的习俗、传统和价值观。 【35题详解】 根据下文“It can also be the customs, traditions, and values shared by groups of people. (它也可以是一群人共享的习俗、传统和价值观)”可知，此处应指遗产不局限于某种东西，与C项“However, heritage isn’t limited to concrete objects. (然而，遗产并不局限于具体的物品)”符合题意。故选C。 【36题详解】 根据上文“These are the tangible(有形的), the natural, and the intangible. (遗产分为有形的、自然的、和无形的三种)”及空后“It can include many human-made objects that hold cultural value. (它可以包括许多具有文化价值的人造物。)”，再结合下文中列举的人造物品的例子，包括“national monuments and works of art”、“ancient sites”等；由此可知，本段主要讲述哪些是有形的遗产，B项“What tangible items can be part of heritage? (哪些有形物品可以成为遗产的一部分)”符合题意，故选B。 37题详解】 本段主要介绍自然遗产。根据空前“One example is the Nile River. (尼罗河就是一个例子)”可知，空处应该会继续讲述与尼罗河有关的内容。G项“It has been part of cultural heritage in many African nations for centuries. (几个世纪以来，它一直是许多非洲国家文化遗产的一部分)”承接上文，符合题意。故选G。 【38题详解】 本段主要介绍无形的遗产。上文提到了舞蹈、音乐等无形的遗产，D项“Languages, holidays and customs also make the list. (语言、节日、习俗也榜上有名)”承接上文，介绍了其他的无形遗产，符合题意。故选D。 【39题详解】 根据上一句“But it’s also important to learn about the heritage of others. (但了解他人的遗产也很重要)”及下一句“It can also lead you to find things you may have in common with others! (它还可以引导您找到与他人可能有共同点的东西！)”可知，空出应该是介绍了解他人的遗产的好处，F项“Doing so can help you build a stronger understanding of other cultures. (这样做可以帮助您更深入地了解其他文化)”承上启下，符合题意。故选F。 第三部分：词汇、语法知识(共三节，23分) 第一节 单词填空(共20小题;每小题0. 5分，共10分) 请根据括号中所给的提示或首字母提示，使用单词的正确形式完成句子，并将完整的单词答案写到答题纸相应位置上，每空仅填写一个单词。 40. To live a ___________ (和谐的) life, we must remove our prejudices and doubts. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】harmonious 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词。句意：为了过上和谐的生活，我们必须消除偏见和疑虑。“和谐的” 应用形容词 harmonious，作定语修饰名词 life。故填 harmonious。 41. Sherlock Holmes is known to everybody for his quick thinking and careful o___________ (观察). (根据中英文提示单词拼写) 【答案】observation##bservation 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：夏洛克·福尔摩斯以敏捷的思维和仔细的观察而闻名于世。形容词careful后接名词形式，在句中作宾语。根据中英文提示及句意，名词“观察”英文为observation，为不可数名词。故填observation。 42. We strongly encourage all teenagers to follow these lifestyle tips, because living well is the safest and most _________(有效的) way to get into shape. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】effective 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词。句意：我们强烈鼓励所有青少年遵循这些生活方式建议，因为生活得好是最安全、最有效的塑形方式。根据汉语提示“有效的”可知，此处为形容词effective，作定语修饰名词way。故填effective。 43. Normally, such an outward display of affection is ___________ (保留) for his mother. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】reserved 【解析】 【详解】考查动词。句意：通常，这种对外表达爱意的方式是留给母亲的。“保留”应用动词reserve，根据句中Normally以及句意可知，句子描述经常性动作，且reserve与主语such an outward display of affection之间是被动关系，故空处用过去分词和is构成一般过去时的被动语态。故填reserved。 44. People are becoming more sensitive to the dangers ___________ (威胁) the environment. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】threatening 【解析】 【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：人们对威胁环境的危险越来越敏感。“威胁”threaten，句中已有谓语动词are becoming，空处作非谓语动词，threaten与逻辑主语dangers之间是主动关系，应用现在分词形式作后置定语。故填threatening。 45. In 2016, Liu, a then student of Tsinghua University, noticed a popular campaign called “Leftover Party”, where people brought their leftovers to eat together, intending to raise ___________ (意识) of food waste. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】awareness 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：2016 年，当时还是清华大学学生的刘注意到了一个名为“剩食派对”的流行活动，人们把吃剩的食物带来一起吃，旨在提高人们对食物浪费的意识。空处作raise的宾语，“意识”应用名词awareness，raise awareness of 表示“提高……的意识”，是固定短语。故填awareness。 46. I will meet you at the ___________ (入口) of the music hall at seven that evening. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】entrance 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：我将在那天晚上七点在音乐厅的入口处和你见面。空处用于定冠词the之后，“入口”应用名词entrance，at the entrance of 表示“在……的入口处”。故填entrance。 47. The committee put forward a ___________ (propose) to reduce the time limit. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】proposal 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：委员会提出了一项缩短时间限制的提议。根据空前的a可知，此处应填可数名词单数形式，作put forward的宾语。propose是动词，意为“提议，建议”，其名词形式为proposal。故填 proposal。 48. They say the government is not doing enough to investigate tens of thousands of killings and ___________ (失踪) over the past few years. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】disappearances 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：他们说，政府在调查过去几年成千上万的杀戮和失踪事件方面做得不够。在句中作宾语，名词“失踪”英文为disappearance。根据并列连词and前复数名词killings可知用该名词的复数形式表示“失踪事件”，故填disappearances。 49. TV Ears has helped thousands of people with various degrees of hearing ___________ (丧失) hear the television clearly without turning up the volume. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】loss 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：TV Ears已经帮助成千上万的不同程度听力损失的人在不调高音量的情况下清楚地听到电视的声音。hearing loss 是固定短语，意为“听力丧失”。根据汉语提示及句意，故填loss。 50. Tom has since reported the shocking findings to the government in an ___________ (尝试) to show that babies are at higher risk of developing the diseases. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】attempt 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：自那以后，汤姆向政府报告了这一令人震惊的发现，试图表明婴儿患这些疾病的风险更高。不定冠词an后接可数名词单数形式，在句中作宾语。名词“尝试”英文为attempt。根据汉语提示及句意，故填attempt。 51. Volunteers came with carloads of ___________ (被捐赠的) clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】donated 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词。句意：志愿者们带着捐赠的衣服和玩具来了。邻居们用业余时间帮助别人重建家园。名词clothing and toys前用形容词修饰。形容词“被捐赠的”英文为donated。根据汉语提示及句意，故填donated。 52. If you’re staying for more than three months or working ___________ (在海外), a full 10-year passport is required. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】overseas 【解析】 【详解】考查副词。句意：如果你要停留超过三个月或在海外工作，就需要一本有效期为10年的完整护照。空处在句中作地点状语，修饰动词working，“在海外”应用副词overseas。故填 overseas。 53. I’m happy to inform you that you ___________ (晋升) to captain. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】have been promoted 【解析】 【详解】考查动词。句意：我很高兴地通知你，你被提升为队长了。分析句子结构可知，从句缺少谓语动词。动词“晋升”英文为promote。根据句意，用现在完成时。主语you与promote之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填have been promoted。 54. The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of _______(create) thinking. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】creative 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词。句意：研究人员在参与者完成创造性思维测试时，对他们进行了不同程度的噪音测试。空格处用形容词作定语，修饰名词thinking，create的形容词是creative，意为“ 创造（性）的”，故填creative。 55. He said his car had got ___________ (stick) in the mud. (所给词的适当形式填空) 【答案】stuck 【解析】 【详解】考查过去分词。句意：他说他的车陷进泥里了。“get stuck”是固定搭配，意为“被困住；陷入”，其中“stuck”是“stick”的过去分词，表被动。故填stuck。 56. Sometimes, avoidance of one particular food will have this b___________ (有益的) effect, though admittedly rarely. (根据中英文提示单词拼写) 【答案】beneficial##eneficial 【解析】 【详解】考查形容词。句意：有时，避免一种特定的食物会产生这种有益的效果，虽然很少被承认。“有益的”应用形容词beneficial，作定语修饰名词effect。故填beneficial。 57. The Russian student’s ___________ (熟悉) with Mark Twain(马克吐温) delighted him. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】familiarity 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：这位俄罗斯学生对马克·吐温的熟悉使他很高兴。名词所有格student’s后接名词在句中作主语。名词“熟悉”英文为familiarity，为不可数名词。根据汉语提示及句意，故填familiarity。 58. The house is ___________ (便利) located within the town centre. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】conveniently 【解析】 【详解】考查副词。句意：这所房子位于市中心，十分便利。修饰动词，用副词形式。副词“便利”英文为conveniently。根据汉语提示及句意，故填conveniently。 59. Let me give you an ___________ (更新, 最新消息) on how the project is going. (根据汉语提示单词拼写) 【答案】update 【解析】 【详解】考查名词。句意：让我给你介绍一下项目进展的最新情况。空处用于不定冠词an之后，应用名词形式，“更新, 最新消息”应用名词update，符合题意。故填update。 第二节 语法填空(共8小题;每小题1分，共8分) A 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place _____60_____ people welcome the fast-paced development of modern life, with 21st-century architectural _____61_____ (wonder) standing side by side with historical buildings of the past. It is a distinct visual contrast that shouldn’t work, _____62_____ somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination. The remarkable development of this city, which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world, _____63_____ (mean) there is always something new to discover here. 【答案】60. where 61. wonders 62. but 63. means 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了北京古今交融，新建筑与历史建筑并存且和谐相融，发展带来新发现。 【60题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：但尽管北京有许多古老的建筑，但它也是一个人们欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇观与过去的历史建筑并肩而立。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词place，指地点，关系词在定语从句中作地点状语，应用关系副词where引导定语从句。故填where。 【61题详解】 考查名词。句意：但尽管北京有许多古老的建筑，但它也是一个人们欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇观与过去的历史建筑并肩而立。句中wonder意为“奇迹”，是可数名词，根据21st-century architectural 以及standing side by side with historical buildings of the past可知，此处表示多个建筑奇迹，应用复数形式wonders。故填wonders。 【62题详解】 考查连词。句意：这是一种明显的视觉对比，不应该奏效，但不知何故，这两个截然不同的世界形成了很好的组合。句子前后是转折关系，所以应用连词but连接。故填 but。 【63题详解】 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：这座城市的显著发展，有意识地设计为在踏入现代世界的同时保护过去，这意味着这里总是有新的发现。根据上下文语境可知，句子描述的是现在的情况，应用一般现在时，句子主语The remarkable development of this city是单数概念，所以谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式 means。故填 means。 B 阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写 1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Dr. Sylvia Earle urges people around the world to help protect the ocean, the blue heart” of the planet. She explains how the natural cycles that balance Earth’s water, air, and climate have much to do with the ocean. She also notes our dependence on the ocean’s food chain, from the biggest fish to the tiniest organisms. If just one link in the chain _____64_____ (remove), it will affect the whole system. Today, the ocean _____65_____ (damage) at a rapid rate, and it is clear that humans are responsible. More trash and chemicals end up into the water. This damages delicate ecosystems, such as coral reefs, and all the life _____66_____ they support. People are also overfishing. In fact, over 90 percent of big fish such as tuna _____67_____ (kill) for food so far. Earle firmly believes that the ocean must be under protection from further harm. 【答案】64. is removed 65. is being damaged 66. that 67. have been killed 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Sylvia Earle博士呼吁保护海洋，指出海洋受损现状及人类责任，强调需防其受更多伤害 。 【64题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：如果只是食物链中的一个环节被移除，它将影响整个系统。根据will affect可知，主句使用一般将来时，根据主将从现原则，if 引导的条件状语从句用一般现在时，且one link与remove之间是被动关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态，主语one link是单数，be动词用is。故填 is removed。 【65题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：如今，海洋正在以很快的速度被破坏，并且很明显人类是有责任的。根据时间状语Today可知，此处表示现在正在进行的动作，且the ocean与damage之间是被动关系，所以用现在进行时的被动语态，主语the ocean是单数，be动词用is。故填 is being damaged。 【66题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：这破坏了像珊瑚礁这样脆弱的生态系统，以及它们所维持的所有生命。空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词 all the life，指物，且关系词在从句中作support的宾语，先行词被 all 修饰，关系代词只能用that。故填 that。 【67题详解】 考查时态和语态。句意：事实上，到目前为止，超过90%的像金枪鱼这样的大鱼都已经被捕杀作为食物了。根据时间状语 so far 可知，句子应用现在完成时，又因为over 90 percent of big fish与kill之间是被动关系，所以用现在完成时的被动语态，“百分数 + 名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词，此处名词big fish只体型较大的鱼类，所以看做复数，助动词用have。故填 have been killed。 第四部分：书面表达(共两节，24分) 第一节 阅读表达(共3小题，第1、2题各2分，第3小题5分，共9分) 阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。 It’s not your fault? That doesn’t mean you’ re off the hook Back in 1964, in his book Games People Play, psychiatrist Eric Berne described a pattern of conversation he called “Why Don’t You — Yes But”, which remains one of the most annoying aspects of everyday social life. The person adopting the strategy is usually a chronic complainer. Something is terrible about their relationship, job, or other situation, and they complain about it endlessly, but find some excuse to dismiss any solution that’s proposed. The reason, of course, is that on some level they don’t want a solution; they want to be accepted in their position that the world is out to get them. If they can “win” the game — dismissing every suggestion until the person they talk with gives up in annoyance—they get to feel pleasurably right in their anger and excused from any obligation to change. Part of the trouble here is the so-called responsibility/fault fallacy (谬误). When you’ re feeling hard done by — say, obliged to work for a stupid boss — it’s easy to become attached to the position that it’s not your job to address the matter, and that doing so would be an admission of fault. But there’s a confusion here. For example, if I were to discover a newborn at my front door, it wouldn’t be my fault, but it most certainly would be my responsibility. There would be choices to make, and no possibility of avoiding them, since trying to ignore the matter would be a choice. The point is that what goes for the baby on the doorstep is true in all cases: even if the other person is 100% in the wrong, there’s nothing to be gained from using this as a good reason to escape responsibility in the long run. If you find yourself on the receiving end of this kind of complaining, there’s a clever way to shut it down — which is to agree with them. Then you’ll be spared further complaining, since the other person’s motivation was to confirm her beliefs, and now you’ re confirming them. “And then, sometimes, something magical might happen,” Gotlieb writes. The other person “might realize she’s not as trapped as you are saying she is, or as she feels.” 68. What is the conversation pattern described by Eric Berne called? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 69. What does the author advise people to do to chronic complainers? _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 70. Besides the strategy mentioned in the passage, what other techniques could you use to deal with chronic complainers? And explain why. (In about 40 words) _______________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】68. The conversation pattern described by Eric Berne is called “Why Don’t You — Yes But.” 69. Stop them from going further by agreeing with them. 70. Version 1: I could try to empathize and acknowledge their feelings. Chronic complainers often want to be heard and validated, so empathizing with them and acknowledging their feelings can help to defuse the situation. I would say things like, “I can understand why you would feel that way” or “It sounds like you’ re really frustrated.” Version 2: I will deal with them by setting boundaries. Chronic complainers can be draining, so it’s important to set boundaries to protect your own well-being. I will politely let them know that I am busy with something else or that I need to end the conversation for now. Version 3: I will reframe the conversation. Instead of letting the complainer focus on the negative, I will try to reframe the conversation in a more positive light. For example, I can ask them what they would like to see happen or what they think could be a solution to the problem. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了“为什么不 —— 但是”这一令人厌烦的对话模式，剖析其背后心理，点明责任与过错的关系，还提供了应对方法。 【68题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第一段“Back in 1964, in his book Games People Play, psychiatrist Eric Berne described a pattern of conversation he called “Why Don’t You — Yes But”, which remains one of the most annoying aspects of everyday social life.(早在1964年，精神病学家艾利克·伯恩在他的《人间游戏》一书中描述了一种他称之为“你为什么不——是的，但是”的对话模式，这仍然是日常社交生活中最令人讨厌的方面之一)”可知，Eric Berne 所描述的对话模式被叫做Why Don’t You — Yes But。故答案为 The conversation pattern described by Eric Berne is called “Why Don’t You — Yes But.” 【69题详解】 考查细节理解。根据第三段“If you find yourself on the receiving end of this kind of complaining, there’s a clever way to shut it down — which is to agree with them. Then you’ll be spared further complaining,(如果你发现自己处于这种抱怨的接收端，有一个聪明的方法可以关闭它——那就是同意他们的意见)”可知，当面对习惯性抱怨者时，作者建议人们通过同意他们的观点来阻止他们继续抱怨下去。故答案为 Stop them from going further by agreeing with them. 【70题详解】 开放题目，答案不唯一，合理即可。Version 1:我可以试着理解并承认他们的感受。长期抱怨的人往往希望被倾听和认可，因此同情他们并承认他们的感受可以帮助缓和局势。我会说，“我能理解你为什么会有这种感觉”或“听起来你真的很沮丧。”I could try to empathize and acknowledge their feelings. Chronic complainers often want to be heard and validated, so empathizing with them and acknowledging their feelings can help to defuse the situation. I would say things like, “I can understand why you would feel that way” or “It sounds like you’ re really frustrated.” 版本2：我将通过设定界限来处理它们。长期抱怨会让人精疲力竭，所以设定界限来保护自己的幸福很重要。我会礼貌地让他们知道我正忙于其他事情，或者我现在需要结束谈话。 I will deal with them by setting boundaries. Chronic complainers can be draining, so it’s important to set boundaries to protect your own well-being. I will politely let them know that I am busy with something else or that I need to end the conversation for now. 版本3：我将重新组织对话。与其让抱怨者关注消极的一面，我会尝试以更积极的态度重新构建对话。例如，我可以问他们希望看到什么，或者他们认为什么可以解决问题。I will reframe the conversation. Instead of letting the complainer focus on the negative, I will try to reframe the conversation in a more positive light. For example, I can ask them what they would like to see happen or what they think could be a solution to the problem. 第二节 写作(共15分) 71. 假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友Jim听说直播购物（live-stream shopping）在中国很流行，发来邮件询问相关信息。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括： 1.你是否通过直播进行过购物； 2.你对直播购物的看法或感受。 注意：1.词数100左右； 2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。 Dear Jim, _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua 【答案】Possible version Dear Jim, You’re quite right about live-stream shopping being popular in China. I’d like to share something about it with you. I often buy things through live-stream shopping. For me, purchasing products through livestreaming has already become a habit. Firstly, it’s a more time-saving alternative than going to malls. Besides, the broadcasts enable us to communicate with the seller face-to-face, which is an advantage over only browsing the introduction pages. It’s just like shopping in the real stores. Third, it enables consumers to have a more intuitive and comprehensive understanding of the products. More importantly, it has also created millions of jobs and boosted E-commerce and express industry. How about your live-stream shopping in Britain? Looking forward to your reply. Yours, Li Hua 【解析】 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文，假如你是李华，你的英国好友Jim听说直播购物（live-stream shopping）在中国很流行，发来邮件询问相关信息。请你给他回复邮件，内容包括：你是否通过直播进行过购物；你对直播购物的看法或感受。 【详解】1.词汇积累 选择：alternative→option/choice 此外：Besides→In addition 使能够：enable→capacitate 全面的：comprehensive→overall 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I often buy things through live-stream shopping. 拓展句：I often buy things through live-stream shopping, which has many benefits. 【点睛】[高分句型1] For me, purchasing products through livestreaming has already become a habit. (运用了动名词作主语) [高分句型2] Besides, the broadcasts enable us to communicate with the seller face-to-face, which is an advantage over only browsing the introduction pages.(运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句) 第1页/共1页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $