Unit 4 Natural Disasters 一轮复习导学案-2025届高三英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

2025届高三英语Book 1 Unit 4 Natural Disasters 导学案 一．词汇清单过关 1. disaster n. ①灾难；灾害 ②彻底失败的人/事 a disaster area 灾区 disastrous adj. 灾难性的；完全失败的 2. tornado  n.龙卷风/tɔːˈneɪdəʊ/ 复数tornadoes或tornados  typhoon 台风  3. drought  n.干旱 - dry adj.干的 v.变干 wet 4. landslide n.崩塌；滑坡 = landfall 5. slide - slid - slid  vt/vi 1)（使）滑行／滑动 2)（使）悄移到；（使）悄悄移动 = slip -slipped-slipped-slipping slide into （悄声地）移动；溜进... n. 滑动；滑梯；衰落；幻灯片 6. tsunami  /tsuːˈnɑːmi/ 海啸 7. flood 1）n. 洪水；水量 in flood（河水）上涨，泛滥 eg. The river is in flood. in floods of tears 泪如泉涌 eg.The child was in floods of tears. a flood of…/ floods of… 大量的 2）vi. 淹没；大量涌入 flood in/ into… 涌进；大量涌入 Donations began flooding in from hundreds of people. 3）vt. 使灌满水；淹没 flood…with… 用…充满…（常用被动be flooded with= be full of =be filled with = be packed with） The morning sun flooded the room with a gentle light. 4）v.（感觉或回忆）涌上心头；（光线）倾泻，照亮；（某物）大量涌来 flood over/ back（感觉或回忆）涌上心头，涌现 Memories of my time in Shanghai flooded back. 8. volcanic eruption 火山爆发 9. magnitude /ˈmæɡnɪtjuːd/ 震级 10. recuse 1）n. 营救；救援 come/ go to one’s rescue 来/去营救某人  It was not long before they came to my rescue . 他们不久就来营救我了  2）v. 营救；救援 rescue sb from ...把…从…中救出来 They rescued a boy from drowning溺水. 救援工人 rescue workers = rescuer 11.damage 1）vt. 损害；破坏 2）n. 损坏；伤害 do/ cause damage to… 对…造成损害/破坏 [归纳拓展] damage/ destroy/ ruin damage 指部分性破坏，一般还可修复 destroy 指彻底破坏，一般不能或很难修复 ruin 指严重破坏，侧重指破坏事物的内在价值 12. destroy vt. ①摧毁；毁灭 destruction n. 毁灭 destructive adj. 毁灭性的 ②打破（希望；计划等）destroy one's confidence/hope/faith 13. evacuate  vt / vi 疏散；撤离  evacuation  n. 疏散；撤离 Children were evacuated from the building to escape the bombing . 14. Helicopter 直升机 15. death n. 死亡 ；毁灭 be frozen/bored / scared/ frightened to death 被冻死/无聊死/害怕死 1） die v. 死亡-died-dying die out 灭绝（=extinction ； endangered adj.濒危的） die for = long for 渴望 2）dead adj. 死了的 dying adj. 奄奄一息的 deadly adj.致命的 16. affect 1）vt. 影响 （n. =influence=impact= effect） 2）vt.（疾病）侵袭，使感染 3）vt.（感情上）深深打动，使悲伤 be affected by… 被…感动 [词形转换] 1）affection n. 喜爱 have a great affection for… 很喜欢… I have a great affection for Suzhou. 17. shelter 1）n. 避难所；庇护 under the shelter of… 在…的庇护下 Tired, we had a rest under the shelter of a big tree. 2） v. 保护；躲避 shelter sb./ sth. (from…) 保护某人/某物（免受…）=protect 18.  crack n. 裂缝 / v 使裂开 crack a smile 勉强一笑 19. as if /though 似乎；好像 even if/though 即使 20. ruin 1）n. 破坏；废墟 [pl.] in ruins 严重受损；破败不堪 When we returned to the hometown the next day, we found our neighborhood in ruins. 3） vt. 破坏；糟蹋 get ruined 被糟蹋 My new shoes got ruined in the mud. ruined adj.毁坏了的 ruin毁坏美好的事物，不能恢复。语气比spoil稍强。 spoil与ruin同义，语气不如ruin强;还有“宠坏”、“溺爱” 之意。n损坏；损失 21. percent /pə'sent/ n. ;adj. & adv. percentage n.百分比 1） n.百分之...[单复数相同] More than 80% of the students are boys in this school. percent of...作主语时，后面谓语的单复数与percent of后名词的单复数保持一致。 About thirty percent of the country's children were malnourished.这个国家约有30%的儿童营养不良。 Thirty percent of the wheat crop was damaged.30%的小麦收成受损。 2）adj.百分之...的He holds a51% stake in the firm.他在这家公司拥有51%的股份。 3）adv.百分之...地 I'm one hundred percent satisfied我是百分之百地满意 30% off - 打七折 22. brick n.砖 With her homework to finish，she is like a cat on hot bricks. 23. metal n. 金属 medal n.奖牌 24. shock 1）n.① 震惊 in shock 吃惊地He’s now in shock after witnessing the accident. give sb. a shock 使某人震惊 It will give him a shock when he knows how much you’ve spent. ②休克 ③电击 electric shock 2）vt. 使震惊（shock sb. 使某人震惊）be shocked by/ at 对…震惊We were all shocked at the news of his death. [词形转换]1）shocked adj. 感到震惊的 2）shocking adj. 令人震惊的 25.electricity n.电；电流 electric adj.电的 electrical adj. 与电有关的（electrical engineer电力工程师）electronic adj.电子的 electronic device 26. trap 1）vt. 使陷入圈套be trapped in 被困在…中=be stuck in = be caught in The little boy was rescued after being trapped in the ruins for six days. trap sb. into (doing) sth. 诱骗某人（做）某事 She was trapped into marrying him.. 2）n. 陷阱；圈套；捕兽夹 lay/ set a trap (for sb.)（给某人）设下圈套 We set traps in the field for the mice. 27. bury 1）vt. 埋葬；埋藏；覆盖bury…in… 把…埋在…里 bury one’s face/ head in one’s hands 双手掩面/双手抱头 2）vt. 使陷入；掩藏（感情、错误等） bury oneself in 专心致志于 = be buried in He was buried in a novel, so he didn’t notice me come in. Burying （bury）himself in a book （专心致志地看书）, he didn’t notice me come in . 28. breathe v. 呼吸 breathe in 吸气 breathe out 呼气 breathe a sign of relief 松一口气 [词形转换] 1）breath n.①take a deep breath 深呼吸② take one’s breath away 令人惊叹 = breathtaking adj. 29. revive vt . / vi ．复活；苏醒 revival n. 复苏；振兴 30. effort n. 努力 effortless adj.不需费力的 make an/ every effort (to do sth.) 尽力（做某事）= make efforts (to do sth.) The school clubs are making every effort to attract more students. with effort 努力地 without effort 毫不费力地 spare no effort (to do sth.) 不遗余力（做某事） Everyone in my class spares no effort on their study, preparing for the College Entrance Examination. 31. unify vt / vi 使成一体；统一 32. wisdom n. 智慧；才智 adj. wise （freedom；boredom；kingdom）某人做某事是明智的 it is wise of sb to do sth .  33. context  n. 语境；上下文；背景   （contest 比赛 content 内容；目录） 34. Suffer vt. 遭受 suffer from 遭受... [词形转换]1）sufferer n. 受难者 2）suffering n. 苦难 35. volcano n.火山 （volcanos / volcanoes ） 36. erupt v.（火山）爆发；（岩浆、烟等）喷出；（暴力、愤怒等）突然发作=（burst； burst into tears= burst out crying） [词形转换] 1）eruption n. 爆发；突发 37. supply 1）n. 供应；补给be in short supply 供应不足 2）vt. 供应；供给 supply sb. with sth. 为某人供应某物 =supply sth. to sb. 把某物提供给某人 [归纳拓展] provide/ offer 1）provide 强调提供所需之物provide sb. with sth. 为某人提供某物=provide sth. for/ to sb. 把某物提供给某人 2）offer强调主动提供offer sb. sth = offer sth. to sb. 提供给某人某物 38.typhoon n.台风 39. in the open air 在户外；露天= outdoors 40.hurricane n.暴风雨；飓风 41. survive v.1）幸存2）（靠很少的钱）继续维持生活survive on 靠…生存（= live on）3）比…的时间长 survive sb. by + 时间 比某人多活… She survived her husband by ten years. [词形转换]1）survivor n. 幸存者；生还者2）survival n. 幸存；生存 42.power n . powerful adj. 指人）有权势的；有影响力的；指物）强有力的（反 powerless）power failure 停电 have the power to do sth 43.  tap vt / vi 轻叩／拍／敲  n. 水龙头；轻叩／拍／敲 pat v.轻拍 pet v.轻抚n.宠物 44. pipe 【U】管子；管道=tube 【C】烟斗 45. whistle n / v .口哨；吹口哨 46. emergency n. 紧急情况；突发事件 =urgency emergent adj. 新兴的；处于发展初期的 47. calm1）adj. 镇静的；沉着的；无风的；keep/ stay calm 保持冷静 2）vt. 使平静；使镇静 calm (sb.) down（使某人）平静下来 1）calmly adv. 镇静地 2）calmness n. 冷静；平静 48. aid v./n. 帮助 =help = assistance with the aid of 在...的帮助下 aid sb with sth first aid 急救 aid sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事（to不可省略） 49.kit n.成套工具；成套设备 first aid kit急救箱 50. on hand 现有（尤指帮助） ① in hand 在手头；在处理中 ② at hand 在手边；即将发生 ③ by hand 手工 ④ hand in hand 手拉手 ⑤ on the one hand… on the other land… 一方面…另一方面… 2）① hand in 提交，交上 ② hand out 分发 ③ hand over 移交 ④ hand on 传递下去 ⑤ hand down 把某物传下去；传给（后代） 51.crash1）v. 碰撞；坠毁2）n. 碰撞；撞击 52. sweep v. 打扫；突然袭来；迅速传播-swept-swept sweep away 消灭；彻底消除sweep out 打扫干净 53. wave 1）n. 波浪；波；挥手 a wave of… 一阵… give sb. a wave 向某人挥手 2）v. 挥手wave sth. goodbye 向某人挥手告别 = wave goodbye to sb. 54. strike -struck-struck1）v. 撞；碰；敲，报时；划火柴，击出火星 strike + 数字 …点 strike 8 8点 2）v. 突然想到（不用于进行时）It strikes/ hits sb. that… 某人突然想起…（It occurs to sb. that…） It struck me that playing against the other team was a great learning moment for my own team. 2） n. 罢工 go on strike 举行罢工（动作） be on strike 罢工（状态） striker n.罢工者 55. deliver 1）v. 递送；传达 deliver sth. to sb. 把某物运送给某人 2）vt. 发表，宣布deliver a speech/ lecture 发表演讲 3）vt. 接生；分娩deliver a baby 接生 [词形转换]1）delivery n. 递送；分娩 56. summary 1）n. 总结；概括；概要 in summary 总的来说=in conclusion =in a word 2）summarize v. 概述；总结= sum up 57. effect n. 影响；结果；效果 have a great effect /influence/ impact on… come into effect 生效，开始实施 take effect 生效，开始起作用in effect 事实上，实际上 side effects 副作用 58. length n. 长度at length ①详细地=in detail ②最后；终于 lengthen v.延长单句语法填空 二. 单句语法填空 ①To their surprise，they found that the lecture given by the famous professor was easy _______________(understand). ②It was only after he had read the papers that Mr Brown realized the task before him was extremely difficult _____________ (complete). ③The air conditioners are our best－selling products because they are easy ___________(handle)and work with little noise. 4 The girls in our class are easy to get along ________. 5.I had travelled only two hours one day ___________ the winds increased so much that I had to put my tent up before the winds became too strong. 6.He ______________(think)about the problem when an apple fell to the ground. 7.That afternoon I was just about ___________(go)swimming when luckily our guide saw me and stopped me. 三．短文欣赏背诵 On March 5th, 2011, the city of Shenyang saw/witnessed a disaster of snowstorm that had never happened in the past hundred years. The snowstorm lasted for a whole day, greatly affecting the life of people （现在分词短语作结果状语）. Early in the morning it snowed heavily. Many vehicles were trapped on the roads. Therefore, people were forced to head for their destinations on foot. Not only were all the flights canceled but also many trains were delayed.The city government called on all the citizens and soldiers to take an active part in the activities of clearing snow. Besides, the city government took all kinds of urgent measures to rescue the people trapped in the snowstorm to ensure that everything returned to normal as soon as possible. Experiencing such a severe snowstorm, I firmly believe that united, we are strong; divided, we are weak. 被动语态 1、 被动语态的定义 被动语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的被动关系。英语的语态共有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。 2、 被动语态四步学习法 （1）一个判断：根据句意，判断是否使用被动； （2）一个牢记：牢记所有的被动结构； （3）一个选择：根据前两步，选择正确的被动语态； （4）一个翻译：翻译正确的英语句子。 三、被动语态三步答题法 （1）一个判断：根据句意，判断是否使用被动； （2）一个翻译：翻译正确的汉语意思； （4）一个选择：根据前二步，结合所学的结构，选择正确的被动语态。 四、被动语态的构成形式 1、八种基本时态的被动语态形式 　　 被动语态的结构通常为：主语 + be＋过去分词，be随时态的变化而变化， 主语是主动语态中的宾语，过去分词是主动语态中的谓语动词的过去分词。主动语态中的主语转换成被动语态中的介词by（被）后的宾语，有时省略。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为： （1）一般现在时的被动语态：主语 + am/is/are done。如： The museum requests visitors not to touch the exhibits. → 　 Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits (by the museum). 随堂练：If nothing ________， the oceans will turn into fish deserts. A．does B．had been done C．will do D．is done （2）现在完成时的被动语态：主语 + has /have been done。如： We have completed all the preparations for the task, and we're ready to start. → 　　 All the preparations for the task have been completed (by us), and we're ready to start. 随堂练：In the last few years thousands of films ______all over the world. A．have produced B．have been produced C．are producing D．are being produced 　 （3）现在进行时的被动语态：主语 + am/is /are being done。如： 　 Some workers are building a new cinema here. → A new cinema is being built here (by some workers)． 随堂练：—Why don’t we choose that road to save time? —The bridge to it __________. A. has repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. will be repaired 　 （4）一般过去时的被动语态：主语 + was/were done 。如： The boss gave me ten minutes to finish the job. → 　　 I was given ten minutes to finish the job (by the boss). 随堂练：(2013·南京市二模，22)—The heavy snow hasn't caused any inconvenience to people in Nanjing, has it? —Yes. Just imagine the city ________ with nearly 20 centimeters of snow one night. A．has been hit B．was hit C．had been hit D．is hit （5）过去完成时的被动语态：主语 + had been done。 如： By the end of last year, our government had completed another new gymnasium in Beijing. → 　　 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing (by our government). 随堂练：By April 2008，over 10 million about Beijing Olympic Game on Wikipedia. A．has put B．was put C．had been put D．is put 　 （6）过去进行时的被动语态：主语 + was/were being done。如： 　　 The leaders were holding a meeting when I was there. → A meeting was being held (by the leaders) when I was there. 随堂练：Last July，we hired a house to live in, because our house . A．was decorated B．was being decorated C．decorated D．is put （7）一般将来时的被动语态：主语 + shall/will be done/ be going to be done/ be about to be done/ be to be done。如： Villagers will lose hundreds of jobs if the factory closes.→ 　 　Hundreds of jobs will be lost (by villagers) if the factory closes. 随堂练: We are confident that the environment ________ by our further efforts to reduce pollution. A．had been improved B．will be improved C．is improved D．was improved 　　 （8）过去将来时的被动语态：主语 + would be done/ was\were going to be done/ was\were about to be done/was\were to be done。 如： He said to me yesterday that he was going to decorate his new house in ten days. → 　 　 He said to me yesterday that his new house was going to be decorated (by him) in ten days. 随堂练：The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune ______. A. is made B. would make C. was to be made D. had made 2、被动语态的特殊结构形式 　　 （1）情态动词的被动结构为：情态动词＋be＋过去分词；情态动词完成式 的被动结构为：情态动词 + have + been + 过去分词。如： ①The baby-sitter should take good care of the baby. → 　　 The baby should be taken good care of (by the baby-sitter). ②I could have finished the job before 3:00. → The job could have been finished before 3:00 (by me). 随堂练：So the questions must _____(deal) with carefully，the same way you would handle any other hot potato. A. is dealt B. deal C. be dealt D. be dealing 　　 （2）有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一 个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。如： 　　 His mother gave him a present for his birthday. → He was given a present (by his mother) for his birthday. 　　 （3）当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结 构中的主语，其余不动。如： 　　 Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. → The boy was caught smoking a cigarette. 　　 （4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。如： 　　①Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. → A stranger was seen to walk into the building. ②His mother made him do housework. → He was made to do housework (by his mother). 随堂练：(2015山东) Later, his former boss was heard______. A. remark B. to remark （5）有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词” 等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。如： The leaders are to put off the meeting till Friday. → 　　The meeting is to be put off till Friday (by the leaders). 3. 非谓语动词的被动语态 　　v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态,doing 的被动结构是being done，to do的被动结构是to be done。如： 　　 （1）I don't like being laughed at in the public.我不喜欢在公开场 合被人嘲笑。 （2）He hopes to be accepted into a key university. 他希望被录取进重点大学。 随堂练：(2014·山西)He goes to a Buddhist monk for advice and expects to (tell) how to live a more simple life. A. tell B. be told C. be telling 四、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型 　　 一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋ 过去分词＋to do sth/have done sth.”。常见如下： 　　It is said that… 据说,It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…建议。如：　 　 （1）It is said that the boy has ability to answer the difficult question. （＝The boy is said to have ability to answer the difficult question.） 据说，这个男孩有能力回答这道难题。 （2）It is thought that he is the most excellent researcher. ( = He is thought to be the most excellent researcher.) 大家都认为，他是最杰出的研究员。 （3） It is well known that the hero has conquered all the difficulty. （= The hero is well known to have conquered all the difficulty.）众所周知，这位英雄克服了所有的困难。 随堂练：—Does China have cultural relics? —Yes，it is admitted that many cultural relics in the world，such as the Great Wall， the Potala Palace and the Mogao Grottoes， (belong) China. A．belong to B.is belonged to C.belongs to 　五、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 　　 1.英语中有很多动词，如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell， read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义,主语通常是物。如： 　　（1）This kind of cloth washes well. 这种布料很好洗。 （2） In winter, down coats sell well. 在冬天，羽绒服很好卖。 　　 注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造 成的影响。 　　试比较： （1） The door won't lock．门锁不上。 （指门本身有毛病） 　　 （2）The door won't be locked．门没有锁。（指没有人来锁门, “门没 有锁”是人的原因） 随堂练：(2013·沈阳市二模，28)All the Harry Potter books by Joanne Rowling, a poor single mother, ________ all over the world. A． are well sold B． sell good C． sell well D． are well sold 　　 2. 表示“发生、进行”等的不及物动词和短语，如：happen发生, take place 举行,come about举行,last持续,break out爆发, come out出版, come true实现, run out用完、耗尽, give out用完、耗尽, turn out结果是，等以主动形式表示被动意义。如： 　 （1）How do the newspapers come out? 报纸怎么出版的？ （2）The competition will take place in October.比赛于10月举行。 （3）War of resistance against Japan broke out in 1937.抗日战争爆发于1937. 随堂练：〖08全国Ⅱ〗The road condition _____ to be bad, but it______ very good. A. expected, was turned out B. was expected, was turned out C. was expected, turned out D. expected, turned out 　　3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste,look,smell等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。如： （1）Your reason sounds reasonable.你的理由听起来很合理。 （2） The flower smells fragrant. 这朵花闻着很香。 6、 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义 　　 1．在need，want，require等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义， 其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。 （1）The house needs repairing（= to be repaired）．这房子需要维修。 （2）The table wanted cleaning(= to be cleaned). 这桌子要清理。 （3）All the problems require solving soon（= to be solved）.所有问题需要马上解决。 　　2．形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。如： The picture-book is well worth reading．（＝ worthy to be read．）这本图画书很值得阅读。 　 3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。如： 　 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon．今天下午我有很多事要做。 (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。) 　　试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? 我去邮局，你有没有信要寄？( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语，表明you不是post动作的执行者。) 　 4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语的结构中，句子的主语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。如： 　　（1）This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难解决。 （2）The task was impossible to finish in 3 days. 此任务不可能在3天内完成。 　　5． 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。如： 　 This book is too expensive (for sb) to buy.这本书（对某人来说）太贵而不能买。 　　6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人;用被动形式作定语，重点在物。 　　例There is no time to lose(to be lost)．没有时间可以失去了。（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。） 　　7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。 　　（1）Who is to blame for starting the fire? 引发本次火灾，该怪谁？ （2）Which house is to rent? 哪座房子供出租？ 　七、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义 　　表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词组成介词短语，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。 　　1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。如：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。如： 　 （1）The building is under construction( = is being constructed). （2）The patients were under treatment (= were being treated). 　　 2．“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……、范围、限度”。如： beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond reach（够不着、达不到），beyond control（无法控制），beyond hope（始料不及）。如： 　 （1）The rumour is beyond belief（= can’t be believed）． （2）The machine was beyond control. ( = couldn’t be controlled). 　 3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”。 如： 　　　His honest character is above all praise（= cannot be praised enough．）． 　　 4．“for + 名词”结构，表示 “适于……、 为着……”。如：for sale(出 售), for rent（出租）等。如： 　　 That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold). 　　 5．“in + 名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print （在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)等。如： 　　 The book is not in print．(= is not printed) 　　 6．“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)， on show （展出）, on trial（受审）。如： 　　 Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed). 　　 7．“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出…… 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。如：　 　 （1）The plane was out of control ( = couldn’t be controlled)． （2）The mountain is out of sight( = can’t be seen). 　　8．“within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。如： 　　　　He took two days off within the teacher's permission． = He was permitted by the teacher to take 2 days off. 　八、被动语态与系表结构的区别 　　当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下： 　　1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。如： 　 （1）The glass is broken． （系表结构） 　 （2）The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态） 　　2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。如： 　 （1）The door is locked． （系表结构） 　 （2）The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态） 　　3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。　 被动练习 1. If city noises ____ from increasing，people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner． 　　A． are not kept；will have to 　　B． are not kept；have 　　C． do not keep；will have to 　　D． do not keep；have to 　　2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now. 　　A. developed 　　B. have developed 　　C. are being developed 　　D. will have been developed 　　3. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off． 　--- Yes，it all depends on the weather． 　　A． I've been told B． I've told 　　C． I'm told D． I told 　　4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___. 　　A. has completed B. completes 　　C. has been completed D. is completed 　　5. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. 　　 A. cut B. are cut C. are being cut D. had been cut 　　6. The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month. 　　 A. has been designed B. had been designed C. was designed D. would be designed 　　7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____. 　　 A. breaks B. has broken C. was broken D. had been broken 　　8. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___. 　　 A. have been taken place; have been set up B. have taken place; have been set up 　　 C. have taken place; have set up D. were taken place; were set up 　　9. That suit __ over 60 dollars. 　　A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost 　　10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction. 　　--- What’s the pretty small house that __ for? 　　 A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building 　　11.--- Do you like the material? 　　--- Yes, it ___ very soft. 　　 A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 　　12. It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese． 　　 A． write B． to write C． to be written D． written 　　13. I have no more letters ____ ，thank you． A． to type B． typing C． to be typed D． typed 　　14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily. 　　 A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out 　　15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___. 　　 A. be put up B. give in C. be turned on D. go out 　　16. The computers on the table ___ Professor Smith. 　 　A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to 　　17. --- What do you think of the book? 　　---Oh, excellent. It’s worth ___ a second time. 　　 A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read 　　18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ___. A. catching B. to be caught C. being caught D. to catch 　　19. This page needed ___ again. 　　 A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked 　　20. ___ many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises 　　A. Having taught B. Having been taught C. taught D. Teaching 　　 key 1--5 ACADC 6--10 BCBDA 　　11--15 CBCAD 16--20 DCCDB 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$