Unit 12 Section 6(Word练习)-【精讲精练】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版2019）

[对应知能达标训练P41] Ⅰ.单词拼写 1．In an electric power plant，the heat converts water into high­pressure　steam　(水蒸气). 2．I'll put the　kettle　(水壶，壶) on and make us some tea. 3．The doctor suggested that she eat five to ten haws　boiled　(煮，煮沸) with sugar before each meal. 4．Natural　fibres　(纤维) such as cotton tend to be cooler. 5．There were　mass　(大量的) deportations in the 1930s，when thousands of people were forced to leave the country. 6．The lifeboat rescued the　sailors　(水手，海员) from the sinking boat in the violent storm. 7．We've just changed over from gas central heating to　electric　(用电的，电动的). 8．The plane appeared to have crashed because of a　mechanical　(机械的) problem. 9．A　revolution　(革命) in information technology is taking place. 10．(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷)　Specifically　(特别地)，it's a farm that relies on new technology. Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．He's been having treatment for two months now without any　improvement　(improve). 2．The　availability　(available) of nursery school places varies widely across London. 3．The fire was thought to have been caused by a gas　explosion　(explode). 4．The correct procedure is laid down in the rules and　regulations　(regulate). 5．You will be expected to assist the editor with the selection of　illustrations　(illustrate) for the book. 6．There is great public concern about some of the chemicals used in food　preservation　(preserve). 7．The computer will calculate your position with pinpoint　accuracy　(accurate). 8．He looked much worried　the　first time I saw him. 9．Tina made　it　clear that she would leave the company. 10.　Following　(follow) the old man，the young people started walking slowly. Ⅲ.完成句子 1．I think these interesting old customs　should be well preserved　. 我认为这些有趣的旧习俗应该好好地保存下去。 2．I　reflected on this proposal　for some time. 这个建议我仔细反思了一段时间。 3．You can call me　any time you want to　. 你随时都可以给我打电话。 4．He　makes it a rule to get up　at six every day. 他每天早晨六点起床，这已成为一种习惯。 5．A city is the product of the human hand and mind，　reflecting man's intelligence and creativity　. 城市是人的手和思想的产物，反映了人的智慧和创造力。 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A (2024·福州高二下期末)For many students who desire to move around but not far freely，one of the most common vehicles is the bicycle.For such a seemingly simple invention，its story is not that simple. Most historians trace its origin back to 1817，when a German nobleman named Karl von Drais invented a wooden，two­wheeled machine that riders moved forward with their feet.His invention became popular in both England and France，where it eventually became known as the velocipede.Unfortunately，it was eventually banned as a danger to pedestrians and was rarely seen after the early 1820s. Things were quiet for several decades until the bicycle development took off in the 1860s.An important milestone happened in Paris in 1863 when pedals (踏板) were added to the front axle (轴) .This occurred in Pierre Michaux's workshop，but it's unclear whether he or his employee，Pierre Lallement，should be given credit for the innovation.Lallement moved to the United States，where he obtained a patent for “improvements in velocipedes” in 1866.These new machines proved to be popular，and the name “bicycle” had come into use by 1869.However，many people referred to them as “bone shakers”，which described their　clunky　ride due to a heavy wooden frame and steel wheels. In the 1870s，“high wheelers” or “penny­farthings” became popular.However，with a large front wheel and a much smaller rear wheel，they could be dangerous，if riders had to stop suddenly，as they would “take a header” when their momentum (动量) carried them over the front wheel onto their heads.Eventually，English inventor John Kemp Starley designed a “safety bicycle” with two same small wheels，a chain drive，and a set of gears.With tires added in and brake (刹车) systems bettered in the following decades，bicycle production had skyrocketed to over one million bicycles by 1899. Mass production of bicycles increased their popularity greatly，since they became affordable for the average person.Over the course of the 20th century，manufacturers continued to improve the features and design of bicycles as new technologies appeared. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。介绍了自行车从19世纪初的雏形到现代的演变历程，包括关键创新、设计改进及大众化过程。 1．Why did the early bicycle fail to be allowed after its invention? A．It was made of bad materials. B．It was pushed by riders' feet. C．It was thought to be a threat to traffic safety. D.It had no patent from the official organization. 解析　细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Unfortunately，it was eventually banned as a danger to pedestrians and was rarely seen after the early 1820s.(不幸的是，它最终被禁止，因为它对行人有危险，在19世纪20年代初之后就很少见到了。)”可知，早期的自行车在发明后没有被允许使用是因为它被认为对行人构成威胁，即对交通安全构成了危险。故选C。 答案　C 2．What change did the 1860s see in the bicycle? A．The update of its axle. B．The growth of employees in its factory. C．An advance in its production workshop. D．An improvement in its drive part. 解析　细节理解题。由文章第三段中“An important milestone happened in Paris in 1863 when pedals (踏板) were added to the front axle (轴).(1863年在巴黎，踏板被安装到前轴上，这是一个重要的里程碑。)”可知，19世纪60年代自行车的变化在于其驱动部分得到了改进，即在前轴上增加了踏板。故选D。 答案　D 3．What does the underlined word “clunky” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Easy and cheap. B．Practical and safe. C．Heavy and awkward. D．Convenient and simple. 解析　词句猜测题。由文章第三段中“These new machines proved to be popular，and the name ‘bicycle’ had come into use by 1869.However，many people referred to them as ‘bone shakers’，which described their　clunky　ride due to a heavy wooden frame and steel wheels.(事实证明，这些新机器很受欢迎，到1869年，‘自行车’这个名字就开始使用了。然而，许多人把它们称为‘摇骨车’，形容它们clunky行驶，因为它们有沉重的木制框架和钢轮。)”可知，“clunky”描述的是由于沉重的木制框架和钢轮，骑行时的笨重和不灵活。C选项(又重又笨拙)符合题意。故选C。 答案　C 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A.Bicycles' Development Is Helpful to Environment B．Bicycles Have a Long and Rich History C．Bicycles Have Been Popular in the World D．The World Becomes Smaller Because of Bicycles 解析　主旨大意题。根据第一段中“For such a seemingly simple invention，its story is not that simple.(对于这样一个看似简单的发明，它的故事却没有那么简单。)”结合整篇文章讲述了自行车从1817年发明至今的发展历程，包括它的起源、重要里程碑、设计改进以及普及情况，因此最佳标题应概括为：自行车有着悠久而丰富的历史。故选B。 答案　B B (2024·石家庄高二下期末)In the fictional worlds of film and TV，artificial intelligence (AI) has been described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans.But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where AI is capable of thinking and feeling? Tech company UneeQ is heading for its “digital humans”，which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language，but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows，a smile，even a nod.They look close to a human，but not quite. What lies beneath UneeQ's digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features.Speech recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying，and natural language processing is used to work out a response.Meanwhile，another AI company，Soul Machines，is taking a more biological approach，with a “digital brain”，that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions “felt” and “expressed” by its “digital people”． Shiwali Mohan，an AI scientist at the Palo Research Center，is skeptical of these digital beings.“They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound，but that in itself is not being human.” she says.“Human qualities also involve how you think，how you approach problems，and how you break them down: and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算法) design.Designing for human­level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans.” She then continues.“If something looks like a human，we have high expectations of them，but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地) know how other humans react.” Yet the demand is there，with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial，health care，and commercial sectors (行业).“Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally，they might be left behind，” says Chetan Dube，UneeQ's CEO. Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further，enabling organizations and individuals to create digital humans themselves using free­access platforms they provide.“The biggest motivation for such platforms is to popularize AI.” Dube says. Mohan is cautious about this approach，yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.As we develop more advanced AI technology，we would then have to use new ways of communicating with that technology，she says.“Hopefully，all of that is designed to support humans in their goals.” [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人”。但一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷，但前景还是很有希望的。 5．According to Para.2，in what respect(s) do UneeQ's “digital humans” resemble human beings? A．In the way they move around. B．In the way they act and react. C．In observation and analysis. D．In speech and facial expressions. 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its ‘digital humans’，which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language，but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows，a smile，even a nod.(科技公司UneeQ正朝着其‘数字人’的方向发展，这种人在屏幕上看起来像真人，不仅在语言方面，还因为面部动作：扬起眉毛、微笑，甚至点头)”可知，UneeQ的“数字人”在语言和面部动作方面与人类相似。故选D。 答案　D 6．Soul Machines' digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it ． A．tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly B．learns to make proper emotional responses C．recognizes the speech sounds it receives D．processes the natural language it hears 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile，another AI company，Soul Machines，is taking a more biological approach，with a ‘digital brain’，that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions ‘felt’ and ‘expressed’ by its ‘digital people’．(与此同时，另一家人工智能公司Soul Machines正在采取一种更具生物学意义的方法，建立一个‘数字大脑’，模仿人脑的各个方面来调整其‘数字人’‘感受到’和‘表达’的情绪)”可知，Soul Machines的数字大脑是一项技术突破，是因为它可以学会做出适当的情绪反应。故选B。 答案　B 7．In Mohan's opinion，what human quality is lacking in digital beings? A．Calculating brain. B．Language skills. C．Problem­solving ability. D．Instinctive judgements. 解析　推理判断题。根据第四段“‘They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound，but that in itself is not being human.’ she says.‘Human qualities also involve how you think，how you approach problems，and how you break them down: and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算法) design.Designing for human­level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans.’ She then continues.‘If something looks like a human，we have high expectations of them，but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地) know how other humans react.’(她说：‘它们的长相和声音都很像人，但它本身就不是人。’。‘人的素质还包括你如何思考，如何处理问题，以及如何分解问题：这需要大量的算法设计。为人类水平的智能进行设计与设计行为像人类的图像不同。’她接着说道。‘如果某个东西看起来像人类，我们对它们有很高的期望，但它们的行为可能会有所不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。’)”可知，在Mohan看来，人类可以本能地知道其他人的反应，而数字人缺少本能的判断。故选D。 答案　D 8．What makes many sectors employ digital humans? A．The urgency to promote e­commerce. B．The fear of falling behind in efficiency. C．The wish to spread digital technology. D．The need to upgrade the health care system. 解析　细节理解题。根据第五段(然而，需求是存在的，UneeQ看到其数字员工在金融、医疗保健和商业部门被大量采用。UneeQ的首席执行官Chetan Dube表示：“除非这些部门的商业模式在数字方面更加高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面。”)可知，担心效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人”。故选B。 答案　B Ⅱ.完形填空 (2024·南昌高二下期末)When you think of curiosity，you might picture people exploring new books or new places.But how does it fit and，more importantly，why does it matter in the 1 ？ Such questions deserve our 2 ，as most of us devote most of our waking hours to work. The best workers are those who have a(n) 3 mind，always thinking out of the box and 4 the way things have usually been done.The only businesses that 5 in our rapidly changing world are those that can adapt.And such things are only 6 if people are always 7 ．They ask questions like: How can we do this better? What challenges will we face? Think of Steve Jobs，probably the most celebrated entrepreneur (企业家) of our day.What 8 him to create such brilliant products，items unlike anything that had hit the market 9 ? How did the design of Apple's products 10 with such elegant simplicity from every other design? You may have 11 the answer — curiosity.You're right.A sudden flash of curiosity may get you one good product but that is far from 12 ； only continuously cultivated (培养) and defended curiosity 13 a series of excellent products. Curiosity makes us better co­workers，too.It helps us understand others，establish effective 14 with them，and develop a harmonious working environment，despite occasional 15 or differing personalities.Curious people create more，make connections，and prepare better for the unknown future. [语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了好奇心在工作场所的重要性以及它对创新、适应和合作的影响。它强调，好奇心驱使个人进行创新思考，挑战传统方法，并适应不断变化的环境，这对于企业在快速发展的世界中生存至关重要。 1．A.negotiation B．workplace C．research D．classroom 解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意：但它如何适用，更重要的是，为什么它在工作场所很重要？A.negotiation谈判；B.workplace工作场所；C.research研究；D.classroom教室。根据下文“as most of us devote most of our waking hours to work”提到大部分时间都花在了工作上，由此可知，此处应表示为什么好奇心在工作场所很重要。故选B。 答案　B 2．A.generosity B．comparison C．consideration D．recognition 解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些问题值得我们思考，因为我们大多数人把醒着的大部分时间都花在了工作上。A.generosity慷慨；B.comparison比较；C.consideration考虑；D.recognition识别。根据上文“why does it matter in the 1 ？”提出的问题可知，此处应表示这些问题值得我们思考。故选C。 答案　C 3．A.organized B．sensitive C．practical D．innovative 解析　考查形容词词义辨析。句意：最优秀的员工是那些具有创新思维的人，他们总是跳出常规思维，挑战通常的做事方式。A.organized有组织的；B.sensitive敏感的；C.practical实际的；D.innovative创新的。根据下文“always thinking out of the box”提到总是跳出常规思维，由此可知，此处应表示最优秀的员工是那些具有创新思维的人。故选D。 答案　D 4．A.challenging B．presenting C．recommending D．examining 解析　考查动词词义辨析。句意：最优秀的员工是那些具有创新思维的人，他们总是跳出常规思维，挑战通常的做事方式。A.challenging挑战；B.presenting呈现；C.recommending推荐；D.examining检查。根据下文“What challenges will we face？”提到挑战可知，此处应表示他们总是跳出常规思维，挑战通常的做事方式。故选A。 答案　A 5．A.emerge B．cease C．survive D．struggle 解析　考查动词词义辨析。句意：在这个瞬息万变的世界里，只有那些能够适应的企业才能生存下来。A.emerge出现；B.cease停止；C.survive幸存；D.struggle挣扎。根据句意以及下文“in our rapidly changing world are those that can adapt.”可知，此处应表示只有那些能够适应的企业才能生存下来。故选C。 答案　C 6．A.preventable B．possible C．convenient D．beneficial 解析　考查形容词词义辨析。句意：只有人们始终保持好奇心，这样的事情才有可能发生。A.preventable可阻止的；B.possible可能的； C.convenient方便的；D.beneficial有益的。根据上文提到的只有那些能够适应的企业才能生存下来，以及上文“And such things are only”可知，此处应表示只有人们始终保持好奇心，这样的事情才有可能发生。故选B。 答案　B 7．A.imaginative B．curious C．ambitious D．optimistic 解析　考查形容词词义辨析。句意：只有人们始终保持好奇心，这样的事情才有可能发生。A.imaginative富有想象力的；B.curious好奇的；C.ambitious有抱负的；D.optimistic乐观的。根据上文“When you think of curiosity”提到好奇心的话题可知，此处应表示只有人们始终保持好奇心，这样的事情才有可能发生。故选B。 答案　B 8．A.reminded B．troubled C．appointed D．stimulated 解析　考查动词词义辨析。句意：是什么促使他创造出如此出色的不同于以往任何进入市场的产品？A.reminded提醒；B.troubled使麻烦；C.appointed约定，任命；D.stimulated促使，激发。根据上文“Think of Steve Jobs，probably the most celebrated entrepreneur(企业家) of our day.”提到史蒂夫·乔布斯，以及下文“to create such brilliant products”可知，此处应表示是什么促使史蒂夫·乔布斯创造出如此出色的产品。故选D。 答案　D 9．A.previously B．specifically C．occasionally D．eventually 解析　考查副词词义辨析。句意：是什么促使他创造出如此出色的不同于以往任何进入市场的产品？A.previously先前地；B.specifically专门地；C.occasionally偶尔；D.eventually最终。根据句意以及上文“items unlike anything that had hit the market”可知，此处应表示这些产品不同于以往任何进入市场的产品。故选A。 答案　A 10．A.give in B．end up C．stand out D．fall behind 解析　考查动词短语辨析。句意：苹果产品的设计是如何从其他设计中脱颖而出的？A.give in让步；B.end up结束；C.stand out突出，脱颖而出；D.fall behind落后。根据下文“What stimulated him to create such brilliant products”提到创造出如此出色的产品，以及下文“with such elegant simplicity from every other design”可知，此处应表示苹果产品的设计是如何从其他设计中脱颖而出的？故选C。 答案　C 11．A.hidden B．mistaken C．copied D．guessed 解析　考查动词词义辨析。句意：你可能已经猜到了答案——好奇心。A.hidden隐藏；B.mistaken误解；C.copied复制；D.guessed猜测。根据下文“the answer — curiosity”以及“You're right”由此可知，此处应表示你可能已经猜到了答案是好奇心。故选D。 答案　D 12．A.sufficient B．typical C．unique D．predictable 解析　考查形容词词义辨析。句意：突如其来的好奇心可能会让你得到一件好产品，但这远远不够。A.sufficient足够的；B.typical典型的；C.unique独特的；D.predictable可预测的。根据下文“only continuously cultivated(培养) and defended curiosity 13 a series of excellent products.”提到的其它的要求和条件可知，此处应表示好奇心可能会让你得到一件好产品，但这远远不够。故选A。 答案　A 13．A.makes for B．gives away C．checks on D．makes out 解析　考查动词短语辨析。句意：只有不断培养和捍卫好奇心，才会有一系列优秀的产品。A.makes for有助于，使得；B.gives away赠送，泄露；C.checks on检查；D.makes out理解，弄清楚。根据上文“only continuously cultivated and defended curiosity”以及下文“a series of excellent products”可知，此处应表示只有不断培养和捍卫好奇心，才会有一系列优秀的产品。故选A。 答案　A 14．A.restrictions B．interactions C．competition D．debate 解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意：它帮助我们理解他人，与他们建立有效的互动，并建立一个和谐的工作环境，尽管偶尔会有冲突或不同的个性。A.restrictions限制；B.interactions互动；C.competition竞争；D.debate争论。根据上文“Curiosity makes us better co­workers，too.”提到好奇心也能让我们成为更好的同事可知，此处应表示它帮助我们理解他人，与他们建立有效的互动。故选B。 答案　B 15．A.preference B．similarity C．conflict D．domination 解析　考查名词词义辨析。句意：它帮助我们理解他人，与他们建立有效的互动，并建立一个和谐的工作环境，尽管偶尔会有冲突或不同的个性。A.preference偏好；B.similarity相似性；C.conflict冲突；D.domination统治。根据句意以及despite表示转折和下文“or differing personalities”可知，此处应表示建立一个和谐的工作环境，尽管偶尔会有冲突或不同的个性。故选C。 答案　C 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$