专题03 阅读理解之议论文（人教版2019）-备战2024-2025学年高二英语下学期真题分类汇编

专题01 阅读理解之议论文 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·广东广州·期中） Some people worry that there’s too much technology in our lives. And they may have a point, given how countless people now carry the Internet around in their pocket and use it as a primary form of communication. It’s practically difficult to shun technology in our world. There are computer microchips in our watches, our cars, light switches, even our pets! Where will it end? Well, if certain people have their way, it’ll go even further. We’ll have microchips implanted into our brains that can interact with the computers by thought alone. It may sound like something from the science fiction, but in many ways, things look quite promising. Thanks to the ability to send and receive information remotely via computers, microchips and other related devices have long been put into brains. For example, electrodes have been implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients to better record and even predict the abnormal neurological activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulation, through implanted devices that cause activity in key brain regions, is an established treatment for things like Parkinson’s disease, and is even being looked into for illnesses like depression. However, it’s another thing to place such devices in healthy individuals. There are the practical concerns, not least of which is what these chips will be made of. The inside of the brain is a mass of highly reactive chemicals and electrical activity. Implants would need to be dull enough to not upset the delicate processes by their presence, but also sensitive enough to read and process the activity around them. Current technology has made impressive progress with this, but if it were to be rolled out to millions of people, we’d need to be 100 per cent certain that it’s safe. How many people will actually want to have technology literally put into their brain? A surprising 60 percent of Americans say they’d be okay with it, but that’s when it’s purely theoretical. In reality, the possibility of having strangers stick chips in your brain is likely to prove unattractive, especially for a population where millions get mad at fictional microchips in vaccines (疫苗), and even more are frightened of dentists. Ultimately, the technology of computer-brain interface (接口) implants is still far away from us. 1. What does the underlined word “shun” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Develop. B. Avoid. C. Change. D. Trust. 2. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 3? A. The possible treatment for particular diseases. B. The process of human-computer interaction. C. The existing application of microchip implants. D. The future of microchips and devices alike. 3. Which of the following is NOT the concern about the implanting technology? A. The right materials used for the chips. B. The exact position in the brain for the chips. C. The chips’ precise sensitivity to function in the brain. D. The extensive use of the chips on all humans. 4. What might be the best title for the text? A. Computer-brain Interface: The Light of the Future B. Innovation is Necessary to Make Progress C. Where are We in the Medical Technology? D. Mind-controlled Tech: Is It Possible? Passage 2 （23-24学年高二下·广东省番禺期中） Several years ago, Jason Box, a scientist from Ohio, flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier (冰川) in Greenland. He and his team spread them across 10,000 feet of ice, then left. His idea was that the white blanket would reflect back the rays of the sun, keeping the ice cool below. When he came back to check the results, he found it worked. Exposed ice had melted faster than covered ice. He had not only saved two feet of glacier in a short time. No coal plants were shut down, no jobs were lost, and nobody was taxed or fired. Just the sort of fix we’re looking for. “Thank you, but no thank you.” says Ralph King, a climate scientist. He told Grey Childs. author and commentator, that people think technology can save the planet, “but there are other things we need to deal with, like consumption. They burned $50,000 just for the helicopter” to bring the plastic to the glacier. This experiment, quote-unquote, gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior. It can’t. Technology won’t give us a free ride. Individuals respond to climate change differently. Climatologist Kelly Smith is hardly alone in her prediction that someday soon we won’t be climate victims, we will be climate Choosers. More scientists agree with her that if the human race survives. The engineers will get smarter, the tools will get better, and one day we will control the climate. but that then? “Just the mention of us controlling the climate sent a small shiver down my back, Grey writes.” “Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will,” he says. Me? I like it better when the earth takes care of itself, I guess one day we will have to run the place, but for the moment, sitting at my desk, looking out at the trees bending wildly and the wind howling, I’m happy not to be in charge. 1. Why does the author mention Jason Box’s experiment in the first paragraph? A. To introduce a possible solution to climate change. B. To describe a misleading attempt to fix the climate. C. To report on a successful experiment on saving the glacier. D. To arouse people’s attention to the problem of global warming. 2. Which statement would Ralph King most probably agree with? A. The fight against climate change will not succeed. B. Technology is not the final solution, let alone its high cost. C. It’s best to deal with climate change without changing our behavior. D. Jason’s experiment plays a significant role in fixing climate change. 3. What is Grey Childs’s attitude to human’s controlling the climate? A. Favorable. B. Tolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. But should we fix the climate? B. Is climate change a real problem? C. How can we take care of the earth? D. What if all the glaciers disappeared? Passage 3 （23-24高二下·广东广州·期中） We are all aware of the damaging pollution that’s created by driving petrol and diesel (柴油) vehicles. Many of the world’s cities are blocked with traffic, creating fumes containing gases such as nitrogen oxides. The solution for a cleaner, greener future could be electric vehicles. But how optimistic should we be? There was much excitement last year when the UK government announced it will ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030. But is that easier said than done? The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off. Currently, battery life is an issue — a fully charged battery won’t take you as far as a full tank of petrol. There are also limited numbers of charging points to plug an EV into. Of course, technology is always improving. Some of the biggest tech companies, like Google and Tesla, are spending huge amounts of money developing electric cars. And most of the big car manufacturers are now making them too. Colin Herron, a consultant on low-carbon vehicle technology, told the BBC: “The big leap forward will come with solid state batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress to cars.” These will charge more quickly and give cars a bigger range. Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power. But some countries offer incentive, such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on, overtaking traditional cars which might be stuck in jams. These kinds of measures have made Norway the country with the most electric cars per capita (人均) at more than thirty electric cars per 1000 inhabitants. But Colin Herron warns that “electric motoring” doesn’t mean a zero-carbon future. “It’s emission-free motoring, but the car has to be built, the battery has to be built, and the electricity does come from somewhere.” Maybe it’s time to think about making fewer journeys or using public transport. 1. What can we infer from the question at the end of paragraph 1? A. We should not be too optimistic about the future. B. Electric vehicles may not solve the traffic problems. C. It’s not a good idea to replace petrol vehicles with electric ones. D. It is not easy to obtain a greener future by means of electric vehicles. 2. What does the underlined word “incentive” mean in paragraph 2? A. Payment. B. Income. C. Encouragement. D. Method. 3. Which statement is true according to the passage? A. Electric motoring will create a zero-carbon future. B. Electric cars might not get stuck in traffic jams in the future. C. There are four obstacles on the road to global traffic being totally electric. D. Putting solid-state batteries in electric cars first will be a “great leap forward”. 4. What is the most suitable title for the text? A. Total Electric Traffic: a Long Way to Go B. Electric Vehicles: a Road to a Greener Future C. Electric Power or Petrol: a Tough Decision to Make D. Petrol and Diesel Vehicles: a Main source of Gases Passage 4 （23-24高二下·广东江门·5月联考） Is it better to have powerful generative AI systems open or closed? This question is quickly becoming a significant technological and ideological (思想上的) debate in our times! Supporters believe they help more people use the technology, create new ideas, and make it more reliable by encouraging outside inquiry. Smaller open models are cheaper to make and use, and they add competition to a field mostly controlled by big US companies like Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI, who have spent billions on making huge, private, and closely controlled generative AI systems. However, those who disagree say that open models could cause a lot of problems. Bad people can use them to spread false information that is personalized, and terrorists might use them to create cyber or bioweapons. Geoffrey Hinton, one of the pioneers of modern AI, has warned that open source allows more crazy people to do crazy things. Supporters of open models disagree, finding it ridiculous that open generative AI models enable people to access information that they can’t find on the internet or from a bad scientist. They also point out that big tech companies only talk about the dangers of open models to help themselves compete and become more powerful in the market. However, this debate also involves an ideological aspect. Yann LeCun, the chief scientist at Meta, holds the belief that controlling technology may give rise to a knowledge gap, as only a chosen group of experts would be qualified and wise enough to deal with knowledge. In the future, we will use AI systems to search and use the huge amount of digital knowledge created by humans. We should not want a handful of Silicon Valley companies to control that access. Wendy Hall, royal professor of computer science at Southampton university, says we do not want to live in a world where only the big companies run generative AI. Nor do we want to allow users to do anything they like with open models. “We have to find some compromise,” she suggests.   We should avoid a strict either-or approach when it comes to AI models. Both open and closed models have their strengths and weaknesses. As these models improve, we will need to adjust the balance between encouraging competition and keeping control. 1. What can we learn from this passage? A. It needs billions of dollars to develop open-source models. B. Only self-selecting experts can handle open models wisely. C. Small open models boost AI competition at a lower cost. D. Users can do anything they like with open models recently. 2. Why is it undesirable for AI to be mainly controlled by large companies? A. Because it allows more crazy people to do crazy things. B. Because it limits competition in the AI field. C. Because it slows down new and exciting AI innovation. D. Because it restricts access to digital knowledge. 3. Regarding Wendy Hall’s suggestions, the author is ______. A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. opposed 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Why Open AI Models Are the Future B. How to Create Powerful AI Systems C. Where does the Debate on Open AI End D. Open vs. Closed AI: The Great Debate Passage 5 （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期中） The organic foods have gained a lot of popularity as they are being considered as healthier and tastier. A fair number of people advocate a large-scale shift to organic farming from conventional agriculture. But this might not seem well-founded. Since the mid-19th century, conventional industrial agriculture has become incredibly efficient on a simple land to food basis. Conventional farming gets more and more crop per square foot of land, which can mean less wilderness needs to be transformed to farmland. To make farming more efficient, conventional agriculture uses a significant amount of synthetic fertilizer each year, and all that nitrogen (氮) enables much faster plant growth. However, the cost is paid in vast polluted dead zones at the mouths of many of the world’s rivers, because much of the nitrogen ends up running off the soil and into the oceans. This also makes conventional farming one of the major threats to the environment. To weaken the environmental impact of agriculture, improve soil quality as well as produce healthier foods, some farmers have turned to organic farming. Environmentalists have also welcomed organic food as better for the planet than the food produced by agricultural corporations. Organic practices — refusing artificial fertilizers and chemical pesticides—are considered far more sustainable. Sales of organic food rose 7.7% in 2010, up to $26.7 billion — and people are making those purchases for their moral senses as much as their tongues. Yet a new meta-analysis in Nature does the math and comes to a hard conclusion: organic farming produces 25% fewer crops on average than conventional agriculture. This is definitely a downside of organic farming, especially when global population is still growing rapidly. In the Nature analysis, scientists performed an analysis of 66 studies comparing conventional and organic methods across 34 different crop species, from fruits to grains. They found that organic farming delivered a lower output for every crop type, though the difference varied widely. For crops like fruit trees, organic trailed (落后于) conventional agriculture by just 5%. Yet for major grain crops and vegetables — all of which provide the world’s main calories-conventional agriculture outperformed organics by more than 25%. What that means is that while organic farming may be more sustainable than conventional agriculture, there are trade-offs (此消彼长) with each. So an ideal global agriculture system may borrow the best from both systems rather than upholding merely organic or conventional practices. 1. What do we know about conventional farming? A. It produces more crops with fewer fertilizers. B. It achieves efficiency at a huge cost to the environment. C. If offers a long-term solution to global demand for food. D. It performs far better for each crop type than organic farming. 2. What does the author most probably agree with? A. Employing organic farming to plant rice. B. Adopting organic practices to grow potato. C. Using conventional methods to plant cabbage. D. Applying conventional farming to grow apple. 3. What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A. To compare two types of farming. B. To criticize conventional agriculture. C. To discuss the development of farming. D. To argue for a realistic agriculture system. Passage 6 （23-24学年高二下·广东省广州期中） Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Quite simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that every person has the right to fail. Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child’s hurriedly-made table as “Perfect!” even though it doesn’t stand still. Another way is to shift blame. If John fails science, his teacher is unfair or stupid. The trouble with failure-prevention methods is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time and that it’s possible to enjoy a game even when we don’t win. A child who’s not invited to a birthday party, who doesn’t make the honor roll on the baseball team, feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation (慰藉), prize or say, “It doesn’t matter,” because it does. The young should be allowed to experience disappointment—and be helped to master it. Failure is never pleasant. It hurts grown-ups and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask “Why did I fail?” Resist the natural impulse (冲动) to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong and how you can improve. If someone else can help, don’t be shy about asking. Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems total can stimulate fresh thinking, a change of direction. After 12 years of studying ballet, a friend of mine went for a professional company. She was turned down. “Would further training help” she asked. The ballet master shook his head. “You will never be a dancer”, he said, “You haven’t the body for it.” In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock of (估量) the situation courageously, asking, “What have I left? What else can I do?” My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she’s both able and useful. Failure frees one to take risks because there’s less to lose. Often there is recovery of energy—a way to find new possibilities. 1. According to the passage, how does a person usually cover his failure up? A. He refuses to acknowledge that failure will eventually lead to growth. B. He’d rather praise than state the fact despite any apparent deficiency. C. He tries all the possible means to hide the truth from being revealed. D. He will take every opportunity to pronounce his natural right to fail. 2. What could be meant by the underlined “make”? A. Produce. B. Become. C. Achieve. D. Draw. 3. What’s the author’s assessment of failure vs success? A. Comparatively speaking, success is a much better teacher. B. Failure teaches humans as much as success, if not any less. C. Everyone fails now and then, but they may not succeed at all. D. Success arouses fresh thinking, thus leading to further success. 4. By the example of the ballet student, the author tells us ________. A. It is natural for a failure to shift blame onto others. B. Failure enables someone to rethink their potential. C. Success paves the way to find new possibilities. D. In failure lies recovery where one has less to lose. Passage 7 （23-24学年高二下·湖北·沙市期中） For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator, they point out, there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings, and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense, they argue, the elevator’s role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地), and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical (垂直的) columns. If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators, it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief, boring, and even awkward experienced one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have nothing in common, and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that we’re hanging from a cable in a long passage. In a new book, Lifted, German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his attention to this experience, studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding that riding in an elevator has never been a totally comfortable experience. “After 150 years, we are still not used to it”, Bernard said. “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.” That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives. Today, as the world’s urban population explodes, and cities become more crowded, taller, and more crowded, America’s total number of elevators—900,000 at last count, according to Elevator World magazine’s “2012 Vertical Transportation Industry”—are a force that’s becoming more important than ever. And for the people who really, really love them, it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are. 1. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. The general view of elevators. B. The particular interests of experts. C. The desire for a remarkable machine. D. The enthusiasm for transport vehicles. 2. The author’s purpose in mentioning cars is _________. A. to contrast their functions with elevators B. to emphasize the importance of elevators C. to reveal their secret war against elevators D. to explain people’s preference for elevators 3. According to Prof. Bernard, what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences? A. Vertical direction. B. Lack of excitement. C. Little physical space. D. Uncomfortable conditions. 4. The author urges readers to consider ________. A. the exact number of elevator lovers B. the serious future situation of elevators C. the role of elevators in city development D. the relationship between cars and elevators Passage 8 （23-24学年高二下·湖北省沙市5月月考） We’ve reached a strange—some would say unusual—point. While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO), more people now die from being overweight, or say, from being extremely fat, than from being underweight. It’s the good life that’s more likely to kill us these days. Worse, nearly 18 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight. What’s going on? We really don’t have many excuses for our weight problems. The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public­health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting through—up to a point. In the 1970s, Finland, for example, had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause. Not any more. A public­health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 per cent over the past three decades. Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005, and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body. That has become a sort of fashion. No wonder it ranks as the world’s most body­conscious country. We know what we should be doing to lose weight—but actually doing it is another matter. By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise. More than half of us admit we lack willpower. Others blame good food. They say: it’s just too inviting and it makes them overeat. Still others lay the blame on the Americans, complaining that pounds have piled on thanks to eating too much American­ style fast food. Some also blame their parents—their genes. But unfortunately, the parents are wronged because they’re normal in shape, or rather slim. It’s a similar story around the world, although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight. Parents are eager to see their kids shape up. Do as I say—not as I do. 1. What is the “strange” point mentioned in the first sentence? A. The good life is a greater risk than the bad life. B. Starvation is taking more people’s lives in the world. C. WHO report shows people’s unawareness of food safety. D. Overweight issue remains unresolved despite WHO’s efforts. 2. Why does the author think that people have no excuse for being overweight? A. A lot of effective diet pills are available. B. Body image has nothing to do with good food. C. They have been made fully aware of its dangers. D. There are too many overweight people in the world. 3. The example of Finland is used to illustrate ________. A. the cause of heart disease B. the fashion of body shaping C. the effectiveness of a campaign D. the history of a body ­conscious country 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Actions or Excuses? B. Overweight or Underweight? C. WHO in a Dilemma D. No Longer Dying of Hunger Passage 9 （23-24学年高二下·湖南省长沙5月月考） On December 16, 2023, the first section of Maya Train officially opened, which runs between Campeche and Cancún, carrying up to 231 passengers across 290 miles and stopping at 14 train stations. Built as an ambitious effort to promote tourism and boost Mexico’s economy, the rail system connects the major cities and tourist regions of the Yucatán Peninsula —from Cancún’s beaches to Tulum’s archaeological wonders. Once the project is completed, the entire rail system will link tourist destinations across five states. However, environmentalists and archaeologists argue that the train route will cause great damage to the environment-and ancient Mayan sites. The Maya Train passes through six UNESCO World Heritage sites and thousands of archaeological sites. One particular area of concern is the Calakmul biosphere reserve, which is home to many endangered species, such as jaguars and over 500 other animal species. The train lines, more than 60 meters wide, could act as artificial barriers that may limit the movement of these animals within the reserve making it difficult for them to move around and access food and water sources. Opponents also express safety concerns. Certain sections of the rail system will be built right on top of the aquifer’s (含水层的) most fragile points of contact with the surface. “It’s like wanting to build over eggshells,” says Guillermo Christy, a water treatment consultant. “Putting trains weighing thousands of tons on top could cause the underground caves to crash down.” To construct the train infrastructure also requires driving long piles deep into the ground, which poses a big threat to this fragile ecosystem and leads to water shortages. In the ongoing debate of Maya Train, it is crucial to consider the delicate balance between economic development and environmental preservation. While Maya Train may provide economic benefits, we must not overlook the potential environmental and cultural losses, as well as the safety risks it may bring. Achieving harmony between progress and conservation may be a significant challenge for the project, but we must take into account the long-term consequences of our actions. 1. What do we know about the Maya Train project? A. It consumes lots of labor in Mexico. B. It has concerned some professionals. C. It was completed on December 16,2023. D. It blocks the development of local tourism. 2. What effect do the train lines have on the animals in the reserve? A. Restricting their activities. B. Polluting their water sources. C. Disturbing their sleeping patterns. D. Attracting their enemies to the area. 3. Why does the author mention “eggshells” in Paragraph 4? A. To show the difficulty of constructing the rail lines. B. To prove the urgency of protecting the fragile ecosystem. C. To explain the reasons for water shortages along the railway. D. To stress Maya Train’s potential harm to the aquifer system. 4. Which statement would the author probably agree with? A. Preserving cultural sites requires strong financial support. B. It is time to speed up the construction process of Maya Train. C. We should value the economic benefits of the project in the long run. D. Economic development should not come at the cost of the environment. Passage 10 （23-24学年高二下·山东省实验中学5月月考） Is there a link between social media and depression? Do Facebook and Instagram have a negative impact on your mental health? It’s complicated. Sometimes, looking through Instagram just makes you feel bad. You try not to envy your friends, but they always seem to be traveling somewhere cool, eating something fancy, or looking cute in perfect just-rolled-out-of-bed hair. On the other hand, there are times when you laugh at funny memes (表情包), catch up with old friends, and feel happy to belong to fun social media communities. Clearly, social media isn’t all bad. People are increasingly suspecting that there’re potential problems of social media. Things like cyberbullying (网上欺凌), screen addiction, and being exposed to endless filtered images (美颜) that make it impossible not to make comparisons between yourself and others often make the news. In July, a big study came out in the journal JAMA titled “Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence.” This big headline seems to confirm what a lot of people have been saying — screen time is horrible for young people. The study followed over 3,800 adolescents over four years as part of a drug and alcohol prevention program. Part of what the investigators measured was the teens’ amount of screen time, including time spent on social media, as well as their levels of depression symptoms. One of their main findings was that higher amounts of social media use were associated with higher levels of depression. That was true both when the researches compared between people and compared each person against their own mental health over time. Case closed? Not so fast. Before we end the debate once and for all, let’s take a closer look at this and other studies. Let’s ask ourselves: what exactly is the relationship between social media use and depression? It turns out there are several warnings. 1. Why do people sometimes feel bad when looking through Instagram? A. They lack contact with old friends. B. They can travel nowhere. C. They don’t look perfect. D. They feel unbalanced. 2. Why is the article in journal JAMA mentioned? A. To comment. B. To prove. C. To suggest. D. To explore. 3. Which may agree with the findings of the study? A. Depression is related to social media use. B. Teens’ amount of screen time is limited. C. It is not easy to tell reasons for depression. D. Social media contributes to physical health. 4. What’s the best title of the text? A. How to reduce depression? B. Does social media cause depression? C. Shall people reduce screen time? D. Why is it time to give up social media? Passage 11 （23-24高二下·福建厦门·期中） In the days before the internet, critical thinking was the most important skill that informed citizens could have. But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a German psychologist, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring.” With such an overabundance of information, we need to first decide what’s worth our attention and time, and what’s not. The first strategy is self-nudging. This involves avoiding low-quality information so that we have more quality time for ourselves. It also involves the removal of distracting things from the environment around you. Of course, we need to stay informed of world events, so we can’t just ignore the internet altogether. When you do go into social media, Kozyreva recommends setting time limits, which prevents you from losing track of time as you click on one attractive link after another. The next strategy is lateral (横向的) reading. Its purpose is to improve judgments about the reliability of information, and to protect you from false and misleading information. The strategy involves opening a new web page to find out more about the source of the information. Likewise, it’s also good to check the source of the information in an internet post. Headlines are often cheating. They’re designed to attract attention, not provide information. The main idea of the article may be completely contrary to the implication in the headline. A sensational claim may provide a link with a headline that seems to support it, but a careful reading of the original source shows it doesn’t. We live in a digital age in which we’re overwhelmed with information, much of it of poor quality. Train our critical ignoring skills and we can get the benefits of the internet while we avoid falling victim to those who try to control our attention. 1. Which of the following saying can best describe “critical ignoring”? A. Rob Peter to pay Paul. B. Make something out of nothing. C. Birds of a feather flock together. D. Separate the sheep from the goats. 2. What does the author suggest for applying self-nudging strategy? A. Improving study equipment. B. Managing our own time well. C. Avoiding access to social media. D. Staying informed of what happened. 3. How can we ensure the reliability of information in an article? A. By focusing solely on headlines. B. By randomly browsing through posts. C. By seeking out primary information. D. By consulting authorities for advice. 4. What is the purpose of writing the text? A. To clarify a concept. B. To illustrate a phenomenon. C. To examine a viewpoint. D. To make a proposal. Passage 12 （23-24学年高二下·福建省南平期中） Online grocery delivery has skyrocketed (飞涨) all over the world. Since COVID-19 cases have been declining, new companies such as Zapp, GoPuff, or Getir have entered the grocery delivery market with a mission to permanently change consumer habits. These rapid grocery delivery services make a novel promise: Groceries can be delivered within minutes to your door. This option sounds great to busy parents who cannot leave their children alone to pop into the store or people who have guests and urgently need a few extra beers without leaving the house. However, shoppers should watch out for the allure (诱惑) of rapid delivery whenever possible. While a one-time rapid delivery is certainly harmless for the shopper and the whole market, repeatedly using such services will ultimately harm grocery shops and corner shops. So far, rapid delivery companies have been backed by capital fund (资金) to finance their costs，but they need to be profitable in the long run to survive. So they will push up prices and gradually cancel promotions once their capital funding has dried up. Last week, a delivery company was reported to have shut down after running out of cash, leaving its workers jobless. We should think about the serious outcome that may come up, such as much less lively cities that miss the small shops and delivery workers who face tight deadlines and little job security. As consumers, we often think that our daily decisions are harmless. Just as one doughnut (甜甜圈) doesn’t compromise our healthy diet and one skipped workout doesn’t affect our fitness, one rapid delivery will not harm the little shops that make our neighborhood lively. Research shows that consumers who perform a behavior regularly for about six weeks have created a habit. So ordering rapid delivery every day will hurt our neighborhoods and make us poorer once prices increase. Thus, approach the rapid delivery option as you would refuse to accept any other allure. Be careful not to create a habit that you might later come to regret. 1. What makes rapid grocery delivery appealing to consumers? A. Saving time and energy. B. Avoiding disease exposure. C. Following the global trend. D. Buying highly desirable goods. 2. What consequence may the massive growth of rapid delivery have? A. Job market will be less completive. B. Delivery services will make more profits. C. Local commercial business will be promoted. D. Small shops and delivery workers will be hurt. 3. What is the function of paragraph 3? A. To explain the harm of bad habits. B. To make the argument more persuasive. C. To add some background information. D. To stress the value of decision-making. 4. What’s the best title for the text? A. Delivery companies will change how we shop B. How can we manage to avoid being cheated online? C. Shoppers should try to resist the allure of rapid delivery D. How do grocery delivery companies affect small stores? Passage 13 （23-24学年高二下·福建省莆田3月考） We’re frequently told that our attention problem-being easily distracted-result from modern technology. If we truly want to focus, according to the popular belief, we need to turn off all our digital devices and quit social media. Here’s my opinion about that idea. This era (时代) is no different than any other-there has always been a “crisis of attention”. Think about life long ago: people in ancient India or Europe didn’t have smartphones and social media, but they were faced with the same problem. A crisis of attention can happen anytime you don’t allow yourself a break-when you don’t allow your mind to daydream, which may inspire your creativity. We are always engaged in something. With these digital tools at our fingertips, we have constant access to all these forms of communication, content, and interaction, and we don’t let our thoughts wander (漫游) freely. When was the last time you stood in line at a store and just…looked around? Thought about whatever came to your mind? Or did you pull out your phone, check your texts, read your email during that time? We all do it. We catch ourselves all the time going from one type of mental engagement to the next. Like surfing online (clicking from link to link), we go from one task to the next and the next. We are “all task and no downtime”. Even something you might think of as relaxing is more engagement. Checking your phone messages may seem “fun”, but it’s just another task for your attention. Your attention is focused on task after task after task, without a moment for the mind to wander freely. It’s not always realistic to unplug. We can’t just turn off our phones and pause our email. We can’t create a distraction-free world. The problem is not the existence of modern technology; rather, it’s how we’re using it. 1. Why does the author mention people in ancient India? A. To argue against the popular belief. B. To discuss the benefits of technology. C. To suggest a solution to the attention problem. D. To show the seriousness of the attention problem. 2. Which is an example of “downtime” according to the author? A. Chatting with friends. B. Reading a newspaper. C. Sitting back doing nothing. D. Checking phone messages. 3. What does the underlined word “unplug” mean in the last paragraph? A. Work long hours. B. Improve technology. C. Stop using digital devices. D. Balance work and leisure. 4. Which section of a website is the text most likely from? A. Culture. B. Fashion. C. History. D. Opinion. Passage 14 （24-25高二下·福建福州期中） On the morning drive from my treehouse at Yuquiyú to El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, I looked the part of the Prepared Hiker. I wore durable shoes. My backpack was filled with bug spray, sunscreen and enough water. And yet as I approached the main gate, I realized I had frgotten what is becoming the most critical item: knowing a park’s special entry requirements. “Reservations Required” read the sign, upsetting my plans. From inside the car, I checked recreation.gov for the next available reservation, but on a holiday weekend, the park was fully booked. I ended up in Luquillo, walking on the beach. Really, I should have known better. When I visited Puerto Rico last February, the pandemic (流行病) had been changing norms (常规) for nearly a year. Travelers were heading to public places run by the National Park Service, the U. S.  Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, and crowding weak environments. At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, more than 375, 000 people hiked Laure Falls Trail in 2020, an additional 110, 000 pairs of feet from the previous year. In 2021, Yellowstone National Park set a record in July for the most­visited month in its nearly 150­year history, with almost 1.1 million recreation (娱乐) visits. Also last year, Acadia National Park in Maine received more than 4 million visitors for the first time. So officials introduced reservation systems to help them control the number of people who can enter the park or access specific roads or trails in a single day. “The nationwide trend (趋势) of changing visitation patterns before, during and after the pandemic requires continual innovation and effective ways to manage visitor use to ensure that these special place benefit current and future generations,” Stephanie Roulett, a public affairs specialist with the National Park Service, said. “As a result, parks are exploring many different tools that are most effective for their situation to help them improve how visitors get to and experience popular park resources and features.” 1. What did the author realize at the gate of El Yunque National Forest? A. He was less experienced than other hikers. B. He forgot to check the entry requirements. C. He left his supplies in his car. D. He lost his backpack. 2. What has changed in national parks since the pandemic? A. The natural environment has improved. B. The number of visitors has been growing. C. The threats to the parks have been reduced. D. The management of the parks is getting easier. 3. Why were reservation systems introduced into national parks? A. To control the crowd entering parks. B. To increase the incomes of parks. C. To monitor visitors’ behavior. D. To attract more visitors. 4. What is Stephanie Roulett’s attitude to reservation systems? A. She is thankful. B. She is uncaring. C. She is doubtful. D. She is supportive. Passage 15 （24-25学年高二下·福建省福州期中） If you want to convince the boss you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple --- eat the same food as they do. Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them. During experiments, discussions over wages and work conditions were much more successful if both sides chose to snack on the same treats. And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar food to them at the time. The reason is thought to be the so–called similarity attraction theory --- where people tend to like others who have similar tastes or habits to themselves. But this is believed to be one of the first studies highlighting the role of food in this relationship. Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust. In a test, participants were told to watch TV --- where someone pretending to be a member of the public praised a certain product. The volunteers were given Kit Kat bars to nibble, while the TV people ate either a Kit Kat or grapes as they talked. The results showed viewers were much more likely to express an interest in buying the product if the TV showed the other person eating a Kit Kat too. The researchers added, “Although similarity in food consumption is not a sign of whether two people will get along, we find consumers treat this as such. They feel more trusting of those who consume as they do. It means people can immediately begin to feel friendship and develop a bond, leading to smoother transactions from the start.” Harley Street psychologist Dr. Lucy Atcheson said it was already known that wearing similar clothes could instantly create trust. But this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have common ground and can trust the other person. That means negotiations are more likely to be successful.” 1. According to the passage, customers are likely to buy a product from a dealer who ______. A. advertises his products on TV B. has the same taste as them C. reduces the price of his products D. pays attention to the quality of his products 2. The experiments conducted by researchers at Chicago University show that ______. A. food plays an important role in earning people’s trust B. bosses like employees that have the same taste as them C. people who have similar tastes to their boss’s earn more D. people have less interest in buying products advertised on TV 3. What can be inferred from the passage? A. People who eat similar food are more likely to trust each other. B. People will get along with each other if they like to eat similar things. C. The effect of wearing similar clothes hasn’t been proved by researchers. D. People are more likely to make friends with those wearing the same clothes as them. 4. Which of the following sayings can be an example of the similarity attraction theory? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. All good things come to an end. C. Birds of a feather flock together. D. Where there is a will, there is a way. Passage 16 （23-24高二下·浙江台州·期中） Thanksgiving is one of those times of year that inspires reflection. For some, it is a moment to think about the meaning of family. But for me, there is a simpler message to take away: We should all have more pie in our lives. What’s refreshing about Thanksgiving is that, for all the travel delays and the potential for family arguments, the focus is on cooking for once. At Christmas, the feast easily gets overshadowed by the mountain of gifts. At thanksgiving, by contrast, everyone recognizes that the food is what matters. Will the mashed potatoes be smooth enough? And crucially, is there enough pie? Too many of us spend our lives in a state of pie deprivation (缺少), judging from the hunger with which the pies are greeted on a Thanksgiving table. Few things ins till more of a sense of comfort than the sight of a golden topped fruit pie. There have been times and places when eating pie was a daily occurrence for American families. Thanksgiving aside, I don’t know anyone who regularly eats pie. This is a bit sad. Think of all that joy we are abandoning. Thanksgiving pies have a way of living on in memory long after the other dishes are forgotten. Years ago, I made an apple pie for my nieces for Thanksgiving. The following year, I planned to make a cardamom tart instead. But my sister said I had to make the pie exactly the same as the previous year, because the girls had been talking about it for months. I can’t pretend I wasn’t pleased by this. A pie isn’t just any dessert. It is a sign that care has been taken. I suspect that the single biggest reason we don’t make pies more often is that we don’t have time. Yet there is something about the process of fitting pie into a dish that can actually make you less rushed. “Rest for at least an hour”, reads the instruction in most pie recipes. It’s referring to the pastry, but what if it also means you? 1. What do people attach great importance to at Thanksgiving? A. Gifts and travel. B. Potatoes and pie. C. Cooking and food. D. Family and friends. 2. Which of the following statements about pie is TRUE? A. Most people enjoy eating pie at Thanksgiving. B. Pie is not easily accessible for most of the year. C. Pie was a daily dish for all the American families in the past. D. Most people have realized their hunger for pie in their daily life. 3. Why does the writer mention the story of making pie for his nieces at Thanksgiving? A. To show she can really make tasty Thanksgiving pie. B. To show pies played an important role in her nieces’ life. C. To show she was delighted with her niece’s reactions after eating the pie. D. To show pie is more easily remembered than any other Thanksgiving dishes. 4. What’s the author’s attitude toward making pies? A. Supportive. B. Critical. C. Neutral. D. Indifferent. Passage 17 （23-24高二下·浙江台州·期中） My social media has been a hive of activities these last few weeks: the naturalist and TV presenter Chris Packham is organizing a People’s Walk For Wildlife in London, and has asked me to recite  ‘Anthropocene’. I call it a ‘poem’ but I’m not sure it is. I feel it would be good to say aloud, to a crowd. I’ve only written a few ‘poems’ in the past, none of which was memorable, but with this one the words spilled out and I kind of’ performed’ them, recorded and shared them on Twitter. Bare upon the earth, we were weightless... Will my generation see the rightful, rising? Lots of people liked it, including Chris. It’s always a surprise to me, that people appreciate what I say and how I share it. These past weeks I’ve been helping raise awareness for the walk in London by doing videos and Tweeting lots. It’s an exciting prospect: hundreds, if not thousands of people marching on behalf of wildlife. I’m not worried about speaking. I actually find it easier if there are lots of people, because I don’t have to make eye contact and it’s much easier to blur them into a mass. Speaking to smaller groups, that’s a killer: you feel the heat of their gaze, every twitch, each sigh. So I have an early flight to London with Mum in the morning. I feel bad for flying, we both do, knowing the damage emission do to our world. Ideally, we should be taking a boat and driving to London, or taking the train, but it’s beyond us financially right now, and I can’t get more time off school so soon without getting into trouble. The walk feels like important work, something we should do. I’ve already got the poem locked in my head now. I know it off by heart. We want birdsong, abundant fluttering, humming, no more poison, destruction. I feel excited. Perhaps it is the right time for me. Tomorrow will be epic. 1. What will the writer do tomorrow according to the text? A. He will organize an event in London. B. He will recite one of his works in public. C. He will have a nature walk with Chris. D. He will post some poems on Twitter. 2. What gets the write excited according to the text? A. He will speak to a huge crowd. B. He will become famous on Twitter. C. He will share his favorite poems with others. D. He will witness people gathering for nature. 3. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Why he has to fly to London. B. Why he doesn’t like taking flights. C. What he wants to do in London. D. What he contributes to his work. 4. What is the writer according to the text? A. He is a talented TV presenter. B. He is a keen environmentalist. C. He is a popular poet on Twitter. D. He is a professional public speaker. Passage 18 （23-24高二下·浙江杭州·5月月考） In 2010, after six years of training and further six years on the wards, I resigned from my job as a junior doctor. My parents still haven’t forgiven me. Last year, the General Medical Council wrote to me to say they were taking my name off the medical register. It wasn’t exactly a huge shock, as I hadn’t practiced medicine in half a decade. It was, however, excellent news for my spare room, as I cleared out box after box of old paperwork, tearing files up fast. One thing I did rescue from the jaws of death was my training portfolio (档案袋). All doctors are recommended to log their clinical experience, in what’s known as reflective practice. On looking through this portfolio for the first time in years, my reflective practice seemed to involve going up to my hospital on-call room and writing down anything remotely interesting that had happened that day. Among the funny and the dull, I was reminded of the long hours and the huge impact being a junior doctor had on my life. Reading back, it felt extreme and unreasonable in terms of what was expected of me, but at the time I’d just accepted it as part of the job. There were points where I wouldn’t have stepped back if an entry read “had to eat a helicopter today”. Around the same time that I was reliving all this through my diaries, junior doctors in the here and now were coming under fire from politicians. I couldn’t help but feel doctors were struggling to get their side of the story across (probably because they were at work the whole time) and it struck me that the public weren’t hearing the truth about what it actually means to be a doctor. Rather than shrugging my shoulders and ignoring the evidence, I decided I had to do something to redress the balance. So here they are: the diaries I kept during my time in the NHS, verruca’s and all. What it’s like working on the front line, the consequences in my personal life, and how, one terrible day, it all became too much for me. (Sorry for the spoiler of my book beforehand, but you still watched Titanic knowing how that was going to play out.) Along the way, I’ll help you out with the medical terminology and provide a bit of context about what each job involved. Unlike being a junior doctor, I won’t just drop you in the deep end and expect you to know exactly what you’re doing. 1. Which of the following can be put in the blank in Paragraph 2? A. But I found it a hard job to pick up my practice of medicine. B. But I found it an easy task to turn over a new leaf in the long term. C. But I found it a simple act to get involved in self-reflection as a junior doctor. D. But I found it a big deal on an emotional level to permanently close this chapter of my life. 2. The author cleared out box after box of old paperwork so fast because________. A. he was disappointed at being dismissed from the NHS B. being removed from his position served his purpose C. being rescued from the jaws of death discouraged him D. he had promised to keep his patients’ personal information secret 3. Which of the following best explains “redress the balance” underlined in Paragraph 5? A. Argue with politicians. B. Tell the full story of doctors. C. Collect more solid evidence. D. Win the support of the public. 4. What does the author intend to do by writing this article? A. Reveal what it means to be a junior doctor. B. Inform readers of some medical knowledge. C. Give some background information on a book. D. Encourage more people to practice medicine. Passage 19 （23-24学年高二下·湖北省武汉5月月考） Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hate and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged (不和的) accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical perspective, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with practice. 1. What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness? A. People should offer mercy to others. B. Aggressive people should learn to forgive. C. Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity. D. People who forgive can have their own welfare affected. 2. What does the example in Paragraph 3 illustrate? A. To fight is to grow. B. To give is to receive. C. To forgive is to abuse. D. To dominate is to harm. 3. What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness? A. Favorable. B. Reserved. C. Objective. D. Skeptical. 4. What message does the last paragraph convey? A. Forgiveness is in our nature. B. Forgiveness grows with time. C. It takes practice to forgive. D. Actuality is based on potentiality. Passage 20 （24-25高二下·浙江宁波·阶段练习） A group of scientists, including people from the Royal Society of Chemistry, recently proposed that experiences such as licking (舔舐) an ice lolly (冰棍) should be part of the science class. By licking a lolly and seeing how it melts – the idea goes – children would better learn about melting, and therefore about chemistry and physics. But simply licking a lolly, or experiences such as kneading dough, playing with shadows actually doesn’t help students to learn science. Using examples and demonstrations in the classroom can be a helpful approach towards deeper understanding, but it’s not a shortcut to knowledge. The idea of learning through experiences has a long history. It’s perhaps most closely associated with the work of educator John Dewey in the early 20th century. Dewey and other educators of the time were concerned that an emphasis on rote (死记硬背) learning would lead to “inert (惰性的) knowledge”: facts that students wouldn’t be able to apply to the real world. An experience like licking a lolly may at least be memorable – especially if you’d never done it before. However, there is a difference between having memories for events and having knowledge. For example, between having personally lived through the French Revolution and knowing what happened including its origin and effects, the latter involves a different type of memories – structured memories. These are based on understanding how things work and what they mean. It is the type of memory that is at play when you use a word such as “heavy”, unconnected to a specific heavy object. Such understandings are essential to both scientific learning and our use of language. If you stop to think about it, most of your knowledge can’t be clearly tied to one particular experience. Learning is usually not a one-shot process – think of how much experience a gardener needs before they “know” how plants grow and thrive. These semantic memories derive from a combination of lots of experiences, and sometimes, from comparing and contrasting different things: the difference between two types of plants, or between an ice lolly and an ice cream. Understanding science or anything else is not just about remembering experiences. To profit most from first-hand experience, learners need sufficient prior knowledge to understand what is happening when they observe something in class. If we want students to build up their knowledge of science and be able to use it in future, it’s vital that the focus is on strategies that helped them to transform what they observe into structured knowledge. 1. What does the author think of learning physics through licking an ice lolly? A. Ineffective. B. Innovative. C. Impressive. D. Informative. 2. What does the writer think might be the theoretical basis of learning through experience? A. An educator’s work published in the 20th century. B. The practical experience of a number of teachers. C. Examples and demonstrations collected from schools. D. Works and researches done in the history. 3. What does the author want to convey by mentioning the French Revolution? A. Understanding how things work is the key to learning. B. Experiential memories doesn’t necessarily lead to knowledge. C. Learning different things requires different types of memories. D. Learning from historical events is different from licking an ice lolly. 4. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A. Licking an ice lolly has become a popular way to learn science. B. Experience relies on certain conditions to benefit science learning. C. Science learning is becoming increasingly popular among pupils. D. Knowledge and experience are both important in science learning. 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题01 阅读理解之议论文 Passage 1 （23-24高二下·广东广州·期中） Some people worry that there’s too much technology in our lives. And they may have a point, given how countless people now carry the Internet around in their pocket and use it as a primary form of communication. It’s practically difficult to shun technology in our world. There are computer microchips in our watches, our cars, light switches, even our pets! Where will it end? Well, if certain people have their way, it’ll go even further. We’ll have microchips implanted into our brains that can interact with the computers by thought alone. It may sound like something from the science fiction, but in many ways, things look quite promising. Thanks to the ability to send and receive information remotely via computers, microchips and other related devices have long been put into brains. For example, electrodes have been implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients to better record and even predict the abnormal neurological activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulation, through implanted devices that cause activity in key brain regions, is an established treatment for things like Parkinson’s disease, and is even being looked into for illnesses like depression. However, it’s another thing to place such devices in healthy individuals. There are the practical concerns, not least of which is what these chips will be made of. The inside of the brain is a mass of highly reactive chemicals and electrical activity. Implants would need to be dull enough to not upset the delicate processes by their presence, but also sensitive enough to read and process the activity around them. Current technology has made impressive progress with this, but if it were to be rolled out to millions of people, we’d need to be 100 per cent certain that it’s safe. How many people will actually want to have technology literally put into their brain? A surprising 60 percent of Americans say they’d be okay with it, but that’s when it’s purely theoretical. In reality, the possibility of having strangers stick chips in your brain is likely to prove unattractive, especially for a population where millions get mad at fictional microchips in vaccines (疫苗), and even more are frightened of dentists. Ultimately, the technology of computer-brain interface (接口) implants is still far away from us. 1. What does the underlined word “shun” in paragraph 1 probably mean? A. Develop. B. Avoid. C. Change. D. Trust. 2. What does the author want to tell us by the examples in paragraph 3? A. The possible treatment for particular diseases. B. The process of human-computer interaction. C. The existing application of microchip implants. D. The future of microchips and devices alike. 3. Which of the following is NOT the concern about the implanting technology? A. The right materials used for the chips. B. The exact position in the brain for the chips. C. The chips’ precise sensitivity to function in the brain. D. The extensive use of the chips on all humans. 4. What might be the best title for the text? A. Computer-brain Interface: The Light of the Future B. Innovation is Necessary to Make Progress C. Where are We in the Medical Technology? D. Mind-controlled Tech: Is It Possible? 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章探讨了将微芯片植入人类大脑的可能性。 1. 词句猜测题。划线词句后文“There are computer microchips in our watches, our cars, light switches, even our pets!(我们的手表、汽车、电灯开关、甚至我们的宠物里都有计算机微芯片)”说明电脑芯片在人们日常生活中已经是普遍存在，从而推知划线词句“在我们的世界里，几乎很难避开科技”，shun意思是“回避，不用”。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“Thanks to the ability to send and receive information remotely via computers, microchips and other related devices have long been put into brains.(由于能够通过计算机远程发送和接收信息，微芯片和其他相关设备早已被植入大脑)”提到微芯片和其他相关设备早已被植入大脑，结合第三段“For example, electrodes have been implanted in the brains of epilepsy patients to better record and even predict the abnormal neurological activity. Similarly, deep-brain stimulation, through implanted devices that cause activity in key brain regions, is an established treatment for things like Parkinson’s disease, and is even being looked into for illnesses like depression.(例如，电极已经植入癫痫患者的大脑，以便更好地记录甚至预测异常的神经活动。类似地，通过植入设备引起大脑关键区域活动的深部脑刺激，是治疗帕金森氏症等疾病的既定方法，甚至正在研究治疗抑郁症等疾病。)”可知，作者是通过例子说明微芯片植入的现有应用。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中“There are the practical concerns, not least of which is what these chips will be made of.(还有一些实际问题，尤其是这些芯片将由什么制成)”和“Implants would need to be dull enough to not upset the delicate processes by their presence, but also sensitive enough to read and process the activity around them. Current technology has made impressive progress with this, but if it were to be rolled out to millions of people, we’d need to be 100 per cent certain that it’s safe.(植入物需要足够迟钝，以免干扰其存在的微妙过程，但也要足够敏感，以读取和处理周围的活动。目前的技术已经取得了令人印象深刻的进步，但如果要推广到数百万人身上，我们需要百分之百地确定它是安全的)”可知，关于植入技术的担心包括芯片所用的合适材料、芯片对大脑功能的精确敏感度和芯片在人类身上的广泛应用，不包括芯片在大脑中的确切位置，故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据倒数第二段中“How many people will actually want to have technology literally put into their brain?(有多少人真的想把科技真正地植入他们的大脑？)”和最后一段“Ultimately, the technology of computer-brain interface (接口) implants is still far away from us.(最终，计算机-脑接口植入技术离我们还很遥远)”可知，本文探讨了将微芯片植入人类大脑的可能性。D项“大脑控制技术：这可能吗？”符合主题，故选D。 Passage 2 （23-24学年高二下·广东省番禺期中） Several years ago, Jason Box, a scientist from Ohio, flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier (冰川) in Greenland. He and his team spread them across 10,000 feet of ice, then left. His idea was that the white blanket would reflect back the rays of the sun, keeping the ice cool below. When he came back to check the results, he found it worked. Exposed ice had melted faster than covered ice. He had not only saved two feet of glacier in a short time. No coal plants were shut down, no jobs were lost, and nobody was taxed or fired. Just the sort of fix we’re looking for. “Thank you, but no thank you.” says Ralph King, a climate scientist. He told Grey Childs. author and commentator, that people think technology can save the planet, “but there are other things we need to deal with, like consumption. They burned $50,000 just for the helicopter” to bring the plastic to the glacier. This experiment, quote-unquote, gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior. It can’t. Technology won’t give us a free ride. Individuals respond to climate change differently. Climatologist Kelly Smith is hardly alone in her prediction that someday soon we won’t be climate victims, we will be climate Choosers. More scientists agree with her that if the human race survives. The engineers will get smarter, the tools will get better, and one day we will control the climate. but that then? “Just the mention of us controlling the climate sent a small shiver down my back, Grey writes.” “Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will,” he says. Me? I like it better when the earth takes care of itself, I guess one day we will have to run the place, but for the moment, sitting at my desk, looking out at the trees bending wildly and the wind howling, I’m happy not to be in charge. 1. Why does the author mention Jason Box’s experiment in the first paragraph? A. To introduce a possible solution to climate change. B. To describe a misleading attempt to fix the climate. C. To report on a successful experiment on saving the glacier. D. To arouse people’s attention to the problem of global warming. 2. Which statement would Ralph King most probably agree with? A. The fight against climate change will not succeed. B. Technology is not the final solution, let alone its high cost. C. It’s best to deal with climate change without changing our behavior. D. Jason’s experiment plays a significant role in fixing climate change. 3. What is Grey Childs’s attitude to human’s controlling the climate? A. Favorable. B. Tolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A. But should we fix the climate? B. Is climate change a real problem? C. How can we take care of the earth? D. What if all the glaciers disappeared? 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. C 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲的是几位科学家对控制气候变化的论述。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段的“Several years ago, Jason Box, a scientist from Ohio, flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier (I) in Greenland. He and his team spread them across 10, 000 feet of ice, then left. His idea was that the white blanket would reflect back the rays of the sun, keeping the ice cool below. (几年前，来自俄俄州的科学家贾森·博克斯将31卷巨大的白色塑料空运到了格陵兰鸟的一座冰川上。他和他的团队把它们铺在一万英尺的冰面上，然后离开。他的想法是，白色的塑料会反射太阳光，保持下面的冰凉爽。)”和第二段的“This experiment, quote-unquote, gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior. It can’t. Technology won’t give us a free ride. (这个实验给了人们错误的希望，认为气候变化可以在不改变人类行为的情况下得到解决。它不能。科技不会让我们搭便车。)”可知，第一段介绍了一个名叫Jason Box的科学家做了一个试验，尝试用白色塑料覆盖冰川，以达到保护冰川的目的。从而引出后文对人类干预气候的可行性的探讨，因此作者在第一段提到Jason Box的实验，是为了描述一种具有误导性的试图解决气候问题的尝试。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段的“They burned $50,000 just for the helicopter” to bring the plastic to the glacier. This experiment, quote-unquote, gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior. It can’t. Technology won’t give us a free ride.(他们花了5万美元买了一架“把塑料运到冰川”的直升机。这个实验给了人们错误的希望，认为气候变化可以在不改变人类行为的情况下得到解决。它不能。科技不会让我们搭便车。)”可知，拉尔夫·金最可能同意技术并不是最终的解决方案，更不用说其高昂的成本了。故选B。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段最后 一句“Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will (按照我们自己的意愿阻止结冰，听起来有些不对劲。)”可知Grey Childs对人类控制气候的态度是怀疑的，故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。第一段的“Several years ago, Jason Box, a scientist from Ohio, flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier (冰川) in Greenland. He and his team spread them across 10,000 feet of ice, then left. (几年前，来自俄亥俄州的科学家贾森·博克斯(Jason Box)将31卷巨大的白色塑料飞到了格陵兰岛的一座冰川上。他和他的团队把它们铺在一万英尺的冰面上，然后离开。)”引出控制气候变化的极端例子，之后列举不同的科学家对于控制气候的观点，最后一段“Me? I like it better when the earth takes care of itself, I guess one day we will have to run the place, but for the moment, sitting at my desk, looking out at the trees bending wildly and the wind howling, I’m happy not to be in charge. (我吗?我更喜欢地球自己照顾自己的时候，我想有一天我们将不得不管理这个地方，但此刻，坐在我的办公桌前，看着树木疯狂地弯曲，风咆哮着，我很高兴自己不再是负责人。)”作者提出更喜欢地球自己照料自己，也即反对人类控制气候，因此本文主要讲的是人类是否应该控制气候，因此A选项“But should we fix the climate? (但是我们应该解决气候问题吗？)”可概括本文主要内容，可作为最好的题目，故选A。 Passage 3 （23-24高二下·广东广州·期中） We are all aware of the damaging pollution that’s created by driving petrol and diesel (柴油) vehicles. Many of the world’s cities are blocked with traffic, creating fumes containing gases such as nitrogen oxides. The solution for a cleaner, greener future could be electric vehicles. But how optimistic should we be? There was much excitement last year when the UK government announced it will ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2030. But is that easier said than done? The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off. Currently, battery life is an issue — a fully charged battery won’t take you as far as a full tank of petrol. There are also limited numbers of charging points to plug an EV into. Of course, technology is always improving. Some of the biggest tech companies, like Google and Tesla, are spending huge amounts of money developing electric cars. And most of the big car manufacturers are now making them too. Colin Herron, a consultant on low-carbon vehicle technology, told the BBC: “The big leap forward will come with solid state batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress to cars.” These will charge more quickly and give cars a bigger range. Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power. But some countries offer incentive, such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on, overtaking traditional cars which might be stuck in jams. These kinds of measures have made Norway the country with the most electric cars per capita (人均) at more than thirty electric cars per 1000 inhabitants. But Colin Herron warns that “electric motoring” doesn’t mean a zero-carbon future. “It’s emission-free motoring, but the car has to be built, the battery has to be built, and the electricity does come from somewhere.” Maybe it’s time to think about making fewer journeys or using public transport. 1. What can we infer from the question at the end of paragraph 1? A. We should not be too optimistic about the future. B. Electric vehicles may not solve the traffic problems. C. It’s not a good idea to replace petrol vehicles with electric ones. D. It is not easy to obtain a greener future by means of electric vehicles. 2. What does the underlined word “incentive” mean in paragraph 2? A. Payment. B. Income. C. Encouragement. D. Method. 3. Which statement is true according to the passage? A. Electric motoring will create a zero-carbon future. B. Electric cars might not get stuck in traffic jams in the future. C. There are four obstacles on the road to global traffic being totally electric. D. Putting solid-state batteries in electric cars first will be a “great leap forward”. 4. What is the most suitable title for the text? A. Total Electric Traffic: a Long Way to Go B. Electric Vehicles: a Road to a Greener Future C. Electric Power or Petrol: a Tough Decision to Make D. Petrol and Diesel Vehicles: a Main source of Gases 【答案】1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了电动汽车更加清洁、更加环保，但是电动汽车本身有两大问题亟待解决，而且汽车电动化并不意味着零碳，实现全球交通电动化还有很长的路要走。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“But is that easier said than done?(但这说起来容易做起来难吗？)”可知，第一段提出疑问：英国宣布从2030年开始禁止销售新型汽油和柴油汽车，这说起来容易做起来难吗？第二段第一句“The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off.(实现全球交通完全电动化的道路还有很长的路要走。)”指出实现全球交通完全电动化还有很长的路要走。由此可推测出，作者在第一段最后提出疑问是想说明用电动汽车来实现环保并不容易。故选D。 2. 词义猜测题。根据划线词前一句“Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power. (成本是另一个可能阻碍人们转向电力的问题。)”和划线词后的“such as cutting prices by reducing import taxes, and not charging for road tax and parking. (比如通过降低进口税来降低价格，以及不收取道路税和停车费。)”可知，划线词后的举例是对incentive的进一步说明，通过降低进口税来降价以及不收取道路税和停车费，这些有助于降低购买和使用成本，有助于激励人们购买，incentive意为“激励措施”，与encouragement (起激励作用的事物)意思最接近。故选C。 3. 细节理解题。文章第二段讲到“Currently, battery life is an issue (目前，电池寿命是一个问题)”以及“Cost is another issue that may discourage people switching to electric power. (成本是另一个可能阻碍人们转向电力的问题。)”可知，C项“在全球交通完全电动化的道路上有四个障碍”是错误的。最后一段讲到“But Colin Herron warns that “electric motoring” doesn’t mean a zero-carbon future (但是科林·赫伦警告说“电动汽车”并不意味着零碳排放的未来)”可知，A项“电动汽车将创造一个零碳的未来”是错误的。第二段还讲到“The big leap forward will come with solid state batteries, which will appear first in mobile phones and laptops before they progress to cars (固态电池将带来巨大的飞跃，它将首先出现在手机和笔记本电脑中，然后才会发展为汽车)”可知，D项“首先将固态电池应用于电动汽车将是一次“大跃进””是错误的。根据第二段“Some also provide exclusive lanes for electric cars to be driven on, overtaking traditional cars which might be stuck in jams.(一些国家还为电动汽车提供专用车道，超越可能陷入拥堵的传统汽车。)”可知，电动汽车有专用通道，因此，“电动汽车在未来可能不会陷入交通堵塞”是正确的说法。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“The road to global traffic being totally electric is still a long way off.(实现全球交通完全电动化的道路还有很长的路要走。)”可知，电动汽车更加清洁、更加环保，但实现全球交通电动化还有很长的路要走，电动汽车本身有两大问题亟待解决，而且汽车电动化并不意味着零碳。由此可推测出，A项“全电动交通：任重道远”最适合作本文标题。故选A。 Passage 4 （23-24高二下·广东江门·5月联考） Is it better to have powerful generative AI systems open or closed? This question is quickly becoming a significant technological and ideological (思想上的) debate in our times! Supporters believe they help more people use the technology, create new ideas, and make it more reliable by encouraging outside inquiry. Smaller open models are cheaper to make and use, and they add competition to a field mostly controlled by big US companies like Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI, who have spent billions on making huge, private, and closely controlled generative AI systems. However, those who disagree say that open models could cause a lot of problems. Bad people can use them to spread false information that is personalized, and terrorists might use them to create cyber or bioweapons. Geoffrey Hinton, one of the pioneers of modern AI, has warned that open source allows more crazy people to do crazy things. Supporters of open models disagree, finding it ridiculous that open generative AI models enable people to access information that they can’t find on the internet or from a bad scientist. They also point out that big tech companies only talk about the dangers of open models to help themselves compete and become more powerful in the market. However, this debate also involves an ideological aspect. Yann LeCun, the chief scientist at Meta, holds the belief that controlling technology may give rise to a knowledge gap, as only a chosen group of experts would be qualified and wise enough to deal with knowledge. In the future, we will use AI systems to search and use the huge amount of digital knowledge created by humans. We should not want a handful of Silicon Valley companies to control that access. Wendy Hall, royal professor of computer science at Southampton university, says we do not want to live in a world where only the big companies run generative AI. Nor do we want to allow users to do anything they like with open models. “We have to find some compromise,” she suggests.   We should avoid a strict either-or approach when it comes to AI models. Both open and closed models have their strengths and weaknesses. As these models improve, we will need to adjust the balance between encouraging competition and keeping control. 1. What can we learn from this passage? A. It needs billions of dollars to develop open-source models. B. Only self-selecting experts can handle open models wisely. C. Small open models boost AI competition at a lower cost. D. Users can do anything they like with open models recently. 2. Why is it undesirable for AI to be mainly controlled by large companies? A. Because it allows more crazy people to do crazy things. B. Because it limits competition in the AI field. C. Because it slows down new and exciting AI innovation. D. Because it restricts access to digital knowledge. 3. Regarding Wendy Hall’s suggestions, the author is ______. A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. opposed 4. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Why Open AI Models Are the Future B. How to Create Powerful AI Systems C. Where does the Debate on Open AI End D. Open vs. Closed AI: The Great Debate 【答案】1. C 2. D 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文属于是一篇论述文。文章围绕“开放与封闭的AI系统哪一个更好”这一主题展开，通过引述不同观点、利弊分析以及对未来发展的思考，探讨了人工智能领域内一个重要的技术与意识形态辩论。 1. 细节理解题。由文章第二段中的“Smaller open models are cheaper to make and use, and they add competition to a field mostly controlled by big US companies like Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI, who have spent billions on making huge, private, and closely controlled generative Al systems. (较小的开放模型的制造和使用成本更低，它们增加了这个领域的竞争，这个领域主要由Google、Microsoft和OpenAI等美国大公司控制，这些公司已经花费了数十亿美元来制造庞大的、私有的、严格控制的生成式人工智能系统。)”可知，小型开放模型以较低的成本促进了人工智能领域的竞争。故选C。 2. 细节理解题。由文章倒数第二段中“In the future, we will use AI systems to search and use the huge amount of digital knowledge created by humans. We should not want a handful of Silicon Valley companies to control that access. (未来，我们将使用人工智能系统来搜索和使用人类创造的大量数字知识。我们不应该希望少数几家硅谷公司控制这种访问。)”可知，不希望人工智能主要由大公司控制是因为大公司控制AI会限制对数字知识的访问权限。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。由文章倒数第二段中“Wendy Hall, royal professor of computer science at Southampton university, says we do not want to live in a world where only the big companies run generative Al. Nor do we want to allow users to do anything they like with open models. “We have to find some compromise,” she suggests. (南安普顿大学计算机科学皇家教授温迪•霍尔表示，我们不希望生活在一个只有大公司运行生成式人工智能的世界里，也不希望允许用户用开放模型做任何他们喜欢的事情。“我们必须找到一些妥协，”她建议道。)”以及倒数第二段中“In the future, we will use AI systems to search and use the huge amount of digital knowledge created by humans. We should not want a handful of Silicon Valley companies to control that access. (未来，我们将使用人工智能系统来搜索和使用人类创造的大量数字知识。我们不应该希望少数几家硅谷公司控制这种访问。)”、最后一段中“We should avoid a strict either-or approach when it comes to AI models. Both open and closed models have their strengths and weaknesses. As these models improve, we will need to adjust the balance between encouraging competition and keeping control. (当涉及到人工智能模型时，我们应该避免严格的非此即彼的方法。开放模式和封闭模式各有优缺点。随着这些模式的改进，我们需要调整鼓励竞争和保持控制之间的平衡。)”可知，作者对于Wendy Hall的建议是支持的。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据文章第一段“Is it better to have powerful generative AI systems open or closed?  This question is quickly becoming a significant technological and ideological debate in our times! (强大的生成式AI系统是开放的好还是封闭的好?在我们这个时代，这个问题正迅速成为一个重要的技术和意识形态辩论！)”和最后一段“We should avoid a strict either-or approach when it comes to AI models. Both open and closed models have their strengths and weaknesses. As these models improve, we will need to adjust the balance between encouraging competition and keeping control. (当涉及到人工智能模型时，我们应该避免严格的非此即彼的方法。开放模式和封闭模式各有优缺点。随着这些模式的改进，我们需要调整鼓励竞争和保持控制之间的平衡。)”可知，文章讨论了开放与封闭的人工智能系统各自的优缺点，以及这一议题在技术与意识形态层面引发的辩论。选项D “Open vs. Closed AI: The Great Debate (开放与封闭AI：大辩论)”能够概括文章主旨，为最佳标题。故选D。 Passage 5 （23-24高二下·广东佛山·期中） The organic foods have gained a lot of popularity as they are being considered as healthier and tastier. A fair number of people advocate a large-scale shift to organic farming from conventional agriculture. But this might not seem well-founded. Since the mid-19th century, conventional industrial agriculture has become incredibly efficient on a simple land to food basis. Conventional farming gets more and more crop per square foot of land, which can mean less wilderness needs to be transformed to farmland. To make farming more efficient, conventional agriculture uses a significant amount of synthetic fertilizer each year, and all that nitrogen (氮) enables much faster plant growth. However, the cost is paid in vast polluted dead zones at the mouths of many of the world’s rivers, because much of the nitrogen ends up running off the soil and into the oceans. This also makes conventional farming one of the major threats to the environment. To weaken the environmental impact of agriculture, improve soil quality as well as produce healthier foods, some farmers have turned to organic farming. Environmentalists have also welcomed organic food as better for the planet than the food produced by agricultural corporations. Organic practices — refusing artificial fertilizers and chemical pesticides—are considered far more sustainable. Sales of organic food rose 7.7% in 2010, up to $26.7 billion — and people are making those purchases for their moral senses as much as their tongues. Yet a new meta-analysis in Nature does the math and comes to a hard conclusion: organic farming produces 25% fewer crops on average than conventional agriculture. This is definitely a downside of organic farming, especially when global population is still growing rapidly. In the Nature analysis, scientists performed an analysis of 66 studies comparing conventional and organic methods across 34 different crop species, from fruits to grains. They found that organic farming delivered a lower output for every crop type, though the difference varied widely. For crops like fruit trees, organic trailed (落后于) conventional agriculture by just 5%. Yet for major grain crops and vegetables — all of which provide the world’s main calories-conventional agriculture outperformed organics by more than 25%. What that means is that while organic farming may be more sustainable than conventional agriculture, there are trade-offs (此消彼长) with each. So an ideal global agriculture system may borrow the best from both systems rather than upholding merely organic or conventional practices. 1. What do we know about conventional farming? A. It produces more crops with fewer fertilizers. B. It achieves efficiency at a huge cost to the environment. C. If offers a long-term solution to global demand for food. D. It performs far better for each crop type than organic farming. 2. What does the author most probably agree with? A. Employing organic farming to plant rice. B. Adopting organic practices to grow potato. C. Using conventional methods to plant cabbage. D. Applying conventional farming to grow apple. 3. What’s the author’s purpose of writing the passage? A. To compare two types of farming. B. To criticize conventional agriculture. C. To discuss the development of farming. D. To argue for a realistic agriculture system. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了传统农业与有机农业的优劣，传统农业以其高效率和产量为特点，但同时也对环境造成了污染。有机农业因其不使用合成肥料和化学农药而被认为更可持续，对环境更友好，但其平均产量更低，这在人口持续增长的背景下是一个缺点。文章认为，一个理想的全球农业体系需结合有机和传统农业的优点，而不是单一地采用其中一种。 1. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“To make farming more efficient, conventional agriculture uses a significant amount of synthetic fertilizer each year, and all that nitrogen (氮) enables much faster plant growth. However, the cost is paid in vast polluted dead zones at the mouths of many of the world’s rivers, because much of the nitrogen ends up running off the soil and into the oceans. (为了提高农业效率，传统农业每年使用大量的合成肥料，而所有这些氮肥使植物生长得更快。然而，代价是世界上许多河流入海口的大片污染死亡地带，因为大部分氮最终从土壤中流失到海洋中)”可知，传统农业以巨大的环境代价来实现其效率。故选B项。 2. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“For crops like fruit trees, organic trailed (落后于) conventional agriculture by just 5%. Yet for major grain crops and vegetables—all of which provide the world’s main calories-conventional agriculture outperformed organics by more than 25%. (对于像果树这样的作物，有机农业只比传统农业落后5%。然而，对于主要的粮食作物和蔬菜——所有这些都为世界提供了主要的卡路里——传统农业的表现比有机农业高出25%以上)”可知，在主要的粮食作物和蔬菜方面，传统农业的表现明显优于有机农业。可推知，作者会同意用传统的方法种植卷心菜。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“What that means is that while organic farming may be more sustainable than conventional agriculture, there are trade-offs (此消彼长) with each. So an ideal global agriculture system may borrow the best from both systems rather than upholding merely organic or conventional practices. (这意味着虽然有机农业可能比传统农业更可持续，但两者之间需要权衡。因此，一个理想的全球农业体系可能会借鉴这两种体系的精华，而不是仅仅坚持有机或传统的做法)”可知，文章综合地讨论了传统农业与有机农业的各自的优势和缺点，指出一个理想的全球农业体系需结合有机和传统农业的优点，而不是单一地采用其中一种。由此可知，作者的写作目的在于主张一个符合现实的农业体系。故选D项。 Passage 6 （23-24学年高二下·广东省广州期中） Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Quite simply because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes an experience that will lead to growth. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that every person has the right to fail. Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child’s hurriedly-made table as “Perfect!” even though it doesn’t stand still. Another way is to shift blame. If John fails science, his teacher is unfair or stupid. The trouble with failure-prevention methods is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time and that it’s possible to enjoy a game even when we don’t win. A child who’s not invited to a birthday party, who doesn’t make the honor roll on the baseball team, feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation (慰藉), prize or say, “It doesn’t matter,” because it does. The young should be allowed to experience disappointment—and be helped to master it. Failure is never pleasant. It hurts grown-ups and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask “Why did I fail?” Resist the natural impulse (冲动) to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong and how you can improve. If someone else can help, don’t be shy about asking. Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems total can stimulate fresh thinking, a change of direction. After 12 years of studying ballet, a friend of mine went for a professional company. She was turned down. “Would further training help” she asked. The ballet master shook his head. “You will never be a dancer”, he said, “You haven’t the body for it.” In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock of (估量) the situation courageously, asking, “What have I left? What else can I do?” My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she’s both able and useful. Failure frees one to take risks because there’s less to lose. Often there is recovery of energy—a way to find new possibilities. 1. According to the passage, how does a person usually cover his failure up? A. He refuses to acknowledge that failure will eventually lead to growth. B. He’d rather praise than state the fact despite any apparent deficiency. C. He tries all the possible means to hide the truth from being revealed. D. He will take every opportunity to pronounce his natural right to fail. 2. What could be meant by the underlined “make”? A. Produce. B. Become. C. Achieve. D. Draw. 3. What’s the author’s assessment of failure vs success? A. Comparatively speaking, success is a much better teacher. B. Failure teaches humans as much as success, if not any less. C. Everyone fails now and then, but they may not succeed at all. D. Success arouses fresh thinking, thus leading to further success. 4. By the example of the ballet student, the author tells us ________. A. It is natural for a failure to shift blame onto others. B. Failure enables someone to rethink their potential. C. Success paves the way to find new possibilities. D. In failure lies recovery where one has less to lose. 【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。主要讨论了每个人都会时不时地失败，以及我们应该如何正确地面对失败。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or protecting their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child’s hurriedly-made table as “Perfect!” even though it doesn’t stand still. Another way is to shift blame. If John fails science, his teacher is unfair or stupid.”（大多数父母要么努力防止失败，要么保护孩子不让他们知道自己失败了。一种方法是降低标准。一位母亲形容她的孩子匆忙做的桌子“完美！尽管它并不是站着稳着的。另一种方法是推卸责任。如果约翰理科不及格，他的老师就是不公平或愚蠢的。）故可推知，根据文章，一个人尽管有明显的缺陷，他宁愿赞扬而不愿陈述事实来掩盖他的失败。故选B项。 2. 词义猜测题。根据第三段中“A child who’s not invited to a birthday party, who doesn’t…feels terrible, of course.”（一个没有被邀请参加生日聚会的孩子，一个没有……，当然会感觉很糟糕。）故可猜测，此处make为“达到，成功进入”的意思，结合选项C项achieve“达到，实现”意思一致。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time and that it’s possible to enjoy a game even when we don’t win.”（没有人可以在所有事情上都是最好的，没有人可以一直赢，即使我们没有赢，也可以享受比赛。）故可推知，作者对失败和成功的评价是每个人都会时不时地失败，但他们可能根本不会成功。故选C项。 4. 细节理解题。根据最后一段“In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock of the situation courageously, asking, “What have I left? What else can I do?” My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she’s both able and useful. Failure frees one to take risks because there’s less to lose. Often there is recovery of energy—a way to find new possibilities.”(在这种情况下，利用失败的方法是勇敢地评估情况，问自己：“我还剩下什么？”我还能做什么？”我的朋友收起了她的脚趾鞋，开始从事舞蹈治疗，这是一个她既能干又有用的领域。失败让人敢于冒险，因为可以失去的东西更少。通常会有能量的恢复——一种寻找新可能性的方法。)可知，通过芭蕾舞学生的例子，作者告诉我们失败能让人重新思考自己的潜力。故选B项。 Passage 7 （23-24学年高二下·湖北·沙市期中） For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets, and even bicycles. Dr. Christopher Wilk is a member of a small group of elevator experts who consider this a misunderstanding. Without the elevator, they point out, there could be no downtown skyscrapers or tall buildings, and city life as we know it would be impossible. In that sense, they argue, the elevator’s role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars. In fact, according to Wilk, the car and the elevator have been locked in a “secret war” for over a century, with cars making it possible for people to spread horizontally (水平地), and elevators pushing them toward life in close groups of towering vertical (垂直的) columns. If we tend to ignore the significance of elevators, it might be because riding in them tends to be such a brief, boring, and even awkward experienced one that can involve unexpectedly meeting people with whom we have nothing in common, and an unpleasant awareness of the fact that we’re hanging from a cable in a long passage. In a new book, Lifted, German journalist and cultural studies professor Andreas Bernard directed all his attention to this experience, studying the origins of elevator and its relationship to humankind and finding that riding in an elevator has never been a totally comfortable experience. “After 150 years, we are still not used to it”, Bernard said. “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.” That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about our lives. Today, as the world’s urban population explodes, and cities become more crowded, taller, and more crowded, America’s total number of elevators—900,000 at last count, according to Elevator World magazine’s “2012 Vertical Transportation Industry”—are a force that’s becoming more important than ever. And for the people who really, really love them, it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are. 1. What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 1 refer to? A. The general view of elevators. B. The particular interests of experts. C. The desire for a remarkable machine. D. The enthusiasm for transport vehicles. 2. The author’s purpose in mentioning cars is _________. A. to contrast their functions with elevators B. to emphasize the importance of elevators C. to reveal their secret war against elevators D. to explain people’s preference for elevators 3. According to Prof. Bernard, what has made the elevator ride different from other life experiences? A. Vertical direction. B. Lack of excitement. C. Little physical space. D. Uncomfortable conditions. 4. The author urges readers to consider ________. A. the exact number of elevator lovers B. the serious future situation of elevators C. the role of elevators in city development D. the relationship between cars and elevators 【答案】1. A 2. B 3. C 4. C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要阐述对于电梯所持有的不同态度与观点，并表达了自己对于电梯的态度。 1. A指代猜测题。根据第一段的“For most city people, the elevator is an unremarkable machine that inspires none of the enthusiasm or interest that Americans afford trains, jets，and even bicycles ”可知，对于大多数城市居民来说，电梯是一种不起眼的机器，它不会激发美国人购买火车、飞机甚至自行车的热情和兴趣，this指代的就是上述内容，即：大众对于电梯的看法，故A正确。 2. B推理判断题。根据文章第一段“In that sense, they argue，the elevator’s role in American history has been no less significant than that of cars.”（他们认为，从这个意义上讲，电梯在美国历史上的作用不亚于汽车。）可知，作者通过提及汽车来强调电梯的重要性，故B正确。 3. C推理判断题。 根据文章第三段“ “We still have not exactly learned to cope with the mixture of closeness and displeasure.” That mixture, according to Bernard, sets the elevator ride apart from just about every other situation we find ourselves in as we go about        our lives.”（我们还没有真正学会如何处理亲密和不愉快的混合。根据伯纳德的说法，这种混合状态将电梯与我们生活中遇到的几乎所有其他情况区分开来。）可知是因为电梯的狭窄给人带来了不愉悦，也就是电梯的空间带来的问题，故C正确。 4. C推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“it seems like high time that we looked seriously at just what kind of force they are.”（看来我们是时候认真研究一下它们到底是哪种力量了。）可知，作者的写作用意在于让读者去评价电梯的价值所在，故C正确。 Passage 8 （23-24学年高二下·湖北省沙市5月月考） We’ve reached a strange—some would say unusual—point. While fighting world hunger continues to be the matter of vital importance according to a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO), more people now die from being overweight, or say, from being extremely fat, than from being underweight. It’s the good life that’s more likely to kill us these days. Worse, nearly 18 million children under the age of five around the world are estimated to be overweight. What’s going on? We really don’t have many excuses for our weight problems. The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public­health campaigns since 2001 and the message is getting through—up to a point. In the 1970s, Finland, for example, had the highest rate of heart disease in the world and being overweight was its main cause. Not any more. A public­health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 per cent over the past three decades. Maybe that explains why the percentage of people in Finland taking diet pills doubled between 2001 and 2005, and doctors even offer surgery of removing fat inside and change the shape of the body. That has become a sort of fashion. No wonder it ranks as the world’s most body­conscious country. We know what we should be doing to lose weight—but actually doing it is another matter. By far the most popular excuse is not taking enough exercise. More than half of us admit we lack willpower. Others blame good food. They say: it’s just too inviting and it makes them overeat. Still others lay the blame on the Americans, complaining that pounds have piled on thanks to eating too much American­ style fast food. Some also blame their parents—their genes. But unfortunately, the parents are wronged because they’re normal in shape, or rather slim. It’s a similar story around the world, although people are relatively unlikely to have tried to lose weight. Parents are eager to see their kids shape up. Do as I say—not as I do. 1. What is the “strange” point mentioned in the first sentence? A. The good life is a greater risk than the bad life. B. Starvation is taking more people’s lives in the world. C. WHO report shows people’s unawareness of food safety. D. Overweight issue remains unresolved despite WHO’s efforts. 2. Why does the author think that people have no excuse for being overweight? A. A lot of effective diet pills are available. B. Body image has nothing to do with good food. C. They have been made fully aware of its dangers. D. There are too many overweight people in the world. 3. The example of Finland is used to illustrate ________. A. the cause of heart disease B. the fashion of body shaping C. the effectiveness of a campaign D. the history of a body ­conscious country 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Actions or Excuses? B. Overweight or Underweight? C. WHO in a Dilemma D. No Longer Dying of Hunger 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了肥胖现在成了一个社会问题，给人们带来很多严重危害。但人们总是用各种借口来抱怨使自己肥胖的外部因素，而不去下决心解决肥胖问题。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段最后两句话“…more people now die from being overweight, or say, from being extremely fat, than from being underweight. It’s the good life that’s more likely to kill us these days.(……现在死于超重，或者说死于极度肥胖的人比死于体重不足的人要多。如今，更有可能杀死我们的是美好的生活。)”可知，第一句话中提到的“奇怪”的一点是，美好的生活比糟糕的生活更危险。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“We really don’t have many excuses for our weight problems. The dangers of the problem have been drilled into us by public-health campaigns since 2001(我们真的没有太多的借口来解释体重问题。自2001年以来，公共卫生运动一直在向我们灌输这个问题的危险性)”可知，作者认为人们没有理由肥胖，因为他们已经知道肥胖的危险了。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“A public-health campaign has greatly reduced the number of heart disease deaths by 80 per cent over the past three decades.( 在过去30年里，一项公共卫生运动使心脏病死亡人数大大减少了80%)”可知，作者提到芬兰是想证明这个活动的有效。故选C。 4. 主旨大意题。文章讲述了肥胖现在成了一个社会问题，给人们带来很多严重危害。但人们总是用各种借口来抱怨使自己肥胖的外部因素，而不去下决心解决肥胖问题。所以文章最好的题目应该是：“行动或借口”。故选A。 Passage 9 （23-24学年高二下·湖南省长沙5月月考） On December 16, 2023, the first section of Maya Train officially opened, which runs between Campeche and Cancún, carrying up to 231 passengers across 290 miles and stopping at 14 train stations. Built as an ambitious effort to promote tourism and boost Mexico’s economy, the rail system connects the major cities and tourist regions of the Yucatán Peninsula —from Cancún’s beaches to Tulum’s archaeological wonders. Once the project is completed, the entire rail system will link tourist destinations across five states. However, environmentalists and archaeologists argue that the train route will cause great damage to the environment-and ancient Mayan sites. The Maya Train passes through six UNESCO World Heritage sites and thousands of archaeological sites. One particular area of concern is the Calakmul biosphere reserve, which is home to many endangered species, such as jaguars and over 500 other animal species. The train lines, more than 60 meters wide, could act as artificial barriers that may limit the movement of these animals within the reserve making it difficult for them to move around and access food and water sources. Opponents also express safety concerns. Certain sections of the rail system will be built right on top of the aquifer’s (含水层的) most fragile points of contact with the surface. “It’s like wanting to build over eggshells,” says Guillermo Christy, a water treatment consultant. “Putting trains weighing thousands of tons on top could cause the underground caves to crash down.” To construct the train infrastructure also requires driving long piles deep into the ground, which poses a big threat to this fragile ecosystem and leads to water shortages. In the ongoing debate of Maya Train, it is crucial to consider the delicate balance between economic development and environmental preservation. While Maya Train may provide economic benefits, we must not overlook the potential environmental and cultural losses, as well as the safety risks it may bring. Achieving harmony between progress and conservation may be a significant challenge for the project, but we must take into account the long-term consequences of our actions. 1. What do we know about the Maya Train project? A. It consumes lots of labor in Mexico. B. It has concerned some professionals. C. It was completed on December 16,2023. D. It blocks the development of local tourism. 2. What effect do the train lines have on the animals in the reserve? A. Restricting their activities. B. Polluting their water sources. C. Disturbing their sleeping patterns. D. Attracting their enemies to the area. 3. Why does the author mention “eggshells” in Paragraph 4? A. To show the difficulty of constructing the rail lines. B. To prove the urgency of protecting the fragile ecosystem. C. To explain the reasons for water shortages along the railway. D. To stress Maya Train’s potential harm to the aquifer system. 4. Which statement would the author probably agree with? A. Preserving cultural sites requires strong financial support. B. It is time to speed up the construction process of Maya Train. C. We should value the economic benefits of the project in the long run. D. Economic development should not come at the cost of the environment. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. D 4. D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章谈论了玛雅火车项目对环境和遗迹的破坏。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Once the project is completed, the entire rail system will link tourist destinations across five states. However, environmentalists and archaeologists argue that the train route will cause great damage to the environment-and ancient Mayan sites. (一旦项目完成，整个铁路系统将连接五个州的旅游目的地。然而，环保主义者和考古学家认为，这条铁路线将对环境和古玛雅遗址造成巨大破坏。)”可知，玛雅火车项目引起了一些专业人士的担忧。故选B项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段中“The train lines, more than 60 meters wide, could act as artificial barriers that may limit the movement of these animals within the reserve making it difficult for them to move around and access food and water sources.(这些超过60米宽的火车线可以作为人工屏障，限制这些动物在保护区内的活动，使它们难以四处走动，也难以获得食物和水源。)”可知，铁路限制了保护区的动物活动。故选A项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“‘It’s like wanting to build over eggshells,’ says Guillermo Christy, a water treatment consultant. ‘Putting trains weighing thousands of tons on top could cause the underground caves to crash down.’ To construct the train infrastructure also requires driving long piles deep into the ground, which poses a big threat to this fragile ecosystem and leads to water shortages. (‘这就像想在蛋壳上盖房子一样，’水处理顾问Guillermo Christy说。‘把数千吨重的火车放在上面可能会导致地下洞穴坍塌。’建设铁路基础设施还需要将长桩深入地下，这对脆弱的生态系统构成了巨大威胁，并导致水资源短缺。)”可知，本段提到“蛋壳”是强调玛雅火车对含水层系统的潜在危害。故选D项。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“In the ongoing debate of Maya Train, it is crucial to consider the delicate balance between economic development and environmental preservation. While Maya Train may provide economic benefits, we must not overlook the potential environmental and cultural losses, as well as the safety risks it may bring. Achieving harmony between progress and conservation may be a significant challenge for the project, but we must take into account the long-term consequences of our actions. (在正在进行的关于玛雅火车的辩论中，考虑经济发展和环境保护之间的微妙平衡是至关重要的。虽然玛雅火车可能提供经济效益，但我们不能忽视潜在的环境和文化损失，以及它可能带来的安全风险。实现进步和保护之间的和谐可能是该项目面临的重大挑战，但我们必须考虑到我们行动的长期后果。)”可知，作者认为经济发展不应该以牺牲环境为代价。故选D项。 Passage 10 （23-24学年高二下·山东省实验中学5月月考） Is there a link between social media and depression? Do Facebook and Instagram have a negative impact on your mental health? It’s complicated. Sometimes, looking through Instagram just makes you feel bad. You try not to envy your friends, but they always seem to be traveling somewhere cool, eating something fancy, or looking cute in perfect just-rolled-out-of-bed hair. On the other hand, there are times when you laugh at funny memes (表情包), catch up with old friends, and feel happy to belong to fun social media communities. Clearly, social media isn’t all bad. People are increasingly suspecting that there’re potential problems of social media. Things like cyberbullying (网上欺凌), screen addiction, and being exposed to endless filtered images (美颜) that make it impossible not to make comparisons between yourself and others often make the news. In July, a big study came out in the journal JAMA titled “Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence.” This big headline seems to confirm what a lot of people have been saying — screen time is horrible for young people. The study followed over 3,800 adolescents over four years as part of a drug and alcohol prevention program. Part of what the investigators measured was the teens’ amount of screen time, including time spent on social media, as well as their levels of depression symptoms. One of their main findings was that higher amounts of social media use were associated with higher levels of depression. That was true both when the researches compared between people and compared each person against their own mental health over time. Case closed? Not so fast. Before we end the debate once and for all, let’s take a closer look at this and other studies. Let’s ask ourselves: what exactly is the relationship between social media use and depression? It turns out there are several warnings. 1. Why do people sometimes feel bad when looking through Instagram? A. They lack contact with old friends. B. They can travel nowhere. C. They don’t look perfect. D. They feel unbalanced. 2. Why is the article in journal JAMA mentioned? A. To comment. B. To prove. C. To suggest. D. To explore. 3. Which may agree with the findings of the study? A. Depression is related to social media use. B. Teens’ amount of screen time is limited. C. It is not easy to tell reasons for depression. D. Social media contributes to physical health. 4. What’s the best title of the text? A. How to reduce depression? B. Does social media cause depression? C. Shall people reduce screen time? D. Why is it time to give up social media? 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. A 4. B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。本文主要讲述了关于青少年使用社交媒体与其抑郁症之间因果关系的一些研究调查，强调了其间因果关系的复杂性。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Sometimes, looking through Instagram just makes you feel bad. You try not to envy your friends, but they always seem to be traveling somewhere cool, eating something fancy, or looking cute in perfect just-rolled-out-of-bed hair.(有时候，浏览社交平台会让你感觉很糟糕。你尽量不嫉妒你的朋友，但他们似乎总是去一个很酷的地方旅行，吃一些很好吃的东西，或者拥有刚刚卷起来的完美发型看起来很可爱。)”可知，浏览社交网站看到朋友的令人羡慕的内容，会使自己感到心理不平衡而心情糟糕。故选D项。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“In July, a big study came out in the journal JAMA titled “Association of Screen Time and Depression in Adolescence.” This big headline seems to confirm what a lot of people have been saying — screen time is horrible for young people.(今年7月，《美国医学会杂志》(JAMA)发表了一项名为《屏幕时间与青春期抑郁的关系》的大型研究。这个大标题似乎证实了很多人一直在说的——屏幕时间对年轻人来说是可怕的。)”可知，该文章证实了屏幕时间对年轻人来说是可怕的，从而支持了本段论点：“People are increasingly suspect that there’re the potential problems of social media.(人们越来越怀疑社交媒体的潜在问题)”，故推知，提及《美国医学会杂志》的这篇文章是为了证明论点。故选B项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“One of their main findings was that higher amounts of social media use were associated with higher levels of depression.(他们的主要发现之一是，社交媒体使用时间越长，抑郁程度越高。)”可知，抑郁症与社交媒体的使用有关。故选A项。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Is there a link between social media and depression? Do Facebook and Instagram have a negative impact on your mental health? It’s complicated.(社交媒体和抑郁症之间有联系吗？Facebook和Instagram对你的心理健康有负面影响吗？它是复杂的。)”以及全文可知，本文主要讨论了关于青少年使用社交媒体与其抑郁症之间因果关系的一些研究调查，强调了其间因果关系的复杂性。B项“社交媒体会导致抑郁症吗？”贴合主旨要义，为最佳标题。故选B项。 Passage 11 （23-24高二下·福建厦门·期中） In the days before the internet, critical thinking was the most important skill that informed citizens could have. But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a German psychologist, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring.” With such an overabundance of information, we need to first decide what’s worth our attention and time, and what’s not. The first strategy is self-nudging. This involves avoiding low-quality information so that we have more quality time for ourselves. It also involves the removal of distracting things from the environment around you. Of course, we need to stay informed of world events, so we can’t just ignore the internet altogether. When you do go into social media, Kozyreva recommends setting time limits, which prevents you from losing track of time as you click on one attractive link after another. The next strategy is lateral (横向的) reading. Its purpose is to improve judgments about the reliability of information, and to protect you from false and misleading information. The strategy involves opening a new web page to find out more about the source of the information. Likewise, it’s also good to check the source of the information in an internet post. Headlines are often cheating. They’re designed to attract attention, not provide information. The main idea of the article may be completely contrary to the implication in the headline. A sensational claim may provide a link with a headline that seems to support it, but a careful reading of the original source shows it doesn’t. We live in a digital age in which we’re overwhelmed with information, much of it of poor quality. Train our critical ignoring skills and we can get the benefits of the internet while we avoid falling victim to those who try to control our attention. 1. Which of the following saying can best describe “critical ignoring”? A. Rob Peter to pay Paul. B. Make something out of nothing. C. Birds of a feather flock together. D. Separate the sheep from the goats. 2. What does the author suggest for applying self-nudging strategy? A. Improving study equipment. B. Managing our own time well. C. Avoiding access to social media. D. Staying informed of what happened. 3. How can we ensure the reliability of information in an article? A. By focusing solely on headlines. B. By randomly browsing through posts. C. By seeking out primary information. D. By consulting authorities for advice. 4. What is the purpose of writing the text? A. To clarify a concept. B. To illustrate a phenomenon. C. To examine a viewpoint. D. To make a proposal. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕“批判性忽视”展开论述，列举了实现它的两个策略及其重要性。 1. 推理判断题。根据第一段“With such an overabundance of information, we need to first decide what’s worth our attention and time, and what’s not.(面对如此丰富的信息，我们首先需要决定哪些值得我们花时间和精力，哪些不值得)”可知，“critical ignoring”指的是在大量的信息中我们要能分辨出有价值的信息和无用的信息。“Rob Peter to pay Paul”表示“拆东墙补西墙”，Make something out of nothing表示“无中生有”，Birds of a feather flock together表示“物以类聚，人以群分”，Separate the sheep from the goats表示“分辨好坏”，D项强调分辨能力，符合“critical ignoring”的描述。故选D项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“This involves avoiding low-quality information so that we have more quality time for ourselves.(这包括避免低质量的信息，这样我们就有更多属于自己的高质量时间)”及最后一句“When you do go into social media, Kozyreva recommends setting time limits, which prevents you from losing track of time as you click on one attractive link after another.(当你进入社交媒体时，Kozyreva建议设置时间限制，这样可以防止你在点击一个又一个吸引人的链接时忘记时间)”可知，作者认为在使用该策略时，要有良好的时间管理观念，避免浪费时间在无用的信息上，以便节约更多时间在高质量的信息处理上。故选B项。 3. 细节理解题。根据第三段前三句“The next strategy is lateral reading. Its purpose is to improve judgments about the reliability of information, and to protect you from false and misleading information. The strategy involves opening a new web page to find out more about the source of the information.(下一个策略是横向阅读。其目的是提高对信息可靠性的判断，并保护您免受虚假和误导性信息的影响。该策略包括打开一个新的网页，以找到更多关于信息来源的信息)”及最后一句“A sensational claim may provide a link with a headline that seems to support it, but a careful reading of the original source shows it doesn’t.(一个耸人听闻的说法可能会提供一个似乎支持它的标题链接，但仔细阅读原始来源就会发现事实并非如此)”可知，横向阅读包括找到更多信息来源的消息，而阅读这些原始文本可以提供可靠的信息。故选C项。 5. 推理判断题。根据第一段“But in the digital age, according to Anastasia Kozyreva, a German psychologist, an even more important skill is “critical ignoring.”(但德国心理学家Anastasia Kozyreva表示，在数字时代，一项更重要的技能是“批判性忽视”)”；第二段第一句“The first strategy is self-nudging.(第一种策略是自我推动)”；第三段第一句“The next strategy is lateral reading.(下一个策略是横向阅读)”及第四段最后一句“Train our critical ignoring skills and we can get the benefits of the internet while we avoid falling victim to those who try to control our attention.(训练我们的批判性忽视技能，我们可以从互联网中获益，同时避免成为那些试图控制我们注意力的人的受害者)”可知，作者提出一个建议——批判性忽视，并列举了实现它的两个策略及其重要性。故选D项。 Passage 12 （23-24学年高二下·福建省南平期中） Online grocery delivery has skyrocketed (飞涨) all over the world. Since COVID-19 cases have been declining, new companies such as Zapp, GoPuff, or Getir have entered the grocery delivery market with a mission to permanently change consumer habits. These rapid grocery delivery services make a novel promise: Groceries can be delivered within minutes to your door. This option sounds great to busy parents who cannot leave their children alone to pop into the store or people who have guests and urgently need a few extra beers without leaving the house. However, shoppers should watch out for the allure (诱惑) of rapid delivery whenever possible. While a one-time rapid delivery is certainly harmless for the shopper and the whole market, repeatedly using such services will ultimately harm grocery shops and corner shops. So far, rapid delivery companies have been backed by capital fund (资金) to finance their costs，but they need to be profitable in the long run to survive. So they will push up prices and gradually cancel promotions once their capital funding has dried up. Last week, a delivery company was reported to have shut down after running out of cash, leaving its workers jobless. We should think about the serious outcome that may come up, such as much less lively cities that miss the small shops and delivery workers who face tight deadlines and little job security. As consumers, we often think that our daily decisions are harmless. Just as one doughnut (甜甜圈) doesn’t compromise our healthy diet and one skipped workout doesn’t affect our fitness, one rapid delivery will not harm the little shops that make our neighborhood lively. Research shows that consumers who perform a behavior regularly for about six weeks have created a habit. So ordering rapid delivery every day will hurt our neighborhoods and make us poorer once prices increase. Thus, approach the rapid delivery option as you would refuse to accept any other allure. Be careful not to create a habit that you might later come to regret. 1. What makes rapid grocery delivery appealing to consumers? A. Saving time and energy. B. Avoiding disease exposure. C. Following the global trend. D. Buying highly desirable goods. 2. What consequence may the massive growth of rapid delivery have? A. Job market will be less completive. B. Delivery services will make more profits. C. Local commercial business will be promoted. D. Small shops and delivery workers will be hurt. 3. What is the function of paragraph 3? A. To explain the harm of bad habits. B. To make the argument more persuasive. C. To add some background information. D. To stress the value of decision-making. 4. What’s the best title for the text? A. Delivery companies will change how we shop B. How can we manage to avoid being cheated online? C. Shoppers should try to resist the allure of rapid delivery D. How do grocery delivery companies affect small stores? 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 4. C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要论述了购物者应努力抵制网购快递服务诱惑的理由。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“This option sounds great to busy parents who cannot leave their children alone to pop into the store or people who have guests and urgently need a few extra beers without leaving the house.（对于那些忙得不能把孩子一个人留在店里的父母或者有客人，急需在家里多喝几瓶啤酒的人来说，这个选择听起来很棒。）”可知，吸引消费者的是快递配送能够节省时间和精力。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“While a one-time rapid delivery is certainly harmless for the shopper and the whole market, repeatedly using such services will ultimately harm grocery shops and corner shops.(虽然一次性快速配送对购物者和整个市场来说肯定是无害的，但重复使用此类服务最终会伤害杂货店和街角商店。)”“We should think about the serious outcome that may come up, such as much less lively cities that miss the small shops and delivery workers who face tight deadlines and little job security（我们应该考虑可能会出现的严重后果，比如不那么热闹的城市，错过了小商店和面临紧迫的截止日期和几乎没有工作保障的快递员）”可知，快递的大规模增长会给小商店和快递员造成损害。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Research shows that consumers who perform a behavior regularly for about six weeks have created a habit. So ordering rapid delivery every day will hurt our neighborhoods and make us poorer once prices increase.（研究表明，经常做一件事六周左右的消费者已经养成了一种习惯。因此，一旦价格上涨，每天订购快速送货会伤害我们的社区，让我们变得更穷。）”主要阐述了消费者容易网购成瘾，一旦养成习惯会给小商店和消费者自身带来损害。也就是进一步阐述抵制快递的原因，使文章论点更有说服力。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。文章主要论述了购物者应努力抵制网购快递服务诱惑的理由。根据第一段的中心句“However, shoppers should watch out for the allure of rapid delivery whenever possible.（然而，购物者应该尽可能地警惕快速配送的诱惑。）”以及最后一段“Thus, approach the rapid delivery option as you would refuse to accept any other allure. Be careful not to create a habit that you might later come to regret.（因此，对待快速交货的选择，就像你拒绝接受任何其他诱惑一样。小心不要养成一个你以后可能会后悔的习惯。）”可知，最佳标题是“购物者应该努力抵制快速送货的诱惑”，故选C。 Passage 13 （23-24学年高二下·福建省莆田3月考） We’re frequently told that our attention problem-being easily distracted-result from modern technology. If we truly want to focus, according to the popular belief, we need to turn off all our digital devices and quit social media. Here’s my opinion about that idea. This era (时代) is no different than any other-there has always been a “crisis of attention”. Think about life long ago: people in ancient India or Europe didn’t have smartphones and social media, but they were faced with the same problem. A crisis of attention can happen anytime you don’t allow yourself a break-when you don’t allow your mind to daydream, which may inspire your creativity. We are always engaged in something. With these digital tools at our fingertips, we have constant access to all these forms of communication, content, and interaction, and we don’t let our thoughts wander (漫游) freely. When was the last time you stood in line at a store and just…looked around? Thought about whatever came to your mind? Or did you pull out your phone, check your texts, read your email during that time? We all do it. We catch ourselves all the time going from one type of mental engagement to the next. Like surfing online (clicking from link to link), we go from one task to the next and the next. We are “all task and no downtime”. Even something you might think of as relaxing is more engagement. Checking your phone messages may seem “fun”, but it’s just another task for your attention. Your attention is focused on task after task after task, without a moment for the mind to wander freely. It’s not always realistic to unplug. We can’t just turn off our phones and pause our email. We can’t create a distraction-free world. The problem is not the existence of modern technology; rather, it’s how we’re using it. 1. Why does the author mention people in ancient India? A. To argue against the popular belief. B. To discuss the benefits of technology. C. To suggest a solution to the attention problem. D. To show the seriousness of the attention problem. 2. Which is an example of “downtime” according to the author? A. Chatting with friends. B. Reading a newspaper. C. Sitting back doing nothing. D. Checking phone messages. 3. What does the underlined word “unplug” mean in the last paragraph? A. Work long hours. B. Improve technology. C. Stop using digital devices. D. Balance work and leisure. 4. Which section of a website is the text most likely from? A. Culture. B. Fashion. C. History. D. Opinion. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. D 【导语】本文为一篇议论文，作者认为，注意力危机在任何时代都是存在的，不能归咎于现代技术的发展，问题的关键在于我们应该如何使用现代科技。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段关键句“We’re frequently told that our attention problem-being easily distracted-result from modern technology.”（我们经常被告知，我们的注意力问题——容易分心——是现代技术造成的。）及第二段关键句“This era is no different than any other-there has always been a “crisis of attention”. Think about life long ago: people in ancient India or Europe didn’t have smartphones and social media, but they were faced with the same problem.”（这个时代与其它任何时代都没有什么不同——总是存在“注意力危机”。想想很久以前的生活：古印度或欧洲的人们没有智能手机和社交媒体，但他们面临着同样的问题。）可知，作者提及古印度人是为了反对目前流行的一种看法——现代技术导致了我们的专注力问题。故选A项。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段关键句“We catch ourselves all the time going from one type of mental engagement to the next. Like surfing online (clicking from link to link), we go from one task to the next and the next. We are “all task and no downtime”.”（我们总是发现自己从一种类型的精神投入到另一种。就像网上冲浪（从一个链接到另一个链接）一样，我们从一个任务到下一个任务。我们“全是任务，没有停机时间”。）及“Your attention is focused on task after task after task, without a moment for the mind to wander freely.”（你的注意力集中在一项又一项任务上，没有一刻让你的思想自由地漫游。）可知，作者认为的“停机时间”指的是我们放下一切，让思想自由漫游的时间。因此，无所事事地坐着是一个“停机时间”的例子。故选C项。 3. 词义猜测题。根据最后一段关键信息“not always realistic”（并不总是现实的）及“We can’t just turn off our phones and pause our email. We can’t create a distraction-free world.”（我们不能关掉手机，暂停收发邮件。我们不能创造一个没有干扰的世界。）可知，unplug表示“停止使用电子设备”。故选C项。 4. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段关键句“Here’s my opinion about that idea. This era is no different than any other-there has always been a “crisis of attention”.”（以下是我对这个想法的看法。这个时代与其它任何时代都没有什么不同——总是存在“注意力危机”。）及文章最后一段关键句“The problem is not the existence of modern technology; rather, it’s how we’re using it.”（问题不在于现代技术的存在；而是我们如何使用它。）可知，本文为一篇议论文，作者在文中发表了自己的观点，因此，本文来自网站的“观点”版块。故选D项。 Passage 14 （24-25高二下·福建福州期中） On the morning drive from my treehouse at Yuquiyú to El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, I looked the part of the Prepared Hiker. I wore durable shoes. My backpack was filled with bug spray, sunscreen and enough water. And yet as I approached the main gate, I realized I had frgotten what is becoming the most critical item: knowing a park’s special entry requirements. “Reservations Required” read the sign, upsetting my plans. From inside the car, I checked recreation.gov for the next available reservation, but on a holiday weekend, the park was fully booked. I ended up in Luquillo, walking on the beach. Really, I should have known better. When I visited Puerto Rico last February, the pandemic (流行病) had been changing norms (常规) for nearly a year. Travelers were heading to public places run by the National Park Service, the U. S.  Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management, and crowding weak environments. At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, more than 375, 000 people hiked Laure Falls Trail in 2020, an additional 110, 000 pairs of feet from the previous year. In 2021, Yellowstone National Park set a record in July for the most­visited month in its nearly 150­year history, with almost 1.1 million recreation (娱乐) visits. Also last year, Acadia National Park in Maine received more than 4 million visitors for the first time. So officials introduced reservation systems to help them control the number of people who can enter the park or access specific roads or trails in a single day. “The nationwide trend (趋势) of changing visitation patterns before, during and after the pandemic requires continual innovation and effective ways to manage visitor use to ensure that these special place benefit current and future generations,” Stephanie Roulett, a public affairs specialist with the National Park Service, said. “As a result, parks are exploring many different tools that are most effective for their situation to help them improve how visitors get to and experience popular park resources and features.” 1. What did the author realize at the gate of El Yunque National Forest? A. He was less experienced than other hikers. B. He forgot to check the entry requirements. C. He left his supplies in his car. D. He lost his backpack. 2. What has changed in national parks since the pandemic? A. The natural environment has improved. B. The number of visitors has been growing. C. The threats to the parks have been reduced. D. The management of the parks is getting easier. 3. Why were reservation systems introduced into national parks? A. To control the crowd entering parks. B. To increase the incomes of parks. C. To monitor visitors’ behavior. D. To attract more visitors. 4. What is Stephanie Roulett’s attitude to reservation systems? A. She is thankful. B. She is uncaring. C. She is doubtful. D. She is supportive. 【答案】1. B 2. B 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文是夹叙夹议文。美国的国家公园引进游客预约系统，防止过多的游客涌入公园。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“And yet as I approached the main gate, I realized I had forgotten what is becoming the most critical item: knowing a park’s special entry requirements(然而，当我走近正门时，我意识到我忘记了最重要的一件事：了解公园的特殊进入要求。)”可知，作者抵达厄尔尼诺云雀国家森林公园的门口后才意识到他来之前没有查看入园须知。故选B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“When I visited Puerto Rico last February, the pandemic (流行病) had been changing norms (常规) for nearly a year. (当我去年2月访问波多黎各时，疫情已经改变了人们的生活习惯将近一年了。)” 以及“At Great Smoky Mountains National Park, more than 375, 000 people hiked Laure Falls Trail in 2020, an additional 110, 000 pairs of feet from the previous year.(在大烟山国家公园，超过37.5万人在2020年徒步旅行劳尔瀑布小径，比前一年增加了11万对英尺。)”可知，自从疫情爆发以来，越来越多的游客选择去国家公园游玩，亲近大自然。故选B。 3. 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“So officials introduced reservation systems to help them control the number of people who can enter the park or access specific roads or trails in a single day.(因此，官员们引入了预订系统，以帮助他们控制一天内可以进入公园或进入特定道路或小径的人数。)”可知，公园引进预约系统的目的是控制入园游客的数量。故选A。 4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“The nationwide trend (趋势) of changing visitation patterns before, during and after the pandemic requires continual innovation and effective ways to manage visitor use to ensure that these special place benefit current and future generations, (在疫情之前、期间和之后，全国范围内旅游模式的变化趋势需要不断创新和有效的方式来管理游客的使用，以确保这些特殊的地方使当代人和子孙后代受益，)”以及“As a result, parks are exploring many different tools that are most effective for their situation to help them improve how visitors get to and experience popular park resources and features. (因此，公园正在探索许多不同的工具，这些工具对他们的情况最有效，以帮助他们改善游客如何到达和体验受欢迎的公园资源和特色。)”可知，Stephanie Roulett认为在当前形势下，公园应该采用，而且正在采用更具有创意的、更行之有效的工具和手段保护国家公园，而使用预约系统就是这类手段之一。因此，Stephanie Roulett对公园使用预约系统这一举措是赞同的。故选D。 Passage 15 （24-25学年高二下·福建省福州期中） If you want to convince the boss you deserve a pay rise or promotion, the solution could be simple --- eat the same food as they do. Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them. During experiments, discussions over wages and work conditions were much more successful if both sides chose to snack on the same treats. And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar food to them at the time. The reason is thought to be the so–called similarity attraction theory --- where people tend to like others who have similar tastes or habits to themselves. But this is believed to be one of the first studies highlighting the role of food in this relationship. Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust. In a test, participants were told to watch TV --- where someone pretending to be a member of the public praised a certain product. The volunteers were given Kit Kat bars to nibble, while the TV people ate either a Kit Kat or grapes as they talked. The results showed viewers were much more likely to express an interest in buying the product if the TV showed the other person eating a Kit Kat too. The researchers added, “Although similarity in food consumption is not a sign of whether two people will get along, we find consumers treat this as such. They feel more trusting of those who consume as they do. It means people can immediately begin to feel friendship and develop a bond, leading to smoother transactions from the start.” Harley Street psychologist Dr. Lucy Atcheson said it was already known that wearing similar clothes could instantly create trust. But this was the first report that food had the same effect. She said, “This is really interesting. It makes sense as people feel they have common ground and can trust the other person. That means negotiations are more likely to be successful.” 1. According to the passage, customers are likely to buy a product from a dealer who ______. A. advertises his products on TV B. has the same taste as them C. reduces the price of his products D. pays attention to the quality of his products 2. The experiments conducted by researchers at Chicago University show that ______. A. food plays an important role in earning people’s trust B. bosses like employees that have the same taste as them C. people who have similar tastes to their boss’s earn more D. people have less interest in buying products advertised on TV 3. What can be inferred from the passage? A. People who eat similar food are more likely to trust each other. B. People will get along with each other if they like to eat similar things. C. The effect of wearing similar clothes hasn’t been proved by researchers. D. People are more likely to make friends with those wearing the same clothes as them. 4. Which of the following sayings can be an example of the similarity attraction theory? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. All good things come to an end. C. Birds of a feather flock together. D. Where there is a will, there is a way. 【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讲的内容是具研究表明，吃相似食物的人更容易互相信任。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段的And shoppers were much more likely to buy a product advertised on TV by someone eating a similar food to them at the time.可知顾客很可能从和他们有相同品味的经销商那里购买产品，故选择B。 2. 推理判断题。根据第三段的Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.可知，芝加哥大学的研究人员进行的实验表明，食物在赢得人们的信任方面扮演着重要的角色，故A选项符合文意。 3. 推理判断题。根据第一段的Psychologists have discovered managers are much more likely to instantly trust us if we choose the same dishes as them.和第三段的Researchers at Chicago University in the US conducted a series of experiments to examine food’s role in earning trust.可知，吃相似食物的人更容易互相信任。故选择A选项。 4. 推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要讲的内容是研究表明，吃相似食物的人更容易互相信任，可知可以作为相似性吸引理论的例子是C选项（物以类聚，物人以群分）。A.诚实乃上策；B.天下无不散之筵席；D.世上无难事，只要肯攀登。三个选项不符合题意，故C项正确。 Passage 16 （23-24高二下·浙江台州·期中） Thanksgiving is one of those times of year that inspires reflection. For some, it is a moment to think about the meaning of family. But for me, there is a simpler message to take away: We should all have more pie in our lives. What’s refreshing about Thanksgiving is that, for all the travel delays and the potential for family arguments, the focus is on cooking for once. At Christmas, the feast easily gets overshadowed by the mountain of gifts. At thanksgiving, by contrast, everyone recognizes that the food is what matters. Will the mashed potatoes be smooth enough? And crucially, is there enough pie? Too many of us spend our lives in a state of pie deprivation (缺少), judging from the hunger with which the pies are greeted on a Thanksgiving table. Few things ins till more of a sense of comfort than the sight of a golden topped fruit pie. There have been times and places when eating pie was a daily occurrence for American families. Thanksgiving aside, I don’t know anyone who regularly eats pie. This is a bit sad. Think of all that joy we are abandoning. Thanksgiving pies have a way of living on in memory long after the other dishes are forgotten. Years ago, I made an apple pie for my nieces for Thanksgiving. The following year, I planned to make a cardamom tart instead. But my sister said I had to make the pie exactly the same as the previous year, because the girls had been talking about it for months. I can’t pretend I wasn’t pleased by this. A pie isn’t just any dessert. It is a sign that care has been taken. I suspect that the single biggest reason we don’t make pies more often is that we don’t have time. Yet there is something about the process of fitting pie into a dish that can actually make you less rushed. “Rest for at least an hour”, reads the instruction in most pie recipes. It’s referring to the pastry, but what if it also means you? 1. What do people attach great importance to at Thanksgiving? A. Gifts and travel. B. Potatoes and pie. C. Cooking and food. D. Family and friends. 2. Which of the following statements about pie is TRUE? A. Most people enjoy eating pie at Thanksgiving. B. Pie is not easily accessible for most of the year. C. Pie was a daily dish for all the American families in the past. D. Most people have realized their hunger for pie in their daily life. 3. Why does the writer mention the story of making pie for his nieces at Thanksgiving? A. To show she can really make tasty Thanksgiving pie. B. To show pies played an important role in her nieces’ life. C. To show she was delighted with her niece’s reactions after eating the pie. D. To show pie is more easily remembered than any other Thanksgiving dishes. 4. What’s the author’s attitude toward making pies? A. Supportive. B. Critical. C. Neutral. D. Indifferent. 【答案】1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。对于作者而言，感恩节传达的信息是我们的生活中应该有更多的馅饼，它总是给人带来舒适和快乐，与其他感恩节菜肴相比，馅饼一直活在作者和家人的记忆中，制作馅饼不仅仅意味着慢下来让面饼“休息”，也意味着让自己休息。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“What’s refreshing about Thanksgiving is that, for all the travel delays and the potential for family arguments, the focus is on cooking for once. (感恩节令人耳目一新的地方在于，尽管会有航班延误和可能发生的家庭争吵，但重点是就这一次的烹饪)”和“At thanksgiving, by contrast, everyone recognizes that the food is what matters. (相比之下，在感恩节，每个人都认识到食物才是最重要的)”可知，在感恩节，人们非常重视烹饪和食物。故选C项。 2. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Too many of us spend our lives in a state of pie deprivation (缺少), judging from the hunger with which the pies are greeted on a Thanksgiving table. (我们中有太多人的一生都处于一种缺乏馅饼的状态，从感恩节餐桌上迎接馅饼时的饥饿感就可以判断出来)”可知，大多数人会在感恩节餐桌上热情迎接馅饼，享用馅饼。故选A项。 3. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“Thanksgiving pies have a way of living on in memory long after the other dishes are forgotten. Years ago, I made an apple pie for my nieces for Thanksgiving. The following year, I planned to make a cardamom tart instead. But my sister said I had to make the pie exactly the same as the previous year, because the girls had been talking about it for months. (在其他菜肴被遗忘很久之后，感恩节馅饼却一直活在人们的记忆中。几年前的感恩节，我为侄女们做了一个苹果馅饼。第二年，我打算改做小豆蔻挞。但是我姐姐说我必须做和去年一模一样的馅饼，因为女孩们已经讨论了好几个月了)”可知，作者先提到与其他感恩节菜肴相比，馅饼会一直被人们记住，然后提到自己为侄女们做苹果馅饼的故事，表明她们一直心心念念着馅饼。由此可知，提到这个故事是为了表明馅饼比任何其他感恩节菜肴都更容易记住。故选D项。 4. 推理判断题。根据第一段中“But for me, there is a simpler message to take away: We should all have more pie in our lives. (但对我来说，有一个更简单的信息要传达：我们的生活中都应该有更多的馅饼)”和第四段中“Thanksgiving aside, I don’t know anyone who regularly eats pie. This is a bit sad. Think of all that joy we are abandoning. (除了感恩节，我不知道有谁经常吃馅饼。这有点悲哀。想想我们正在放弃的所有快乐)”可知，作者认为馅饼代表着快乐，她为大家不常吃馅饼而感到悲哀，觉得生活中应该有更多的馅饼。由此可知，她对制作馅饼持是支持的。故选A项。 Passage 17 （23-24高二下·浙江台州·期中） My social media has been a hive of activities these last few weeks: the naturalist and TV presenter Chris Packham is organizing a People’s Walk For Wildlife in London, and has asked me to recite  ‘Anthropocene’. I call it a ‘poem’ but I’m not sure it is. I feel it would be good to say aloud, to a crowd. I’ve only written a few ‘poems’ in the past, none of which was memorable, but with this one the words spilled out and I kind of’ performed’ them, recorded and shared them on Twitter. Bare upon the earth, we were weightless... Will my generation see the rightful, rising? Lots of people liked it, including Chris. It’s always a surprise to me, that people appreciate what I say and how I share it. These past weeks I’ve been helping raise awareness for the walk in London by doing videos and Tweeting lots. It’s an exciting prospect: hundreds, if not thousands of people marching on behalf of wildlife. I’m not worried about speaking. I actually find it easier if there are lots of people, because I don’t have to make eye contact and it’s much easier to blur them into a mass. Speaking to smaller groups, that’s a killer: you feel the heat of their gaze, every twitch, each sigh. So I have an early flight to London with Mum in the morning. I feel bad for flying, we both do, knowing the damage emission do to our world. Ideally, we should be taking a boat and driving to London, or taking the train, but it’s beyond us financially right now, and I can’t get more time off school so soon without getting into trouble. The walk feels like important work, something we should do. I’ve already got the poem locked in my head now. I know it off by heart. We want birdsong, abundant fluttering, humming, no more poison, destruction. I feel excited. Perhaps it is the right time for me. Tomorrow will be epic. 1. What will the writer do tomorrow according to the text? A. He will organize an event in London. B. He will recite one of his works in public. C. He will have a nature walk with Chris. D. He will post some poems on Twitter. 2. What gets the write excited according to the text? A. He will speak to a huge crowd. B. He will become famous on Twitter. C. He will share his favorite poems with others. D. He will witness people gathering for nature. 3. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? A. Why he has to fly to London. B. Why he doesn’t like taking flights. C. What he wants to do in London. D. What he contributes to his work. 4. What is the writer according to the text? A. He is a talented TV presenter. B. He is a keen environmentalist. C. He is a popular poet on Twitter. D. He is a professional public speaker. 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. A 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，主要讲述的是作者对于环保的思考。 1. 细节理解题。根据第一段“My social media has been a hive of activities these last few weeks: the naturalist and TV presenter Chris Packham is organizing a People’s Walk For Wildlife in London, and has asked me to recite ‘Anthropocene’. I call it a ‘poem’ but I’m not sure it is. I feel it would be good to say aloud, to a crowd.(过去几周，我的社交媒体上一直充斥着各种活动：博物学家兼电视节目主持人Chris Packham正在伦敦组织一次“为野生动物而走”活动，他让我背诵“人类世”。我称它为“诗”，但我不确定它是不是。我觉得对一群人大声说出来会很好。)”可知，作者明天将当众背诵他的一部作品。故选B。 2. 细节理解题。根据第二段“It’s an exciting prospect: hundreds, if not thousands of people marching on behalf of wildlife.(这是一个令人兴奋的前景：数百人，如果不是数千人，代表野生动物游行。)”可知，让作者感到兴奋的是他将见证人们为大自然而聚集。故选D。 3. 主旨大意题。根据第三段的“Ideally, we should be taking a boat and driving to London, or taking the train, but it’s beyond us financially right now, and I can’t get more time off school so soon without getting into trouble.(理想情况下，我们应该乘船开车去伦敦，或者坐火车，但我们目前的经济状况超出了我们的能力，而且我不能这么快就请假，否则就会遇到麻烦。)”可知，第三段主要讲的是作者为什么不得不坐飞机去伦敦，故选A。 4. 推理判断题。根据第二段“It’s an exciting prospect: hundreds, if not thousands of people marching on behalf of wildlife.(这是一个令人兴奋的前景：数百人，如果不是数千人，代表野生动物游行。)”和倒数第二段“I feel bad for flying, we both do, knowing the damage emission do to our world.(我为飞行感到难过，我们都是这样，因为我们知道飞行对我们的世界造成的破坏。)”可知，作者是一位热心的环保主义者。故选B。 Passage 18 （23-24高二下·浙江杭州·5月月考） In 2010, after six years of training and further six years on the wards, I resigned from my job as a junior doctor. My parents still haven’t forgiven me. Last year, the General Medical Council wrote to me to say they were taking my name off the medical register. It wasn’t exactly a huge shock, as I hadn’t practiced medicine in half a decade. It was, however, excellent news for my spare room, as I cleared out box after box of old paperwork, tearing files up fast. One thing I did rescue from the jaws of death was my training portfolio (档案袋). All doctors are recommended to log their clinical experience, in what’s known as reflective practice. On looking through this portfolio for the first time in years, my reflective practice seemed to involve going up to my hospital on-call room and writing down anything remotely interesting that had happened that day. Among the funny and the dull, I was reminded of the long hours and the huge impact being a junior doctor had on my life. Reading back, it felt extreme and unreasonable in terms of what was expected of me, but at the time I’d just accepted it as part of the job. There were points where I wouldn’t have stepped back if an entry read “had to eat a helicopter today”. Around the same time that I was reliving all this through my diaries, junior doctors in the here and now were coming under fire from politicians. I couldn’t help but feel doctors were struggling to get their side of the story across (probably because they were at work the whole time) and it struck me that the public weren’t hearing the truth about what it actually means to be a doctor. Rather than shrugging my shoulders and ignoring the evidence, I decided I had to do something to redress the balance. So here they are: the diaries I kept during my time in the NHS, verruca’s and all. What it’s like working on the front line, the consequences in my personal life, and how, one terrible day, it all became too much for me. (Sorry for the spoiler of my book beforehand, but you still watched Titanic knowing how that was going to play out.) Along the way, I’ll help you out with the medical terminology and provide a bit of context about what each job involved. Unlike being a junior doctor, I won’t just drop you in the deep end and expect you to know exactly what you’re doing. 1. Which of the following can be put in the blank in Paragraph 2? A. But I found it a hard job to pick up my practice of medicine. B. But I found it an easy task to turn over a new leaf in the long term. C. But I found it a simple act to get involved in self-reflection as a junior doctor. D. But I found it a big deal on an emotional level to permanently close this chapter of my life. 2. The author cleared out box after box of old paperwork so fast because________. A. he was disappointed at being dismissed from the NHS B. being removed from his position served his purpose C. being rescued from the jaws of death discouraged him D. he had promised to keep his patients’ personal information secret 3. Which of the following best explains “redress the balance” underlined in Paragraph 5? A. Argue with politicians. B. Tell the full story of doctors. C. Collect more solid evidence. D. Win the support of the public. 4. What does the author intend to do by writing this article? A. Reveal what it means to be a junior doctor. B. Inform readers of some medical knowledge. C. Give some background information on a book. D. Encourage more people to practice medicine. 【答案】1. D 2. B 3. B 4. C 【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。本文是对作者的一本书的背景介绍。由作者不再当医生而被NHS除名引出作者对自己曾作为医生的经历的回顾和对初级医生的看法，作者认为他作为初级医生时，承受了极端和不合理的期望，作者希望通过这本书呈现给公众作为一名医生的真相。 1. 推理判断题。根据第二段中“It wasn’t exactly a huge shock, as I hadn’t practiced medicine in half a decade.( 这并不是一个巨大的震惊，因为我已经有五年没有行医了)”并且结合选项中but表示转折可知，此处前后形成对比，同时结合下文可知作者并没有想重新继续从医。综上可推知，空处句子应为“但我发现永久地结束我生命中的这一章在情感层面上是一件大事”。故选D。 2. 推理判断题。根据第二段“Last year, the General Medical Council wrote to me to say they were taking my name off the medical register. It wasn’t exactly a huge shock, as I hadn’t practiced medicine in half a decade.( 去年，医学委员会写信给我说他们要把我的名字从医疗登记簿上删除。这并不是一个巨大的震惊，因为我已经有五年没有行医了)”可知，作者并不为被除名而感到难受，结合后文作者对于作为一个初级医生的经历的态度是有所保留的，并且他决定把自己的经历写出来。由此可推知，作者如此迅速地清理了一箱又一箱的旧文件，因为被撤职正好达到了他的目的。故选B。 3. 词句猜测题。根据上文“I couldn’t help but feel doctors were struggling to get their side of the story across (probably because they were at work the whole time) and it struck me that the public weren’t hearing the truth about what it actually means to be a doctor.(我不禁感到医生们都在努力让人们理解他们自己的观点（可能是因为他们一直都在工作），而令我震惊的是，公众并没有听到作为一名医生的真正含义)”可知，作者想呈现作为一个医生的真相，讲述医生的全部故事。由此可知，作者想要告知大家真正的故事，而不是耸耸肩，无视证据。故划线短语“redress the balance”意思为“讲述医生的全部故事”。故选B。 4. 推理判断题。文章中记叙了2010年，经过六年的培训和六年的病房工作，作者辞去了初级医生的工作。且回忆了自己作为初级医生的经历，认为一个初级医生必须达到一些极端的期望是不合理的，作者同时将自己的经历写到了自己的书中。根据第六段中“Sorry for the spoiler of my book beforehand (很抱歉之前我的书被剧透了)”以及最后一段中“Along the way, I’ll help you out with the medical terminology and provide a bit of context about what each job involved.(在此过程中，我将帮助您掌握医学术语，并提供有关每个工作所涉及的背景知识)”可知，作者是在对书的内容进行介绍，即作者写这篇文章的目的是提供一本书的背景资料。故选C。 Passage 19 （23-24学年高二下·湖北省武汉5月月考） Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hate and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged (不和的) accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical perspective, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with practice. 1. What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness? A. People should offer mercy to others. B. Aggressive people should learn to forgive. C. Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity. D. People who forgive can have their own welfare affected. 2. What does the example in Paragraph 3 illustrate? A. To fight is to grow. B. To give is to receive. C. To forgive is to abuse. D. To dominate is to harm. 3. What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness? A. Favorable. B. Reserved. C. Objective. D. Skeptical. 4. What message does the last paragraph convey? A. Forgiveness is in our nature. B. Forgiveness grows with time. C. It takes practice to forgive. D. Actuality is based on potentiality. 【答案】1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章围绕“原谅是否违背人类本性”这一主题进行了深入的探讨和论证，通过对比不同的人类本性观点，分析了原谅在个体和社区中的作用和意义。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段中“Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them.(那些宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害。在他看来，宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福，而这些人可能会利用他们)”可知，Droll认为宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害，他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福。故选D。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions.(没有爱，我们与生活中各种各样的人的联系就会破裂。甚至常识也强烈表明，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动。)”可知，没有爱，我们与他人的联系就会破裂，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动；结合下文“For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony?(例如，奴隶制作为社会和谐的一种模式发挥了多大的作用？)”可知，奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制的制度，它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦，此处通过以奴隶社会举例，以反问的方式，来阐明试图通过支配和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福，即控制就是伤害。故选D。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive.(我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长)”可知，作者对于宽恕持支持的态度。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“As an important note, when we take a classical philosophical perspective, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, in real situations, develops with practice.(值得注意的是，当我们从古典哲学的角度来看，我们看到了潜能和现实性之间的区别。我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长。在现实生活中，宽恕的现实是随着实践而发展的)”可知，最后一段主要传达了原谅需要实践的信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点，指出我们并不是天生就具备原谅的能力，而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此，原谅并不是一种自然而然的行为，而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。故选C。 Passage 20 （24-25高二下·浙江宁波·阶段练习） A group of scientists, including people from the Royal Society of Chemistry, recently proposed that experiences such as licking (舔舐) an ice lolly (冰棍) should be part of the science class. By licking a lolly and seeing how it melts – the idea goes – children would better learn about melting, and therefore about chemistry and physics. But simply licking a lolly, or experiences such as kneading dough, playing with shadows actually doesn’t help students to learn science. Using examples and demonstrations in the classroom can be a helpful approach towards deeper understanding, but it’s not a shortcut to knowledge. The idea of learning through experiences has a long history. It’s perhaps most closely associated with the work of educator John Dewey in the early 20th century. Dewey and other educators of the time were concerned that an emphasis on rote (死记硬背) learning would lead to “inert (惰性的) knowledge”: facts that students wouldn’t be able to apply to the real world. An experience like licking a lolly may at least be memorable – especially if you’d never done it before. However, there is a difference between having memories for events and having knowledge. For example, between having personally lived through the French Revolution and knowing what happened including its origin and effects, the latter involves a different type of memories – structured memories. These are based on understanding how things work and what they mean. It is the type of memory that is at play when you use a word such as “heavy”, unconnected to a specific heavy object. Such understandings are essential to both scientific learning and our use of language. If you stop to think about it, most of your knowledge can’t be clearly tied to one particular experience. Learning is usually not a one-shot process – think of how much experience a gardener needs before they “know” how plants grow and thrive. These semantic memories derive from a combination of lots of experiences, and sometimes, from comparing and contrasting different things: the difference between two types of plants, or between an ice lolly and an ice cream. Understanding science or anything else is not just about remembering experiences. To profit most from first-hand experience, learners need sufficient prior knowledge to understand what is happening when they observe something in class. If we want students to build up their knowledge of science and be able to use it in future, it’s vital that the focus is on strategies that helped them to transform what they observe into structured knowledge. 1. What does the author think of learning physics through licking an ice lolly? A. Ineffective. B. Innovative. C. Impressive. D. Informative. 2. What does the writer think might be the theoretical basis of learning through experience? A. An educator’s work published in the 20th century. B. The practical experience of a number of teachers. C. Examples and demonstrations collected from schools. D. Works and researches done in the history. 3. What does the author want to convey by mentioning the French Revolution? A. Understanding how things work is the key to learning. B. Experiential memories doesn’t necessarily lead to knowledge. C. Learning different things requires different types of memories. D. Learning from historical events is different from licking an ice lolly. 4. Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A. Licking an ice lolly has become a popular way to learn science. B. Experience relies on certain conditions to benefit science learning. C. Science learning is becoming increasingly popular among pupils. D. Knowledge and experience are both important in science learning. 【答案】1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了通过体验学习科学的有效性，强调体验需结合结构化知识才能真正促进科学学习。 1. 细节理解题。由文章第二段中“But simply licking a lolly, or experiences such as kneading dough, playing with shadows actually doesn’t help students to learn science. (然而，仅仅舔冰棍，或像揉面团、玩影子这样的体验，实际上并不能帮助学生学习科学知识。)”可知，作者认为仅仅通过舔冰棍或揉面团、玩影子等体验并不能帮助学生学习科学，因此作者认为这种方式是无效的。故选A。 2. 细节理解题。由文章第三段中“The idea of learning through experiences has a long history. It’s perhaps most closely associated with the work of educator John Dewey in the early 20th century. (通过实践经验来学习的理念有着悠久的历史。它或许与 20 世纪初教育家John Dewey的研究成果最为紧密相关。)”可知，作者认为通过体验学习的理论基础可能是20世纪一位教育家的著作。故选A。 3. 推理判断题。由文章第五段中“However, there is a difference between having memories for events and having knowledge. For example, between having personally lived through the French Revolution and knowing what happened including its origin and effects, the latter involves a different type of memories – structured memories. (然而，拥有事件记忆和拥有知识之间存在差异。例如，亲身经历过法国大革命与了解法国大革命的发生过程及其起源和影响，后者涉及不同类型的记忆——结构化记忆。)”可知，作者提到法国大革命是为了说明对事件的记忆和拥有知识之间存在差异。因此，作者想要传达的是体验性记忆并不一定能导致知识的获得。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由第二段中“But simply licking a lolly, or experiences such as kneading dough, playing with shadows actually doesn’t help students to learn science. (然而，仅仅舔冰棍，或像揉面团、玩影子这样的体验，实际上并不能帮助学生学习科学知识。)”和最后一段“If we want students to build up their knowledge of science and be able to use it in future, it’s vital that the focus is on strategies that helped them to transform what they observe into structured knowledge. (如果我们想让学生积累科学知识并能在未来运用它，那么关键在于采用有助于他们将所观察到的事物转化为结构化知识的策略。)”可知，文章主要讨论了通过体验学习科学的效果和条件，指出仅仅通过体验并不能直接帮助学生学习科学，而需要将观察到的转化为结构化知识。因此，文章的主旨大意是：体验需要依靠一定的条件才能有益于科学学习。故选B。 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$