考点清单02 单元语法知识梳理归纳 -2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考点大串讲（上外版2020必修二）

2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考点大串讲（上外版2020） 专题02 单元语法知识梳理归纳 上外版必修二 Unit 1 Nature 【单元语法】 1. 定语从句； 2. 关系代词的使用； 1、 语法知识归纳 基本概念：（一） 定语从句在复合句中作定语，修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。 （二） 先行词被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。 （三）关系代词和关系副词 定语从句的引导词。与先行词关系密切，因此紧跟先行词，并在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系代词有：who, whom, which, that和whose, 另外，as也可充当关系代词。关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。关系副词有：when, where和why。在定语从句中充当状语。 二、关系代词的用法 （一）基本用法 根据先行词的不同，和在从句中所充当的成分不同，选用不同的关系代词。 如下表： 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人 主语，宾语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother? whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war. whose 人，物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate. that 人，物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much. which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible. as 人，物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as做宾语一般不省略 例如：（注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分） ① Do you know the professor who/that will give us a speech next week? （作主语） ② I read a report about his new novel that/ which will soon be published. （作主语） ③ The plan that/which they argued about was settled at last. （作宾语） ④ This is the new secretary (who/whom/that) I would like to introduce to you. （作宾语） ⑤ The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay. （作定语） 注意：关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略，充当主语时则不能。（见上例③④） （二）关系代词that代替which的一些情况 which, that 在代替物时，一般可以通用。 但在有些情况下，只用 that。 1 先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。 例如： ① This is the best that has been used against pollution. ② English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. ⑵ 先行词是序数词，或它前面有一个序数词时。例如： ① This is the last place (that) I want to visit. ② It is the first American movie of this kind that I’ve ever seen. ⑶ 先行词是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等代词时。 例如：① You should hand in all that you have. ② We haven’t got much that we can offer you. ⑷ 先行词前面有the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every等修饰时。 例如：① The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. ② The little money (that) he had was stolen. （三）宜用who, 而不用that的一些情况 ⑴ 先行词是one, ones, anyone时。 例如：① One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. ② Don’t tell anyone about the news who oughtn’t to know it. ⑵先行词是those时。 例如：① Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth. （四）其它情况 ⑴ 先行词既有人又有物时。例如： ① Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about? ② The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. ⑵ 主句已有疑问词who 或which时。 例如：① Which is the bike that you lost?② Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting? （五）与whose有关的问题 ⑴ whose是代词的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。 例如：① I saw a woman whose bag was stolen. ② Please show me the book whose cover is red. ⑵ 当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时，亦可用of which的形式。 例如： ① The building whose roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. → The building, the roof of which you can see from here, is a new restaurant.或 → The building, of which the roof you can see from here is a new restaurant. 三、介词前提的问题 关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。 例如： Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语） →Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 但是，要注意的是： ⑴ 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 ⑵ 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 ⑶ 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如： 1 错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to? 正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to? 2 错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care. 正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of. 四、关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句中的主谓一致 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。例如： 1 Who is the guy that is reading over there? 2 The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. 3 All that needs to be done has been done. 4 He is one of the students who use computer a lot for study. 5 Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam. 例③中的all意为“一切”，作单数。例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人，因此谓语动词也用单数。 五、如何选择关系代词，关系副词 先把主句和定语从句分开，再找出定语从句所修饰的名词/代词（即先行词），然后放入定语从句中，看看这两者的搭配情况。 1）如果定语从句和该先行词可以直接相连，且在从句中充当主语/宾语/表语的话，则用关系代词。 因为关系代词也属于代词，而代词功能同名词，在句子中一般充当语/宾语/表语。 如：This is the city (which/that) you visited last year. 定语从句所修饰的先行词是the city，放入定语从句you visited last year中，则它直接充当visited的宾语，变成：you visited the city last year. 2）如果定语从句和该先行词无法直接相连，必须另外多加上介词，并在定语从句中充当状语时，则使用关系副词。 如：This is the city where you stayed last year. 定语从句所修饰的先行词也是the city，将其放入定语从句中不能直接作成分，必须加上介词in，一起做从句的地点状语，即定语从句变为：you stayed in the city last year. 上外版必修二 Unit 2 Animals 【单元语法】 1. 非限定性定语从句； 2. 介词+关系副词的使用； 一、as引导的非限定性定语从句 as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。 as we know正如我们所知 as is often the case像通常那样 as has been said before如上所述 as is reported正如报道的那样 as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样 She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。 As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan. 像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。 比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别 as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。 He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。 which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。 As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress. =Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress. 正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。 二、.使用定语从句需注意的事项 1.定语从句中的主谓一致 A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？ B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。 As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。 Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。 C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。 Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class. 弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。 D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. 他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。 2.what和how不能用于定语从句中 A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。 （正）Tell me anything (that) you know. （正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。 说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。 （误）Tell me anything what you know. B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。 （正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem. （正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句） （误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem. 这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。 3.介词+关系代词 句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词 简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。 简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely. 我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词 那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。 简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。 合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词 我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。 4.关系代词和关系副词的省略 1.关系代词的省略 A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。 Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year. 简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。 Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略） C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。 （正）This is the government building in which my father works. （正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in. （误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。 D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。 There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。 2.关系副词的省略 A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。 She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese. 她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。 B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。 This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。 He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。 补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。 Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。 6.定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定 that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。 The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。） The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。） 2.根据意思来判断 在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。 The news that you told me last week is not true. →（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。） The news that the leader will come here is not true. →（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （句子成立，所以是同位语从句。） 3.根据that前的名词判断 同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。 上外版必修二 Unit 3 Food 【单元语法】 1.分词； 2. 分词做定语； 3. 分词语法拓展 分词属于非谓语动词之一，非谓语动词还包括不定式和动名词。 定义： 分词就是具有动词及形容词二者特征的词，尤指以-ing或-ed,-d,-t,-en或-n结尾的英语动词性形容词，具有形容词功能，同时又表现各种动词性特点，如时态、语态、带状语性修饰语的性能及带宾词的性能。 分类： 分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种，是一种非谓语动词形式。现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于：现在分词表示“主动和进行”，过去分词表示“被动和完成”（不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动，只表示完成）。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。 分词作定语： 分词作定语时，具有形容词的性质。单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前，分词短语作定语，置于被修饰词的后面。现在分词表示主动、进行意义，及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动、完成意义，不及物动词的过去分词作定语只表示完成意义。 We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund. This is really an exhausting day to all of us! We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness, I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day. More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries. 现在分词作定语： 上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词： That must have been a terrifying experience. I found him a charming person. 现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句： There are a few boys swimming in the river. There is a car waiting outside. 过去分词作定语： 作定语 She has a pleased look on her face. The teacher gave us a satisfied smile. cooked food a written report fried eggs boiled water frozen food armed forces required courses fallen leaves finished products a forced smile the risen sun new arrived visitors What’s the language spoken in that country? They're problems left by the history The play put on by the teachers was a big success. Is there anybody injured? Do you know the number of books ordered? 上外版必修二 Unit 4 Sports 【单元语法】 1.分词做状语； 2. 分词复习； 3. 语法拓展：独立主格 一、现在分词做状语 1.动词-ing形式作时间状语： 动词-ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，几乎每个动词-ing形式作时间状语时，都可以转换为一个时间状语从句，特别是动词-ing形式的完成式。要特别注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作之间的时间关系。 动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置 动词-ing形式所表示的动作一发生，谓语动词表示的动作就立即发生，用动词-ing形式的一般形式作状语 意为“当……的时候”，可以转换成“on+动词-ing”结构 放在句首 常用的这类动词多是表示一个极短暂动作的动词： arrive到达 close关闭 hear听见 leave离开 open打开 return归还 see看见 动词-ing形式：Hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying. 时间状语从句：When they heard the bad news,they couldn’t help crying. on+动词-ing：On hearing the bad news,they couldn’t help crying. 当听到这个不幸的消息时，他们情不自禁地哭了起来。 动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置 动词-ing形式所表示的动作在进行过程中，谓语动词表示的动作发生了，在这种情况下，可以用动词-ing形式短语作状语，但一般在它的前面加上when或while 意为“当……的时候” 放在句首、句末均可 动词-ing形式：Be careful when crossing the street. 时间状语从句：Be careful when you are crossing the street.过马路时要小心。 动词-ing形式：While playing the piano,she got very excited. 时间状语从句：While she was playing the piano,she got very excited. 当她弹钢琴时（过程中），她变得十分兴奋。 动词-ing形式与谓语动作的时间关系 动词-ing短语的含义 动词-ing形式的位置 在动词-ing形式所表示的动作完成之后，谓语动词所表示的动作才发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式作状语 意为“在……之后”，可转换成“after+动词-ing”结构 放在句首、句末均可 动词-ing形式：Having turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons. 时间状语从句：After he had turned off the radio,he began to go over his lessons. after+动词-ing：After turning off the radio,he began to go over his lessons. 关上收音机之后，他开始温习功课。 动词-ing形式：Having received his letter,I decided to write back. 时间状语从句：After I had received his letter,I decided to write back. after+动词-ing：After receiving his letter,I decided to write back. 收到他的信后，我决定给他回信。 2.动词-ing形式作原因状语 动词-ing形式作原因状语时，相当于一个原因状语从句，同时也可以转变为一个原因状语从句，动词-ing形式的完成式也经常用来作原因状语。和作时间状语一样，也要注意动词-ing形式所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作的时间关系。 A.动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或者几乎同时发生时，用动词-ing形式的一般式。 动词-ing形式：Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address. 原因状语从句：Because he didn’t recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address. 因为没听出这个人的声音，所以他没把自己的地址给他。 动词-ing形式：Being so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep. 原因状语从句：Because he was so angry,he couldn’t go to sleep. 他因为太生气了而不能入睡。 动词-ing形式：Forgetting his manners,he put his feet up on the desk. 原因状语从句：As he forgot his manners,he put his feet up on the desk. 此时他忘记了风度，一抬腿把脚放在了书桌上。 补充：若作状语的动词-ing形式含有心理活动的意义，则这个状语一般是表示原因的，如：know，think，forget，learn等。 B.动词-ing形式所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，用动词-ing形式的完成式。 动词-ing形式：Having been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week. 原因状语从句：Because/As he had been to the Great Wall many times,he didn’t go (there) last week.他已去过长城许多次了，故上周他没去。 动词-ing形式：Not having received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him. 原因状语从句：Because he hadn’t received his father’s letter,he decided to make a call to him. 因为没收到父亲的信，所以他决定打个电话给父亲。 3.动词-ing形式作让步状语 动词-ing形式作让步状语时，相当于一个让步状语从句。有时，动词-ing形式前可带有连词although，whether，even if，even though。 动词-ing形式：Although working from morning till night,his father didn’t get enough food. 让步状语从句：Although his father worked from morning till night,he didn’t get enough food. 虽然他父亲从早到晚拼命干，但还不能糊口。 4.动词-ing形式作方式或伴随状语 动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况是比较常见的，它用来说明动作发生的背景或情况。此时，一般情况下，动词-ing形式所表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它没有相应的状语从句可转换，但可以用并列句来转换。 动词-ing形式：They came into the classroom,singing and laughing. 并列句：They sang and laughed;they came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进教室。 注意：在动词-ing形式表示方式或伴随情况时，动词-ing形式表示的是次要动作，而谓语动词表示的是主要动作。在上例中，came（进来）是主要动作，singing，laughing是次要动作，是伴随着came这一动作而有的。所以这句不能写为： （误）They sang and laughed,coming into the classroom. 5.动词-ing形式作结果状语 动词-ing形式作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间有逗号。有时为了突出结果，分词前带有thus。它可以转换为结果状语从句。 动词-ing形式：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay. 结果状语从句：The bus was held up by the snowstorm,so it caused the delay. 公共汽车被大风雪所阻，因而耽搁了。 二、过去分词做状语 1.过去分词作状语的基本用法 过去分词和过去分词短语也可以在句子中作状语，用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随 等情况。但该状语一般表示一个次要的动作。并且，它一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。 表时间： Asked how old she was,Mary said it was a secret.（Asked表时间） 当被问到年龄时，玛丽说那是个秘密。 表原因： Confused by the stones flying at them from all sides,the boys ran into the building. （Confused表原因）从四面八方向男孩们飞来的石头把他们弄糊涂了，于是他们跑进了那幢大楼里。 表条件： Given more water,the fish couldn’t die.（Given表条件）如果多给些水，这些鱼就不会死。 表让步： Even though defeated again,the scientist didn’t give up.（defeated表让步） 尽管又失败了，这位科学家仍没有放弃。 表条件/时间： Seen from a spaceship,the earth looks like a blue green white ball.（Seen表时间/条件） 从飞船上看，地球像一个蓝色、绿色、白色相间的大球。 2.关于过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语 A.过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语。此外，过去分词与句子的主语之间应是动宾关系，而动词-ing形式与句子的主语之间应是主谓关系。 从山顶上看，这座城市非常美丽。 过去分词短语作状语： Seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.（句子的主语是the city） =If/When it is seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.（从句与主句的主语一致） 动词-ing短语作状语： Seeing from the hill,you can see the whole city is beautiful.（句子的主语是you） =If/When you see from the hill,the city is beautiful.（从句与主句的主语不同） 注意：过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时，状语逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。 （误）Seeing from the hill,the city is beautiful. （seeing的逻辑主语是you，所以句子的主语应用you，而不是the city。） 加热到100℃，水就沸腾了。 过去分词短语作状语： （正）Heated to 100℃,water will boil.（句子的主语是water） （正）Heated to 100℃,water boils.（讲述的是自然现象） （误）Heating to 100℃,water boils.（heating逻辑上的主语应该是人，而非water） 状语从句作状语： If/When it is heated to 100℃,water will boil.（从句与主句的主语一致） If/When we heat it to 100℃,water will boil.（从句与主句的主语不同） B.过去分词短语或动词-ing短语所表示的动作如果和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生，则要放在句首；如果它表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后，则要放在句尾。 Finding the door locked,Tom went home.（原因）看到门锁着，汤姆就回家去了。 Tom went home,finding the door locked.（结果）汤姆回到家，发现门锁着。 切记：一般来讲，表示时间、原因、条件、让步等的分词短语多放在句首，而表示结果、伴随的分词短语多放在句尾。 Not knowing her address,I can’t write to her.（原因）因为不知道她的住址，我没法给她写信。 The old woman died in 1967,leaving her sons a lot of money.（结果） 这位老妇人于1967年去世，给她的儿子们留下了一大笔钱。 Greatly moved by the hero,she decided to study harder.（原因） 被英雄人物深深地感动，她决心更加努力地学习。 补充：有些过去分词和动词-ing形式用作介词或连词 according to按照 granted认为 including包括 supposing假设，假如 According to his report,the situation is getting serious.根据他的报告，形势变得严峻了。 Many people including the old go to work without any pay on Saturday. 许多人包括老人们都参加了星期六的义务劳动。 Supposing he won’t pass the exam,what should he do?假如他通不过考试，他该怎么办？ 2.独立主格 我们在前面讲到过去分词（短语）和动词-ing形式（短语）作状语时，它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和动词-ing短语带有自己的主语（即它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系），这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词或代词主格担任，放在过去分词短语和动词之间，我们称之为独立主格。一些含独立主格的句子可以转化为含状语从句的复合句。另一些含独立主格的句子则可以转化为含两个简单句的并列句。 独立主格：（正）It being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.（It是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语） 说明：It being Sunday构成独立主格结构，在句子中作原因状语。 （误）Being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.今天是星期天，你不必去上学。 说明：being的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，所以此句是错误的。 原因状语从句：Because it is Sunday,you needn’t go to school. （it是从句主语，you是主句主语）因为今天是星期天，所以你不必去上学。 独立主格：All the officials having arrived,the meeting was declared open. （All the officials是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语）官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。 时间状语从句：After/When all the officials had arrived,the meeting was declared open. （all the officials是从句主语，the是主句主语）等官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。 补充：分词作独立主格时，前面有时可以加with或without。 The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green. 所有的树都变成了嫩绿色，使得公园很漂亮。 独立主格：Weather permitting,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow. （Weather是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语）天气允许的话，我们后天就去颐和园。 条件状语从句：If weather permits,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow. （weather是从句主语，we是主句主语）如果天气允许的话，我们后天去颐和园。 独立主格：All the work done,you can have a rest. （All the work是过去分词逻辑上的主语） 并列句：All the work is done and you can have a rest.所有的工作都做完，你们就可以休息了。 独立主格：The plan carried out,everything is all right. （The plan是过去分词逻辑上的主语） 并列句：The plan is carried out and everything is all right. 计划已经实施，一切进展顺利。 1 / 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$