串讲02 Unit 3～4 单元语法知识点梳理【考点串讲PPT】-2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考点大串讲（上教版2020必修第二册）

高一下英语期中考试复习 上教版2020 必修第二册 Unit 3-4 Participls as adverbials 1、现在分词作状语 2、过去分词作状语 上教版必修二 Unit 3 Progress? Teaching aims 1.To compare the similarities of v-ing & v-ed as Adverbial; 2.To compare the differences of v-ing & v-ed as adverbial; 3.To put what learned into practice 用分词改写下列状语从句： 1.When the boy heard the news, he cried. __________ the news, the boy cried. 2.When we asked him about his family, he made no answer. ______ about his family, he made no answer. Hearing Asked S1similarities （一）、表示时间 the boy he 3.She didn’t attend the school because she was travelling abroad. __________ abroad, she didn’t attend the school. 4.Because he was punished by his father, he cried. _______________by his father,he cried. Travelling Punished （二）、表示原因 S1similarities 5.If you turn left, you’ll find the house. ______ left, you’ll find the house. 6.I won’t go to the party unless I am invited. I won’t go to the party unless ________. Turning invited （三）、表示条件 7.Though he saw me, he didn’t say hello to me. _____ me, he didn’t say hello to me. 8.Though he wasn’t invited , he still went to the party. Not ______, he still went to the party. Seeing invited （四）、表示让步 1.He stood there and waited for me. He stood there, _______ for me. 2.The teacher went out and was followed by his students. The teacher went out, ________by his students. 3. He came in, with four little dogs_________ him. He came in, _______ by four little dogs. following followed （五）.表示方式和伴随 followed waiting The snow was heavy , ___________the traffic accident. He hurried to the station, _________the train had left. causing to find only thus （六）.表示结果？ 现在分词和过去分词做状语前面都可以出现“while ，when, once, until, if, though,unless等连词。 Conclusion 1 Conclusion 2 V-ing 做结果状语表示自然而然的结果， 可用thus doing ; to do 做结果状语表示出乎意料的结果， 可用 only to do. V-ed一般不做结果状语 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别 1. 逻辑关系: 现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别在于：两者与所修饰的主句的主语的逻辑关系的区别。 主动关系 被动关系 分词的选取：取决于分词与句子主语的关系： 主动关系，用 doing 被动关系，用 done Seeing me, he didn’t say hello to me. Not invited, he still went to the party. _____for a long time, the book looks old. 1.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧. ______ the book, I find it useful. 2.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用. ________ (look) at her, he jumped with joy. ________(look) at by her, he jumped with joy. Used Using Looking Looked 找主语 the book I he he A.to take B. taking C. to be taken D. taken D B Everything they 1._______ everything into consideration, they ought to have another chance. 2.Everything ______　into consideration, they ought to have another chance. 找主语 2. 时间概念: 过去分词表示动作已经完成, ,“被动”动作。 现在分词 (having done) 表示动作先于谓语动词发生,“主动”动作； having been done表示先于谓语动词发生，,“被动”动作； ，若与表示次数的短语或for + 一段时间连用，不能替换成过去分词 现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别 Written in a hurry, this article was not so good. 因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好。 Having been discussed several times, the decision was finally made. 进行了几次讨论后，终于做出了决定。 1. _____ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see [点拨] 答案为A。the south foot of the mountain 与 see 之间是一般的被动关系。 2. _____ around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Bird’s Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games. A. Having shown B. To be shown C. Having been shown D. To show [点拨] 答案为C。我们参观鸟巢前已经被带着参观了水立方。 1. Film has a much shorter history, especially when_ such art forms as music and painting. A. having compared to B. comparing to C. compare to D. compared to 2. _______ with care, one tin will last for six weeks. A. Use B. Using C. Used D. To use 4. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________the breakfast untouched. A. left B. to leave C. leaving D. having left 5.______to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film. A.Having been asked B.To ask C.Having asked D.To be asked 专题训练 1. ______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated [点拨] 答案为B。句意为“这个句子被翻译为英语时，语序完全不同。”过去分词作时间状语。 23 2. _____ an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer [点拨] 答案为C。句意为“因为Andy在一部新电影里被分给一个重要角色，他得到了一个成名的机会。” 过去分词作原因状语。 6．Having finished her project, she was invited by the school to the new students. A．speaking B．having spoken C．to speak D．to have spoken 7.The lecture, _____at 7:00 pm last night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes. A. starting B. being started C. to start D. to be started 8. Pressed from his parents，and _____that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games. A. realizing B. realized C. to realize D. being realized 9. " It's such a nice place," Mother said as she sat at the table______ for customers. A, to be reserved B, having reserved C, reserving D, reserved 10. ______ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order. A. Translating B. Translated C. To translate D. Having translated [点拨] 答案为B。句意为“这个句子被翻译为英语时，语序完全不同。”过去分词作时间状语。 27 11. _____ an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous. Offer B. Offering C. Offered D. To offer [点拨] 答案为C。句意为“因为Andy在一部新电影里被分给一个重要角色，他得到了一个成名的机会。” 过去分词作原因状语。 12. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _____ regularly, can improve our health. A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out [点拨] 答案为C。if carried out regularly的完整形式是 if exercise is carried out regularly。 13. — Who should be responsible for the accident? — The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____. A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told [点拨] 答案为A。as told 的完整形式是 as they were told。 summary 1.To compare the similarities of v-ing & v-ed as Adverbial; 2.To compare the differences of v-ing & v-ed as adverbial; 3.Put what learned into practice 考点三：“连词 + 过去分词”作状语 1. The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if _____ regularly, can improve our health. A. being carried out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out [点拨] 答案为C。if carried out regularly的完整形式是 if exercise is carried out regularly。 2. — Who should be responsible for the accident? — The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____. A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told [点拨] 答案为A。as told 的完整形式是 as they were told。 独立主格结构 一、独立主格结构的构成形式 1. 名/代（逻辑主语）+分词(doing/done) 1.Weather ____, we will go out for a walk. A.permits B.permitted C.permitting D.to permit =If weather permits,we will.... 2._________no bus, we had to walk home. A.There being B.Being C.Having been D.There was A = Because there was no bus, we had to walk home. C The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _____ for the day. A. finishing B. finished C. had finished D. were finished [点拨] 答案为B。lessons为finish的主语，与句子的主语children不一致，且lessons与finish之间是被动关系。 3._________, the train started. A.The signal given B.Giving the signal C.The signal being given D.The signal giving =After the signal was given,the train started. A 4._________, the text became easier for us to learn. A.Explaining new words B.New words explained C.Being explained new words D.Having explained new words B = When new words were explained , the text became easier for us to learn. 2 .名/代（逻辑主语）+不定式（to do） The exam______ tomorrow, I can't go to the cinema tonight. A.to hold B.being held C.to be held D.having been held =Because the exam is to be held tomorrow , I can't go to the cinema. C 3.名/代（逻辑主语）+形/副 （名/代+being +形/副, being可省略） 1.Our lessons____, we went to play football. A.being over B.over C.were over D.A and B =When our lessons were over, we went to play football. D 2._________, you can wait a while. A.The play being still on B.The play still on C Being still on the play D.A and B 3._________, so you can wait a while A.The play is still on B.The play being still on C.As the play is still on D.The play still on D A 4.名/代（逻辑主语）+介词短语  with+名+介+形物主代词+名 The teacher came in, with a book in his hand. 名+介+名 The teacher came in , book in hand. B 1.He left the office, __________. A.tears being in eyes B.tears in eyes C.being tears in eyes D.with tears being in eyes 1.She lay against the wall, the sun ___ upon her. A.shine B.was shining C.shining D.shines 2.Winter____, it is getting colder and colder. A.comes B.came C.to come D.having come C D 注意： 在be+v-ed+介词结构中，如果此结构出现在做状语的从句中，可以看做是省略了主语和be。常见短语有： be faced with/ be dressed in/ be seated in/ be lost in/ be absorbed in/ be located in/ be devoted to/ be equipped with/ be connected with/be determined to/ be compared with Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him. 原因 __________ to reading the novel in the study, he didn't notice me enter .(devote) Devoted ________ with the difficulties, the government has been trying the best.(face) Faced 小结 as adverbials as adverbials continuing past action active passive verb-ing verb-ed as adverbials 时间状语 Asked about his address， the boy didn’t respond. ＝When he was asked about his address，the boy didn’t respond. Walking in the park，she saw an old friend. ＝When/While (she was) walking in the park，she saw an old friend. as adverbials 原因状语 Annoyed at the decision，he refused to attend the meeting. ＝As he was annoyed at the decision，he refused to attend the meeting. Being ill，he couldn’t go to school. ＝As he was ill，he couldn’t go to school. as adverbials 条件状语 Given more time ，we could have better work. ＝If they were given more time， we could have better work. Working hard，you’ll make great progress. ＝If you work hard，you’ll make great progress. as adverbials 结果状语 He fell off a tall tree, his leg broken. ＝He fell off a tall tree, and his leg was broken. He was caught in the rain，thus making himself catch a cold. =He was caught in the rain，which made himself catch a cold. I hurried to school，only to find it was Sunday. as adverbials 让步状语 Trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. ＝Even if he was trained ten hours a day, he will still be a fool. Though knowing all this，they made me pay for the damage. =Though they knew all this，they made me pay for the damage. as adverbials 方式状语 Mary sat by the window of the classroom，reading a book. ＝Mary sat by the window of the classroom and was reading a book. as adverbials 伴随状语 Followed by a group of students，the teacher entered the classroom. ＝The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students. Following a group of students，the teacher entered the classroom. ＝The teacher entered the classroom and he followed by a group of students. as adverbials Though warned of the storm，the farmers were still working in the fields. While admitting he was involved in the crime, he denied taking part in it. 过去分词(短语)作状语时，前面有时可以加上when，if，while，though，even if，until，unless等连词。需要注意的是，省略的主语必须和主句的主语相同或为it。 为强调动词-ing形式表达的意义，可在其前加上各种连词。例如，加上when，while，强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before，after，强调动作先后发生；加上thus，强调结果；加上(al)though，强调让步等。 as adverbials Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine. Having finished the letter，he went to post it. Having been shown around the factory，they were very happy. Having finished his homework，he went to bed. Not knowing this，he didn’t come. Not having made full preparations，we put off the sports meeting. ①当现在分词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生时，用分词的一般式。 ②当现在分词的动作先发生，而谓语动词的动作后发生时，用分词的完成式。 否定式：not＋v.-ing；not having＋v.-ed 56 as adverbials _______ from the hill, you will find the city looks like a big garden. _______ from the hill, the city looks like a big garden. Seeing Seen active passive as adverbials ________ for a long time, the book looks old. ________ the book, I find it useful. ________ at her, he jumped with joy. (look) ________ at by her, he jumped with joy. (look) ________ with his room, mine is smaller.(compare) ________ with his room, I found mine smaller.(compare) Compared Used Using Looking Looked Comparing 分词作状语，主语是问题。 逗号前后两动作，共用一主语。 主语找出后，再来判关系。 主动-ing,被动用-ed。 Having done 表先后， 千万要牢记。 58 上教版必修二 Unit 4 Achievements 动词不定式 不定式由“to+动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not/never to do”,不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可以作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。 不定式 结构 : to do (否定) not/never to do 二. 时态与语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 进行式 完成式 完成进行式 不定式 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to have been doing ---------- ---------- (1).They pretended not to see us. (2). He pretended to be sleeping. (3).She pretended to have known it before. (一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/几乎/发生在 它之后.) (在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行) (完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前) (4).We’re happy to have been working with you. (完成进行式表示谓语动作发生之前,不定式的 动作一直在进行而且可能之后也继续) 动词不定式的作用 Functions of Infinitive 主语 (subject) 宾语 (object) 宾补 (object complement) 定语 (attribute) 状语 (adverbial) 表语 (predicative) 做独立成分（independent component） 与疑问词等连用 三. 用法/ 功能 To see is to believe. It’s important to learn English well . (1). 主语 单个不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数 若不定式太长,往往用it作形式主语,不定式置后. My job to help the patient. Your task to clean the classroom. is is (2). 表语 不定式常用在系动词 be, seem, appear, get, remain等后作表语． I want to go home. The workers demanded to get better pay. I found it necessary to talk to him again. (3) 宾语 think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do 常用动词不定式作宾语的动词有： hope, refuse, learn, set out choose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan. The teacher told me to clean the blackboard. I expect you to give me some help. (4). 宾补 五看 watch see look at observe notice 三使 let make have 二听 listen to hear 一感觉: feel warn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等 e.g. I made him do his work. He was made to do his work (by me). 注意 1> help 后面的“to”可省去 e.g. They often help the grandma (to) carry water. 2> see, hear, watch, feel, notice, look at等表示 感觉和let, make, have等表示使役的动词后 面，不定式作宾语时要省“to” （注：被动 语态不省to） 3> 不定式用在介词but, except, besides 后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的 各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to, 相反则带to. (1). She could do nothing but cry. (2). I have no choice but to go. (3).What do you like to do besides sleep. I have something to say. He has a lot of homework to do . He is looking for a room to live in . There is nothing to worry about. (5). 定语 (如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词, 则不定式中要有介词.) 请给我一支写字的笔. Please give me a pen to write with. (常常表示将来的动作) 不定式作定语时，应放在被修饰词的后面，而且放在其他后置定语之后。 1. 不定式做定语与所修饰的词之间有三种关系： (1)动宾关系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。 (2)主谓关系 He is always the first to come.他总是第一个来。 (3)同位关系 We all have a chance to go to college. 我们都有上大学的机会。 2. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。 3. 不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。 e.g. He is looking for a room to live in. 他在找一个房间住。 e.g. He had no money and no place to live. 他没钱没地方住。 4. something, anything, nothing, everything等复合不定代词常用不定式做后置定语。 e.g. Do you have anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗？ Do you have anything to be sent ? 你有什么东西要被寄吗？ I came here to see you. He got up early to catch the train. (6) 状语（表示目的，结果，原因或条件） in order to , so as to , enough to , only to , too….to., 在一些短语中也有体现 (7).独立结构 to be frank, to be honest, To tell the truth, I don’t agree with you. 类似的结构 (8)不定式与疑问词who,which, when, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。 He didn’t know what to say.他不知道说什么。(宾语) How to solve the problem is very important.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语) My question is when to start.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语) 注意： 在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。 Why not have a rest? 关于不定式中的小品词to (1).不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要 省略该动词. eg: Would you like to go with me ? I’d like to . (2). 不定式是to be 结构, be 不可省. eg: Would you like to be a teacher? I’d like to be. 不定式的主动形式表示被动 1．在there be结构中。 例如： There is a lot of homework to do． (也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost). 2．在“n／pron + be + adj + to do”结构中。常用的形容词有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap， fit， dangerous等。 例如： He is hard to convince(说服). He is an impossible person to work with． 3.在“too—to do; enough…to…”结构中。如： The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)． The house is big enough to live in. 4．在“with+n+to do”结构中。 例如： With nothing to do，he lay in bed． With so many exercises to do，I can‘t go to the cinema． 5．当不定式的逻辑主语在句中出现时。 例如： I have a letter to type today． (I是to type的逻辑主语) Do you have anything to say? (you是to say的逻辑主语) 6．当不定式隐含在for sb to do结构中 时。 例如： This is the best book to read (=for us／you to read)． The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house． 7．一些作表语用的不定式的主动形式。 常见的这类动词有let(出租)，rent， hire，blame等。 例如： The house is to let． I felt l was to blame. 8. 有些不及物动词或短语如 exist, appear, disappear, come true, happen, occur, take place, break out, come about, run out, turn out, come out 等常以主动形式表被动意义。 e.g. Our gas is running out. J.K Rowling’s novel “Harry Porter” became popular soon after it came out. 9. 感官动词和一些连系动词如 feel, look, seem, taste, sound, remain, keep, stay, prove等常以主动形式表示被动意义。 e.g. As time went by, Einstein’s theory proved to be true. 10. 有些动词如 write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook等既可作及物动词也可作不及物 动词，当它们与副词well, badly, easily等连用时，以主动形式表被动意义， 表示主语特征或属性。 e.g. The cloth washes easily. The new product sells well. The pen writes smoothly. 专题训练 My teacher was made _____ his teaching because of poor health. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up 2.The sentence wants ____ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining 3.The Arctic is considered ____ the northern part of the Atlantic. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being 4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _____ for him without delay. to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave 5.I found the German language hard ____. learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn 6.—The light in the office is still on. --- Oh, I forgot ______. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 7. ---Did you get a job? --- No, I ___ , but it’s no use. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned 8.We find it impossible for the work ___ ahead of time. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished 9.---I usually go to Shanghai by train. ----Why not ___ there by boat for a change? to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go My teacher was made _____ his teaching because of poor health. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up 2.The sentence wants ____ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining 3.The Arctic is considered ____ the northern part of the Atlantic. having been B. to have been C. to be D. being B D C 4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _____ for him without delay. to have woven B. to be woven C. to be weaving D. to weave 5.I found the German language hard ____. learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn 6.—The light in the office is still on. --- Oh, I forgot ______. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off B D C 几对易混淆的词组： stop to do sth. 停止去做某事 doing sth.停止正在做．．． forget to do sth.　忘记去做．．． doing sth.　忘记已做了．．． remember to do sth.　记得去做．．． doing sth.　记得曾经做．．． 7.---How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? ---The key ____ the problem is to meet the demand ____ by the customers. to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve, made 8. ---What do you think of the school? ----It is a very good _____. school to study in B. school for children to study C. studying school D. school to study B A 9. ---Did you get a job? --- No, I ___ , but it’s no use. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned 10.We find it impossible for the work ___ ahead of time. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished 11.---I usually go to Shanghai by train. ----Why not ___ there by boat for a change? to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go B D B 12.___ a living, she had to work from morning till night. To make B. Made C. Making D. To have made 13. I would rather starve to death than ___ for food. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg 14.The boy pretended ____ when his mother entered. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read A A C 专题训练 1. Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. don’t make 3. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____ whether they will enjoy it. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see 5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ____. it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it 6. The mother didn’t know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. why 7. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 8. We agreed ____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 1. Robert is said ____ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. don’t make 3. I’ve worked with children before, so I know what ____ in my new job. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects 4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____ whether they will enjoy it. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see 5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ____. it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it 6. The mother didn’t know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. why 7. Paul doesn’t have to be made ____. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 8. We agreed ____ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met 9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him ____. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 10. The patient was warned ____ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B.eating not C. not to eat D.not eating 11. Charles Babbage is generally considered ____the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 12. Little Jim should love ____ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking 13. ____ late in the afternoon, Bob turned off the alarm. A. To sleep B. Sleeping C. Sleep D. Having sleep 14. The teacher asked us ____ so much noise. A. don’t make B. not make C. not making D. not to make 1爱和被爱都是最大的幸福。 _______________ are both great happiness. 2中国人民决不会征服。 The Chinese people refuse _________________ 3据说他已经完成了他的工作。 He is said __________________________. 4 根据报道他们已安全到达。 They are reported ____________________ To love and to be loved to give in/ be conquered to have finished/completed his work to have arrived safely 5 我想叫人立刻修理这辆自行车。 I want this bike ___________________________. 6 玛利仿佛已经被告诉这件事了。 Mary seemed _____________________________. 7众所周知，奥运会上他被授予了一枚金牌。 He is known ________________ a gold medal at the Olympic. to be repaired at once/ immediately to have been told about it to have been given $$