U5 Period 4 Lesson 3 Understanding-【优化探究】2025-2026学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第二册同步导学案配套PPT课件（北师大版）

选择性必修 第二册 UNIT 5　EDUCATION 1 Period 4　Lesson 3　Understanding—Reading Comprehension 2 内容索引 NEIRONGSUOYIN 课时作业 巩固提升 3 Understanding Who questions much， shall learn much， and remember much. —Francis Bacon It seems obvious① now how we acquire② knowledge and understanding. To start with③， we need questions. Then， to find answers， we observe④ the world around us and study the facts. After that， we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones. Although today we are more used to⑤ typing⑥ a few key⑦ words into a search engine⑧ and waiting for⑨ the Internet to give us an answer， modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems with this type of analysis⑩—luckily for us.  Part 1　教材原文助读 4 本句是复合句。It seems obvious now是主句，it是形式主语，how...understanding是主语从句，作真正的主语。 to find answers是动词不定式短语作目的状语。 to find the right ones是动词不定式短语作目的状语。 本句是复合句。although...answer是让步状语从句，typing...and waiting for...是两个动名词短语作介词to的宾语；modern scientists...for us是主句。 ①obvious/ˈɒbviəs/adj.显然的，明显的；易理解的 ※obviously adv.明显地 ②acquire vt.获得，得到 ③to start with 首先(用作插入语)；第一 ④observe v.观察；庆祝；遵守 ⑤be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 ※be used to do sth. 被用来做某事 ※used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 6 ⑥type v.打字；测定……的类型n.类型；字体 ⑦key adj.关键的，主要的 ⑧search engine 搜索引擎 ⑨wait for...to do sth. 等候……做某事 ⑩analysis/əˈnælIsIs/n.分析 ※analyse vt.分析，剖析 认识世界 　　多问，多学，多得。 ——弗朗西斯·培根 　　今天，如何获取知识、认识世界，人人皆知。首先，我们需要问题。然后，为了寻找答案，我们观察周围的世界并研究相关事实。之后，我们思考可能的答案并逐个验证，以找到正确答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中输入几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决世界上的问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。 8 However， in the 17th century when Francis Bacon (1561- 1626) suggested⑪ that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge， he was going against⑫ the views⑬ of the day. Although Bacon held an important rank⑭ in King James’ royal⑮ court of England， his true interest was not the day-to-day， slow and inefficient⑯ working style of the government， but the worthy⑰ search for knowledge. This was certainly not the interest of most people in his days. At that time， people believed more in⑱ the 9 church⑲ than in facts， and people like Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)， who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe⑳”， were often punished㉑ by the church with no one coming to their defence. The church and many people tended to㉒ ignore the facts and didn’t want to challenge㉓ what they had always comfortably㉔ believed. In fact， when Galilei proved㉕ that the Earth was not the centre of the universe， instead of㉖ believing him，people chose to㉗ believe views that were almost 2，000 years old !  10 to gain knowledge是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰the way。 working style中，working是动名词作定语。 who proved the idea... universe是定语从句，修饰先行词Galileo Galilei，关系代词在从句中作主语；that...universe是同位语从句，解释说明idea的具体内容。 with no one coming to their defence是with复合结构，coming to their defence是现在分词短语作宾语补足语，宾语no one与coming之间是主谓关系。 11 what...believed是宾语从句，作动词challenge的宾语，what 在从句中作动词believed的宾语。 that were...old是定语从句，修饰先行词views，关系代词that在从句中作主语。 12 ⑪suggest vt.提议，建议 ⑫go against 违背 ⑬view n.观点；景色；视野 ⑭rank/ræŋk/n.等级 ⑮royal/ˈrɔIəl/adj.皇家的；王室的 ⑯inefficient/ˌInIˈfIʃənt/adj.效率低的 ※efficient adj.有效率的 ⑰worthy/ˈwɜːði/adj.有价值的；值得尊敬的 ※be worthy of being done 值得被……(=be worthy to be done) ⑱believe in 信任 ⑲church/tʃɜːtʃ/n.教会；教堂 ⑳universe/ˈjuːnIvɜːs/n.宇宙 ※universal adj.普遍的；通用的；宇宙的 ㉑punish vt.惩罚 ※punishment n.惩罚 ㉒tend to 往往；易于 ㉓challenge vt.挑战；质疑 ※challenging adj.具有挑战性的 ㉔comfortably adv.舒服地；容易地 ㉕prove v.证明 ㉖instead of 代替；而不是 ㉗choose to do sth. 选择做某事 　　然而，17 世纪时，弗朗西斯·培根(1561-1626)提出用这种思考方式获取知识时，他的观点却与当时的观念背道而驰。尽管培根在英国詹姆斯国王的王室中担任重要职位，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风，而是探索有价值的知识。当然，探索知识并不是他所在的那个时代大多数人的兴趣所在。那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564-1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙的中心”的人，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。教会和许多人往往忽视这些事实，不愿意去挑战自己一直以来相信的东西。事实上，当伽利莱证明地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们没有选择相信他，而宁愿相信将近2 000 年前的(陈旧)观点! 　　It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive㉘ ideas as they had been put forward㉙ by the great philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE㉚). He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like㉛ the Earth was standing still㉜. Galilei disagreed. At first， people approved㉝ of his studies and urged㉞ him to continue， but later when he proved Aristotle wrong， they grew angry㉟ and put him in prison㊱. They didn’t want to abandon㊲ what they’d always thought as true. And this is still often true today. 17 People make the assumption㊳ that if someone important and respected㊴ says that something is right， then it must be so. But even though㊵ Aristotle was a great man who inspired㊶ many great scientists and philosophers after him ， he was wrong at times㊷. And Galilei also made mistakes. He is now known as㊸ the father of astronomy but he believed that the Earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle㊹. He was wrong.  18 本句是主从复合句，it是形式主语，that...ideas从句作真正的主语；as...Aristotle (384-322 BCE)是原因状语从句，as意为“因为”。 what they’d always thought as true是宾语从句，what在从句中作动词thought的宾语。 19 本句是主从复合句，“People make the assumption...”是主句，that if...must be so是同位语从句，解释说明assumption的具体内容，that在从句中不作成分，没有实际意义，但不能省略。if...right是条件状语从句，第二个that引导宾语从句，that可省略。 even though...after him是让步状语从句；who...after him是定语从句，修饰先行词a great man，关系代词who在定语从句中作主语。 20 ㉘primitive/ˈprImətIv/adj.原始的 ㉙put forward 提出 ㉚BCE/ˌbiːˈsiːˈiː/(before Common Era)公元前 ㉛feel like 感觉像；摸起来像 ㉜still adj.静止的，平静的 ㉝approve/əˈpruːv/vt.赞成；赞许；批准 ※approve of 赞成，认可，承认 ㉞urge/ɜːdʒ/vt.强烈要求；敦促 ㉟grow angry 生气(系表结构) ㊱prison/ˈprIzən/n.监狱 ※in prison 坐牢 ※put sb. into prison 把某人关进监狱 ㊲abandon/əˈbændən/vt.放弃；抛弃 ㊳assumption/əˈsʌmpʃən/n.假定，假设 ㊴respected/rIˈspektId/adj.受尊敬的，受敬重的 ㊵even though 即使，尽管(=even if) ㊶inspire vt.鼓舞；激发；启示 ※inspiring adj.鼓舞人心的 ※inspired adj.受到鼓舞的 ㊷at times 有时，偶尔 ㊸be known as... 作为……而闻名；被称为…… ㊹circle n.圆；圆周 　　人们愿意相信伟大的哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384-公元前322)提出的那些陈旧的观点，这一点并不奇怪。亚里士多德坚信地球是宇宙的中心，因为人们感觉地球是静止不动的。但伽利莱不同意。起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，他们生气了，并把他送进了监狱。他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的东西。如今这种现象也很常见。如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么人们就会认为这件事一定是对的。但即使是像亚里士多德这样曾鼓舞了无数科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会犯错误。伽利莱自己也犯过错误。虽然他现在被称为天文学之父，但他认为地球绕太阳旋转的轨迹是一个正圆。他错了。 Therefore㊺， our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. In other words㊼， we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back㊽ and say，“We know it all.” We need to thank the great men of the past for their wisdom㊾. They understood that we don’t know everything and probably never will，for that would mean a world without questions.  to thank...wisdom是动词不定式短语作动词need的宾语。 25 ㊺therefore adv.因此，所以 constantly adv.不断地 ㊼in other words 换句话说 ㊽sit back 休息；不采取行动 ㊾wisdom/ˈwIzdəm/n.智慧 ※wise adj.聪明的；明智的 　　因此，我们对周围世界的认识在不断地增长、变化。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多的知识，谁也不能停止学习并且说：“我什么都知道了。”我们需要感谢先辈伟人的智慧。他们早就知道，人不可能什么都懂，而且或许永远都不会知道所有的事情，也就是说世界总是充满问题的。 　　We owe㊿ so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei， who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation is built upon . These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for ；more vital to a man，and more beneficial to mankind ，some might say，than all the money in the world.  28 who were...upon是定语从句，修饰先行词Bacon and Galilei，关系代词在定语从句中作主语；to step...thought是动词不定式短语作结果状语；in order to...knowledge是动词不定式短语作目的状语；that today’s civilisation is built upon是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作介词upon的宾语。 29 ㊿owe/əʊ/vt.有……是由于；把……归功于 ※owe...to... 把……归功于…… step out 走出去，跳出 shadow/ˈʃædəʊ/n.阴影 conventional/kənˈvenʃənəl/adj.守旧的；传统的 thought n.思想；想法 kingdom/ˈkIŋdəm/n.王国 civilisation/ˌsIvəlaIˈzeIʃən/n.文明 fight for 为……而战 vital/ˈvaItl/adj.极其重要的，必不可少的 ※be vital to... 对……至关重要 beneficial/ˌbenIˈfIʃəl/adj.有利的，有帮助的 ※be beneficial to 对……有益 ※benefit n.好处，益处v.有益于 mankind/ˌmænˈkaInd/n.人类 　　我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利莱这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。这些伟人懂得，知识和对世界的认识才是值得追求的；正如一些人所言，和全世界的金钱相比，这些对个人而言更重要，对全人类而言更有益。 　　All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered ； the point is to discover them .  —Galileo Galilei 33 本句是复合句，“All truths...understand”是主句，是“主语＋系动词＋形容词＋to do”结构；once they are discovered是once引导的时间状语从句。 to discover them是动词不定式短语作表语。 34 　　所有的真理一旦被发现，都很容易理解。重点是要发现它们。 ——伽利略·伽利莱 35 1.Read the text quickly and choose the main idea of each paragraph. A.Why people didn’t approve of this type of thinking. B.We should thank the great men of the past for their wisdom. C.A type of analysis. D.Our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. E.Some great men in history using this type of thinking were not supported，but punished. Para.1 __________　Para.2 __________　Para.3 __________　 Para.4 __________　Para.5 __________ Part 2　语篇研析 C E A D B 36 2.What is the text mainly about? This text is mainly about that __________________________ because great men，even Aristotle and Galilei，might make mistakes.  people should question more 37 1.What is the correct order to acquire knowledge and understanding according to the text? A.Question，observe and study，consider and test，find the right answers. B.Acquire the knowledge，understand，find the right answers，consider and test. C.Observe，study，consider，find the right answers. D.Question，find the right answers，observe，test. 答案： A 38 2.What’s the very first step of Francis Bacon’s type of thinking? A.Raising questions. B.Observing the world. C.Thinking over the possible answers. D.Testing for a right answer. 答案： A 39 3.What do we know from the text? A.Both Bacon and Galilei were punished for their scientific ideas. B.At that time，people believed more in religion than in facts. C.Before Galilei，Aristotle’s theory had influenced people for 1，000 years. D.The church was against the great philosopher Aristotle for his theory of the universe. 答案： B 40 4.What does the last sentence mean? A.Knowledge and understanding can change human history. B.Civilisation is built on the knowledge and understanding. C.Knowledge and understanding is more important than money. D.Some great people’s encouragement determines the future of mankind. 答案： C 41 1.It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. [句式分析]　此句为主从复合句；主句为___________________； It是__________，how引导的__________从句作真正的主语。  [自主翻译]　_________________________________________ It seems obvious now 形式主语 主语 今天，如何获取知识、认识世界，人人皆知。 2.Although today we are more used to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to give us an answer，modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems with this type of analysis—luckily for us. [句式分析]　此句为主从复合句；主句为____________________ _____________________________________________________________________________；Although引导__________从句；typing a few...engine和waiting for...answer为动名词短语作介词to的__________。  modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems with this type of analysis—luckily for us 让步状语 宾语 [自主翻译]　_____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中输入几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决世界上的问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。 3.At that time，people believed more in the church than in facts，and people like Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)，who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”，were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. [句式分析]　此句为并列复合句；第一个句子主干为__________ _____________________________________；第二个句子主干为____________________________________________________________________；who引导_____________从句，先行词为Galileo Galilei，在从句中作主语；第二个that引导__________从句，作idea的同位语，解释说明idea的内容；with no one coming to their defence为“with＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构作状语。  people believed more in the church than in facts people were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence 非限制性定语 同位语 [自主翻译]　_____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ 那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564-1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙的中心”的人，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 4.In fact，when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe，instead of believing him，people chose to believe views that were almost 2，000 years old! [句式分析]　此句为主从复合句；句子主干为________________ ______________；when引导__________从句，第一个that引导__________从句，作prove的宾语；第二个that引导__________从句，先行词为views。  people chose to believe views 时间状语 宾语 定语 [自主翻译]　_____________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 事实上，当伽利莱证明地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们没有选择相信他，而宁愿相信将近2 000年前的(陈旧)观点! 5.They understood that we don’t know everything and probably never will，for that would mean a world without questions. [句式分析]　此句为主从复合句，主句为________________；第 一个that引导__________从句，使用了__________否定；will后面省略了________________。  [自主翻译]　_____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ They understood 宾语 部分 know everything 他们早就知道，人不可能什么都懂，而且或许永远都不会知道所有的事情，也就是说世界总是充满问题的。 　　1.__________ seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding.To start with，we need questions.Then， 2. __________ (find) answers，we observe the world around us and study the facts.After that，we consider possible answers and test each to find the right 3. __________ (one).Modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems 4. __________ this type of analysis.  It to find ones with Our understanding of the world around us is 5.__________ (constant) growing and changing.In other words，we learn more every day.We need to thank the great men of the past for their 6. _________ (wise).They understood that we don’t know everything and probably never will，for that would mean a world without 7. __________ (question).We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei， 8. __________ were brave enough to step out from the shadows of 9. ____________ (convention) thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation 10. __________ (build) upon.  constantly wisdom questions who conventional is built 课时作业 巩固提升 阅读理解 A If you are aiming to master anything quickly，you can learn from Albert Einstein and Richard Feynman.They offer practical advice you can use to improve your learning. According to Einstein，improving your intellectual capacity should be fun and enjoyable—happy learners are quick learners.In 1915，he wrote a letter to his 11-year-old son (Hans Einstein) who was learning the piano and said： “I am very pleased that you find joy with the piano.This and carpentry are in my opinion for your age the best pursuits，better even than school，because those are things which fit a young person such as you very well.Mainly play the things on the piano which please you，even if the teacher does not assign those.That is the way to learn the most when you are doing something with such enjoyment that you don’t notice that the time passes.” To learn anything faster or better，choose topics you will enjoy—if you have control over what you are learning.Make the learning relevant. You should be able to answer the question “Why am I learning this?” at any point. Richard Feynman won a Nobel Prize and always wanted to know more and to learn more.Known as the “Great Explainer”，he was famous for his ability to explain complex topics in simple ways. The Feynman Technique，his approach to improving learning，features explaining or teaching what you learn to others.It can help you learn better and keep more of what you learn.According to Feynman，it is significant to have the ability to explain things simply—so simple，in fact，that you could explain it to an eight-year-old.Einstein agrees.He once said，“If you can’t explain it simply，you don’t understand it well enough.” For thousands of years，people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else.“While we teach，we learn，” said the Roman philosopher Seneca.Learners keep a greater percentage of what they learn when they explain or teach the concept to someone else，or use it immediately.Your ideas will never be more effective than your ability to make others grasp them.When you share，you remember better. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了快速学习的秘诀。 1.Einstein wrote the letter to his son in order to ________.  A.encourage Hans to play the piano well B.share some useful advice on how to play the piano C.support Hans’ learning the piano with enjoyment D.suggest Hans taking teachers’ assignment seriously 答案：C 2 3 1 4 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“I am very pleased that you find joy with the piano.(我很高兴你能从钢琴中找到乐趣)”可知，Einstein给他儿子写这封信是为了支持Hans以愉快的心情学习钢琴。故选C。 2 3 1 4 2.Which of the following is the characteristic of the Feynman Technique? A.Teaching what you learn to others. B.Explaining your things thoroughly. C.Choosing enjoyable topics. D.Understanding things well enough. 答案：A　 2 3 1 4 细节理解题。根据第六段第一句“The Feynman Technique，his approach to improving learning，features explaining or teaching what you learn to others.(费曼技巧是他改进学习的方法，其特点是向他人解释或传授你所学到的知识)”可知，费曼技巧的特点是向他人解释或传授你所学到的知识。 2 3 1 4 3.Why is the Roman philosopher Seneca mentioned in the last paragraph? A.To provide advice on how to teach concepts. B.To illustrate the significance of teaching others. C.To impress the readers with his meaningful quotes. D.To show people’s exploration of concepts in history. 答案：B 2 3 1 4 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“For thousands of years，people have known that the best way to understand a concept is to explain it to someone else.‘While we teach，we learn，’said the Roman philosopher Seneca.(几千年来，人们都知道，理解一个概念的最好方法，就是把概念教给别人。罗马哲学家Seneca说过：‘我们在教学的同时也在学习’)”可知，最后一段提到Seneca是为了说明教导他人的重要性。 2 3 1 4 4.Which of the following might be the best title for the text? A.Secrets of Learning Faster B.Benefits of Teaching Others C.Contribution of Great Explainers D.Importance of Learning with Enjoyment 答案：A 2 3 1 4 标题归纳题。根据第一段的内容“If you are aiming to master anything quickly，you can learn from Albert Einstein and Richard Feynman.They offer practical advice you can use to improve your learning.(如果你的目标是快速掌握任何东西，你可以向Albert Einstein和Richard Feynman学习。他们提供实用的建议，你可以用来提高你的学习)”可知，A项“快速学习的秘诀”适合作为文章的最佳标题。 2 3 1 4 B Dara was diagnosed as autistic when he was 5.Life was isolated and difficult，but he continued to learn，write and photograph.Nature was as big a part of him as his own heartbeat. Dara’s family used to live in Belfast，a city filled with piercing noise.It was a struggle for the young autistic.He couldn’t fade out the noise to hear what mattered.In 2013，Dara’s dad，who is a conservation scientist，transferred to County Fermanagh，so the family moved and life started to change for Dara. The volume was turned down enough to hear things and the boy discovered quiet places so alive with wildlife.He felt a surge growing inside him.Dara loved this place.The screaming volume in his mind turned down and thoughts and words started to spill out. Dara started his blog in June 2016 and has been overwhelmed by the reactions to it from the wider world.He’s met some wonderful people and had extraordinary opportunities.His blog won the youth category for the Wildlife Trusts 30 Days Wild 2017 campaign and he himself won the yearly “competition”—best blog of 2016—organized by A Focus on Nature. Dara also organizes wildlife awareness displays for schools and organizations.The first time he did this，he had to breathe into a paper bag.He also engages with young people all the time，nurturing their connections with nature and exposing them to ideas and ways in which they can help too.At home he helps his dad with the many rescued animals he brings back. Writing about autism and nature is an important part of Dara’s life.It has helped him cope with his difficulties and differences.He hopes to further grow and spread the message of environmental awareness，local biodiversity and conservation through his writing and campaigning in the future. The publication of Diary of a Young Naturist in May 2020 further changed Dara’s life.In September the same year，he became the youngest ever author to win the Wainwright Prize for Nature writing. 　　[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。少年达拉自幼患有孤独症，然而对大自然的热爱和写作天赋点亮了他原本孤独、黯淡的人生。他用实际行动证明，只要拥有足够的热爱和坚定的信念，每个人都可以实现自我价值。 5.Why did Dara’s family moved to Fermanagh? A.Because Dara complained about the noise in Belfast. B.Because there were better facilities for autistics in Fermanagh. C.Because Dara’s father got a chance to work in Fermanagh. D.Because Dara’s family wanted to change Dara’s life. 答案：C 5 6 7 8 细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句可知，达拉一家是因为父亲的工作调动而搬到了弗马纳郡。故选C项。 5 6 7 8 6.How does the fifth paragraph develop? A.By listing various facts. B.By analyzing causes and effects. C.By making comparisons. D.By describing process. 答案：A 5 6 7 8 写作手法题。根据第五段的内容可知，达拉为学校和机构组织野生动物意识展，并培养年轻人与自然的联系。在家里，他帮助他的爸爸照顾他带回来的许多获救的动物。故该段主要列举了达拉的各种活动事实。故选A项。 5 6 7 8 7.What can we learn from Dara’s success? A.Time and tide wait for no man. B.One good turn deserves another. C.To know everything is to know nothing. D.Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 推理判断题。文章主要讲的是自幼患有孤独症的达拉用实际行动证明，只要拥有足够的热爱和坚定的信念，每个人都可以成功并实现自我价值。所以他的成功告诉我们“有志者事竟成(Nothing is impossible to a willing heart)”。故选D项。 5 6 7 8 8.Which column of a magazine is this text most probably taken from? A.Science.　　 B.Travel. C.Health. D.Life. 答案：D 5 6 7 8 文章出处题。这篇文章主要讲述了达拉自幼患有孤独症，然而对大自然的热爱和写作天赋点亮了他原本孤独、黯淡的人生。所以文章应该来自杂志上的“生活”栏目。故选D项。 $$