Unit 2 Period 3 Grammar and usage （课件）-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（译林版2020）

Period 3 Grammar and usage—Overview of relative clauses Unit 2 Understanding each other 语境感悟 语法精讲 达标检测 语境 感悟 3 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习。 (改编自2022年新高考全国Ⅰ卷读后续写原文) ①I quickly searched the crowd for the school’s coach and asked him the matter that had happened.“②I was afraid that kids from other schools would laugh at him，which would make him frustrated，” he explained uncomfortably.“I gave him the choice to run or not，and let him decide.” I bit back my frustration(懊恼).I knew the coach meant well—he thought he was doing the right thing.③After making sure that David could run if he wanted，I turned to find David，whose small body rocked from side to side as he swung his feet forward. ④David had a brain disease which prevented him from walking or running like other children，but at school his classmates thought of him as a regular kid.⑤He always participated to the best of his ability in anything that they were doing.⑥That was the reason why none of the children thought it unusual that David had decided to join the cross-country team.It just took him longer—that’s all.David had not missed a single practice，and although he always finished his run long after the other children，he did always finish.⑦As a special education teacher at the school who was familiar with David’s challenges，I was proud of his strong determination. 【自主发现】 1.句 是限制性定语从句，句 是非限制性定语从句。 2.句 中的加颜色单词为关系代词；句 中的加颜色单词为关系副词，可以替换为“介词＋ ”。 返 回 ①④⑤⑥⑦ ②③ ①②③④⑤⑦ ⑥ which 语法 精讲 7 一、定义 在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)，一个短语，一个分句或一个完整的句子。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：连接主句和从句；替代先行词；在从句中充当句子成分。 二、定语从句的分类 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，其区别如下：   限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式不同 不用逗号与主句隔开 用逗号与主句隔开 功能不同 是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整 只是对先行词的补充说明，如果删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思 翻译不同 一般把定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，“……的” 通常把定语从句翻译成主句的并列句 关系词的 使用不同 ①关系词作宾语时可省略 ②可用that和why ③可用who代替whom ①关系词一般不可省略 ②不用that和why ③不可用who代替whom 先行词不同 只能是名词或代词 可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子 People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人寿命长些。 His daughter，who is in Boston now，is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。 三、关系代词的用法 (一)关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 作主语、宾语 whom 人 作宾语 whose(＝of whom/of which) 人或物 作定语 that 人或物 作主语、宾语、表语 which 物或事 作主语、宾语 as 人、物或事 作主语、宾语 However，because of poverty，Nolan has to leave high school and find a job，whose life is full of ups and downs. 然而，由于贫困，诺兰不得不从高中辍学去找工作，他的生活充满了起起落落。 We’ll reach the sales target in a month which/that we set at the beginning of the year. 我们将在一个月内完成年初定下的销售目标。 This woman has set a good example to her son，who is a really lucky guy. 这位女士给她的儿子树立了一个好榜样，他是一个非常幸运的小伙子。 (二)关系代词that与which的用法 只用that 的情况 先行词是all，much，few，little，everything，anything，nothing，none，the one等不定代词时 先行词被any，few，little，much，some，no等词修饰或被the only，the very，the same，the last等修饰时 先行词是形容词的最高级或先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时 先行词是序数词或先行词前有序数词对其进行修饰时 先行词既有人又有物时 主句是who或which等引出的特殊疑问句时 只用which 的情况 在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that 介词后用which不用that Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself? 你有什么要为自己说的吗？ This is one of the most exciting basketball games that my nephew has ever seen. 这是我侄子看过的最激动人心的篮球比赛之一。 The geophysicist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位地球物理学家和他所取得的成就。 Which is the kindergarten that you used to be studying in? 你以前就读的那家幼儿园是哪一家？ They secretly built up a small factory，which produced things that could cause pollution. 他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。 It was hard for him to learn English in a family in which neither of the parents spoke the language. 对他来说在一个父母都不会英语的家庭中，学英语很难。 (三)which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别   which as 位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中。 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember等。 从句谓语常用被动。 意思上 “这一点” “正如……，正像……的那样” The award-winning book was written by a teenager，which was，indeed，beyond all expectations. 这本获奖的书是一个十几岁的孩子写的，这确实出乎所有人的意料。 As is known to us all，failure usually results from laziness while diligence can result in success. 众所周知，失败通常源于懒惰，而勤奋可以导致成功。 I have the same difficulty as you had last year. 我也有和你去年一样的困难。 as引导的定语从句，常见的结构有： as is often the case情况常是如此 as often happens这种情况常发生 as has been said before正如以前所说的 as is known to all＝as we all know众所周知 as the saying goes俗话说 as is reported/said正如所报道/说的那样 温馨提示 (四)whose的用法 whose是表示所属关系的代词，在定语从句中作定语修饰人或物，相当于my，his，her，its，their 等。of which 可以代替whose 修饰物，词序一般是“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”。of whom 可以代替whose修饰人，词序是“the＋名词＋of whom或of whom＋the＋名词”。 The newly-built cafe，whose walls/the walls of which/of which the walls are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work. 这家新建的墙体被涂成浅绿色的咖啡厅对我们而言确实是个安静的场所，尤其是在辛苦工作之后。 I will talk to those students whose homework/the homework of whom/of whom the homework hasn’t been done on schedule. 我要和那些没按时完成作业的学生谈话。 四、关系副词的用法 关系副词 先行词 句法功能 when 表时间 时间状语 where 表地点(具体或抽象) 地点状语 why 表原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句) We live in an age when more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个比以前更容易获得更多信息的时代。 Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other. 古代中国是各诸侯国之间经常发生战争的地方。 The reason why my favourite sport is playing basketball is that it has been giving me strength to face the challenges in my life. 我最喜爱的体育运动是打篮球，原因是它一直给我力量来面对生活中的挑战。 where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place，home，school，village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词(如job，life，situation，point，case，stage，activity 等)。 Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as important as sales skills. 在销售总监这个职位上，沟通能力和销售技巧一样重要。 To learn English effectively，you should not only have a good command of the grammar，but understand the culture where it is spoken.要想有效地学习英语，你不仅要掌握好语法，还要了解说英语的国家的文化。 温馨提示 五、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 1.介词和关系代词的确定 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：①先行词的某种习惯搭配；②从句中动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配； ③句子的意思。 The man (who/whom/that) I talked with at the meeting is from Peking University. ＝The man with whom I talked at the meeting is from Peking University. 在会议中与我谈话的那个人来自北京大学。 Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted. 皮鞋生意是格林一家所从事的事业。 We’ll climb Mangshan Mountain in the morning，on whose top we’ll have a picnic at noon. 我们上午去爬莽山，中午在山顶上野餐。 注意：但是在下面这类句子中for不可以提前，因为look for是固定的动词词组。 This is the diamond (that/which) the policemen are looking for. 这就是警察正在找的那颗钻石。 2.“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some，any，few，little，none，all，both，neither，many，most，each 等代词或数词后表示整体与部分的关系可以用“of which/whom”。 He has a lot of friends，some of whom will offer help to him when he is in trouble. 他有许多朋友，当他遇到麻烦时有一些朋友会给他提供帮助。 六、先行词为way的情况 当先行词是way(意为“方式，方法”)时，定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式： What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it. 让我吃惊的不是他说的话，而是他说话的方式。 注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同，试比较： The way (that/which) he explained to us was quite simple. 他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。 The way (that/in which) he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand. 他向我们解释这个句子的方式并不难理解。 七、定语从句中关系词的选用 方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词取决于从句中的谓语动词。如果是及物动词，就要用关系代词；如果是不及物动词，则要用关系副词。 方法二：准确判断关系词在定语从句中所作的成分(主、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出是用关系代词还是关系副词。 关系词在从句中作主语、宾语、定语时，应用关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；关系词在从句中作状语时，应用关系副词(where作地点状语，when作时间状语，why作原因状语)。 Do you still remember the days (that/which) we spent in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗？ Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao? 你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？ 返 回 达标检测 用适当的关系词完成下面的短文 There was a time 1. I was tired of learning English and disliked speaking English.And this was the reason 2. my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club,3. I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide,4. teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face，from 5. I gained some useful instructions.He also introduced a good partner to me，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there. when why where whose whom/which Every day I would talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6. we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide,7. encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into 8. I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through 9. I can memorize a large number of new words.10. our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will master English sooner or later.” 返 回 that/which who which which As $$