Unit 3 Period 3 Grammar and usage （课件）-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（译林版2020）

Period 3 Grammar and usage—Overview of noun clauses Unit 3 Careers and skills 语境感悟 语法精讲 达标检测 语境 感悟 3 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习。 There are many mysteries ①how the dinosaurs looked like.You may think ②that dinosaurs were big，green and scaly，right? In fact，it seems ③that they appeared very different from what we think.In recent years，scientists have worked out ④what they looked：many of them were small with feathers.Scientists also believe ⑤that many dinosaurs had bright colors.But ⑥why the dinosaurs came into extinction is still a mystery. 【自主发现】 以上加颜色句子均为 从句；名词性从句即在复合句中起名词作用的从句，包括 从句，如句⑥； 从句，如句①； 从句，如句③； 从句，如句②，④和⑤。 返 回 名词性 主语 同位语 表语 宾语 语法 精讲 6 一、名词性从句的概述 名词性从句是在句中起名词作用的句子。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在句中能担任主语、宾语、表语或同位语，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 二、名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的常见连接词(引导词)可分为三类： 1.从属连词：that，whether，if。 (1)以上连接词只起连接作用，在从句中均不充当任何成分。 (2)其中，that无意义；whether/if均表示“是否”。 2.连接代词：what，who，which，whom，whose，whatever，whoever，whomever，whichever。连接代词既起连接作用，又在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语或者定语。 3.连接副词：when，where，why，how。连接副词既起连接作用，又在从句中作状语。 三、各种名词性从句 1.主语从句：在句子中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。 That she likes him is very obvious. 很显然她喜欢他。 What we say here will not be long remembered，but what we do here can change the world. 我们在这里所讲的(话)，人们不会长久地记住，但我们在这里所做的(事)却能改变世界。 Where you are is my home—my only home. 你所在的地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。 Why the sun in the morning looks bigger than the sun at noon is very interesting. 为什么早晨的太阳看上去比中午的太阳大呢？这很有趣。 1.有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。 It’s a wonder (that) you survived the disaster. 你幸免于难真是个奇迹。 It is clear (that) he has gone. 很显然，他已经走了。 It is known to us all how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 特别提示 2.主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数；如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。 When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.会议什么时候开始还没确定。 When they will start and where they will go have not been decided yet. 他们什么时候出发、去哪里还没确定。 When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided yet. 会议什么时候在哪里开始还没确定。 特别提示 3.特殊的主语从句句式： It＋不及物动词＋主语从句： It appears/seems that...似乎…… It happens that...碰巧…… It occurs to sb that...某人突然想起…… It seems/appears that we have come on the wrong day. 好像我们来得不是时候。 It occurred to me that he might be lying. 我忽然想起他可能是在说谎。 特别提示 2.宾语从句：在句子中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。 In one’s own home，one can do whatever one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 当宾语从句后带宾补时，要用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放在补语后面。其句型是“主语＋谓语＋it＋宾补(名词/形容词)＋that从句(真正的宾语)”，that不可省略。可用于此结构的动词有think，find，consider，make，believe，feel等。 We all thought it a pity that he lost the good chance. 我们都为他失去这个好机会而感到遗憾。 特别提示 3.表语从句：在句子中用作表语的从句叫表语从句，即位于系动词之后作表语的从句。 The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 1.当主语是reason/cause/excuse/result时，或主语是why引导的主语从句时，表语从句的连接词要用that。 The reason why Tom failed in the exam was that he didn’t work hard. 汤姆考试不及格的原因是学习不努力。 Why he was late was that he missed the train this morning. 他迟到的原因是他今天早晨错过了火车。 特别提示 2.why 引导表语从句强调结果，意为“这就是……的原因/因此……”；because引导表语从句强调原因，意为“这是因为……”。 I had a cold.That’s why I didn’t come. 我感冒了，因此我没来。 He is popular among girls.This is because he is handsome and has a good sense of humor. 他很受女生欢迎。这是因为他帅气又很有幽默感。 特别提示 4.同位语从句：跟在某些名词的后面，对前面与之同位的名词的具体内容加以补充说明或进一步解释。 同位语从句可由that，whether或what，when，where等词引导。常接同位语从句的抽象名词有：advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。 The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室的所有人都不安。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回家。 He hasn’t made the decision whether he will go shopping with them. 他还未决定是否要和他们一起去购物。 四、名词性从句用法中的注意点 1.that引导宾语从句不可省略的情形 that引导宾语从句时，在动词之后的宾语从句中常被省去，但在以下三种情况下不能省略： (1)动词后面有并列宾语从句时，第二个宾语从句中的that不能省略； (2)当that作介词宾语时，that不可省略； (3)用it作形式宾语的宾语从句中，that引导真正的宾语从句，that不可省略。 Many people believe (that) higher education should be free and that more students should have access to it. 很多人认为高等教育应该免费，而且更多的学生应该有机会接受高等教育。 I didn’t tell him anything on the phone except that I needed the money. 电话里我什么都没有告诉他，只是说我需要钱。 We find it a big surprise that she is still alive in such a serious earthquake. 她在如此严重的地震中仍活着，我们感到非常惊讶。 2.that引导定语从句与同位语从句的区别 (1)定语从句是指在复合句中起形容词作用的从句，对先行词起修饰和限定作用；同位语从句指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句，用来解释说明其前面的抽象名词。 (2)that在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略，有时候可以与which互换；that在同位语从句中不充当成分，无意义，只起引导句子的作用，但不能省略。 The promise (that/which) I made to myself was that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.(本句中第一个that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾语，可省略；第二个that引导表语从句，不可省略) I made a promise to myself that this year，my first year in high school，would be different.(that引导同位语从句，解释说明promise的具体内容，不充当成分，只起引导句子的作用，但不能省略) 我向自己保证：今年，我高中的第一年，将会是不同的一年。 3.that和what引导名词性从句的区别 that只起连接作用，不充当任何成分；what在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语。 It is known to us all that America is a developed country belonging to the first world.(It为形式主语，that引导的从句为真正的主语从句，that无意义且不充当任何成分) What is known to us all is that America is a developed country belonging to the first world.(“What is known to us all”为主语从句，what为连接代词，在从句中作主语) 众所周知，美国是一个属于第一世界的发达国家。 4.whether和if引导名词性从句的区别 (1)whether与if意为“是否”时一般可以互换 It is doubtful whether/if the work can be finished on time. 工作能否按时完成令人怀疑。 (2)下列情况下一般用whether而不用if： ①主语从句置于句首时；②引导表语从句和同位语从句时；③引导宾语从句作介词宾语时；④引导词后紧跟or not时；⑤引导词后接to do时；⑥有些动词如leave，put，discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。 Whether Tom will win the computer competition remains secret till next Monday.(whether位于句首) 汤姆能否赢得计算机比赛在下周一前仍未可知。 He asked me the question whether we should give money to the homeless.(whether引导同位语从句) 他问了我一个问题，我们是否该给无家可归者钱。 It depends on whether we have enough time.(whether引导介词的宾语从句) 这取决于我们是否有足够的时间。 I don’t know whether or not the report is true.(whether与or not直接连用) 我不知道报告是不是真的。 Can you tell me whether to go or stay？(whether后接to do) 你能告诉我是去还是留吗？ We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.(whether引导宾语从句作discuss的宾语) 我们讨论了是否应该举行一次会议。 5.whoever，whatever，whichever等的用法 (1)whoever/whatever/whichever这些词引导名词性从句时，可以转化成相应的定语从句： whoever＝anyone who...“任何……的人” whatever＝anything that...“任何……的物” whichever＝any...that...“任何……的(已知范围内的或上文提到过的)人或物” The gold medal will be awarded to whoever wins the first place in the bicycle race. ＝The gold medal will be awarded to anyone who wins the first place in the bicycle race. 自行车比赛得第一名的人会获得金牌。 Whatever you can do helps since your support is important to our work. ＝Anything that you can do helps since your support is important to our work. 你能做的一切对我们都有帮助，因为你的支持对我们的工作很重要。 Whichever of the preventive measures benefits the public should be promoted. ＝Any of the preventive measures that benefits the public should be promoted. 任何对公众有用的预防措施都应该被推广。 (2)whoever/whatever/whichever/whomever等可以引导让步状语从句。 whoever＝no matter who...“无论谁……” whatever＝no matter what...“无论什么……” whichever＝no matter which...“无论哪一个……” Whatever you do，if you want to become great at it，you need to work day in and day out. ＝No matter what you do，if you want to become great at it，you need to work day in and day out. 不管你做什么，如果想做好，你就需要日复一日地工作。 Whichever of the fitness classes you choose，trained instructors are there to help you. ＝No matter which of the fitness classes you choose，trained instructors are there to help you. 不管你选择哪种健身课，都会有专业教练帮助你。 6.名词性从句中使用虚拟语气的用法 (1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等，谓语动词用虚拟语气“(should＋)do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary/important/natural/strange/etc.that... It is a pity/a shame/no wonder/etc.that... It is suggested/requested/proposed/desired/etc.that... (2)表示“命令、建议、要求、请求”的单词(如suggest/suggestion，propose/proposal，require/requirement，advise/advice，request，order，recommend等)不论其是名词还是动词形式，其后跟的名词性从句都要用虚拟语气(should＋动词原形，should可以省略)如： It was suggested by him that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. ＝He suggested that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. ＝His suggestion was that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. ＝He put forward a suggestion that we (should) hold another meeting to discuss the question. 他的建议是我们应举行另一次会议来讨论这个问题。 【解题策略】　名词性从句解题三步走 第一步：根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构判断是不是名词性从句。 第二步：一旦判断是名词性从句，就根据名词性从句中缺少什么句子成分来确定选用什么连接词。若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；若缺少状语就用连接副词。 第三步：如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if; 如果不缺少成分且意思完整就用that。 返 回 达标检测 用适当的连接词完成下面的短文 Dr Steward can often be found wandering dark streets，carrying his medical bag.It is easy to find out 1. he is doing.He is giving the animals，or rather the pets kept by the homeless，some help.He believes he can deal with most of the cases he meets with and 2. he can’t turn anybody who needs assistance away.But occasionally，some people have a question 3. or not the homeless should have pets.In Steward’s opinion，pets deserve to be kept by 4. loves them.It is true 5.____ the homeless deserve pets because they love their pets probably more than the average people.Besides，there’s one more impressing reason. what that whether whoever that Raising a cat or dog is 6. they really need.7. of the pets serves as a good partner helps remove the owner’s loneliness.Therefore，Steward has a suggestion 8. the homeless should be allowed to have pets.After all，when it comes to keeping pets，what matters is 9._____ needs a pet and can take care of it rather than 10. the pet is kept. 返 回 what Whichever that who how/where $$