Unit 1 Period 3 Grammar and usage （课件）-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（译林版2020）

Period 3 Grammar and usage—Overview of adverbial clauses Unit 1 Honesty and responsibility 语境感悟 语法精讲 达标检测 语境 感悟 3 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成下面的练习。 (改编自2022年浙江1月阅读C篇) ①Although the benefits of regular exercise are well documented，there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list.②New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(痴呆症) in later life and if they did，it came on a decade later than less sporty women.Lead researcher Dr Helena Hörder，of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden，said： “③These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people’s cardiovascular(心血管的) fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia.” ④For the study,191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were tired out to measure their peak(最大值的) cardiovascular capacity. 【自主发现】 以上标注序号的句子中，句 是时间状语从句；句 是条件状语从句；句 是让步状语从句；句 是原因状语从句。 ④ ② ① ③ 返 回 语法 精讲 6 一、定义 1.状语定义：状语是用来修饰谓语、形容词或副词，或是整个句子的成分。 2.状语从句：当充当状语的部分是一个句子时，该句子就是状语从句。 二、状语从句的分类 (一)时间状语从句 1.when，while和as引导的时间状语从句 连词 含义及用法 例句 when “当……时候”，可与延续性动词或短暂性动词连用；从句动作可以发生在主句动作之前、之后或与主句动作同时发生 When you apply for a job，you must present your application.当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的申请表。 while “当……时候”，一般只可与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时发生 When/While the teacher paraphrased the text in English，the students listened attentively and took notes. 当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。 as “随着……”，“一边……一边……”，常与延续性动词连用，从句动作与主句动作同时或几乎同时发生 As it gets warmer and warmer，the trees begin to come to life. 随着天气越来越暖和，树木开始有了生机。 2.before和since引导的时间状语从句 连词 词义 常用句式 before 在……之前；还没有来得及……就……； 趁着……；……才…… ①It will be/was＋一段时间＋before... 要过/过了……时间才…… ②It won’t be＋一段时间＋before...过不了多久就会…… ③It wasn’t＋一段时间＋before...没过多久就……了 since 自从……以来 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since从句(从句用一般过去时) Before they reached the house，a new great wave came，sweeping down trees，and sweeping them down too. 他们还没到屋子，又一个巨浪打来，击倒了树，也击倒了他们。 If you miss this chance，it may be years before you get another one. 如果你错过这个机会，可能要过很多年才能再得到一个。 It is/has been ten years since the criminal was arrested. 那名罪犯被捕已经十年了。 3.表示“一……就……”的连词或短语引导的时间状语从句 (1)该类引导词有：as soon as，the moment/minute/instant，immediately/directly/instantly等。 (2)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...结构中，主句用过去完成时，when或than所在的从句用一般过去时。 The new building programme will go ahead as soon as the government releases the funds. 政府一旦释放资金，新的建设计划就会开始。 We had hardly/no sooner got to the destination when/than we set out to do some volunteer work there. ＝Hardly/No sooner had we got to the destination when/than we set out to do some volunteer work there. 我们一到达目的地，就开始做一些志愿者工作。 4.until/till引导的时间状语从句 (1)until/till用于肯定句时，其主句谓语动词为延续性动词； (2)not...until/till...句型中，主句的谓语动词为非延续性动词； (3)until可用于句首，而till不能； (4)not until 置于句首，主句要用部分倒装； (5)it is/was not until...that...强调句型。 As far as I know，his mother won’t go to bed until he returns home every evening. ＝As far as I know，not until he returns home every evening will his mother go to bed. ＝As far as I know，it is not until he returns home every evening that his mother will go to bed. 据我所知，他母亲每晚直到他回家才会上床睡觉。 5.其他连接词引导的时间状语从句 every time/each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)，by the time(当……的时候) The first time I heard of Stephen Hawking，I was moved by his devotion to the research. 当我第一次听说斯蒂芬·霍金时，我就被他对研究的投入所感动。 By the time you come back，we’ll have completed the project. 到你回来的时候，我们将已完成这项工程。 (二)原因状语从句 连词 意义和用法 例句 because because表示人们不知道的直接的原因或理由，通常用于回答why引出的疑问句，语气最强 He didn’t take in what he read because his mind was focused on something else. 他看不懂所读的东西，因为他的心思都集中在别的事情上了。 as as引导的原因状语从句所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显，或已为听话人所熟悉而不需要强调 As it is snowing，we shall not climb the mountain.由于在下雪，我们便不去爬山了。 since/ now that 表示人们已知的事实，不需要强调的原因，故常译为“既然……” Now that/Since you’ve grown up you must learn to stand on your own two feet. 你既然已经长大成人，就得学会独立生活。 seeing (that) 鉴于；由于 Seeing (that) the weather is bad，we’ll stay at home.鉴于天气不好，我们将待在家里。 in that “因为；基于……的理由”，可以和because换用 I wonder whether his hearing is okay in that he has turned the television up very loud. 我不知道他的听力是否还好，因为他把电视声音开得很大。 (三)结果状语从句 结果状语从句常由so that(因此)，so...that...，such...that...等引导。 so...that...和such...that...引导结果状语从句，表示“如此……以至于……”。结构形式如下： so＋形容词/副词＋that从句 so＋形容词＋a/an＋可数名词单数＋that从句 so＋ many/few＋可数名词复数 much/little(少)＋不可数名词 ＋that从句 such＋形容词＋ 不可数名词 可数名词复数 ＋that从句 such＋a/an＋形容词＋可数名词单数＋that从句 He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family. ＝So little money did he earn that he couldn’t support his family. 他挣这么少的钱，以至于养不起家。 He is such a learned person that we admire him very much. ＝He is so learned a person that we admire him very much. ＝Such a learned person/So learned a person is he that we admire him very much. 他如此有学问，以至于我们非常钦佩他。 Linda phoned me on arrival so that I knew she was safe and sound. 琳达到达后给我打了电话，因而我知道她平安无事。 (四)让步状语从句 让步状语从句一般翻译为“尽管/即使……”，就是我们日常生活中用的“退一步说……”的感觉。 1.although/though引导的让步状语从句 although/though意为“虽然；尽管”，可与yet，still，nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。 Although/Though they have been talking for a long time yet，he cannot make her believe him. 虽然他们谈了很长时间，他还是不能让她信任自己。 2.while引导的让步状语从句 while意为“虽然；尽管”，多用于正式文体，且多位于句首，相当于although。 While online shopping has changed our life，not all of its effects have been positive. 尽管网上购物已经改变了我们的生活，但不是所有的影响都是积极的。 3.as引导的让步状语从句 as意为“尽管，虽然”，从句多位于主句之前，而且必须使用倒装语序，此时可与though换用。 Child as/though he was，he helped me a lot. 尽管他是个孩子，他却帮了我很大的忙。 4.even if/though引导的让步状语从句 even if/though意为“即使，尽管”。 Set aside some time each day to practise speaking English，even if/though it is only five minutes. 每天抽出一点时间来练习说英语，哪怕只有五分钟。 5.“疑问词＋-ever”与“no matter＋疑问词”引导的让步状语从句 “疑问词＋-ever”表示“无论……”，引导让步状语从句时，相当于“no matter＋疑问词”。 However/No matter how hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down on the amount of food you eat. 无论你如何努力，不减少食量是很难减肥的。 6.whether...or...引导的让步状语从句 whether...or...意为“无论……还是……”，提供两种对比情况。 All people，whether they are old or young，rich or poor，have been trying their best to help those in need since the disaster. 自从洪灾以来，所有的人，无论他们是年老还是年幼，富有还是贫穷，都在尽他们最大的努力去帮助那些需要帮助的人。 (五)其他类型的状语从句 状语从句 连接词 地点状语从句 where，wherever等 目的状语从句 so that(为了)，in case(以免，以防)，for fear that(唯恐，以防)，in order that等 条件状语从句 if，unless (除非)，as/so long as(只要)，on condition that(只要)，in case (假使)，providing/provided (that)，supposing (that)(假使，倘若)等 方式状语从句 as，as if/though等 比较状语从句 as...as...，the same as，比较级＋than，the＋比较级...，the＋比较级...等 Just as the saying goes，where there is a will，there is a way. 俗话说，有志者事竟成。 With all these attractions，no wonder tourism is increasing wherever there is a Disneyland. 有这些景点，难怪哪里有迪士尼乐园，哪里的旅游业就会兴旺。 I’ll speak slowly so that/in order that you can make sense of what I say. 我讲慢一点，以便你能理解我说的话。 As long as you don’t lose heart，you’ll succeed sooner or later. 只要你不灰心，你迟早会成功的。 Supposing (that) they refuse us，who else can we turn to for help? 假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能向谁求助呢？ He acted as if he hadn’t heard any of it. 他表现得好像一点都没听过这件事一样。 Just as we sweep our rooms，we should sweep backward ideas from our minds. 正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的观点。 The more you exercise，the healthier you will be. 你锻炼得越多，你就越健康。 三、状语从句的省略 1.时间、让步、方式、地点状语从句的省略 如果状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致，或从句的主语是it，且状语从句的谓语中有be动词，可以将从句中的主语连同be动词一起省略。 While (I was) in Beijing，I paid a visit to the Summer Palace. 在北京时，我参观了颐和园。 He often makes mistakes when (he is) speaking English. 他说英语时经常出错。 The woman teacher left the classroom silently as though (she was) angry. 这位女老师沉默地离开了教室，好像生气了。 Though (it was) cold，he still wore a shirt. 虽然天气冷，但他仍然穿了一件衬衫。 2.条件状语从句的省略 (1)在if it is possible，if it is necessary，when it is necessary等类似结构中，it is常省略。 Come tomorrow if (it is) possible. 如果可能的话就明天来吧。 Unless (it is) necessary，you’d better not refer to the dictionary. 如果不是必要，你最好不要查词典。 (2)在虚拟条件句中，如果从句谓语中含有had/were/should，则可省略if，把had/were/should提至句首引起倒装。 Were I(＝If I were) twenty now，I would join the army. 如果我现在二十岁，我就参军。 Had you come(＝If you had come) yesterday，you would have met her. 如果你昨天来，你就见到她了。 Should there be(＝If there should be) a flood，what should we do? 万一发生洪水，我们该怎么办？ 返 回 达标检测 用适当的连词完成下面的短文 My classmate Michael studied very hard 1. he went to senior high school.Every day he worked 2. everyone else in our class left the classroom.He said he wouldn’t stop trying 3. he got satisfying scores in his studies.Hard 4. he tried，he made little progress，but he didn’t lose heart at all 5. he believed as long as he persisted he would succeed one day. after until/till unless/until as/though because/as 6. time went by，he made improvements in his studies and he was admitted to a university in Beijing at last.We had a get-together party 7. we started our new life in university.Everyone had got offers from different universities,8. we had a very good time.When we stood 9. we used to play and study，we couldn’t help thinking of our happy old days.We believed that we would never forget each other, 10._________ we would go or whatever we would do. 返 回 As before so where wherever $$