Unit 5 Period 4 Using language (1)：Grammar （课件）-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（外研版2019）

Unit 5 Into the unknown Period 4 Using language (1)：Grammar —Review：noun clauses 语境感悟 语法精讲 达标检测 语境 感悟 3 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成后面的小题。 There are many mysteries ①how the dinosaurs looked like.You may think ②that dinosaurs were big，green and scaly，right? In fact，it seems ③that they appeared very different from what we think.In recent years，scientists have worked out ④what they looked like：many of them were small with feathers.Scientists also believe ⑤that many dinosaurs had bright colors.But ⑥why the dinosaurs came into extinction is still a mystery. 以上加颜色部分均为 从句；名词性从句即在复合句中起名词作用的从句，包括 从句，如句⑥； 从句，如句①； 从句，如句③； 从句，如②、④和⑤。 自主发现 返 回 名词性 主语 同位语 表语 宾语 语法 精讲 6 在复合句中起名词作用的从句称为名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词(词组)，它在复合句中能充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语。因此，可将名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是英语中比较复杂的结构，既涉及词汇的用法，又涉及句法结构，是高中阶段英语学习的重点和难点之一。 名词性从句的引导词可分为三类：从属连词、连接代词和连接副词。 一、从属连词 1.that引导的名词性从句 that本身无意义，只起连接作用，也不在句中作任何成分。它引导的名词性从句结构和意义都完整，往往用于陈述事实。引导宾语从句时，在口语和非正式文体中，that有时可省略。 (1)从句中不能省略that的情况： ①引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句时，that不能省略。 That the earth goes around the sun is known to us all. 众所周知，地球围着太阳转动。 ②当主句谓语后接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第一个that可省略，其他的that不可省略。 He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon. 他告诉我他要走，还说他很快就回来。 ③当it作形式宾语，that引导的从句作真正的宾语时that不可省略。 He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed. 他明确表示会议不会被推迟。 ④当that引导的宾语从句与主句谓语动词之间有插入语或that与从句主语之间有插入语时，that不可省略。 He announced，believe it or not，that he would never forgive her. 信不信由你，他宣布他永远不会原谅她。 (2)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语的四大句式： ①It＋be＋形容词＋that从句 It is necessary that you do the experiment under the guidance of your teacher. 你需要在老师的指导下进行试验。 ②It＋be＋名词(短语)＋that从句 It is a pity that you are dismissed from your post. 你被免职，真是令人惋惜。 ③It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句 It is said that he was arrested for abuse of power. 据说他因滥用职权被捕。 ④It＋特殊动词或短语 (seem/appear/happen等)＋that从句 It happened that I picked up a purse on my way to school. 碰巧我在上学途中捡到了一个钱包。 2.because，as if/though引导的名词性从句 because，as if/though在从句中不作任何句子成分，分别意为“因为”“好像”。 He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. 昨天晚上他没有看电影。那是因为他得帮他的妹妹做作业。 He is wet all over and looks as if/though he had been caught in a rain. 他全身湿透，看起来好像淋了雨似的。 3.whether与if引导的名词性从句 (1)whether与if意为“是否”时一般可以互换 It is doubtful whether/if the work can be finished on time. 工作能否按时完成令人怀疑。 (2)下列情况下一般用whether而不用if： ①主语从句置于句首时；②引导表语从句和同位语从句时；③引导介词的宾语从句时；④引导词后紧跟or not时；⑤引导词后接to do时；⑥有些动词如leave，put，discuss，decide等后的宾语从句。 Whether Tom will win the computer competition remains secret till next Monday.(whether位于句首) 汤姆能否赢得计算机比赛在下周一前仍未可知。 He asked me the question whether we should give money to the homeless.(whether引导同位语从句) 他问了我一个问题，我们是否该给无家可归者钱。 It depends on whether we have enough time.(whether引导介词的宾语从句) 这取决于我们是否有足够的时间。 I don’t know whether or not the report is true.(whether与or not连用) 我不知道报告是不是真的。 Can you tell me whether to go or stay？(whether后接to do) 你能告诉我是去还是留吗？ We discussed whether we should hold a meeting.(whether引导discuss的宾语从句) 我们讨论了是否应该举行一次会议。 二、连接代词与连接副词 1.连接代词what，which，who，whose，whom，whatever，whichever，whoever，whomever有词义；在从句中担任成分，作主语、表语、宾语或定语等。 Be sure to be with a strong awareness that you are what you eat! 一定要清楚：人如其食！ Wondering who it was，Terry，a newcomer to this city，went to the door and opened it impatiently. 想知道是谁在敲门，新来到这个城市的Terry走到门边，不耐烦地打开了门。 Whoever comes here to have the meeting will be treated to a wonderful dinner. 与会者将会享受丰盛的晚餐。 2.连接副词how，when，where，why，however，whenever，wherever有词义；在从句中担任成分，作状语。 Whenever I saw him，he was busy with his work. 无论何时我看见他，他总是在忙于工作。 The question how we could avoid going into debt was raised at the meeting. 我们如何能避免负债的问题在会议上被提了出来。 She wondered where she had seen the painting. 她想知道她在哪里见过这幅画。 3.wh-与wh-ever引导名词性从句的区别 连接词what，which，who分别表示“……的东西或事情”“哪一个”“谁”，表示疑问含义；而whatever，whichever，whoever分别相当于anything that，any...that，anyone who，意为“无论……”，强调一切情况。试比较： Who will be in charge of the project hasn’t been decided. 谁将负责这个项目还没有决定。 Whoever breaks the law will be punished severely. 无论谁违法，都将受到严厉的惩罚。 三、同位语从句和定语从句的区别   同位语从句 定语从句 功能 解释说明名词表示的具体内容。 说明名词的性质、特征、来源等。 that 不作成分，只起连接作用。不可省略。 作主语、宾语或表语，起连接作用，并且作从句的宾语时可省略。 whether/how/what 起连接作用，其中whether(是否)不作成分，而how和what作成分。 不引导定语从句。 who/when/where/why 作成分；起连接作用；有自己的含义，但与其修饰的名词无关。 作成分；起连接作用；与先行词有一定的关系，如when的先行词为时间名词。 The news that she told me is that Tom will go abroad next year.(that she told me是定语从句) 她告诉我的是汤姆明年将要出国的消息。 (不可以说The news is that she told me...) The news that Tom will go abroad is told by her.(that Tom will go abroad是同位语从句) 汤姆将要出国的消息是她说的。 (可以说The news is that Tom will go abroad.) [解题策略]　名词性从句解题三步走 第一步：根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构判断是不是名词性从句。 第二步：一旦判断是名词性从句，就根据名词性从句中缺少什么句子成分来确定选用什么连接词。若从句中缺少主语、宾语或表语，用连接代词；若缺少状语就用连接副词。 第三步：如果不缺少成分则要考虑意思是否完整，是否需要用whether/if; 如果不缺少成分且意思完整就用that。 返 回 达标检测 语法填空 It was reported 1. there was an accident at the corner of the Roman Street this morning.No one saw 2. on earth happened then.A car ran into a truck but fortunately，nobody got injured.3. will be responsible for the accident is still under investigation.The police were uncertain about 4. the driver was guilty.5. the police should do is 6. they must find out what led to the accident.They said it was difficult for them to judge because 7. the accident happened was not clear.Perhaps the reason was 8. the driver was too tired to stop the car in time. that what Who whether What that how that The driver didn’t admit the fact 9. he was driving too fast at the turning.The police doubted 10. what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation. 返 回 that whether/if $$