Unit 2 Period 4 Using language (1)：Grammar-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（外研版2019）

Period 4　Using language (1)：Grammar—Review：passive voice 阅读以下短文，感知黑体部分，并完成后面的小题。 Are you ready to get fit? We are happy to announce that the Community Sports Center will soon be open to the public once again.Our facilities ①have been enlarged and redone and our center is now bigger and better than ever before.The finishing touches ②are now being put to a new swimming pool and our workout rooms ③will have been updated with modern equipment by the end of this month.Come by and check them out! Better still，we will update our fitness course every few months so that more popular courses can be included.Weight training classes，for example，④are being designed and ⑤will be added to our programme soon.We will invite professional athletes to be our coaches.We are confident that we have something for everyone.Looking forward to seeing you here! 自主发现 以上黑体部分均使用了被动语态，其中句①是现在完成时的被动语态，其构成是have/has been done; 句②和④是现在进行时的被动语态，其构成是am/is/are being done；句③是将来完成时的被动语态，其构成是will/shall have been done；句⑤是一般将来时的被动语态，其构成是will/shall be done。 一、被动语态在各种时态中的运用 时态 被动语态的构成 一般现在时 am/is/are done 一般过去时 was/were done 一般将来时 shall/will be done 现在进行时 am/is/are being done 过去进行时 was/were being done 现在完成时 have/has been done 过去完成时 had been done 将来完成时 shall/will have been done When fat and salt are removed from food，the food tastes as if it is missing something. 当食物中的脂肪与盐被去除时，食物尝起来就好像少了些什么。(一般现在时的被动语态) Shortly after he passed his qualification tests，he was called back to London to continue his research. 通过资格考试后不久，他就被召回伦敦继续他的研究。(一般过去时的被动语态) If we can’t keep bringing this to the attention of the people，nothing will be done. 如果我们无法让公众保持对此事的关注，那将一事无成。(一般将来时的被动语态) Art therapy is being used by psychologists and business people. 艺术疗法正为心理医生和商务人士所用。(现在进行时的被动语态) Numerous efforts were being made to help him achieve his ambition. 正在做多种努力以帮助他实现理想。(过去进行时的被动语态) Facial recognition technology has been extended to many areas of school life so far. 到目前为止，人脸识别技术已经被应用到学校生活的许多领域。(现在完成时的被动语态) He said his plan had been rejected because of numerous reasons. 他说，由于许多原因，他的计划被拒绝了。(过去完成时的被动语态) The commercial will have been finished by the end of this week.这则广告本周末会被完成。(将来完成时的被动语态) 二、动词或动词短语不能用于被动语态的几种常见情况 1.所有的不及物动词或不及物动词短语； 2.表示状态的动词，如last，hold，contain，fit，cost等； 3.表示归属的动词(短语)，如have，own，belong to等。 A big fire broke out yesterday evening in that factory.昨天傍晚那家工厂突然发生了火灾。 It’s said that the meeting will last a whole day. 据说会议会持续一整天。 That big house belongs to Mr Smith，who is a famous detective. 那所大房子属于史密斯先生，他是一位著名的侦探。 The medical team，consisting of five doctors and ten nurses，has set off for the earthquake-hit area. 一支由五名医生和十名护士组成的医疗小组已经出发，奔赴地震灾区。 三、主动形式表被动意义 1.当feel，look，smell，taste，sound等后面接形容词时；当cut，read，sell，wear，write，wash等作为不及物动词表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。 2.当happen，occur，break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等动词(短语)表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意义时。 3.want，require，need，deserve后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义或者用“to be done”。 4.be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。 5.在“be＋形容词＋to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动表被动。 The new book sells well.新书卖得很好。 The window won’t shut.Would you please lend me a hand? 窗户关不上。你能帮我一把吗？ My bike needs repairing/to be repaired. 我的自行车需要修理。 He is a great hero，and deserves learning from/to be learned from. 他是一位伟大的英雄，值得学习。 No problem here is difficult to work out，if you think carefully enough. 如果你仔细思考，这里没有什么问题难以解决。 四、主动语态变被动语态的注意事项 1．带有介词或副词的动词短语变为被动语态时，介词或副词不能省略。 He looks after his mother well. →His mother is well looked after by him. 2．含有双宾语的主动结构变为被动语态时，有两种方法，一是把间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变；二是把直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语前加介词to或for。 The company offered him a job. →He was offered a job by the company. →A job was offered to him by the company. 3．含有复合结构(即主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时，只把主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保持不变。 I find the book interesting. →The book is found interesting. 4．在主动语态中，感官动词和使役动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但变为被动语态时，to要还原。 They heard her sing an English song. →She was heard to sing an English song. 5．主动语态中的宾语如果是从句，变为被动语态时，有两种情况：用it作形式主语或变为“sb＋be ＋done＋to do”形式。如： People recognize that he is one of the most influential writers in the 20th century. →He is recognized (by people) to be one of the most influential writers in the 20th century. →It is recognized that he is one of the most influential writers in the 20th century. 人们公认他是20世纪最具影响力的作家之一。 语法填空 In recent years many TV shows 1.have become(become) extremely popular among Chinese audience.Both commercial success and public attention 2.have been received(receive)．Their popularity 3.is based(base) on simple facts.First，they care about social concerns.Second，they explore a perfect balance between the international forms and Chinese expressions.Despite apparent highlights，much room 4.is left(leave) for improvement.Commercial interests often outweigh educational purposes.In addition，young people 5.have been misled(mislead)．Such shows should shoulder more responsibility instead of merely entertaining the public.As 6.is expected(expect)，these programs should be positive in their forms as well as functions.Meanwhile，the values of our society should also 7.be safeguarded(safeguard). Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．It was built(build) originally to protect the city in the Tang Dynasty and has now been completely restored(修复)． 2．The water felt(feel) cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. 3．The median(中间值的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected(expect) to increase to 42 by 2050. 4．The cottage was so old that it was very difficult to keep(keep) up. 5．They are living with their parents because their own house is being decorated(decorate)． 6．Modern methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed(employ) only since the mid-1980s，and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area. 7．Anyone who has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising(praise)． 8．Jones got the idea after he had talked with an elderly lady who had been cheated(cheat) of her money. 9．Food supplies in the flood-stricken area are running(run) out.We must take action immediately. 10．They decide to have more workers for the project so that it won’t be delayed(delay)． Ⅱ.把下列句子改为被动语态 1．The demanding boss often makes his employees work overtime. →The employees are often made to work overtime by their demanding boss. 2．The teacher is keeping the pupils at school for a revision. →The pupils are being kept by the teacher at school for a revision. 3．We know that he is the best dentist in the town. →It is known that he is the best dentist in the town./He is known to be the best dentist in the town. 4．You must finish the article before Friday. →The article must be finished by you before Friday. 5．They will not paint the house again next year. →The house won’t be painted again by them next year. Ⅲ.完成句子 1．Today Chinese，which is taught in many schools around the world，is becoming more and more popular. 现在汉语变得越来越受欢迎了，全世界许多学校都在教它。 2．Many trees and flowers were planted in our school last year，making our school a beautiful garden. 去年我们学校种了许多树和花，使我们学校成了一个美丽的花园。 3．A talk on development in science and technology will be given in the school hall next week. 下周将在学校礼堂举行一次关于科学技术发展的讲座。 4．The performance A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains has been regarded by many people as the best performance at CCTV’s Spring Festival Gala. 《只此青绿》已被许多人认为是央视春晚的最佳表演。 5．It is reported that many a new house is being built at present in the disaster area. 据报道，目前灾区正在修建许多新房子。 Ⅳ.阅读理解 Fairy tales perform many functions.They entertain，encourage imagination，and teach problem-solving skills.They can also provide moral lessons，highlighting the dangers of failing to follow the social rules that let human beings coexist in harmony.Such moral lessons may not mean much to a robot，but a team of researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology(GIT) believes it has found a way to turn the instructive fable(寓言) into a moral lesson that artificial intelligence(AI) can take to its cold，mechanical heart. This，the researchers hope，will help prevent the intelligent robots from harming or even killing humanity，which is predicted and feared by some of the biggest names in technology，including Stephen Hawking，Elon Musk and Bill Gates. Mark Riedl，an associate professor of interactive computing at Georgia Tech，believes that the collected stories of different cultures not only teach children how to behave well but also teach robots how to get rid of violent or dangerous behavior and help them make choices that won’t harm humans and still achieve the intended purpose. The system is called “Quixote”．The experiment involves going to a chemist to buy some medicine for a human who needs it as soon as possible.The robot has three choices.It can wait in line; it can communicate with the chemist politely and buy the medicine; it can steal the medicine.Without any further instructions，the robot will come to the conclusion that the most efficient means of getting the medicine is to steal it.Quixote offers a reward signal for waiting in line and politely buying the medicine and a punishment signal for taking it without permission.In this way，it learns the “moral” way to behave in that situation. Quixote would work best on a robot that has a very limited function.It’s a baby step in the direction of teaching more moral lessons into robots.We believe that AI has to be trained to adopt the values of a particular society，and in doing so，it will strive to avoid unacceptable behavior.Giving robots the ability to read and understand our stories may be the most efficient means. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了研究人员已经找到了用寓言帮助机器人理解人类道德准则的方法，让机器人也遵守特定的社会价值观。 1．What are the three technology experts mentioned in paragraph 2 concerned about? A．The potential threat from robots. B．The problems with moral lessons. C．The high costs of AI development. D．The difficulties of the GIT scientists. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，三位科技专家担忧机器人可能会伤害甚至击杀人类，即它们的潜在威胁。故选A。 2．How does Quixote help the robot behave morally in the experiment? A．By offering the robot rewards. B．By sending the robot different signals. C．By helping the robot make right choices. D．By giving the robot specific instructions. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段最后两句可知，在实验中，Quixote通过对机器人的不同行为给予不同的信号来帮助机器人表现得合乎道德。故选B。 3．Which of the following may the author agree with? A．The development of robots is still in a baby step. B．Robots should have the ability to understand the fairy tales. C．The more functions the robot has，the better Quixote works. D．It is necessary to train robots to follow the social values. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段第三句“我们认为人工智能必须被训练接受特定的社会价值观，这样它将努力避免不可接受的行为”可推知，作者可能同意“训练机器人遵守社会价值观是必要的”这一观点。故选D。 4．What is the main idea of the passage? A．The moral lessons learned by a robot. B．The coexistence of human beings and AI. C．The new function of the fairy tales on AI. D．The different applications of the fairy tales. 答案　C 解析　主旨大意题。第一段末句是本文的主题句。再结合全文内容可知，这篇文章主要讲了研究人员已经找到了将寓言转化成机器人能够理解的道德准则的方法，让机器人也遵守特定的社会价值观。故选C。 Ⅴ.完形填空 He，handsome and attractive though small，is 73 this year，but looks much younger than he actually is.My mom got the 1 from my grandpa.You can never imagine how genuinely 2 and fascinating he could be.My grandpa absolutely leads a 3 life of old age，unlike other retired elderly people just walking with their pet birds，or 4 time at home as couch potatoes do. He takes to cooking tasty cuisine，singing Karaoke，collecting antiques，and experiencing brand new dimensions of cultures.“Stopping to smell the roses and passing on the happiness is a 5 factor of people’s happy life，” he always 6 his peers. “He is always doing everything with his 7 —so cool and enviable！” my grandpa’s friends remarked.They also 8 my grandpa for his blog where he writes much， 9 his distinct opinion of life.One night his blog caught my eye.There was a 10 ，at the very beginning，of him hugging my grandma with fireworks blooming on Times Square last Valentine’s Day.“People say reality 11 and fantasy begins when the fireworks display starts，but for me both 12 a great deal.I take a real joy in everyday life 13 I can hold the hands of my love，” he said beneath the photo. I couldn’t believe those were from my grandpa，I mean，from a 73-year-old person.Now I finally see the true meaning of the saying that 14 is not a time of life but a state of mind.I love my grandpa for the interesting and romantic 15 he has. 语篇解读　这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者的外公——一位73岁的退休老人，依然保持年轻的心态，过着丰富多彩的生活。 1．A.build B．manner C．genes D．characters 答案　C 解析　根据上文“He，handsome and attractive though small，is 73 this year，but looks much younger than he actually is.”可知，这些外貌特征都是可以通过基因遗传的，这里指妈妈遗传了外公的基因。故选C。 2．A.grateful B．modern C．conventional D．plain 答案　B 解析　conventional守旧的； plain朴素的。根据第三段的“One night his blog caught my eye.”可知，外公还会写博客，是个很赶时髦的人。故选B。 3．A.regular B．messy C．colorful D．rural 答案　C 解析　根据下文“He takes to cooking tasty cuisine，singing Karaoke，collecting...”可知，外公的晚年生活是丰富多彩的。故选C。 4．A.valuing B．saving C．sparing D．killing 答案　D 解析　根据“unlike other retired elderly people just walking with their pet birds”和“as couch potatoes”可知，此处指消磨时间。故选D。 5．A.critical B．limited C．single D．pointless 答案　A 解析　根据“Stopping to smell the roses and passing on the happiness”可知，外公认为停下来闻闻玫瑰，把幸福传递下去，是人们幸福生活的关键因素。故选A。 6．A.reminds B．forces C．warns D．requires 答案　A 解析　根据“his peers”可知，外公总是提醒同龄人幸福生活的关键因素是什么。故选A。 7．A.daughter B．doctor C．wife D．fellow 答案　C 解析　根据下文“him hugging my grandma with fireworks blooming on Times Square last Valentine’s Day”可知，外公总是和他的妻子一起做任何事情。故选C。 8．A.recall B．envy C．meet D．watch 答案　B 解析　根据“so cool and enviable”可知，他们也羡慕外公的博客。故选B。 9．A.voicing B．changing C．rejecting D．evaluating 答案　A 解析　voice表达； evaluate评估。根据“his blog where he writes much”可知，外公在博客上写了很多东西，发表对生活的独特看法。故选A。 10．A.scene B．sentence C．section D．photo 答案　D 解析　根据本段末的“he said beneath the photo”可知，此处是信息词photo的复现。故选D。 11．A.turns on B．fades away C．works out D．lights up 答案　B 解析　fade away逐渐消失；light up点亮。根据“and fantasy begins when the fireworks display starts”可知，烟花表演开始时，与幻想出现相对的，是现实逐渐消失。故选B。 12．A.count B．rise C．cost D．win 答案　A 解析　根据“People say reality and fantasy begins when the fireworks display starts，but”可知，外公认为“现实”和“幻想”都很重要。故选A。 13．A.and B．but C．as far as D．as long as 答案　D 解析　此处引导条件状语从句，表示只要能牵着爱人的手，需用连词as long as。故选D。 14．A.optimism B．passion C．commitment D．youth 答案　D 解析　optimism乐观； commitment承诺。根据上文描述可知，外公的晚年生活如“青春”一样丰富多彩。因此作者明白了这句名言的真正含义：青春不是年华，而是心境。故选D。 15．A.experience B．appearance C．personality D．inspiration 答案　C 解析　personality个性；inspiration灵感。根据“interesting and romantic”可知，这里指外公的个性既有趣又浪漫。故选C。 Ⅵ.语法填空 End Poverty’s Kishori Shiksha Program (KSP) for adolescent girls aims at 1. (make) literate in a sustainable way the adolescent girls 2. will soon be married and forever lose 3. chance of becoming literate.KSP provides literacy，numeracy(计算能力)，reading，and expressive skills along with vocational，health，environment and awareness training 4. girls.The aim of KSP is to make each girl confident，and be able to express 5. (her) by having the ability to read and write.KSP is being implemented in Tijara block of Alwar district of Rajasthan in India. There is a success story of Muskan，KSP student.Muskan is 13 years old.She was a member of the program in Bibipur and 6. (teach) by Manshira.In January 2016 her cumulative(累积的) score for all final tests on the KSP program was 81.6%.She stood 51st out of 148 students.She will now receive a formal certificate of recognition signed by the 7. (direct) of the Alwar District Education Office.Before she joined the program she was 8. (complete) illiterate.Her teacher has reported that when Muskan completed the course she was so 9. (inspire) that she was keen to enroll in the formal school system.Manshira is very keen for this to happen and has said she will do all she can 10. (help) Muskan to register in school. 语篇解读　这是一篇说明文。消除贫困组织设立的Kishori Shiksha项目旨在以可持续的方式帮助即将因结婚而永远失去识字机会的少女识字。 1．答案　making 解析　考查非谓语动词。空处位于介词at之后，需用动词-ing形式作宾语，故填making。 2．答案　who/that 解析　考查定语从句。分析句子可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词the adolescent girls，指人，在从句中作主语，需用关系代词who/that引导。故填who/that。 3．答案　the 解析　考查冠词。根据句意可知，此处特指“识字的机会”。故填the。 4．答案　for/to 解析　考查介词。分析句子可知，此处为固定短语provide sth for/to sb“为/向某人提供某物”。故填for/to。 5．答案　herself 解析　考查代词。根据句意可知，此处表示“表达她自己”，应用反身代词。故填herself。 6．答案　was taught 解析　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子可知，此处为and连接的谓语动词，也应用过去时，结合介词by可知，主语She和动词teach为被动关系。故填was taught。 7．答案　director 解析　考查名词。分析句子并结合空前定冠词the可知，该处为名词形式，根据句意可知应用表示人的名词。故填director。 8．答案　completely 解析　考查副词。此处应用副词作状语修饰形容词illiterate。故填completely。 9．答案　inspired 解析　考查形容词。分析句子可知，此处为固定句型“so＋形容词/副词的原级＋that从句”，结合句意可知此处表示“深受鼓舞的”，应用-ed形式的形容词。故填inspired。 10．答案　to help 解析　考查非谓语动词。根据句意可知，此处应用动词不定式表示“为了……”，作目的状语。故填to help。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$