Unit 12 Period 7 Focus on Language-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版2019）

Period 7　Focus on Language—Adjectives & Phrasal Prepositions (一) 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成文后的练习 (1)Mary，a beautiful and smart girl，had lived in China for five years before she came here.(2)I’ve planned to visit China next year.So I requested her to tell me the best time to go there.(3)Mary said to me，“The most comfortable time to visit China is either between March and May or between September and early November.(4)During these months，the weather is particularly pleasant throughout the country，neither too hot nor too cold.” I’m interested in tasting all kinds of food all over the world.I asked her to say something about the Chinese food.“Well，Chinese food is delicious and reasonably priced.(5)What is even better is that restaurants do not ask for or accept tips，” she said in a patient voice.She advised me to learn some basic Chinese words and phrases.(6)Moreover，she told me that Chinese people are open-minded as well. 自主发现 以上黑体单词都是形容词，都修饰名词。句(1)中的beautiful和smart是多个形容词修饰名词；有的形容词是简单形容词，有的形容词是复合形容词，如句(6)中的形容词是复合形容词；有的形容词前面可以有副词修饰，如句(4)。形容词有原级、比较级和最高级，形容词的比较级通常是在其后加er，最高级是在其后加est，但是多音节形容词的比较级和最高级通常是在原级前加more和most，如句(3)中的most comfortable。 (二) 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成文后的练习 Ecotourism is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas—both in terms of geographical conditions and cultural characteristics，and often provides money for conservation and benefits the development of the local areas. Ecotourism has its origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.It was not widely accepted as a travel concept until the late 1980s.During that time，in spite of difficulties，increasing environmental awareness made it desirable. Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel，various types of trips are now being classified as ecotourism. 自主发现 以上黑体部分都是介词短语，在句中可充当状语、定语、表语和宾语补足语等。 Adjectives(形容词) 形容词是描述事物的特征、性质、类属、状态等内容的一类词，主要用于修饰、丰富、限定名词和部分代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。 一、形容词的分类 本课时我们重点讲解性质形容词、类别形容词和复合形容词。 1．性质形容词 性质形容词有级的变化，能用程度副词修饰，在句子中充当定语最多、表语、宾语补足语、状语很少。 Our teacher is taller than we are. 我们老师的个子比我们的高。 It is warmer today than it was yesterday. 今天的天气比昨天暖和。 Practice proves that this idea is completely correct. 实践证明，这个想法是完全正确的。 2．类别形容词 类别形容词通常没有级的变化，也不能用程度副词修饰。有些类别形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，还有一些作定语和表语都可以。 Tokyo and New York are major financial centres. 东京和纽约是主要的金融中心。 Two of the candidates must be female. 候选人中必须有两名是女性。 3．复合形容词 复合形容词是指由两个或两个以上的词共同组成并起形容词作用的词，复合形容词主要作定语，一般不作表语，常见的复合形容词主要有以下几种类型： 类型 例词 数词＋名词 5-year,3-week,2-year-old，one-child，two-hour 形容词＋名词＋ed形式 cold-blooded，warm-hearted，middle-aged，blue-eyed 形容词/副词＋动词-ing形式 hard-working，good-looking，ever-lasting 名词＋动词-ed形式 man-made，snow-capped，hand-made，heart-broken 形容词/副词＋动词-ed形式 newly-built，well-known，new-born，so-called 其他 out-of-date，know-it-all，child-like 二、形容词的排序规则 形容词的一般排序规则如下： 形容词的排序 例词 Quantity or number数量或数字 sixteen，two，twenty-five，one hundred and ten Quality or opinion性质或评述 attractive，amazing，striking，beautiful，handsome，brilliant，delicious Size大小 enormous，tiny，tall，short Age年龄 nineteen-year-old，twenty-year-old Shape形状 round，oval Colour颜色 red，blue，violet，magenta Origin产地 French，Chinese，Italian，British，American Material材料 platinum，diamond 也可以用口诀概括： a small Swiss watch一块瑞士小手表 a large square table一张大方桌 his new Japanese timing device 他的新式日本计时装置 a beautiful short new red Chinese woollen coat 一件漂亮的中式的新的红羊毛短外套 a pretty little square old black Japanese wooden writing desk 一张旧的很漂亮的黑色的日本式的方形木制小写字桌 三、形容词的句法功能 形容词在句中主要作定语、表语、宾语补足语和状语。 1．作定语 形容词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词前；但是当形容词所修饰的是something，anything，nothing，somebody，nobody等不定代词时，形容词必须放在其所修饰的词之后； 还有些形容词作定语时要放在所修饰的词后，如absent，alike，alive，available，present，concerned等。 British English and American English are different in many ways. 英式英语与美式英语在很多方面都有所不同。 Lots of studies have shown that global warming has already become a serious problem. 大量的研究表明全球气候变暖已经成了一个严重的问题。 Now that you have nothing special to do，why not join us in discussing. 既然你现在没什么特别的事情要做，为什么不加入我们一起讨论呢？ He made full use of English reference books available and learned a lot. 他充分利用了现有的英语参考资料，学到了不少知识。 2．作表语 形容词可以放在系动词后作表语，解释说明主语的情况；有些形容词只能作表语，如以a开头的形容词，如afraid，alone，alike，ashamed，asleep等；以及表示健康状况的ill，well，unwell等。 Whenever I think of the old days，I always feel very happy. 每当想起过去的时光，我总是感到很开心。 I am more than glad to hear your grandpa is still alive and well. 听说你的爷爷还健在我非常高兴。 3．作宾语补足语 形容词作宾语补足语时，用来说明宾语所处的状态、性质或特点。 During the freezing winter，I like my house warm and comfortable. 在寒冷的冬天我想要我的房子既温暖又舒适。 They found Professor Wang’s speech both interesting and instructive. 他们发现王教授的演讲既有趣又有启发性。 4．作状语 形容词或形容词短语作状语表示伴随、原因或结果，可放于句首或句末，常用逗号与句子隔开。 The survivor lay on the beach，exhausted and shocked. 生还者躺在海滩上，疲惫不堪，心有余悸。 He spent seven days in the wind and snow，cold and hungry. 他又冷又饿，在风雪中过了七天。 四、形容词的比较级和最高级 1．形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则 情况 规则 原级 比较级 最高级 一般情况 加-er和-est high higher highest 以不发音字母e结尾的单音节词 加-r和-st brave wide braver wider bravest widest 以辅音字母＋y结尾的双音节词 变y为i加-er和-est happy lucky happier luckier happiest luckiest 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母单词 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加-er和-est hot big thin hotter bigger thinner hottest biggest thinnest 部分双音节词，多音节词 在原级前加more和most interesting popular more interesting more popular most interesting most popular 注意：如下不规则形容词的比较级和最高级的变化： good/well的比较级是better和best ill/bad的比较级和最高级是worse和worst many/much的比较级和最高级是more和most little的比较级和最高级是less和least 2．形容词的比较级用法 形容词的比较级常用于两者之间的比较。表示“和……一样……”“比……更……”等；原级常用于“(not) as＋原级＋as”；比较级常用于“比较级＋than”结构，than有时可省略。 It’s as tough and strong as any other cars running on the street. 它和街上跑的其他汽车一样牢固结实。 I do hope so，because I want you to live as long and healthy a life as I have. 我的确希望这样，因为我想要你像我一样活得健康长寿。 Your mother knows best：nothing is more important than health. 你母亲最清楚：没有什么比健康更重要。 Many people have donated that type of blood; however，the blood bank needs more. 许多人都献了那种血型的血，但是血库还需要更多。 注意：形容词的比较级前可以加any，no，much，a lot，a little，a bit，even，still等程度副词修饰。 The film is far more interesting than any one that I have ever seen. 这部电影比我所看过的任何一部电影都有趣得多。 3．形容词的最高级用法 形容词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较，常见的结构是“the＋最高级＋比较范围”。 California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population. 加利福尼亚是美国的第三大洲，但却是人口最多的州。 This is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited. 这是我参观过的最美的城市。 注意：有些形容词本身就有比较含义，所以没有比较级，如senior，junior，superior，minor等，还有些形容词本身就含有“最……”的含义，所以没有最高级，如unique，perfect，whole，favorite等。 Phrasal Prepositions(介词短语) 介词本身在句中不能充当任何成分，介词后面只有接宾语构成介词短语才能充当句子成分。能充当介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词(短语)、宾语从句等。介词短语在句中作定语、表语、状语和宾语补足语等。 一、介词短语的句法功能 1．作定语 介词短语充当定语成分时，需要紧跟在所修饰的名词之后。 Now children both in cities and villages can get a good education. 现在城市和农村的孩子都能获得良好的教育。 Do you know the girl with long hair and big eyes? 你认识那个长头发、大眼睛的女孩吗？ 2．作表语 It is of great significance for college students to master a foreign language. 对于大学生来说，掌握一门外语是很重要的。 Whose proposal is to be adopted is under discussion. (我们)正在讨论将采纳谁的建议。 3．作状语 介词短语作状语时位置比较灵活，可放于句首、句末和句中。 For this reason，Tom is not the best candidate for the position. 出于这个原因，汤姆不是这个职位的最佳人选。 We need a lot of money；in addition，we need more professional engineers. 我们需要很多钱，另外我们还需要更多的专业工程师。 4．作宾语补足语 The wounded soldier woke up and found himself in a hospital bed. 受伤的战士醒来，发现自己躺在医院的病床上。 Please leave it on the desk when you finish reading the book. 你读完这本书后，请把它放在桌子上。 Unfortunately，nobody considered his advice of any benefit to their English study. 不幸的是，没人认为他的建议对他们的英语学习有好处。 二、常用介词短语的构成 1．动词＋介词 account for解释……的原因，占据(比例) contribute to导致，带来；投稿 stick to坚持 stand for代表，象征 pack up打包 complain about抱怨 benefit from从……受益 donate to捐赠 decline by下降了…… hang out闲逛 burst into...突然…… appeal to吸引，上诉 vote on就……投票 Decide on some specific research questions that you want to study. 确定你所要研究的具体的问题。 Who do you think should answer for the accident yesterday? 你认为谁应该为昨天的事故负责任？ 2．形容词＋介词 absent from缺席，不在 responsible for为……负责 ashamed of对……感到羞耻 satisfied with对……满意 curious about对……好奇 keen on热衷于…… passionate about对……酷爱 harmful to对……有害 beneficial to对……有好处 regardless of不管不顾 familiar with对……熟悉 gifted in在……有天赋 My teaching style is similar to that of most of other teachers. 我的教学风格跟其他老师的风格很相似。 He really should be ashamed of his rude behavior to the homeless old man. 他真该为自己对那位流浪老人的粗鲁行为而羞愧。 3．介词＋名词(＋介词) in conclusion总之 on the contrary相反 in relief放松的 at random任意的，胡乱的 in despair绝望地 in consequence因此 in debt欠债 in panic恐慌，害怕 for convenience为了方便，为了便利 at midnight在午夜 to one’s amazement令人惊讶的是…… in addition to另外，还有 on the edge of在……的边缘，即将 for the benefit of为了……的利益 in spite of虽然；尽管 in conflict with与……有矛盾 I will teach you Chinese in exchange for your teaching me English. 我教你汉语，作为交换，你教我英语。 It is reported that the new railway station is under construction now. 据报道，新的车站正在建设中。 Cloning is dangerous because scientists may create monsters by mistake. 克隆是很危险的，因为科学家可能会出差错，创造出怪物来。 On behalf of our company，I’d like to show my appreciation to all our guests attending the ceremony. 我代表我们公司感谢大家出席今天的典礼。 4．动词＋副词＋介词 put up with容忍，忍受 look forward to渴望，盼望 make up for弥补 run out of用完，用尽 stand up for支持，拥护 get down to开始认真考虑或对待 hold on to保留，不放弃 look up to敬仰 look down upon看不起 live up to不辜负 come up with提出 I can put up with the house being untidy，but I hate it when it is not clean. 我可以忍受房间不整齐，但我讨厌不干净。 We thought of selling this old furniture，but we’ve decided to hold on to it. 我们曾考虑过卖掉这些家具，但我们现在已经决定保留它。 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．The more we enjoy what we have，the happier(happy) we are. 2．The exercise is too difficult.I think I should have made it simpler(simple)． 3．I am awfully tired，but I know I will never fall asleep(sleep) until midnight. 4．My son is content with his new toy，saying that it is the best(good) one he has ever got. 5．As his best friend，I can make accurate(accuracy) guesses about what he will do or think. 6．He had gone out without his parents’ permission，which made them very angry. 7．More and more people are fond of playing tennis nowadays. 8．He was a good student and scored above average in most subjects. Ⅱ.根据本单元语法项目完成下面语段 If you make one close friend in school，you will be most 1.lucky(luck)．A true friend is someone who gives you advice and even 2.financial(finance) help.To most of us，friendships are thought very 3.significant(significance)．Are they to be close or kept at arm’s length? Do we want to share ourselves or do we want to walk on the surface? For some people，many friendships on the surface are quite enough and that’s all right.But at some point we need to make sure that our expectations are the same as our friends’ expectations.The sharing of 4.personal(person) experience is one of the 5.surest(sure) ways to deepen friendships.But it must be undertaken slowly and carried on only if there are signs of interest and action in return. Ⅰ.完成句子 1．We were all deeply moved and proud of/took pride in(以……为自豪) having such a responsible teacher. 2．Totally engaged in my own work，I seldom pay attention to(关注) what my mother needs and feels. 3．Punishment is by no means(绝不) a wise choice to help children grow up mentally and physically. 4．On behalf of(代表) everyone here，I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country. 5．Some all-A students in school have turned out not to be as successful as(像……一样成功) they were expected in society. 6．I think finding information on the Net is more convenient than(比……更方便) searching for books in a library. 7．All people present(所有出席的人) are in favor of his proposal that we should cease the useless research. 8．The newly issued regulations are beneficial/ of benefit to(对……有益) people with low income. Ⅱ.阅读理解 Artificial intelligence helps teachers identify which of their students have learning difficulties，according to a new study. Teachers make more accurate assessments of learning difficulties among their students if they are given Al-generated feedback(反馈) rather than an “expert solution” written by a qualified professional.Researchers believe that because the AI analyzed the teacher’s own work，it’s easier for the teacher to understand than a “model answer” prepared beforehand. “Teachers play a critical role in recognizing the signs of disorders and learning difficulties in pupils and referring them to specialists，” said Riikka Hofmann.“Unfortunately，many of them feel that they have not had sufficient opportunity to practice these skills.AI could provide an extra level of individualized feedback to help them develop these essential competences.” Trainee teachers were asked to assess fictionalized students for potential learning difficulties，based on evidence including examples of their work，school behavior records and written texts of conversations with parents.Half of the trainees received the “expert solution”，typical of the material given to trainee teachers，while the other half received AI-generated feedback on their approach，highlighting where they could improve.The trainees then completed similar follow-up assessments，and were graded both on the accuracy of their diagnoses(诊断) and on how well they had used the evidence.Trainees who received the AI feedback scored significantly higher than those who worked with the pre-written expert solutions. While the researchers said this does not mean AI is preferable to one-to-one feedback from a skilled expert，this is not always available for trainee teachers.“We are not arguing that AI should replace teacher-educators：new teachers still need expert guidance on how to recognize learning difficulties in the first place，” said Dr Michael Sailer.“It does seem，however，that AI-generated feedback helped these trainees to focus on what they really needed to learn.When personal feedback is not readily available，it could be an effective substitute(代替物)．” 1．What does the underlined word “them” refer to? A．Pupils. B．Teachers. C．Specialists. D．Researchers. 答案　B 解析　代词指代题。 根据第三段首句可知，教师在识别学生的障碍和学习困难迹象并将其介绍给专家方面发挥着关键作用，可推知画线词them指的是“老师”。故选B。 2．What did AI help trainee teachers know in the study? A．How well they had used the evidence. B．Whether the expert solution was accurate. C．Where their approach needs improvement. D．What follow-up assessments they completed. 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“while the other half received AI-generated feedback on their approach，highlighting where they could improve” 可知，一半的受训者收到了人工智能生成的关于他们的评估方法的反馈，其中强调了他们可以改进的地方。故选C。 3．What does Dr Michael think of AI? A．It will take the place of skilled experts. B．It acts as an expert guide to trainee teachers. C．It is only suitable for new teachers to use. D．It can be a useful teaching training aid. 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“AI-generated feedback helped...be an effective substitute(代替物)”可知，Michael认为人工智能可以作为一个有用的教学培训辅助工具。故选D。 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．AI Locates Learning Difficulties for the Students B．AI Becomes an Effective Teaching Tool in School C．AI Helps Teachers Spot Students with Learning Difficulties D．AI Trains Teachers in Judging the Learning of the Students 答案　C 解析　标题归纳题。通读全文尤其是第一段内容可知，文章主要讲人工智能可以帮助老师识别学生的学习困难等问题，C项“人工智能帮助教师发现有学习困难的学生”符合文意。故选C。 Ⅲ.完形填空 Jordan has been a sports fan since his childhood.Since his father was a soccer coach，he would never miss out on 1 and would always be on top of his game.Jordan became a(n) 2 player in a very short time.He always knew that he wanted to build a career in sports and 3 to achieve it. Jordan 4 from Auburn University and was one of the strongest and most competitive players on his team.However，his professional career 5 when he was at his peak—an injury was all it took to bring him down.He suffered from serious damage in his back，due to which he could never 6 to professional playing. Instead of backing off and going into a period of 7 most athletes do，Jordan made this 8 an opportunity to grow in this field.With his career being ended 9 ，he promised himself to 10 young athletes on moving properly and taking care of themselves.He became a coach.He 11 his trainees to follow his motto：Do what you do with all your strength. As Jordan went through the difficult time，he was always 12 by the passion for training and developing healthy life routines for young athletes.He 13 to help them grow and reach their 14 to the fullest and do not repeat the same 15 that he did that ended his career. 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述Jordan从小就热爱运动，后来成了一名出色的运动员，然而，他因背部受伤而结束了职业生涯，但他没有气馁，而是成了一名教练，教导年轻的运动员正确运动和照顾自己。 1．A.fights B．practices C．challenges D．preparations 答案　B 解析　根据下文“would always be on top of his game”可知，他从不错过训练，因而在比赛中表现出色，故选B。 2．A.energetic B．common C．determined D．skilled 答案　D 解析　上文提到他从不错过训练，表现出色，所以此处指很快就成了技术娴熟的球员，故选D。 3．A.went all out B．settled down C．straightened up D．made an attempt 答案　A 解析　go all out全力以赴；settle down定居，安顿下来；straighten up收拾整齐；make an attempt尝试。根据上文“He always knew that he wanted to build a career in sports”可知，他知道自己想要在体育领域有所建树，所以应是全力以赴，故选A。 4．A.escaped B．gathered C．heard D．graduated 答案　D 解析　根据空后“from Auburn University”可知，此处指Jordan从Auburn大学毕业，故选D。 5．A.improved B．increased C．ended D．changed 答案　C 解析　根据下文“an injury was all it took to bring him down”可知，他因伤病而倒下了，所以此处指他的职业生涯结束了，故选C。 6．A.adapt B．return C．turn D．refer 答案　B 解析　结合语境可知，他因伤病而无法重返职业赛场，故选B。 7．A.curiosity B．caution C．excitement D．depression 答案　D 解析　此处和“backing off ”是并列关系，指他没有退缩或是陷入消沉，故选D。 8．A.misfortune B．chance C．condition D．punishment 答案　A 解析　根据上文“He suffered from serious damage in his back...to professional playing.”可知，他因背部受伤而结束了职业生涯，所以是遭遇了不幸，故选A。 9．A.unexpectedly B．anxiously C．carelessly D．immediately 答案　A 解析　结合上下文语境可知，他因受伤而意外结束职业生涯，故选A。 10．A.doubt B．admit C．educate D．persuade 答案　C 解析　根据下文“He became a coach.”可知，他成了一名教练，所以是教育年轻的运动员正确运动和照顾自己，故选C。 11．A.begged B．forced C．motivated D．warned 答案　C 解析　根据下文“Do what you do with all your strength.”可知，他是以这句话来激励学员，故选C。 12．A.confused B．driven C．greeted D．attracted 答案　B 解析　根据下文“by the passion for training”可知，即使在艰难时期，他也被帮助年轻运动员的热情所激励着，故选B。 13．A.pretended B．agreed C．refused D．aimed 答案　D 解析　根据空后“help them grow and reach their...”可知，作为一名教练，他的目标是帮助学员成长，故选D。 14．A.creation B．potential C．purpose D．quality 答案　B 解析　根据下文“to the fullest”可知，此处指帮助学员最大限度地发挥出潜力，故选B。 15．A.competition B．dream C．tragedy D．method 答案　C 解析　根据下文“that ended his career”并结合他因伤病而意外结束职业生涯可知，此处指他帮助学员正确运动，不再重复他当年的悲剧，故选C。 Ⅳ.语法填空 5G-enabled，driver-less minibus caught the attention 1. (recent) of dozens of people in Beijing eager to get a look and try it out by making purchases. Simply by 2. (wave) their hands，buyers in the crowd at Shougang Industrial Park in Shijingshan district could summon(召唤) the unmanned minibus to stop near them.Consumers could push a virtual button on the vehicle’s screen 3. (buy) more than 20 items such as water or souvenirs from the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games. When the minibus is not around，buyers can place 4. order on their smartphones.The vehicle then drives 5. (it) to them. A 5G-enabled，intelligent vehicle networking system is deployed(部署) in the industrial park 6.___________several events of the Winter Olympics will take place.It is just one of the 5G-enabled，advanced 7. (application) that are being tested as the sports event approaches.With the support of 5G and cloud technologies，many things can be achieved 8.___________a far easier manner.China Unicom said the core features of a smart Olympics include 9. (safe)，artificial intelligence technologies and energy reduction.The company 10. (be) also the official telecommunications service provider during the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics. 语篇解读　本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种新型的、支持5G技术的无人驾驶小巴，随着科技的发展，5G和云技术将会给我们的生活带来巨大的变化。 1．答案　recently 解析　考查副词。此处修饰整个句子，应用副词，作状语。故填recently。 2．答案　waving 解析　考查非谓语动词。介词by之后用动词的-ing形式。故填waving。 3．答案　to buy 解析　考查非谓语动词。此处应用不定式，作目的状语。故填to buy。 4．答案　an 解析　考查冠词。根据下文的“on their smartphones”可知，是在手机上下单。此处泛指“一个订单”，order以元音音素开头，所以用不定冠词an。故填an。 5．答案　itself 解析　考查反身代词。空处为宾语且为主语The vehicle本身，需要用反身代词itself。故填itself。 6．答案　where 解析　考查定语从句。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词为the industrial park，在从句中作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。 7．答案　applications 解析　考查名词复数。固定搭配one＋of＋the＋名词的复数形式，表示“……中的一个”。故填applications。 8．答案　in 解析　考查介词。固定短语in a manner“以一种……方式”。故填in。 9．答案　safety 解析　考查名词。根据后面的并列连词and可知，空处和artificial intelligence technologies以及energy reduction保持一致，应用名词safety。故填safety。 10．答案　was 解析　考查动词时态。根据时间状语during the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics可知，陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。主语是The company，所以用单数形式。故填was。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$