Unit 10 Period 7 Focus on Language （课件）-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版2019）

Period 7 Focus on Language—Passive Forms in the Past & American English and British English Unit 10 CONNECTIONS 语境感悟 语法精讲 达标检测 语境 感悟 3 (一) 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成文后的练习 On 28 July 1976，Tangshan (1)was struck by an earthquake.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end.The ground (2)was covered by the bricks，and the wells (3)were filled with sand instead of water.A large city was completely ruined.Volunteers from other areas (4)were sent to rescue the victims.When they arrived，many people (5)had been buried under the ruins，and many houses (6)had been destroyed. With the help of the government，reporters saw that the old people and children (7)were being delivered to a safer place by soldiers who were there to dig out the trapped and bury the dead.Although food，water，and electricity were hard to get，hope was not lost.Reports also said that people (8)were being well taken care of and waiting for shelters built for survivors.Meanwhile，a new Tangshan (9)was being built upon the earthquake ruins. 以上加颜色部分都是_________。其中(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)是___________的被动语态，构成是______________；(5)、(6)是____________的被动语态，构成是______________；(7)、(8)、(9)是____________的被动语态，构成是____________________。 自主发现 被动语态 一般过去时 was/were done 过去完成时 had been done 过去进行时 was/were being done (二) 阅读以下短文，感知加颜色部分，并完成文后的练习 Marilla wanted to rent a new apartment in the city，because the former one was not satisfying.There were always some problems with the restroom，such as a leaky faucet.Fortunately，with the help of Matthew，she found one with a beautiful yard and determined to move in as soon as possible. 句中的apartment意为“______”，同义词是_____；restroom意为“_______”，同义词是_____；faucet意为“_______”，同义词是____；yard意为“___________”，同义词是________。其中前者皆为______英语；后者皆为______英语。 自主发现 公寓 flat 返 回 卫生间 toilet 水龙头 tap 院子；庭院 garden 美式 英式 语法 精讲 9 过去时中的被动语态 英语中动词的语态可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。 一、基本用法 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态形式。下面主要讲解三种表示过去的被动语态。 时态 构成 一般过去时 was/were＋及物动词的过去分词 过去进行时 was/were being＋及物动词的过去分词 过去完成时 had been＋及物动词的过去分词 Researchers were brought in from all over China to develop the new system. 全国各地的研究人员被召集到一起来开发这个新的系统。 To our shock，some new computers were stolen last night. 令我们震惊的是，昨晚一些新电脑被盗了。 We couldn’t use the reading room，because it was being repaired. 我们不能使用阅览室，因为它正在被修缮。 When we got to the cinema，all the tickets had been sold out. 我们到达电影院时，票已经售完。 二、如何变被动语态 主动语态在变为被动语态时，通常都是将原来的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语若为人称代词，要将其变为主格；原来的谓语变为“be＋过去分词”形式；原来的主语在被动句中由by引出，主语若为人称代词，要变为宾格，有时by短语可以省略。 Someone broke the window. →The window was broken by someone. 有人打破了窗户。 Julia was drawing a picture. →A picture was being drawn by Julia. 朱莉娅正在画一幅画。 Tom had finished his homework before his mother came back home. →Tom’s homework had been finished before his mother came back home. 妈妈回家前汤姆已经把作业写完了。 三、使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题 1.“主语＋谓语＋双宾语”结构变为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语。直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，句子有两种：一种可以转化为带介词to的结构，一种可以转化为带介词for的结构。如： She gave me a nice gift. →A nice gift was given to me by her./I was given a nice gift by her. 她给了我一件漂亮的礼物。 My mother made me a nice cake. →A nice cake was made for me by my mother. 妈妈给我做了一个漂亮的蛋糕。 2.“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语形式不变，但相应地成为主语补足语。在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。如： I saw her pass by the window. →She was seen to pass by the window. 我看见她从窗前经过。 The boss made Jim work overtime. →Jim was made to work overtime (by the boss). 老板让吉姆加班加点干活。 3. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We laughed at him for his funny hat. →He was laughed at by us for his funny hat. 因为他的帽子很滑稽，我们嘲笑了他。 四、不能使用被动语态的几种情况 1.不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，disappear，die，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。如： Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 2.有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：have，cost，lack，own，suit，hold(容纳), fit，wish，belong to，suffer from，take part in，date back to等。如： The delicate vase on show dates back to Tang Dynasty. 展出的这个精美花瓶可追溯到唐代。 Our previous stadium could hold no more than 200 hundred audience. 我们原来的体育馆只能容纳不到200人。 美式英语与英式英语 英语是目前全球使用最广泛的语言，在多个国家和地区通用。随着时间的推移，各个地区的英语也出现了一些差异，比如美式英语(American English)和英式英语(British English)。美式英语主要用于美国和中美洲等地区，英式英语用于英国、澳大利亚和新西兰等英联邦国家。美式英语和英式英语的差别除了发音，还有词汇、语法、单词拼写等。 一、词汇不同   American English British English 运 动 鞋 sneaker trainer 公 寓 apartment flat 薯 条 fries chips 饼 干 cookie biscuit 厕 所 restroom bathroom 垃 圾 garbage rubbish 排 队 line queue 地 铁 subway underground 足 球 soccer football 橡 皮 eraser rubber 假 期 vacation holiday 手 机 cell phone mobile phone 外 带 takeout takeaway 手 电 筒 flashlight torch 妈 妈 mom mum 二、语法不同 1.现在完成时态的使用 距现在不远的过去所发生或完成的事情，英式英语常用现在完成时，美式英语则倾向于使用一般过去时。例如： He just went home./He has just gone home. 他刚回家了。 I just had lunch./I have just had lunch. 我刚吃完午餐。 2. 冠词的使用 (1)英式英语在表示疾病的名词之前一般要用定冠词，而美式英语里采用零冠词。例如：the measles/measles，the mumps/mumps，the flu/flu，the smallpox/smallpox等。 (2)在某些表示抽象概念的地点名词前，美式英语用定冠词，而英式英语不用，例如：be in the hospital/be in hospital(在医院)，go to the university/go to university(上大学)等。 (3)在某些表示时间的习语中，美式英语不用定冠词，而英式英语要用，例如：all morning/all the morning(整个上午)，day after tomorrow/the day after tomorrow(后天)等。 3.名词的使用 对于某些名词美式英语用复数形式，而英式英语用单数形式，例如：entertainments/entertainment(乐趣)，sports/sport(运动), stands/stand(看台)等。 4.介词的使用 在某些词组或习语中，美式英语和英式英语的介词用法不同，例如：on the weekend/at the weekend(在周末)，around midnight/about midnight (约在半夜)，on the train/in the train(在火车上)等。 三、单词拼写不同 1.英式英语中以-re结尾的单词通常在美式英语中以-er结尾。如centre/center，metre/meter。 2.英式英语中以-our结尾的单词通常在美式英语中以-or结尾。如favour/favor, neighbour/neighbor。 3.英式英语中以-ize或-ise结尾的动词都是合乎拼写规则的。但在美式英语中，它们总是以-ize结尾。如apologise/apologize。 4.英式英语中，在以“元音＋l”结尾的单词后面加上由元音开始的后缀时，l要双写。美式英语则没有这一要求。如traveller/traveler，labelled/ labeled。 5.英式英语中某些以-ogue结尾的名词在美式英语中以-og或-ogue结尾。如dialogue/dialog，catalogue/catalog。 6.英式英语中某些以-ence结尾的名词在美式英语中以-ense结尾。如licence/license。 除了这些以外，还有一些无规则的差别，如：   American English British English 程序 program programme 目录 catalog catalogue 标签 labeling labelling 楼层 story storey 支票 check cheque 灰色 gray grey 睡衣 pajamas pyjamas 轮胎 tire tyre 判断 judgment judgement 四、过去式及过去分词形式不同 以“-ed”结尾的过去式和过去分词多是美式英语拼法；以“-t”结尾的过去式和过去分词一般是英式英语拼法。如：   American English British English burn burned burnt learn learned learnt dream dreamed dreamt smell smelled smelt spell spelled spelt 返 回 spill spilled spilt travel traveled travelled cancel canceled cancelled 达标检测 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1.He told me that the novel ____________________(translate) into several languages. 2.The water _____(feel) cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. 3.After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it ___________________(decorate). 4.Since childhood，Linda has been made ________(work) on the farm from day to night. 5.She ___________________(examine) by a doctor when I went to visit her. had been translated felt was being decorated to work was being examined 6.It was the first time that he ________________(praise) by his teacher in front of so many people. 7.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but __________ (hold) back thankfully by the shop window. 8.Professor Williams kept telling his students that the future ___________ (belong) to the well-educated. 9.A rescue worker risked his life to save two tourists who ______________ ________(trap) in the mountains for two days. 10.I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________________(carry) out in the past years. had been praised was held belonged had been trapped had been carried Ⅱ.根据本单元语法项目完成下面语段 Once I would like to live in a house which 1.______________(surround) by green trees.I held the belief that if the walls 2._____________(paint) yellow and green，the decorated rooms would seem larger.Therefore，I would be able to conduct experiments with music created by myself in a special room with delight.However，one day I dreamed that I managed to live in such a house in the deep forest but unfortunately I 3.___________ ________(trap) for three days after a heavy storm before my friend finally came to my rescue.I was scared and woke up，only to find that my neighbor’s house 4.___________________(decorate)，with noise going on. was surrounded were painted had been trapped was being decorated 返 回 $$