Unit 10 Period 7 Focus on Language-【步步高】2023-2024学年高二英语选择性必修第四册（北师大版2019）

Period 7　Focus on Language—Passive Forms in the Past & American English and British English (一) 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成文后的练习 On 28 July 1976，Tangshan (1)was struck by an earthquake.It seemed as if the world were coming to an end.The ground (2)was covered by the bricks，and the wells (3)were filled with sand instead of water.A large city was completely ruined.Volunteers from other areas (4)were sent to rescue the victims.When they arrived，many people (5)had been buried under the ruins，and many houses (6)had been destroyed.With the help of the government，reporters saw that the old people and children (7)were being delivered to a safer place by soldiers who were there to dig out the trapped and bury the dead.Although food，water，and electricity were hard to get，hope was not lost.Reports also said that people (8)were being well taken care of and waiting for shelters built for survivors.Meanwhile，a new Tangshan (9)was being built upon the earthquake ruins. 自主发现　 以上黑体部分都是被动语态。其中(1)、(2)、(3)、(4)是一般过去时的被动语态，构成是was/were done；(5)、(6)是过去完成时的被动语态，构成是had been done；(7)、(8)、(9)是过去进行时的被动语态，构成是was/were being done。 (二) 阅读以下短文，感知加黑部分，并完成文后的练习 Marilla wanted to rent a new apartment in the city，because the former one was not satisfying.There were always some problems with the restroom，such as a leaky faucet.Fortunately，with the help of Matthew，she found one with a beautiful yard and determined to move in as soon as possible. 自主发现　 句中的apartment意为“公寓”，同义词是flat；restroom意为“卫生间”，同义词是toilet；faucet意为“水龙头”，同义词是tap；yard意为“院子；庭院”，同义词是garden。其中前者皆为美式英语；后者皆为英式英语。 过去时中的被动语态 英语中动词的语态可分为主动语态(active voice)和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。主动语态和被动语态可以相互转化。 一、基本用法 被动语态由“be＋过去分词”构成，不同时态的被动语态的差别在于be的不同时态形式。下面主要讲解三种表示过去的被动语态。 时态 构成 一般过去时 was/were＋及物动词的过去分词 过去进行时 was/were being＋及物动词的过去分词 过去完成时 had been＋及物动词的过去分词 Researchers were brought in from all over China to develop the new system. 全国各地的研究人员被召集到一起来开发这个新的系统。 To our shock，some new computers were stolen last night. 令我们震惊的是，昨晚一些新电脑被盗了。 We couldn’t use the reading room，because it was being repaired. 我们不能使用阅览室，因为它正在被修缮。 When we got to the cinema，all the tickets had been sold out. 我们到达电影院时，票已经售完。 二、如何变被动语态 主动语态在变为被动语态时，通常都是将原来的宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语若为人称代词，要将其变为主格；原来的谓语变为“be＋过去分词”形式；原来的主语在被动句中由by引出，主语若为人称代词，要变为宾格，有时by短语可以省略。 Someone broke the window. →The window was broken by someone. 有人打破了窗户。 Julia was drawing a picture. →A picture was being drawn by Julia. 朱莉娅正在画一幅画。 Tom had finished his homework before his mother came back home. →Tom’s homework had been finished before his mother came back home. 妈妈回家前汤姆已经把作业写完了。 三、使用过去时态的被动语态应注意的问题 1．“主语＋谓语＋双宾语”结构变为被动语态时，可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语。直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，句子有两种：一种可以转化为带介词to的结构，一种可以转化为带介词for的结构。如： She gave me a nice gift. →A nice gift was given to me by her./I was given a nice gift by her. 她给了我一件漂亮的礼物。 My mother made me a nice cake. →A nice cake was made for me by my mother. 妈妈给我做了一个漂亮的蛋糕。 2．“主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，应将主动句中的宾语变为主语，宾语补足语形式不变，但相应地成为主语补足语。在主动语态中，如果感官动词和使役动词后的宾语补足语是动词，这个动词前往往不带to，但在被动语态中要带to。如： I saw her pass by the window. →She was seen to pass by the window. 我看见她从窗前经过。 The boss made Jim work overtime. →Jim was made to work overtime (by the boss)． 老板让吉姆加班加点干活。 3. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We laughed at him for his funny hat. →He was laughed at by us for his funny hat. 因为他的帽子很滑稽，我们嘲笑了他。 四、不能使用被动语态的几种情况 1．不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态，常见的有：appear，disappear，die，rise，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，spread，stand，break out，come true，lose heart，take place，run out，come up等。如： Owing to the heavy snow，the price of vegetable has risen recently. 由于这场大雪，最近蔬菜的价格上涨了。 To our satisfaction，our dream came true at last. 令我们满意的是，我们的梦想最终实现了。 2．有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有：have，cost，lack，own，suit，hold(容纳), fit，wish，belong to，suffer from，take part in，date back to等。如： The delicate vase on show dates back to Tang Dynasty. 展出的这个精美花瓶可追溯到唐代。 Our previous stadium could hold no more than 200 hundred audience. 我们原来的体育馆只能容纳不到200人。 美式英语与英式英语 英语是目前全球使用最广泛的语言，在多个国家和地区通用。随着时间的推移，各个地区的英语也出现了一些差异，比如美式英语(American English)和英式英语(British English)。美式英语主要用于美国和中美洲等地区，英式英语用于英澳大利亚和新西兰等英联邦国家。美式英语和英式英语的差别除了发音，还有词汇、语法、单词拼写等。 一、词汇不同 American English British English 运 动 鞋 sneaker trainer 公 寓 apartment flat 薯 条 fries chips 饼 干 cookie biscuit 厕 所 restroom bathroom 垃 圾 garbage rubbish 排 队 line queue 地 铁 subway underground 足 球 soccer football 橡 皮 eraser rubber 假 期 vacation holiday 手 机 cell phone mobile phone 外 带 takeout takeaway 手 电 筒 flashlight torch 妈 妈 mom mum 二、语法不同 1．现在完成时态的使用 距现在不远的过去所发生或完成的事情，英式英语常用现在完成时，美式英语则倾向于使用一般过去时。例如： He just went home./He has just gone home. 他刚回家了。 I just had lunch./I have just had lunch. 我刚吃完午餐。 2. 冠词的使用 (1)英式英语在表示疾病的名词之前一般要用定冠词，而美式英语里采用零冠词。例如：the measles/measles，the mumps/mumps，the flu/flu，the smallpox/smallpox等。 (2)在某些表示抽象概念的地点名词前，美式英语用定冠词，而英式英语不用，例如：be in the hospital/be in hospital(在医院)，go to the university/go to university(上大学)等。 (3)在某些表示时间的习语中，美式英语不用定冠词，而英式英语要用，例如：all morning/all the morning(整个上午)，day after tomorrow/the day after tomorrow(后天)等。 3．名词的使用 对于某些名词美式英语用复数形式，而英式英语用单数形式，例如：entertainments/ entertainment(乐趣)，sports/sport(运动), stands/stand(看台)等。 4．介词的使用 在某些词组或习语中，美式英语和英式英语的介词用法不同，例如：on the weekend/at the weekend(在周末)，around midnight/about midnight(约在半夜)，on the train/in the train(在火车上)等。 三、单词拼写不同 1．英式英语中以-re结尾的单词通常在美式英语中以-er结尾。如centre/center，metre/meter。 2．英式英语中以-our结尾的单词通常在美式英语中以-or结尾。如favour/favor, neighbour/neighbor。 3．英式英语中以-ize或-ise结尾的动词都是合乎拼写规则的。但在美式英语中，它们总是以-ize结尾。如apologise/apologize。 4．英式英语中，在以“元音＋l”结尾的单词后面加上由元音开始的后缀时，l要双写。美式英语则没有这一要求。如traveller/traveler，labelled/labeled。 5．英式英语中某些以-ogue结尾的名词在美式英语中以-og或-ogue结尾。如dialogue/dialog，catalogue/catalog。 6．英式英语中某些以-ence结尾的名词在美式英语中以-ense结尾。如licence/license。 除了这些以外，还有一些无规则的差别，如： American English British English 程序 program programme 目录 catalog catalogue 标签 labeling labelling 楼层 story storey 支票 check cheque 灰色 gray grey 睡衣 pajamas pyjamas 轮胎 tire tyre 判断 judgment judgement 四、过去式及过去分词形式不同 以“-ed”结尾的过去式和过去分词多是美式英语拼法；以“-t”结尾的过去式和过去分词一般是英式英语拼法。如： American English British English burn burned burnt learn learned learnt dream dreamed dreamt smell smelled smelt spell spelled spelt spill spilled spilt travel traveled travelled cancel canceled cancelled Ⅰ.单句语法填空 1．He told me that the novel had been translated(translate) into several languages. 2．The water felt(feel) cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise. 3．After school we went to the reading room to do some reading，only to be told that it was being decorated(decorate)． 4．Since childhood，Linda has been made to work(work) on the farm from day to night. 5．She was being examined(examine) by a doctor when I went to visit her. 6．It was the first time that he had been praised(praise) by his teacher in front of so many people. 7．I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy，but was held(hold) back thankfully by the shop window. 8．Professor Williams kept telling his students that the future belonged(belong) to the well-educated. 9．A rescue worker risked his life to save two tourists who had been trapped(trap) in the mountains for two days. 10．I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan had been carried(carry) out in the past years. Ⅱ.根据本单元语法项目完成下面语段 Once I would like to live in a house which 1.was surrounded(surround) by green trees.I held the belief that if the walls 2.were painted(paint) yellow and green，the decorated rooms would seem larger.Therefore，I would be able to conduct experiments with music created by myself in a special room with delight.However，one day I dreamed that I managed to live in such a house in the deep forest but unfortunately I 3.had been trapped(trap) for three days after a heavy storm before my friend finally came to my rescue.I was scared and woke up，only to find that my neighbor’s house 4.was being decorated(decorate)，with noise going on. Ⅰ.根据提示补全句子 1．She was taken to the nearby hospital and was operated on immediately(立即实施了手术)． 2．It really benefited me a lot to preview lessons，get actively involved in class，and review what had been taught(所教授的) after class. 3．They were living with their parents，because their own house was being decorated(正在装修) then. 4．The marathon is the final Olympic event because it is thought to be the hardest(它被认为是最难的)． 5．An English speaking competition was held last week(上周举办了英语演讲比赛)，with the intention to promote our passion for English. Ⅱ.写出短文中黑体单词的美式英语表达 My family and I went on a 1.holiday last year to visit some distant relatives I had never met before.They lived in a 2.flat in the 3.city center.It was exciting to visit them and they were very friendly and welcoming! They took us to go sightseeing and we went on the 4.underground as it is the fastest way to get around.The only one problem I had was sleeping at night.They lived on the 5.ground floor of their building so I could hear all the sounds of the surroundings.During the night,6.lorries came to collect 7.rubbish and they kept me awake.They are going to visit us in London next year and I can’t wait to show them around. 1．vacation　2.apartment　3.downtown area 4．subway　5.first floor　6.trucks　7.garbage Ⅲ.阅读理解 Each April Thais celebrate their “Thai New Year” with a great water fight on the streets.People throw water at everyone passing by and even block the road so they can enter buses and “paint the faces” of all the passengers.But there are a few people who don’t wish to participate in the fun.When I first experienced this celebration，I was one of them. The first time our bus was stopped,4 people coming into the bus intended to paint everyone’s face.I slowly shook my head to say “No，thank you.”，but a man came from behind me and quickly painted my face.Then the other three felt inspired and added a little more “paint” to my face.I didn’t actively stop them for fear that if I did，they would become more aggressive(好斗的) and throw even more water at me and possibly my backpack，which would damage whatever was inside. Even though it happened only once，emotionally it was very frightening because I felt so powerless.The experience caused me to think a lot about respect and moral autonomy or individual judgment vs “permission” from the authorities.On this day，people of Thailand，including the police，give “permission” for these activities.So what about respect for the individual? If someone does not want to be painted，is it OK to do it anyhow because the majority is having a good time and sincerely believes it is harmless fun，or because the police allow it? In my opinion，if someone does not want to have something done to them，then you’re supposed to respect their decision.You can’t rely on the authorities or some group to tell you if something is right or wrong or if you should or shouldn’t do something.I believe this is a much healthier way of living with one another in this world. 语篇解读　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者通过泰国举行的“水仗”活动来表明自己的观点：在人际交往中，应该尊重他人的决定。 1．How does the author introduce the topic? A．By raising a question. B．By making an assumption. C．By providing a comparison. D．By supporting a celebration. 答案　C 解析　推理判断题。根据第一段对“水仗”活动的描述及“But there are a few people who don’t wish to participate in the fun.”可知，作者是通过提供比较的方法引入文章主题的。故选C项。 2．Why did the author inactively resist being painted? A．He was afraid of causing conflict. B．He wanted to protect things in his backpack. C．The activity got official permission. D．The majority were in favor of the behavior. 答案　B 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“I didn’t actively stop them for fear...which would damage whatever was inside.”可知，作者没有积极反抗是为了保护自己背包里的东西。故选B项。 3．What did the author think of the experience? A．It was unpleasant. B．It was invaluable. C．It was informative. D．It was acceptable. 答案　A 解析　推理判断题。根据第三段首句“Even though it happened only once，emotionally it was very frightening because I felt so powerless.”可推知，作者认为这次经历是不愉快的。故选A项。 4．What is mainly conveyed in the last paragraph? A．Do as you would be done by. B．Fear always springs from ignorance. C．When in Rome，do as the Romans do. D．Respect matters in interpersonal communication. 答案　D 解析　段落大意题。根据最后一段第一句可知，在人际交往中，如果别人不想让你对他们做什么，那么你应该尊重他人的决定，所以本段主要表达了在人际交往中，尊重很重要。故选D项。 Ⅳ.完形填空 (2023·山东济南高二统考期末) My niece Jessica was six.One day she came home from school 1 .It had finally been her turn at her class’ weekly Show and Tell，but her teacher’s 2 to her presentation brought her to tears.“I talked about Uncle Steve，” Jessica said sadly.“When I showed his picture to the class，Mrs Yates 3 it.” Being only three years old，Steve was more like a 4 to Jessica than an uncle.Truly her best partner，Uncle Steve was a favorite topic of Jessica’s.It was no surprise that she’d make him the 5 of her Show and Tell.What was a little strange was why Mrs Yates would find his picture 6 enough to upset Jessica. Several days later，my sister 7 Mrs Yates in the shopping centre.After 8 Jessica’s progress with Mrs Yates，my sister mentioned her daughter’s presentation. 9 ，the teacher broke into laughter. “Oh，Mrs DeDeo，” she laughed.“I had no idea Jessica was so unhappy， 10 I must explain my reaction.Every Monday when Jessica comes into school，she talks about her weekends spent with her grandmother and Uncle Steve.She tells other students how he sometimes 11 her，takes her toys and steals her cookies.I was planning to call you to ask if you were 12 of the situation.When she 13 a picture of Uncle Steve with the class，I was 14 to find a bully(霸凌者) of a man.What I saw was a 15 three-year-old boy.I couldn’t help but laugh！” 语篇解读　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一个美丽的误会，六岁的Jessica总是会说自己的叔叔会欺负她，不曾想原来她的叔叔只是个三岁的小男孩。 1．A.excited B．nervous C．shocked D．upset 答案　D 解析　根据下文“‘I talked about Uncle Steve，’ Jessica said sadly.”，第二段中的“why Mrs Yates would find his picture enough to upset Jessica”以及最后一段中的“I had no idea Jessica was so unhappy”可知，Jessica很伤心，所以她回家的时候有点沮丧、不开心。故选D。 2．A.attention B．reaction C．favour D．preference 答案　B 解析　根据下文“When I showed his picture to the class，Mrs Yates it.”以及最后一段中的“I must explain my reaction”可知，Mrs Yates看到照片时的反应令Jessica不开心。故选B。 3．A.laughed at B．complained about C．subscribed to D．disagreed on 答案　A 解析　laugh at嘲笑；complain about抱怨；subscribe to同意，订阅；disagree on对……有不同意见。根据下文“the teacher broke into laughter”和最后一段中的“What I saw was a ___________ three-year-old boy.I couldn’t help but laugh！”可知，Mrs Yates看到照片时笑了起来。故选A。 4．A.stranger B．brother C．classmate D．student 答案　B 解析　根据文章首段“My niece Jessica was six.”以及空前的“Being only three years old”可推断出，由于年龄问题，Steve更像Jessica的弟弟。故选B。 5．A.director B．performer C．focus D．symbol 答案　C 解析　根据上文的“Truly her best partner，Uncle Steve was a favorite topic of Jessica’s.”可知，Jessica很喜欢谈论Steve，所以，他会成为Jessica演讲的焦点。故选C。 6．A.disappointing B．surprising C．annoying D．amusing 答案　D 解析　根据上文“When I showed his picture to the class，Mrs Yates it.”以及下文“the teacher broke into laughter”可知，Mrs Yates觉得照片很有趣才笑了起来。故选D。 7．A.encountered B．called C．contacted D．persuaded 答案　A 解析　根据下文可知，两个人在购物中心聊起了天，说明两人在那儿相遇了。故选A。 8．A.revealing B．observing C．predicting D．discussing 答案　D 解析　根据上文内容可知，Mrs Yates是Jessica的老师，而作为Jessica的妈妈，自然是和老师讨论孩子的在校表现。故选D。 9．A.In return B．As usual C．Once again D．In fact 答案　C 解析　根据上文可知，当Jessica给老师展示照片的时候，老师就笑了起来。因此，这一次Jessica的妈妈再次提到这件事，老师是又一次笑了起来。故选C。 10．A.so B．but C．though D．and 答案　B 解析　上一句“I had no idea Jessica was so unhappy”和下一句“I must explain my reaction”之间存在转折关系。故选B。 11．A.protects B．blesses C．hits D．helps 答案　C 解析　根据下文“takes her toys and steals her cookies”以及“I was to find a bully(霸凌者) of a man”可知，老师以为Steve是个恶霸，所以Jessica描述的应该是Uncle Steve打她。故选C。 12．A.proud B．sure C．afraid D．aware 答案　D 解析　根据上文“She tells other students how he sometimes her，takes her toys and steals her cookies.”可知，在Jessica的描述中，Uncle Steve是个行径恶劣的恶霸，作为老师，应该是想确认家长是否知道情况。故选D。 13．A.shared B．enjoyed C．decorated D．switched 答案　A 解析　根据上文“When I showed his picture to the class，Mrs Yates it.”可知，Jessica向同学们以及老师展示了照片，所以是和同学们分享照片。故选A。 14．A.waiting B．expecting C．preparing D．pretending 答案　B 解析　根据上文“She tells other students how he sometimes her，takes her toys and steals her cookies.”可知，在Jessica的描述中，Uncle Steve是个行径恶劣的恶霸，所以老师以为会看到恶霸的照片。故选B。 15．A.brave B．patient C．sweet D．wise 答案　C 解析　根据空后的“three-year-old boy”以及上文Jessica的描述可知，Steve是个可爱的小男孩。故选C。 Ⅴ.语法填空 Located in Guangxi，Chengyang Wind and Rain Bridge is a famous and special bridge in China.A wind and rain bridge is a roof-covered bridge equipped with benches and pavilions(亭子) 1. (shape) like palaces.It can shelter people from the wind and rain and allow them 2.____________(meet) and rest. The Chengyang Wind and Rain Bridge,3. design makes it an outstanding example of its type，has three floor levels,4. (contain) five pavilions and a platform at either end.The bridge is supported by stone piers(石墩)．It’s over 60 meters long,3 meters wide and the 5. (high) above the river is about 10 meters.The upper structure is carefully designed with towers standing on each stone pier.It’s made almost 6. (entire) of wood and the long and wide roof is covered with beautiful materials. The bridge，also known as Chengyang Yongji Bridge,7. (construct) by the talented local workmen in 8. early 1900s to link local villages across the river.The workmen enabled the many wooden pieces to be joined closely together without using nails.And they decorated the very 9. (value) bridge with brightly-colored lifelike carvings 10.____________paintings. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国广西的程阳永济桥或程阳风雨桥的设计特点、历史等。 1．答案　shaped 解析　考查非谓语动词。这里为非谓语动词作后置定语，和被修饰词之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式。故填shaped。 2．答案　to meet 解析　考查非谓语动词。allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事，用不定式作宾语补足语。故填to meet。 3．答案　whose 解析　考查定语从句。这里为非限制性定语从句的关系词，此处design为名词，先行词为“The Chengyang Wind and Rain Bridge”，和design之间为所属关系，用关系代词whose。故填whose。 4．答案　containing 解析　考查非谓语动词。这里为非谓语动词作状语，和主语“The Chengyang Wind and Rain Bridge”之间为主动关系，用现在分词形式。故填containing。 5．答案　height 解析　考查名词。分析句子成分可知，空处为名词形式作主语，height为不可数名词。故填height。 6．答案　entirely 解析　考查副词。修饰谓语用副词形式作状语，故填entirely。 7．答案　was constructed 解析　考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。这里为本句谓语动词，根据时间状语“early 1900s”可知，本句为一般过去时；主语The bridge和动词construct之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。主语The bridge为单数，故填was constructed。 8．答案　the 解析　考查固定搭配。in the early 1900s意为“在20世纪早期”。故填the。 9．答案　valuable/valued 解析　考查形容词。分析句子成分可知，空处为形容词修饰名词，故填valuable/valued。 10．答案　and 解析　考查连词。空前“carvings”和空后“paintings”之间为并列关系，所以用并列连词and。故填and。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$