专题02 阅读理解说明文（期中真题好题速递）（山东专用）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025年高二英语下学期期中真题分类汇编

专题01 阅读理解之说明文12篇（山东专用） (23-24高二下•山东日照•期中)More than 50 million people in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere follow pastoralism(游牧) as a way of life. The practice has survived for so long because it is designed to change with the environment. Pastoralists move with animals to find new lands and water, leaving behind eaten plants to regrow. Mongolia is well known for its pastoralism. Agvaantogtokh and his family are herders(牧民). On horseback, he rides with nearly a thousand sheep and goats to help them find water. Sometimes, he and his wife, Nurmaa, stop to help struggling young ones, weak after a difficult winter. For families like Agvaantogtokh’s, pastoralism is more than a profession. It is a cultural identity that connects generations. At its heart is the human connection to animals. While they consider the animals as their property, they also see them as living beings working alongside them. Researchers say herders believe in “animal agency”. Agvaantogtokh lets his animals choose the food they eat and where they find water. To him, restricting an animal’s movement and asking it to eat the same thing each day is like putting a person in prison. In Mongolia, weather extremes are a part of life. When Agvaantogtokh thinks about climate change, he is concerned about humans and animals. Continuous dry and warm weather affects Mongolia. Since 1940, the government says, average temperatures have risen 2.2 degrees Celsius. To keep their practice alive, pastoralists seek ways to modernize. In Mongolia, Lkhaebum recently began using a small vehicle to more easily search for horses. The family uses electricity and has other technologies including a TV and a washing machine. They also use a cellphone to follow the weather and access social media where herders share information. One of the biggest threats to pastoralism comes from within. Nurmaa and Agvaantogtokh’s 18-year-old daughter studies medicine. Their son spoke about becoming a herder when he was a child, but not anymore. “I won’t regret anything if my child won’t be a herder,” Nurmaa said. “I would like them to do what they desire to do.” 1．What contributes to the survival of pastoralism? A．Huge pastoralist populations. B．Adaptation to the environment. C．Herders’ desire to travel to new places. D．Slow development of modernization. 2．What does pastoralism mean to Agvaantogtokh? A．The distinct identity of animals. B．A poorly-paid profession. C．An out-of-date lifestyle. D．The bond between man and animals. 3．What does “animal agency” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Animals’ living in cages. B．Animals’ eating the same thing. C．Animals’ struggling in shelters. D．Animals’ moving around freely. 4．What is a big challenge for pastoralism? A．Modern technology. B．No government support. C．Young people’s disinterest in it. D．Lack of information exchange. 1．B 2．D 3．D 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要从游牧民族的人口数量、生活方式、现代科技对他们生活的改变以及所面临的挑战方面，详细介绍了以蒙古为代表的游牧民族的生活。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“The practice has survived for so long because it is designed to change with the environment. Pastoralists move with animals to find new lands and water, leaving behind eaten plants to regrow.”（这种做法之所以能流传这么久，是因为它的设计是随着环境的变化而变化的。牧民带着动物迁徙，寻找新的土地和水源，留下被吃掉的植物重新生长。）可知，游牧这种生活方式之所以能流传这么多年，是因为世代牧民采用了适应环境的生存方式。故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“For families like Agvaantogtokh’s, pastoralism is more than a profession. It is a cultural identity that connects generations. At its heart is the human connection to animals. While they consider the animals as their property, they also see them as living beings working alongside them.”（对于像Agvaantogtokh这样的牧民家庭来说，畜牧不仅仅是一种职业。它是一种世代相传的文化认同。它的核心是人类与动物的联系。虽然他们认为动物是他们的财产，但也把它们视为一起工作的生物。）可知，对于牧民Agvaantogtokh来说，游牧是连接人们和动物的纽带。故选D项。 3．逻辑推理题。根据第四段“Researchers say herders believe in “animal agency”. Agvaantogtokh lets his animals choose the food they eat and where they find water. To him, restricting an animal’s movement and asking it to eat the same thing each day is like putting a person in prison.”（研究人员表示，牧民相信“动物代理机构”。Agvaantogtokh让他的动物选择它们吃的食物和它们在哪里找到水。对他来说，限制动物的活动并要求它每天吃同样的东西就像把一个人关进监狱一样。）可推断出，动物在所谓的“animal agency”里非常的自由。故选D项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“One of the biggest threats to pastoralism comes from within. Nurmaa and Agvaantogtokh’s 18-year-old daughter studies medicine. Their son spoke about becoming a herder when he was a child, but not anymore.”（畜牧业面临的最大威胁之一来自家庭内在因素。Nurmaa 和 Agvaantogtokh 18岁的女儿在学医。他们的儿子小时候想成为一名牧民，但现在已经不想了。）可知，牧民的子女对畜牧业不再感兴趣，不想延续父辈的游牧生活。故选C项。 (23-24高二下•山东潍坊•期中)In 1776 Thomas Paine, an Englishman, published a book called Common Sense, which became a best-seller. But in a paper, Mark Whiting and Duncan Watts, a pair of computational social scientists, note that the idea has seldom been seriously studied. The two researchers set out to fix that. They started by noting that the standard concept of common sense has a somewhat circular definition: common sense is a set of claims that sensible (明智的) people agree with, and sensible people are those who possess common sense. To get around such philosophical messes, the researchers recruited 2,046 human participants and asked them to rate 50 statements from a language database of 4,407 claims that might be seen as commonsensical. As common sense might have predicted, the researchers found that plainly worded claims concerning facts about the real world were the most likely to berated as demonstrating common sense (“triangles have three sides”, for example, which is true by definition, or “avoid close contact with people who are ill”). The more abstract the claims, the less likely participants were to agree that they were common sense (“all human beings are created equal”; “perception is the only source of knowledge”). When they split the claims by subject, the researchers found that  those concerning technology and science were the most likely to be rated as commonsensical, while matters of history and philosophy were the least likely. A respondent’s age, sex, income and personal politics had little effect on what they thought counted as common sense, although psychological measures of social perceptiveness and the ability to reflect on one’s opinions did. Having investigated individual opinions, the researchers looked at how common sense works across big groups. Here, they found much less agreement than might have been expected: Only around 44% of claims in the language database were rated as commonsensical by at least 75%of respondents. A stricter definition of common sense, in which everyone has to agree with a claim for it to count,cut that number to just 6.6%. Where exactly a reasonable cut-offices is a matter for debate. But truly “common” sense, it seems, is an unreadable thing. 1．What is the standard idea on common sense? A．It is what everybody knows. B．It is what we take for granted. C．It is facts about the real world. D．It is agreements of wise people. 2．Which is most probably considered common sense by the participants? A．Money is equal to happiness. B．Wash your hands before meals. C．Failure is the mother of success. D．Practice is the only criterion to test truth. 3．Which factor influences people’s judgment of common sense? A．Mental health. B．Personal salary. C．Social insight. D．Others’ comments. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Common Sense Does Not Really Exist B．Common Sense Works Across Crowds C．Common Sense Originates From The Minority D．Common Sense Is Not Actually Very Common 1．D 2．B 3．C 4．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了两位计算社会科学家Mark Whiting和Duncan Watts对“常识”这一概念进行的研究，他们发现真正的“常识”是一种难以捉摸的东西。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“They started by noting that the standard concept of common sense has a somewhat circular definition: common sense is a set of claims that sensible (明智的) people agree with, and sensible people are those who possess common sense.”（他们首先指出，标准的常识概念有一个相当循环的定义：常识是一组明智的人们所同意的主张，而明智的人就是那些拥有常识的人。）可推知，标准的常识观念是明智的人们所达成的共识。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“the researchers found that plainly worded claims concerning facts about the real world were the most likely to berated as demonstrating common sense (“triangles have three sides”, for example, which is true by definition, or “avoid close contact with people who are ill”). ”（研究人员发现，关于现实世界的事实的明确表述最有可能被认为是展示常识的（例如，“三角形有三条边”，这是定义上的真理，或者“避免与生病的人密切接触”））可推知，参与者最有可能认为“饭前洗手”是常识。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“A respondent’s age, sex, income and personal politics had little effect on what they thought counted as common sense, although psychological measures of social perceptiveness and the ability to reflect on one’s opinions did.”（应答者的年龄、性别、收入和个人政治观念对他们认为什么算是常识的影响很小，尽管社会洞察力和反思自己观点的能力的心理测量确实有影响。）可推知，社会洞察力影响人们对常识的判断。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容和最后一段“But truly “common” sense, it seems, is an unreadable thing.”（但是，真正的“常识”，看起来，是一种难以捉摸的东西。）可知，本文主要介绍了两位计算社会科学家Mark Whiting和Duncan Watts对“常识”这一概念进行的研究，他们发现真正的“常识”是一种难以捉摸的东西，所以“常识其实并不普遍”适合作为文章标题。故选D。 (23-24高二下•山东聊城•期中)In summer the extreme heat often makes people sweaty and restless. While people are annoyed by it, experts suggest summer is the best season to discharge your body’s toxins (毒素) and recover your energy. One popular option is hot-stone treatment. Therapists (治疗师) use smooth and heated stones, usually river rocks, to rub or press certain parts of the body, or place them on key points of the body. The warmth of the hot stones will improve blood circulation and also help relax muscles, while sweating is also believed to be good for discharging the body’s toxins. Another popular option is hot-stone baths. The hot-stone bath will help the body discharge toxins and humidity (湿气) that accumulated during the last winter. Summer is the best season to build a good body. Rather than use water or steam to heat and wash the body, people simply wear a coat or something comfortable, and then lie on heated stone tablets made of hot stones, which are warmed to around 45℃. The body will gradually warm up and blood circulation will also be improved. More sweat will come out quickly. The sweat is smooth and fresh, not smelly like that released after sports activities. Such baths bring a number of health benefits, such as anti-aging, improved blood circulation and stress relief. The slimming effect of dieting can even be promoted. Using hot stones for health benefits dates back to ancient times, but the modern renewal of hot-stone massage is generally credited to Mary Nelson, a native of Tucson, Arizona, America, whose trademark is “LaStone Therapy”. The therapy is gaining wide popularity with many people, especially those who have jobs in cool air-conditioned rooms. The hot-stone therapy can help cure many diseases, including back pain. 1．What does the hot-stone treatment can not do? A．Relax your muscle. B．Better your blood circulation. C．Improve your dieting. D．Discharge the toxins inside. 2．What will you do while taking hot-stone bath? A．Accumulate toxins during last winter. B．Bath in hot water or steam. C．Participate in sports activities before it. D．Lie on some hot flat stones. 3．What can be learned about the hot-stone therapy? A．It successfully cured many diseases by itself. B．Its popularity lies in its benefits on health. C．Its origin comes from modern concepts. D．It can help people sweat little in summer. 4．Which of the following could be the best title for the Text? A．Small hot stones, big healthy functions B．Summer, the best time to recover your energy C．Hot-stone therapy, a way to cure all diseases D．Sweating, the best way to release toxins 1．C 2．D 3．B 4．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，讲述了在夏季利用热石疗法改善身体健康。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The warmth of the hot stones will improve blood circulation and also help relax muscles, while sweating is also believed to be good for discharging the body’s toxins.(热石的温暖会促进血液循环，也有助于放松肌肉，而出汗也被认为有助于排出身体的毒素)”可知，热石有助于放松肌肉，促进血液循环和排出毒素，没有提到能改善饮食。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Rather than use water or steam to heat and wash the body, people simply wear a coat or something comfortable, and then lie on heated stone tablets made of hot stones, which are warmed to around 45℃.(人们不用水或蒸汽加热和清洗身体，只需穿上一件外套或一些舒适的东西，然后躺在由热石头制成的加热的石板上，这些石板被加热到45℃左右)”可知，洗热石浴的时候需要躺在一些热的扁平石头，即石板上。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The therapy is gaining wide popularity with many people, especially those who have jobs in cool air-conditioned rooms. The hot-stone therapy can help cure many diseases, including back pain.(这种疗法受到了许多人的广泛欢迎，尤其是那些在凉爽的空调房间工作的人。热石疗法可以帮助治愈许多疾病，包括背痛)”可知，热石疗法广受欢迎，由于它对健康有好处。故选B。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章全文内容及最后一段“The therapy is gaining wide popularity with many people, especially those who have jobs in cool air-conditioned rooms. The hot-stone therapy can help cure many diseases, including back pain.(这种疗法受到了许多人的广泛欢迎，尤其是那些在凉爽的空调房间工作的人。热石疗法可以帮助治愈许多疾病，包括背痛)”可知，本文介绍了热石疗法对身体有益，A选项“小热石，大养生功能”符合本文主旨，适合作为最佳标题。故选A。 (23-24高二下•山东潍坊•期中)Exposure to new technologies including trackers,robots and AI-based software at work is bad for people's quality of life, according to a groundbreaking study from the Institute for the Future of Work. The authors found that the more workers were exposed to technologies in three of these categories —software based on AI and machine learning; monitor devices such as wearable trackers; and robotics-the worse their health and wellbeing tended to be. By contrast, use of more long-established information and communication technologies (ICTs)such as laptops, tablets and instant messaging at work tended to have a more positive effect on wellbeing. Dr Magdalena Soffia,the study's lead author, said it was not necessarily the technologies themselves that are the problem,but the way in which they are adopted."We don't want to claim that there is some sort of determinism in what technology causes,in terms of wellbeing,"she said,“We say it really depends on the context:on lots of structural factors,on  environmental conditions,how it is designed and how it is used.So lots of human decisions.” “We wanted to give a more multidimensional understanding of what was happening in terms of wellbeing.So we used a well-established measure which is a very effective measure, used by the UK public health sector;"Soffia said. Discussing the promotion to quality of life from ICTs,she suggested"one possible potential mechanism is that actually what they do is to streamline work processes,and they make working life a bit more efficient.And that in turn,gives you kind of a sense of achievement." By contrast,the findings about trackers and monitor technologies corespond with recent wanings from trades unions and campaigners about the negative impact on workers whose performance is being constantly monitored. Mary Towers,the TUC's lead on Al,said:"These findings should worry us all.They show that without strong new regulation,Al could make the world of work a cruel and unhealthy place for many.Things don't have to be this way.If we put the proper guardrails in place,AI can be controlled to genuinely enhance productivity and improve working lives." 1．What does the study find about new technologies? A．They are well received. B．They worsen people's life. C．They consist of three items. D．They are developing rapidly. 2．What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A．Influence on humans. B．Origin of the problem. C．Solutions to the problem. D．Decisive role of the environment. 3．How are ICTs good to us? A．Increase work efficiency. B．Enhance our confidence. C．Ensure our safety at work. D．Improve working conditions. 4．What is Mary Towers' attitude to new technologies? A．Critical. B．Doubtful. C．Hopeful. D．Unclear. 1．B 2．B 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了一项来自未来工作研究所的开创性研究发现，新技术（包括追踪器、机器人和基于AI的软件）在工作中的使用对人们的生活质量产生了负面影响，而长期使用的信息和通信技术（如笔记本电脑、平板电脑和即时通讯）在工作中的使用对人们的健康和幸福感产生了更积极的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The authors found that the more workers were exposed to technologies in three of these categories —software based on AI and machine learning; monitor devices such as wearable trackers; and robotics-the worse their health and wellbeing tended to be.”（作者发现，工人们接触到的这三类技术——基于AI和机器学习的软件，如可穿戴追踪器的监控设备；和机器人——越多，他们的健康和幸福感就越差。）可知，新技术使人们的生活变得更糟。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Dr Magdalena Soffia, the study's lead author,said it was not necessarily the technologies themselves that are the problem, but the way in which they are adopted.”（研究的主要作者Magdalena Soffia博士说，问题不一定在于技术本身，而在于它们被采用的方式。）可知，本段描述了问题的起源在于新技术的采用方式。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“Discussing the promotion to quality of life from ICTs, she suggestedone possible potential mechanism is that actually what they do is to streamline work processes, and they make working life a bit more efficient.”（在讨论ICTs对生活质量的提升时，她提出一种可能的潜在机制实际上是它们简化了工作流程，使工作生活变得更有效率。）可知，ICTs通过提高工作效率对我们有益。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“If we put the proper guardrails in place, AI can be controlled to genuinely enhance productivity and improve working lives.”（如果我们设置了适当的护栏，人工智能就可以被控制，真正提高生产力，改善工作生活。）可知，Mary Towers觉得新技术是有希望的。故选C。 (23-24高二下•山东菏泽•期中)According to a study published in the June 2023 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, bottlenose dolphin mothers speak to their calves (幼崽) in higher pitched (高音的) whistles. This communication is similar to the higher pitched speech people use when speaking to babies. Dolphins use whistles to communicate with other dolphins and researchers have been trying to understand this language for a long time. It was through recordings of dolphins’ communication that researchers found that the whistles were different when mothers were directing them at their calves. They had a higher pitch. The researchers studied recordings of 19 female dolphins living in the Sarasota Bay area along the western coast of Florida. Microphones were repeatedly placed on the same wild dolphin mothers to capture (捕捉) the recordings. Every one of the 19 dolphin moms changed the pitch of their whistles when their calves were nearby. At this point researchers don’t know what the higher pitch is used for, it could be a teaching method or just a way to let the calves know that Mom is there. They are studying it now. “It’s really important for a calf to know ‘Oh, Mum is talking to me now’,” said Janet Mann, a biologist at Georgetown University, who didn’t take part in the study. Human babies learn to speak by copying their moms, so it’s sound to think that calves in other species do the same. Scientists believe babies pay more attention to speech with a higher pitch. Still more studies are needed to see if this child-directed speech (CDS) crosses more species. Finding CDS in both humans and dolphins could encourage scientists to study how different species in different geographic locations develop the same features. It turns out that humans aren’t so unique in terms of language and parenting. Hopefully this knowledge will encourage the protection of species around the globe. 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Dolphins’ whistles are actually easy to record. B．Dolphins are the smartest animals on the earth. C．Dolphin mothers are gifted at making whistles. D．Dolphin mothers speak to their calves in baby talk. 2．What is the function of the microphones? A．To help dolphins communicate with each other. B．To tell different female dolphins apart. C．To help dolphins speak louder. D．To get dolphins’ recordings. 3．What are the researchers trying to find out now? A．The calves’ answers to their mothers’ baby talk. B．Dolphin mothers’ way of changing their pitch. C．The purpose of dolphin mothers’ louder whistles. D．Dolphin mothers’ methods of teaching their calves. 4．What is the author’s opinion of the finding of the study? A．It is shocking. B．It is meaningful. C．It is upsetting. D．It is unsatisfactory. 1．D 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇科普说明文，主要讲述了一项科学研究，该研究发现海豚母亲会用更高音调的口哨声与小海豚交流，这种交流方式与人类对婴儿的高音调语言相似。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“bottlenose dolphin mothers speak to their calves (幼崽) in higher pitched (高音的) whistles. This communication is similar to the higher pitched speech people use when speaking to babies.”（宽吻海豚母亲会用更高音调的口哨声与小海豚交流，这种交流方式与人类对婴儿的高音调语言相似）可知，海豚母亲会用类似于人类对婴儿的高音调语言与小海豚交流，故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Microphones were repeatedly placed on the same wild dolphin mothers to capture (捕捉) the recordings.”（麦克风被反复放置在同一只野生海豚母亲身上以捕捉录音）可知，麦克风的作用是获取海豚的录音，故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“At this point researchers don’t know what the higher pitch is used for, it could be a teaching method or just a way to let the calves know that Mom is there. They are studying it now.”（目前，研究人员还不知道这种更高的音调是用来做什么的，可能是一种教学方法，或者只是让小海豚知道妈妈在那里。他们现在正在研究这个问题）可知，研究人员现在正在试图找出海豚母亲使用更高音调口哨声的目的，故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“It turns out that humans aren’t so unique in terms of language and parenting. Hopefully this knowledge will encourage the protection of species around the globe.”（事实证明，人类在语言和育儿方面并不独特。希望这种知识能鼓励全球的物种保护）可知，作者认为这项研究的发现是有意义的，故选B。 (23-24高二下•山东滨州•期中)Do you know how much India struggles to gather the waste plastic water bottles? According to a Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report from 2012, India produces 15,000 tonnes of plastics a day, of which the gathered ones only achieve 60% . The trashed-but-not-gathered plastic waste leads to land and water pollution, bringing serious threat to the environment. After seeing such large-scale plastic pollution, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertook research to find a solution. When he realized the biggest problem the country faced was handling plastic waste, he wanted to come up with a solution where they do not add to the problem of waste. Fortunately, Ankur was not alone. He met Bhrigu Seth, who was into green farming. Both of them found that they shared a common goal and it didn’t take long for them to make a plan of action. It is estimated that over 90 percent of aluminium (铝) drink cans in India are recycled and 70 percent of the cans are made through recycled waste. After going through challenges at hand, the pair made up their minds. Before taking the next step, both co-founders visited five-star hotels and took samples of water in aluminium cans, asking them whether they would give it a shot if something like that comes in the market. The pair received a widely positive response. They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, a natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of plastic bottles waste. As one of India’s first natural spring water drinks, Responsible Whatr offered an environmentally-friendly and endlessly recyclable aluminium can. It’s a non-alcoholic drink that was launched with an expectation for an eco-friendly future and an aim to reduce single-use plastic pollution. Going forward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim to cooperate with airports and ecommerce gates which would help them in directly reaching the homes of high income individuals. They also plan to tie up with corporate firms and cinema halls and join hands with NGOs that are fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans. 1．What inspired Ankur to conduct his research? A．Plastics waste caused severe pollution. B．Plastics remained the major bottle material. C．Plastics accounted for most of the daily waste. D．The amount of plastic waste was beyond control. 2．What was Ankur and Bhrigu’s solution to the problem? A．Launching a rubbish sorting program. B．Increasing the recycling of plastic cans. C．Creating a new popular packaging design. D．Finding an acceptable alternative to plastics. 3．Why did was Ankur and Bhrigu launch Responsible Whatr? A．To advertise a non-alcoholic drink. B．To receive widely positive responses. C．To reduce single-use plastic pollution. D．To promote recyclable aluminium cans. 4．How do Ankur and Bhrigu plan to expand their market? A．By introducing new products. B．By establishing various channels. C．By cooperating with high income individuals. D．By fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans. 1．A 2．D 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，主要介绍了Ankur和Bhrigu为了解决印度塑料污染严重，回收率低的问题推出了铝罐饮料，并致力于通过多种渠道来扩大市场的故事。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“The trashed-but-not-gathered plastic waste leads to land and water pollution, bringing serious threat to the environment.(被丢弃但未被收集的塑料垃圾导致土地和水污染，给环境带来严重威胁。)”及第二段“After seeing such large-scale plastic pollution, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertook research to find a solution.(在看到如此大规模的塑料污染后，饮料专家Ankur Chawla开始研究寻找解决方案。)”可知，塑料垃圾造成严重污染激发了Ankur Chawla进行他的研究。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, a natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of plastic bottles waste.(为了解决塑料瓶的浪费问题，他们决定推出一种用铝罐包装的天然泉水饮料“Responsible Whatr”。)”可知，他们推出了用铝罐包装的饮料来代替塑料瓶，以此来解决废旧塑料水瓶污染的问题。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段“They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, a natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of plastic bottles waste.(为了解决塑料瓶的浪费问题，他们决定推出一种用铝罐包装的天然泉水饮料“Responsible Whatr”。)”可知，Ankur和Bhrigu发起Responsible Whatr是为了减少一次性塑料污染。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Going forward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim to cooperate with airports and ecommerce gates which would help them in directly reaching the homes of high income individuals. They also plan to tie up with corporate firms and cinema halls and join hands with NGOs that are fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans.(展望未来，Ankur和Bhrigu的目标是与机场和电子商务门户合作，这将帮助他们直接到达高收入人群的家中。他们还计划与公司和电影院合作，并与为保护海滩和海洋而战的非政府组织携手合作。)”可知，他们计划通过多种渠道，寻求广泛合作来扩大市场。故选B。 (23-24高二下•山东日照•期中)With its neatly arranged tables and shelves loaded with books written by women, Greta Livraria’s small space masks its big ambitions. Since opening this year, the bookstore in Lisbon has contributed its space entirely to promote a group that has, for the most part, been overlooked and undervalued by society: female authors. It is a “form of historical reparation (弥补)”, said Lorena Travassos, the founder of the store that aims to“address the longstanding gap in sales and publications faced by women”. It is the latest in a wave of bookshops that have sprung up across Europe to give voice to female authors, past and present. In Madrid, a 2017 crowdfunding campaign gave rise to Mujeres & Compañía, while in Berlin the bookshop She Said is devoted to books by female and queer authors (酷儿作家). Six years ago in Scotland, Rachel Wood launched a book subscription service, Rare Birds, in an effort to support women’s writing. Despite the fact that some of the world’s most talented writers are women, Wood had long felt that respect for women’s writing was insufficient. “I feel so passionately that women are writing such interesting and exciting things,” said Wood. “Rare Birds is an opportunity to share that with other people.” As interest in the subscription service grew—it now has members from more than 20 countries—a physical shop in Edinburgh soon followed. The shop’s 2021 opening illustrated the demand for a different kind of bookstore, and thousands of people visited on its first weekend. “Over and over, people tell us how exciting it feels to come into the bookstore and see every inch of shelf space devoted to women’s writing,” said Wood. “Visually, it’s very impactful. The space is designed to treat literal types typically viewed as “women’s interest” as equally as any other literature,” said Wood. Greta Livraria has become the heart of a community that gathers regularly at the store to celebrate its efforts to value diverse perspectives and carve out a literary landscape that better reflects society. 1．Why did Lorena Travassos found Greta Livraria? A．To create a community for book lovers. B．To provide a space for authors to gather. C．To help women writers get social attention. D．To encourage females to achieve their ambitions. 2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Women’s writing. B．Respect for writers. C．The book subscription service. D．Rachel Wood’s feeling. 3．What can we learn from Rachel Wood’s words in paragraph 4? A．More and more women are devoted to writing. B．Physical shops’ opening has contributed to book sales. C．The status of women’s literature has greatly improved. D．Bookstores filled with female writing are gaining popularity. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．New Bookstores Give Voice to Female Authors B．She Said: A Leader in Selling Female-authored Books C．Greta Livraria: A Pioneer in Promoting Literary Works D．Bookselling Campaigns Give Rise to the Diversity of Literature 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述了一些书店致力于为一个被社会忽视和低估的群体：女性作家发声，并为之所做出的努力。 1．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Since opening this year, the bookstore in Lisbon has contributed its space entirely to promote a group that has, for the most part, been overlooked and undervalued by society: female authors.(自今年开业以来，这家位于里斯本的书店一直致力于推广一个在很大程度上被社会忽视和低估的群体:女性作家。)”以及第二段中“It is the latest in a wave of bookshops that have sp rung up across Europe to give voice to female authors, past and present.(这是欧洲各地兴起的为过去和现在的女性作家发声的书店浪潮中最新的一家。)”可知，Lorena Travassos建立Greta Livraria这家书店的目的是帮助女性作家得到社会的关注。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据文章第三段第一句“Six years ago in Scotland, Rachel Wood launched a book subscription service, Rare Birds, in an effort to support women’s writing.(六年前，在苏格兰， Rachel Wood推出了一项图书订阅服务Rare Birds，以支持女性写作。)”以及划线词之前““I feel so passionately that women are writing such interesting and exciting things,” said Wood. “Rare Birds is an opportunity to share(“看到女性写出如此有趣和令人兴奋的东西，我感到非常激动。”Wood说。“Rare Birds是一个分享的机会)”可知，因为看到女性写出的东西非常有趣和令人兴奋，所以Rachel Wood推出了一项图书订阅服务Rare Birds，希望通过这种方式来分享女性作品，所以此处划线词that指代的是女性作品。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The shop’s 2021 opening illustrated the demand for a different kind of bookstore, and thousands of people visited on its first weekend. “Over and over, people tell us how exciting it feels to come into the bookstore and see every inch of shelf space devoted to women’s writing,” said Wood. “Visually, it’s very impactful.(这家书店于2021年开业，说明了人们对一种不同类型书店的需求，开张第一个周末就有数千人前来参观。Wood说：“一遍又一遍，人们告诉我们，走进书店，看到书架上的每一寸都是女性写作，感觉多么兴奋。从视觉上看，它非常有影响力。)”可知摆满女性作品的书店越来越受到欢迎。故选D。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“With its neatly arranged tables and shelves loaded with books written by women, Greta Livraria’s small space masks its big ambitions. Since opening this year, the bookstore in Lisbon has contributed its space entirely to promote a group that has, for the most part, been overlooked and undervalued by society: female authors.(摆放整齐的桌子和架子上摆满了女性作家写的书，Greta Livraria的小空间掩盖了它的远大抱负。自今年开业以来，这家位于里斯本的书店一直致力于推广一个在很大程度上被社会忽视和低估的群体:女性作家。)”以及文章其他段落内容可知，本文主要讲述了一些书店致力于为一个被社会忽视和低估的群体：女性作家发声，并为之所做出的努力，所以A项New Bookstores Give Voice to Female Authors(新书店为女性作家发声)最能概括文章主旨大意，作为文章标题最为合适。故选A。 (23-24高二下•山东烟台•期中)A new study finds the body undergoes significant, systematic changes across multiple organs during prolonged periods of fasting, demonstrating evidence of health benefits beyond weight loss. It also shows any potential health-transforming changes appear to occur only after three days without food. Over centuries, humans have developed the ability to survive without food for long. Fasting is practiced by people worldwide for different medical and cultural purposes. During fasting, the body changes its source and type of energy, switching from consumed calories to using its own fat stores. However, beyond this change in fuel sources, little is known about how the body responds to prolonged periods without food. Novel techniques allowing researchers to measure thousands of proteins (蛋白质) in our blood provide the opportunity to systematically study molecular(分子) adaptions to fasting in great detail. Researchers followed 12 healthy volunteers participating in a seven-day water-only fast. The volunteers were monitored closely on a daily basis to record changes in the levels of around 3, 000 proteins in their blood before, during, and after the fast. By identifying which proteins are involved in the body’s response, the researchers could then predict potential health outcomes of prolonged fasting by analyzing information from numerous studies. As expected, the researchers observed the body switching energy sources within the first three days of fasting. The volunteers lost an average of 5.7 kg of both fat mass and lean (瘦肉)mass. After three days of eating after fasting, the weight stayed off—the loss of lean was almost completely recovered, but the fat mass stayed off. For the first time, the researchers observed the body undergoing distinct changes in protein levels after three days of fasting—indicating a whole-body response to complete calorie restriction. Overall, one in three of the proteins measured changed significantly during fasting across all major organs. These changes were consistent across the volunteers. Head of the research Claudia Langenberg said, “Our results provide solid evidence for the health benefits of fasting beyond weight loss, but these were only visible after three days of total caloric restriction—later than we previously thought.” 1．What does the study focus on? A．Health benefits of nutrient intake. B．Links between dieting and culture. C．Maximum duration of human fasting. D．Effects of skipping food on health. 2．What enables researchers to identify multi-organ response to fasting on. a molecular level? A．Enthusiastic participants. B．Emerging testing means. C．Deep-rooted belief in fasting. D．Historical records of fasting. 3．What happens to the body after three food-free days? A．Certain proteins are shifted. B．The weight remains unchanged. C．Lean mass returned to normal. D．Fat mass substantially increases. 4．How may Claudia feel about their study outcomes? A．Satisfied. B．Confused. C．Regretful. D．Embarrassed. 1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究发现，在长时间禁食期间，身体的多个器官会发生显著的系统性变化。 1．推理判断题。由文章第一段“A new study finds the body undergoes significant, systematic changes across multiple organs during prolonged periods of fasting, demonstrating evidence of health benefits beyond weight loss. It also shows any potential health-transforming changes appear to occur only after three days without food.(一项新的研究发现，在长时间禁食期间，身体的多个器官会发生显著的系统性变化，这证明了减肥之外对健康的益处。它还表明，任何潜在的健康转变变化似乎只有在三天没有食物的情况下才会发生。)”可知，这项研究的重点是禁食对健康的影响。故选D项。 2．细节理解题。由文章第二段“Novel techniques allowing researchers to measure thousands of proteins (蛋白质) in our blood provide the opportunity to systematically study molecular(分子) adaptions to fasting in great detail.(新技术使研究人员能够测量我们血液中成千上万的蛋白质提供的系统地详细研究对禁食的分子适应的机会。)”可知，新兴的检测手段使研究人员能够在分子水平上识别对禁食的多器官反应。故选B项。 3．细节理解题。由文章第五段“For the first time, the researchers observed the body undergoing distinct changes in protein levels after three days of fasting—indicating a whole-body response to complete calorie restriction. Overall, one in three of the proteins measured changed significantly during fasting across all major organs. These changes were consistent across the volunteers.(研究人员首次观察到，禁食三天后，身体的蛋白质水平发生了明显变化，这表明全身对完全的卡路里限制有反应。总的来说，在禁食期间，三分之一的蛋白质在所有主要器官中发生了显著变化。这些变化在志愿者中是一致的。)”可知，某些蛋白质在三天禁食后发生变化。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。由文章最后一段“Our results provide solid evidence for the health benefits of fasting beyond weight loss, but these were only visible after three days of total caloric restriction—later than we previously thought.(我们的研究结果为禁食除了减肥之外的健康益处提供了确凿的证据，但这些益处只有在总热量限制三天后才能显现出来——比我们之前认为的要晚。)”可知，Claudia对研究结果是感到满意的。故选A项。 (23-24高二下•山东济宁•期中)As the climate continues to get warmer, the glaciers (冰川) are melting and the sea levels are rising. As it affects the land, mountains are taller than before. How does this happen? Scientists studied the last ice age, which occurred 16,000 years ago when much of Earth’s Northern Hemisphere was covered in ice. Although the ice melted long ago, Earth’s crust (地壳) is still rising and sinking in reaction to its previous ice age burden. This movement is called glacial isostatic adjustment (冰川均衡调整). Scientists believe that an ice sheet about 800 meters thick could cause a depression (洼地) about 275 meters deep, according to the Smithsonian Magazine. “As the ice sheets began to melt around 11,700 years ago, the glaciers cleared large and heavy masses, allowing the mountains to rise up,” US geologist Mike Kaplan told the Columbia Climate Scehool website. Recent studies suggest that land in southeast Alaska is rising at a rate of about 3centimeters per year. Families living on the coast welcome this “new” land, according to The New York Times. However, they soon find themselves in a trap. As the land uplifts and coastal areas move away from the sea, rivers can dry up more easily, making it harder for them to reach the sea. This could result in a reduction in water resources, affecting animals and creatures living in the rivers. Researchers are concerned that this may make a challenge to fishermen, as raising fish in these areas could become more difficult. While the depression of Earth’s crust springs back slowly, once uplifted areas are sinking. For example, a 2015 study suggests that the Chesapeake Bay on the eastern coast of the US could sink more than 15 centimeters by 2100. This sinking trend also suggests that these areas may experience more significant impacts from a rise in sea levels. 1．What can we learn about glacial isostatie adjustment? A．It mainly happened during the last ice age. B．It causes the ice sheets to melt. C．It becomes a burden of the earth. D．It affects the land’s height above sea level. 2．How do the local people probably feel according to paragraph 4? A．Concerned. B．Surprised. C．Annoyed. D．Puzzled. 3．What challenge might the Chesapeake Bay face in the future? A．More serious sea pollution. B．Lower sea level. C．Increased coastal flooding. D．Rapid land uplift. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Climate Change Is Causing Higher Sea Level B．Melting Glaciers Are Making Mountains Taller C．Global Warming Is Affecting Ecosystem D．Glacial Melting Is Picking Up Speed 1．D 2．A 3．C 4．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要是关于冰川融化对陆地的影响，山比以前更高。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Although the ice melted long ago, Earth’s crust (地壳) is still rising and sinking in reaction to its previous ice age burden. This movement is called glacial isostatic adjustment (冰川均衡调整).(虽然冰很久以前就融化了，但地壳仍然在上升和下降，这是对之前冰河时代的负担的反应。这种运动被称为冰川均衡调整)”可知，冰川均衡调整影响陆地的海拔高度，故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Researchers are concerned that this may make a challenge to fishermen, as raising fish in these areas could become more difficult.(研究人员担心，这可能会给渔民带来挑战，因为在这些地区养鱼可能会变得更加困难)”可知，渔民养鱼可能会变得更加困难，由此推知当地人可能会感到担心，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“For example, a 2015 study suggests that the Chesapeake Bay on the eastern coast of the US could sink more than 15 centimeters by 2100. This sinking trend also suggests that these areas may experience more significant impacts from a rise in sea levels.(例如，2015年的一项研究表明，到2100年，美国东海岸的切萨皮克湾可能会下沉15厘米以上。这种下沉趋势还表明，这些地区可能会受到海平面上升的更大影响)”可知，切萨皮克湾未来可能会下沉15厘米以上，该地区可能会受到海平面上升的更大影响，故未来可能面临沿海洪水的增加，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“As the climate continues to get warmer, the glaciers (冰川) are melting and the sea levels are rising. As it affects the land, mountains are taller than before. How does this happen?(随着气候持续变暖，冰川正在融化，海平面正在上升。由于它对陆地的影响，山比以前高了。这是怎么发生的？)”可知，文章主要是关于冰川融化对陆地的影响，山比以前更高，B项“冰川融化使山脉变得更高”为最佳标题，故选B。 (23-24高二下•山东青岛•期中)Walking only 4,000 steps each day - not exactly 50% of the 10,000 steps frequently suggested for keeping a functioning way of life- might be sufficient to assist with expanding your life, according to a study distributed in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. The key point of the study shouldn’t discourage anybody from going for a more extended walk; the scientists observed that greater development is better, with 1,000 extra advances each day connected with a generally 15% lower chance of sudden passing. However, it joins a developing collection of examination that proposes exercises needn’t bother with to be all that difficult or extended to work on your wellbeing. All that from walking to housework to moving can make a difference, studies have shown. To arrive at the new discoveries, a group of specialists investigated 17 recently distributed papers on walking and wellbeing. In total, those reviews included more than 225,000 grown-ups from various nations with a typical age of 64, some of whom were in commonly great wellbeing and some of whom had risk factors for cardiovascular(心血管的) illness. After examining the information from those reviews, the specialists established that death risk logically declines as individuals walk more. They didn’t find a place where extra movement stops seeming useful, as far as possible up to 20,000 steps each day. In any case, they likewise assumed that it doesn’t take countless day to day moves toward further develop wellbeing. The edge was even lower-around 2,500 steps each day-while checking out exactly at the risk of dying from cardiovascular sickness. There are a few limitations on the discoveries. The scientists couldn’t completely represent members’ financial situations with in general ways of life, and individuals who were most dynamic likewise had various other sound tendencies that could add to a longer life expectancy. Regardless, the new study joins a lot of different investigations in a similar end: greater development is quite often better, yet a limited quantity is likewise not all that great, but not terrible either than nothing. 1．What is the author’s purpose of writing paragraph 2? A．To bring in the topic of the essay. B．To further explain the study result. C．To indicate his own idea about the topic. D．To make a comparison with previous research. 2．Why were grown-ups aged 64 chosen? A．They had rich experiences. B．They developed healthy diet habits. C．They differed in physical conditions. D．They had similar professional backgrounds. 3．What did the specialists conclude from the reviews? A．Walking more can surely avoid death risk. B．Extra movement is of no effect to individuals. C．2,500 steps each day can help prevent death risk. D．It needs 20,000 steps each day to develop wellbeing. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Scientists Offer You Suggestions for Healthy Life B．What Specialists Find on Cardiovascular Sickness C．How Much Science Says You Actually Need to Walk D．Financial Situations May Limit Health Development 1．B 2．C 67．A 68．C 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。根据发表在《欧洲心脏病学杂志》上的一项研究表明，每天走4000步——并不是通常建议的保持正常生活方式的10000步中的50%——就足以帮助你延长寿命。 1．推理判断题。根据文化在那个第二段“The key point of the study shouldn’t discourage anybody from going for a more extended walk; the scientists observed that greater development is better, with 1,000 extra advances each day connected with a generally 15% lower chance of sudden passing. However, it joins a developing collection of examination that proposes exercises needn’t bother with to be all that difficult or extended to work on your wellbeing. All that from walking to housework to moving can make a difference, studies have shown.(这项研究的重点不是阻止任何人进行更长时间的散步；科学家观察到，越大的发展越好，每天1000个额外的进步，就能使突然去世的几率降低15%。然而，它加入了一个断发展的测试，表明练习不必那么困难或延伸就能对你的健康起作用。研究表明，从走路到做家务再到搬家，所有这些都能产生影响。)”可知，第一段在提出每天都4000步就足以帮助你延长寿命，第二段进一步解释着并不是阻止你每天都更多的步数，而是研究表明，练习不必那么困难或延伸就能对你的健康起作用，故第二段是在进一步解释第一段提出的研究结果，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“In total, those reviews included more than 225,000 grown-ups from various nations with a typical age of 64, some of whom were in commonly great wellbeing and some of whom had risk factors for cardiovascular(心血管的) illness.(总的来说，这些审查来自包括不同国家的225000名成年人，他们奠定的年龄为64岁，其中一些通常健康状况良好，一些人有心血管疾病的风险因素。)”可知，选择这些64岁的成年人，是因为这些人的健康状况不同，一些为健康状况良好，一些有心血管疾病的风险因素，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“After examining the information from those reviews, the specialists established that death risk logically declines as individuals walk more. They didn’t find a place where extra movement stops seeming useful, as far as possible up to 20,000 steps each day. In any case, they likewise assumed that it doesn’t take countless day to day moves toward further develop wellbeing.(在检查了这些评论中的信息后，专家们确定，随着个人走路次数的增加，死亡风险在逻辑上会下降。他们没有找到一个额外的运动停止的地方，尽可能每天走20000步。无论如何，他们同样认为，不需要无数的日常行动就能进一步发展幸福感。)”可知，多走路可以降低死亡风险。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Walking only 4,000 steps each day - not exactly 50% of the 10,000 steps frequently suggested for keeping a functioning way of life- might be sufficient to assist with expanding your life, according to a study distributed in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.(根据发表在《欧洲心脏病学杂志》上的一项研究表明，每天都4000步——并不是通常建议的保持正常生活方式的10000步中的50%——就足以帮助你延长寿命。)”可知，文章第一段提出了研究发现，全文就这一发现展开了讨论，故C项“科学假说你每天需要走多少步”符合文章标题，故选C。 (23-24高二下•山东济南•期中)According to new studies, many birds in the Amazon rainforest have become smaller as temperatures have increased. The difference hasn’t been obvious, but it has been significant enough that some scientists have suggested it’s a universal response to climate change. But new research finds that the body size reductions aren’t happening across the board with some large-brained birds having much less significant changes. For the study, researchers studied some data on about 70,000 birds that had died when they crashed into buildings in Chicago from 1978 to 2016. They added data on brain volume and lifespan (寿命) for 49 of the 52 species of migratory birds (候鸟) in the original study. They found that birds with very large brains had reductions in overall body size that were about one-third of the reductions noted in birds with smaller brains. They thought that in birds, the species with big brains are the ones that build tools, manage to survive in tough environments, live longer, invest more time and energy into raising babies, and end up surviving better in the wild Researchers aren’t certain exactly how warmer temperatures might lead to decreasing body size in birds, but they are considering two possible explanations, which could even be happening at the same time. First, natural selection might be favoring birds that can dissipate heat better. This is because smaller birds have higher ratios (比例) of surface area to volume, so being small can help birds stay cool. Second, warmer summers might have less food available for birds at the time when they are feeding their babies. In that case, birds might be getting smaller because of decreased food over the years. The findings don’t suggest that climate change is having zero impact on bigger-brained birds but researchers believe these findings can inform us of climate change and help set conservation priorities. 1．How does climate change affect birds? A．Their brain size expands. B．Their body size shrinks C．Their body temperature rises. D．Their lifespan shortens. 2．How did the scientists do the research? A．By analyzing the bird data. B．By observing the birds dying. C．By studying the bird death rate. D．By clarifying the bird species. 3．What does the underlined word “dissipate” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Use. B．Hold. C．Lose. D．Absorb. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Climate changes sharply B．Temperature rises globally C．Brain size matters for birds’ body size D．Smaller-brained birds’ body sizes vary 1．B 2．A 3．C 4．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍根据新的研究，随着气温升高，亚马逊雨林中的许多鸟类体型变小了，但是体型的缩小并不是全面发生的，一些脑容量较大的鸟类的变化要小得多。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“According to new studies, many birds in the Amazon rainforest have become smaller as temperatures have increased. (根据一项新的研究，随着气温的升高，亚马逊雨林中的许多鸟类变得越来越小。)”可知气候变化让一些鸟类的体型变小了，故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第三段“For the study, researchers studied some data on about 70,000 birds that had died when they crashed into buildings in Chicago from 1978 to 2016. (在这项研究中，研究人员研究了1978年至2016年在芝加哥撞上建筑物时死亡的约7万只鸟的一些数据。)”可推断科学家们通过分析鸟类的数据进行这项研究的，故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线词下文“This is because smaller birds have higher ratios (比例) of surface area to volume, so being small can help birds stay cool. (这是因为较小的鸟类表面积与体积的比例更高，所以小可以帮助鸟类保持凉爽。)”可知，保持凉爽就是可以更好地散热，划线词所在的句子意思是“首先，自然选择可能倾向于能够更好地散热的鸟类。” 可知划线词的意思是“使……消散”，和lose意思相近，故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其第一段“According to new studies, many birds in the Amazon rainforest have become smaller as temperatures have increased. (根据一项新的研究，随着气温的升高，亚马逊雨林中的许多鸟类变得越来越小。)”和第二段的“But new research finds that the body size reductions aren’t happening across the board with some large-brained birds having much less significant changes. (但新的研究发现，体型的缩小并不是全面发生的，一些脑容量较大的鸟类的变化要小得多。)”可知，文章主要介绍根据新的研究，随着气温升高，亚马逊雨林中的许多鸟类体型变小了，但是体型的缩小并不是全面发生的，一些脑容量较大的鸟类的变化要小得多。C选项“脑大小对鸟类的身体大小有影响”符合文章大意，适合做标题，故选C。 (23-24高二下•山东实验•期中)Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual from restrictions. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once. “This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances.” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in the Cornell University. “Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said. Lucas and his colleagues conducted two studies to reach their conclusion. In the first study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute “warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they wanted. Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation (操纵) where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power). The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round. There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round. In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. Similar to the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round. But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round. “The low-power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that empowers all employees to tap their creative potential and overcomes power imbalances in the workplace: when pursuing creative work. let employees warm up first,” Lucas said. 1．Why is it important to boost lower-power workers’ creativity according to Lucas? A．It stimulates power balances. B．It motivates their ambition to catch up. C．It encourages a harmonious workplace. D．It creates a competitive work environment. 2．How did the participants feel the power in the first study? A．By competing with leaders. B．By receiving different positions. C．By working in different working conditions. D．By finishing a creative task with time limits. 3．How did the second study differ from the first study? A．It had more rounds. B．More participants were involved. C．Participants had a more complicated task. D．Participants’ creativity gap became wider. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Power tends to encourage creative ideas. B．Changing tasks boosts all the employees’ creativity. C．Warm-up time corrects creativity power imbalances. D．Low-power individuals outperform the high-power ones. 1．A 2．C 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项研究，表明给员工热身时间可以纠正创造力的不平衡。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances. (这很重要，因为当拥有更多权力的人能够比那些权力较小的人更多地表达他们的创造性想法时，这会导致富者更富的动态，从而加强这些权力不平衡。)”以及“Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage.(了解如何提高权力较低的员工的创造力，可以帮助他们找到正确的方法来应对这种权力较低的劣势。)”可知，提高低权力员工的创造力能够促进了权力平衡。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation(操纵) where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power). (参与者被随机分配到高权力环境或低权力环境中，并通过角色操纵产生权力感，其中参与者被赋予领导角色并控制资源(高权力)或没有控制资源的员工角色(低权力)。)”可知，参与者是通过接受不同的职位来感受权力的。故选C项。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. (在第二项研究中，研究人员给他们一个不同的创造性任务，并将轮次从两次增加到五次，只要他们愿意，就需要多长时间才能完成任务。)”可知，第二项研究与第一项研究相比，有更多的轮次。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“The low-power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that empowers all employees to tap their creative potential and overcomes power imbalances in the workplace: when pursuing creative work. let employees warm up first.(低功率预热效应表明，一种简单的干预措施可以让所有员工挖掘他们的创造力潜力，并克服工作场所的权力失衡：在追求创造性工作时。让员工先热身。)”可知，本文的主旨是给员工热身时间可以纠正创造力的不平衡。故选C项。 2 / 57 1 / 57 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题01 阅读理解之说明文12篇（山东专用） (23-24高二下•山东日照•期中)More than 50 million people in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere follow pastoralism(游牧) as a way of life. The practice has survived for so long because it is designed to change with the environment. Pastoralists move with animals to find new lands and water, leaving behind eaten plants to regrow. Mongolia is well known for its pastoralism. Agvaantogtokh and his family are herders(牧民). On horseback, he rides with nearly a thousand sheep and goats to help them find water. Sometimes, he and his wife, Nurmaa, stop to help struggling young ones, weak after a difficult winter. For families like Agvaantogtokh’s, pastoralism is more than a profession. It is a cultural identity that connects generations. At its heart is the human connection to animals. While they consider the animals as their property, they also see them as living beings working alongside them. Researchers say herders believe in “animal agency”. Agvaantogtokh lets his animals choose the food they eat and where they find water. To him, restricting an animal’s movement and asking it to eat the same thing each day is like putting a person in prison. In Mongolia, weather extremes are a part of life. When Agvaantogtokh thinks about climate change, he is concerned about humans and animals. Continuous dry and warm weather affects Mongolia. Since 1940, the government says, average temperatures have risen 2.2 degrees Celsius. To keep their practice alive, pastoralists seek ways to modernize. In Mongolia, Lkhaebum recently began using a small vehicle to more easily search for horses. The family uses electricity and has other technologies including a TV and a washing machine. They also use a cellphone to follow the weather and access social media where herders share information. One of the biggest threats to pastoralism comes from within. Nurmaa and Agvaantogtokh’s 18-year-old daughter studies medicine. Their son spoke about becoming a herder when he was a child, but not anymore. “I won’t regret anything if my child won’t be a herder,” Nurmaa said. “I would like them to do what they desire to do.” 1．What contributes to the survival of pastoralism? A．Huge pastoralist populations. B．Adaptation to the environment. C．Herders’ desire to travel to new places. D．Slow development of modernization. 2．What does pastoralism mean to Agvaantogtokh? A．The distinct identity of animals. B．A poorly-paid profession. C．An out-of-date lifestyle. D．The bond between man and animals. 3．What does “animal agency” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Animals’ living in cages. B．Animals’ eating the same thing. C．Animals’ struggling in shelters. D．Animals’ moving around freely. 4．What is a big challenge for pastoralism? A．Modern technology. B．No government support. C．Young people’s disinterest in it. D．Lack of information exchange. (23-24高二下•山东潍坊•期中)In 1776 Thomas Paine, an Englishman, published a book called Common Sense, which became a best-seller. But in a paper, Mark Whiting and Duncan Watts, a pair of computational social scientists, note that the idea has seldom been seriously studied. The two researchers set out to fix that. They started by noting that the standard concept of common sense has a somewhat circular definition: common sense is a set of claims that sensible (明智的) people agree with, and sensible people are those who possess common sense. To get around such philosophical messes, the researchers recruited 2,046 human participants and asked them to rate 50 statements from a language database of 4,407 claims that might be seen as commonsensical. As common sense might have predicted, the researchers found that plainly worded claims concerning facts about the real world were the most likely to berated as demonstrating common sense (“triangles have three sides”, for example, which is true by definition, or “avoid close contact with people who are ill”). The more abstract the claims, the less likely participants were to agree that they were common sense (“all human beings are created equal”; “perception is the only source of knowledge”). When they split the claims by subject, the researchers found that  those concerning technology and science were the most likely to be rated as commonsensical, while matters of history and philosophy were the least likely. A respondent’s age, sex, income and personal politics had little effect on what they thought counted as common sense, although psychological measures of social perceptiveness and the ability to reflect on one’s opinions did. Having investigated individual opinions, the researchers looked at how common sense works across big groups. Here, they found much less agreement than might have been expected: Only around 44% of claims in the language database were rated as commonsensical by at least 75%of respondents. A stricter definition of common sense, in which everyone has to agree with a claim for it to count,cut that number to just 6.6%. Where exactly a reasonable cut-offices is a matter for debate. But truly “common” sense, it seems, is an unreadable thing. 1．What is the standard idea on common sense? A．It is what everybody knows. B．It is what we take for granted. C．It is facts about the real world. D．It is agreements of wise people. 2．Which is most probably considered common sense by the participants? A．Money is equal to happiness. B．Wash your hands before meals. C．Failure is the mother of success. D．Practice is the only criterion to test truth. 3．Which factor influences people’s judgment of common sense? A．Mental health. B．Personal salary. C．Social insight. D．Others’ comments. 4．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Common Sense Does Not Really Exist B．Common Sense Works Across Crowds C．Common Sense Originates From The Minority D．Common Sense Is Not Actually Very Common (23-24高二下•山东聊城•期中)In summer the extreme heat often makes people sweaty and restless. While people are annoyed by it, experts suggest summer is the best season to discharge your body’s toxins (毒素) and recover your energy. One popular option is hot-stone treatment. Therapists (治疗师) use smooth and heated stones, usually river rocks, to rub or press certain parts of the body, or place them on key points of the body. The warmth of the hot stones will improve blood circulation and also help relax muscles, while sweating is also believed to be good for discharging the body’s toxins. Another popular option is hot-stone baths. The hot-stone bath will help the body discharge toxins and humidity (湿气) that accumulated during the last winter. Summer is the best season to build a good body. Rather than use water or steam to heat and wash the body, people simply wear a coat or something comfortable, and then lie on heated stone tablets made of hot stones, which are warmed to around 45℃. The body will gradually warm up and blood circulation will also be improved. More sweat will come out quickly. The sweat is smooth and fresh, not smelly like that released after sports activities. Such baths bring a number of health benefits, such as anti-aging, improved blood circulation and stress relief. The slimming effect of dieting can even be promoted. Using hot stones for health benefits dates back to ancient times, but the modern renewal of hot-stone massage is generally credited to Mary Nelson, a native of Tucson, Arizona, America, whose trademark is “LaStone Therapy”. The therapy is gaining wide popularity with many people, especially those who have jobs in cool air-conditioned rooms. The hot-stone therapy can help cure many diseases, including back pain. 1．What does the hot-stone treatment can not do? A．Relax your muscle. B．Better your blood circulation. C．Improve your dieting. D．Discharge the toxins inside. 2．What will you do while taking hot-stone bath? A．Accumulate toxins during last winter. B．Bath in hot water or steam. C．Participate in sports activities before it. D．Lie on some hot flat stones. 3．What can be learned about the hot-stone therapy? A．It successfully cured many diseases by itself. B．Its popularity lies in its benefits on health. C．Its origin comes from modern concepts. D．It can help people sweat little in summer. 4．Which of the following could be the best title for the Text? A．Small hot stones, big healthy functions B．Summer, the best time to recover your energy C．Hot-stone therapy, a way to cure all diseases D．Sweating, the best way to release toxins (23-24高二下•山东潍坊•期中)Exposure to new technologies including trackers,robots and AI-based software at work is bad for people's quality of life, according to a groundbreaking study from the Institute for the Future of Work. The authors found that the more workers were exposed to technologies in three of these categories —software based on AI and machine learning; monitor devices such as wearable trackers; and robotics-the worse their health and wellbeing tended to be. By contrast, use of more long-established information and communication technologies (ICTs)such as laptops, tablets and instant messaging at work tended to have a more positive effect on wellbeing. Dr Magdalena Soffia,the study's lead author, said it was not necessarily the technologies themselves that are the problem,but the way in which they are adopted."We don't want to claim that there is some sort of determinism in what technology causes,in terms of wellbeing,"she said,“We say it really depends on the context:on lots of structural factors,on  environmental conditions,how it is designed and how it is used.So lots of human decisions.” “We wanted to give a more multidimensional understanding of what was happening in terms of wellbeing.So we used a well-established measure which is a very effective measure, used by the UK public health sector;"Soffia said. Discussing the promotion to quality of life from ICTs,she suggested"one possible potential mechanism is that actually what they do is to streamline work processes,and they make working life a bit more efficient.And that in turn,gives you kind of a sense of achievement." By contrast,the findings about trackers and monitor technologies corespond with recent wanings from trades unions and campaigners about the negative impact on workers whose performance is being constantly monitored. Mary Towers,the TUC's lead on Al,said:"These findings should worry us all.They show that without strong new regulation,Al could make the world of work a cruel and unhealthy place for many.Things don't have to be this way.If we put the proper guardrails in place,AI can be controlled to genuinely enhance productivity and improve working lives." 1．What does the study find about new technologies? A．They are well received. B．They worsen people's life. C．They consist of three items. D．They are developing rapidly. 2．What does Paragraph 4 mainly tell us? A．Influence on humans. B．Origin of the problem. C．Solutions to the problem. D．Decisive role of the environment. 3．How are ICTs good to us? A．Increase work efficiency. B．Enhance our confidence. C．Ensure our safety at work. D．Improve working conditions. 4．What is Mary Towers' attitude to new technologies? A．Critical. B．Doubtful. C．Hopeful. D．Unclear. (23-24高二下•山东菏泽•期中)According to a study published in the June 2023 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, bottlenose dolphin mothers speak to their calves (幼崽) in higher pitched (高音的) whistles. This communication is similar to the higher pitched speech people use when speaking to babies. Dolphins use whistles to communicate with other dolphins and researchers have been trying to understand this language for a long time. It was through recordings of dolphins’ communication that researchers found that the whistles were different when mothers were directing them at their calves. They had a higher pitch. The researchers studied recordings of 19 female dolphins living in the Sarasota Bay area along the western coast of Florida. Microphones were repeatedly placed on the same wild dolphin mothers to capture (捕捉) the recordings. Every one of the 19 dolphin moms changed the pitch of their whistles when their calves were nearby. At this point researchers don’t know what the higher pitch is used for, it could be a teaching method or just a way to let the calves know that Mom is there. They are studying it now. “It’s really important for a calf to know ‘Oh, Mum is talking to me now’,” said Janet Mann, a biologist at Georgetown University, who didn’t take part in the study. Human babies learn to speak by copying their moms, so it’s sound to think that calves in other species do the same. Scientists believe babies pay more attention to speech with a higher pitch. Still more studies are needed to see if this child-directed speech (CDS) crosses more species. Finding CDS in both humans and dolphins could encourage scientists to study how different species in different geographic locations develop the same features. It turns out that humans aren’t so unique in terms of language and parenting. Hopefully this knowledge will encourage the protection of species around the globe. 1．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Dolphins’ whistles are actually easy to record. B．Dolphins are the smartest animals on the earth. C．Dolphin mothers are gifted at making whistles. D．Dolphin mothers speak to their calves in baby talk. 2．What is the function of the microphones? A．To help dolphins communicate with each other. B．To tell different female dolphins apart. C．To help dolphins speak louder. D．To get dolphins’ recordings. 3．What are the researchers trying to find out now? A．The calves’ answers to their mothers’ baby talk. B．Dolphin mothers’ way of changing their pitch. C．The purpose of dolphin mothers’ louder whistles. D．Dolphin mothers’ methods of teaching their calves. 4．What is the author’s opinion of the finding of the study? A．It is shocking. B．It is meaningful. C．It is upsetting. D．It is unsatisfactory. (23-24高二下•山东滨州•期中)Do you know how much India struggles to gather the waste plastic water bottles? According to a Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) report from 2012, India produces 15,000 tonnes of plastics a day, of which the gathered ones only achieve 60% . The trashed-but-not-gathered plastic waste leads to land and water pollution, bringing serious threat to the environment. After seeing such large-scale plastic pollution, Ankur Chawla, a drink expert, undertook research to find a solution. When he realized the biggest problem the country faced was handling plastic waste, he wanted to come up with a solution where they do not add to the problem of waste. Fortunately, Ankur was not alone. He met Bhrigu Seth, who was into green farming. Both of them found that they shared a common goal and it didn’t take long for them to make a plan of action. It is estimated that over 90 percent of aluminium (铝) drink cans in India are recycled and 70 percent of the cans are made through recycled waste. After going through challenges at hand, the pair made up their minds. Before taking the next step, both co-founders visited five-star hotels and took samples of water in aluminium cans, asking them whether they would give it a shot if something like that comes in the market. The pair received a widely positive response. They then determined to launch Responsible Whatr, a natural spring water drink packed in an aluminium can to solve the problem of plastic bottles waste. As one of India’s first natural spring water drinks, Responsible Whatr offered an environmentally-friendly and endlessly recyclable aluminium can. It’s a non-alcoholic drink that was launched with an expectation for an eco-friendly future and an aim to reduce single-use plastic pollution. Going forward, Ankur and Bhrigu aim to cooperate with airports and ecommerce gates which would help them in directly reaching the homes of high income individuals. They also plan to tie up with corporate firms and cinema halls and join hands with NGOs that are fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans. 1．What inspired Ankur to conduct his research? A．Plastics waste caused severe pollution. B．Plastics remained the major bottle material. C．Plastics accounted for most of the daily waste. D．The amount of plastic waste was beyond control. 2．What was Ankur and Bhrigu’s solution to the problem? A．Launching a rubbish sorting program. B．Increasing the recycling of plastic cans. C．Creating a new popular packaging design. D．Finding an acceptable alternative to plastics. 3．Why did was Ankur and Bhrigu launch Responsible Whatr? A．To advertise a non-alcoholic drink. B．To receive widely positive responses. C．To reduce single-use plastic pollution. D．To promote recyclable aluminium cans. 4．How do Ankur and Bhrigu plan to expand their market? A．By introducing new products. B．By establishing various channels. C．By cooperating with high income individuals. D．By fighting for the conservation of beaches and oceans. (23-24高二下•山东日照•期中)With its neatly arranged tables and shelves loaded with books written by women, Greta Livraria’s small space masks its big ambitions. Since opening this year, the bookstore in Lisbon has contributed its space entirely to promote a group that has, for the most part, been overlooked and undervalued by society: female authors. It is a “form of historical reparation (弥补)”, said Lorena Travassos, the founder of the store that aims to“address the longstanding gap in sales and publications faced by women”. It is the latest in a wave of bookshops that have sprung up across Europe to give voice to female authors, past and present. In Madrid, a 2017 crowdfunding campaign gave rise to Mujeres & Compañía, while in Berlin the bookshop She Said is devoted to books by female and queer authors (酷儿作家). Six years ago in Scotland, Rachel Wood launched a book subscription service, Rare Birds, in an effort to support women’s writing. Despite the fact that some of the world’s most talented writers are women, Wood had long felt that respect for women’s writing was insufficient. “I feel so passionately that women are writing such interesting and exciting things,” said Wood. “Rare Birds is an opportunity to share that with other people.” As interest in the subscription service grew—it now has members from more than 20 countries—a physical shop in Edinburgh soon followed. The shop’s 2021 opening illustrated the demand for a different kind of bookstore, and thousands of people visited on its first weekend. “Over and over, people tell us how exciting it feels to come into the bookstore and see every inch of shelf space devoted to women’s writing,” said Wood. “Visually, it’s very impactful. The space is designed to treat literal types typically viewed as “women’s interest” as equally as any other literature,” said Wood. Greta Livraria has become the heart of a community that gathers regularly at the store to celebrate its efforts to value diverse perspectives and carve out a literary landscape that better reflects society. 1．Why did Lorena Travassos found Greta Livraria? A．To create a community for book lovers. B．To provide a space for authors to gather. C．To help women writers get social attention. D．To encourage females to achieve their ambitions. 2．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Women’s writing. B．Respect for writers. C．The book subscription service. D．Rachel Wood’s feeling. 3．What can we learn from Rachel Wood’s words in paragraph 4? A．More and more women are devoted to writing. B．Physical shops’ opening has contributed to book sales. C．The status of women’s literature has greatly improved. D．Bookstores filled with female writing are gaining popularity. 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．New Bookstores Give Voice to Female Authors B．She Said: A Leader in Selling Female-authored Books C．Greta Livraria: A Pioneer in Promoting Literary Works D．Bookselling Campaigns Give Rise to the Diversity of Literature (23-24高二下•山东烟台•期中)A new study finds the body undergoes significant, systematic changes across multiple organs during prolonged periods of fasting, demonstrating evidence of health benefits beyond weight loss. It also shows any potential health-transforming changes appear to occur only after three days without food. Over centuries, humans have developed the ability to survive without food for long. Fasting is practiced by people worldwide for different medical and cultural purposes. During fasting, the body changes its source and type of energy, switching from consumed calories to using its own fat stores. However, beyond this change in fuel sources, little is known about how the body responds to prolonged periods without food. Novel techniques allowing researchers to measure thousands of proteins (蛋白质) in our blood provide the opportunity to systematically study molecular(分子) adaptions to fasting in great detail. Researchers followed 12 healthy volunteers participating in a seven-day water-only fast. The volunteers were monitored closely on a daily basis to record changes in the levels of around 3, 000 proteins in their blood before, during, and after the fast. By identifying which proteins are involved in the body’s response, the researchers could then predict potential health outcomes of prolonged fasting by analyzing information from numerous studies. As expected, the researchers observed the body switching energy sources within the first three days of fasting. The volunteers lost an average of 5.7 kg of both fat mass and lean (瘦肉)mass. After three days of eating after fasting, the weight stayed off—the loss of lean was almost completely recovered, but the fat mass stayed off. For the first time, the researchers observed the body undergoing distinct changes in protein levels after three days of fasting—indicating a whole-body response to complete calorie restriction. Overall, one in three of the proteins measured changed significantly during fasting across all major organs. These changes were consistent across the volunteers. Head of the research Claudia Langenberg said, “Our results provide solid evidence for the health benefits of fasting beyond weight loss, but these were only visible after three days of total caloric restriction—later than we previously thought.” 1．What does the study focus on? A．Health benefits of nutrient intake. B．Links between dieting and culture. C．Maximum duration of human fasting. D．Effects of skipping food on health. 2．What enables researchers to identify multi-organ response to fasting on. a molecular level? A．Enthusiastic participants. B．Emerging testing means. C．Deep-rooted belief in fasting. D．Historical records of fasting. 3．What happens to the body after three food-free days? A．Certain proteins are shifted. B．The weight remains unchanged. C．Lean mass returned to normal. D．Fat mass substantially increases. 4．How may Claudia feel about their study outcomes? A．Satisfied. B．Confused. C．Regretful. D．Embarrassed. (23-24高二下•山东济宁•期中)As the climate continues to get warmer, the glaciers (冰川) are melting and the sea levels are rising. As it affects the land, mountains are taller than before. How does this happen? Scientists studied the last ice age, which occurred 16,000 years ago when much of Earth’s Northern Hemisphere was covered in ice. Although the ice melted long ago, Earth’s crust (地壳) is still rising and sinking in reaction to its previous ice age burden. This movement is called glacial isostatic adjustment (冰川均衡调整). Scientists believe that an ice sheet about 800 meters thick could cause a depression (洼地) about 275 meters deep, according to the Smithsonian Magazine. “As the ice sheets began to melt around 11,700 years ago, the glaciers cleared large and heavy masses, allowing the mountains to rise up,” US geologist Mike Kaplan told the Columbia Climate Scehool website. Recent studies suggest that land in southeast Alaska is rising at a rate of about 3centimeters per year. Families living on the coast welcome this “new” land, according to The New York Times. However, they soon find themselves in a trap. As the land uplifts and coastal areas move away from the sea, rivers can dry up more easily, making it harder for them to reach the sea. This could result in a reduction in water resources, affecting animals and creatures living in the rivers. Researchers are concerned that this may make a challenge to fishermen, as raising fish in these areas could become more difficult. While the depression of Earth’s crust springs back slowly, once uplifted areas are sinking. For example, a 2015 study suggests that the Chesapeake Bay on the eastern coast of the US could sink more than 15 centimeters by 2100. This sinking trend also suggests that these areas may experience more significant impacts from a rise in sea levels. 1．What can we learn about glacial isostatie adjustment? A．It mainly happened during the last ice age. B．It causes the ice sheets to melt. C．It becomes a burden of the earth. D．It affects the land’s height above sea level. 2．How do the local people probably feel according to paragraph 4? A．Concerned. B．Surprised. C．Annoyed. D．Puzzled. 3．What challenge might the Chesapeake Bay face in the future? A．More serious sea pollution. B．Lower sea level. C．Increased coastal flooding. D．Rapid land uplift. 4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Climate Change Is Causing Higher Sea Level B．Melting Glaciers Are Making Mountains Taller C．Global Warming Is Affecting Ecosystem D．Glacial Melting Is Picking Up Speed (23-24高二下•山东青岛•期中)Walking only 4,000 steps each day - not exactly 50% of the 10,000 steps frequently suggested for keeping a functioning way of life- might be sufficient to assist with expanding your life, according to a study distributed in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. The key point of the study shouldn’t discourage anybody from going for a more extended walk; the scientists observed that greater development is better, with 1,000 extra advances each day connected with a generally 15% lower chance of sudden passing. However, it joins a developing collection of examination that proposes exercises needn’t bother with to be all that difficult or extended to work on your wellbeing. All that from walking to housework to moving can make a difference, studies have shown. To arrive at the new discoveries, a group of specialists investigated 17 recently distributed papers on walking and wellbeing. In total, those reviews included more than 225,000 grown-ups from various nations with a typical age of 64, some of whom were in commonly great wellbeing and some of whom had risk factors for cardiovascular(心血管的) illness. After examining the information from those reviews, the specialists established that death risk logically declines as individuals walk more. They didn’t find a place where extra movement stops seeming useful, as far as possible up to 20,000 steps each day. In any case, they likewise assumed that it doesn’t take countless day to day moves toward further develop wellbeing. The edge was even lower-around 2,500 steps each day-while checking out exactly at the risk of dying from cardiovascular sickness. There are a few limitations on the discoveries. The scientists couldn’t completely represent members’ financial situations with in general ways of life, and individuals who were most dynamic likewise had various other sound tendencies that could add to a longer life expectancy. Regardless, the new study joins a lot of different investigations in a similar end: greater development is quite often better, yet a limited quantity is likewise not all that great, but not terrible either than nothing. 1．What is the author’s purpose of writing paragraph 2? A．To bring in the topic of the essay. B．To further explain the study result. C．To indicate his own idea about the topic. D．To make a comparison with previous research. 2．Why were grown-ups aged 64 chosen? A．They had rich experiences. B．They developed healthy diet habits. C．They differed in physical conditions. D．They had similar professional backgrounds. 3．What did the specialists conclude from the reviews? A．Walking more can surely avoid death risk. B．Extra movement is of no effect to individuals. C．2,500 steps each day can help prevent death risk. D．It needs 20,000 steps each day to develop wellbeing. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Scientists Offer You Suggestions for Healthy Life B．What Specialists Find on Cardiovascular Sickness C．How Much Science Says You Actually Need to Walk D．Financial Situations May Limit Health Development (23-24高二下•山东济南•期中)According to new studies, many birds in the Amazon rainforest have become smaller as temperatures have increased. The difference hasn’t been obvious, but it has been significant enough that some scientists have suggested it’s a universal response to climate change. But new research finds that the body size reductions aren’t happening across the board with some large-brained birds having much less significant changes. For the study, researchers studied some data on about 70,000 birds that had died when they crashed into buildings in Chicago from 1978 to 2016. They added data on brain volume and lifespan (寿命) for 49 of the 52 species of migratory birds (候鸟) in the original study. They found that birds with very large brains had reductions in overall body size that were about one-third of the reductions noted in birds with smaller brains. They thought that in birds, the species with big brains are the ones that build tools, manage to survive in tough environments, live longer, invest more time and energy into raising babies, and end up surviving better in the wild Researchers aren’t certain exactly how warmer temperatures might lead to decreasing body size in birds, but they are considering two possible explanations, which could even be happening at the same time. First, natural selection might be favoring birds that can dissipate heat better. This is because smaller birds have higher ratios (比例) of surface area to volume, so being small can help birds stay cool. Second, warmer summers might have less food available for birds at the time when they are feeding their babies. In that case, birds might be getting smaller because of decreased food over the years. The findings don’t suggest that climate change is having zero impact on bigger-brained birds but researchers believe these findings can inform us of climate change and help set conservation priorities. 1．How does climate change affect birds? A．Their brain size expands. B．Their body size shrinks C．Their body temperature rises. D．Their lifespan shortens. 2．How did the scientists do the research? A．By analyzing the bird data. B．By observing the birds dying. C．By studying the bird death rate. D．By clarifying the bird species. 3．What does the underlined word “dissipate” in Paragraph 5 mean? A．Use. B．Hold. C．Lose. D．Absorb. 4．What can be the best title for the text? A．Climate changes sharply B．Temperature rises globally C．Brain size matters for birds’ body size D．Smaller-brained birds’ body sizes vary (23-24高二下•山东实验•期中)Power often boosts an employee’s creativity because being powerful liberates the individual from restrictions. However, new research shows that employees who are not in positions of power can become more creative when given time to “warm up” to a task by engaging in the creative task more than once. “This is important because when people with more power are able to express their creative ideas more than those with less power, which leads to a rich-get-richer dynamic that strengthens these power imbalances.” said Brian Lucas, assistant professor in the Cornell University. “Understanding ways to boost the creativity of lower power workers can help them find the right way to deal with this low-power disadvantage,” Lucas said. Lucas and his colleagues conducted two studies to reach their conclusion. In the first study, they divided the creative idea generation session into two rounds consisting of a one-minute “warm up” followed by a second round in which the participants could take as long as they wanted. Participants were randomly assigned to a high-power condition or a low-power condition, and feelings of power were generated with a role manipulation (操纵) where participants were given a leadership role and control over resources (high power) or an employee role with no control over resources (low power). The study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the warm-up round. There was no difference, though, in creativity in the second round. In the second study, the researchers gave them a different creative task and increased the number of rounds from two sessions to five, taking as long as they like to complete the task. Similar to the first study, the study found that high-power individuals were more creative than low-power individuals in the first round. But the creativity of low-power individuals caught up to the creativity of the high-power individuals after the first round. “The low-power warm-up effect suggests a simple intervention that empowers all employees to tap their creative potential and overcomes power imbalances in the workplace: when pursuing creative work. let employees warm up first,” Lucas said. 1．Why is it important to boost lower-power workers’ creativity according to Lucas? A．It stimulates power balances. B．It motivates their ambition to catch up. C．It encourages a harmonious workplace. D．It creates a competitive work environment. 2．How did the participants feel the power in the first study? A．By competing with leaders. B．By receiving different positions. C．By working in different working conditions. D．By finishing a creative task with time limits. 3．How did the second study differ from the first study? A．It had more rounds. B．More participants were involved. C．Participants had a more complicated task. D．Participants’ creativity gap became wider. 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．Power tends to encourage creative ideas. B．Changing tasks boosts all the employees’ creativity. C．Warm-up time corrects creativity power imbalances. D．Low-power individuals outperform the high-power ones. 2 / 57 1 / 57 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$