Unit 7 Careers 句法基本知识 定语和定语从句 课件-2024-2025学年高二英语北师大版（2019）选择性必修第三册

句法基本知识 句 法 定语从句 名词性从句 状语从句 虚拟语气 倒装句 强调句 省略 三 大 从句 特 殊句 式 4. 宾补（object complement） ：对宾语的补充。 宾补和宾语之间通常具有逻 辑上的主谓或主表关系。 • You make me happy. • I sent you a dog. 5. 表语（predicative） ：系动词之后的成分（是什么、 怎么样、 介词短语） 基本成分简单记： 1. 主语（subject）： 动作的发出者 2. 谓语（predicate） ： 动作 • I can’t decide what to wear. • Don’t look at me. 3. 宾语（object）： 动作的承受者 • I will teach you a lesson. 当无法判断两个成分是宾语+宾语or宾语+宾补时 ， 可在两个成分之间加be（或不加） ，合理则为宾补； 不合理则为双宾。 五大基本句型 ：（简 单 句 ） 简单句： He broke my heart. I cried. 并列句： 简单句+并列连词+简单句 He broke my heart and I cried. 复合句： 主句+从属连词+从句： This is the reason why I cried. 三大句子类型 Attributive Clause 定语从句 What is attributive (定语)？ 一场强烈的地震 a strong earthquake 他们的书 沸腾的水 their book boiling water 定语 形容词 代词 动名词 前置定语：数词，名词(steel factory)， 过去分词(spoken English) 功能：对所修饰的词的范围进行缩小 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 7 被困在地下的人 the people trapped under the ground 穿蓝衣服的女孩 the man who stands there 站在那里的男人 the girl in blue 定语 What is attributive (定语)？ 非谓语 定语从句 介词短语 后置定语：形容词，副词，同位语从句 功能：对所修饰的词的范围进行缩小 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 8 定语从句的三要素 1. 先行词：走在前面的词 = 名词/代词 关系代词：who/whom/whose that/which/as 3. 功能：引导定从 + 充当成分 关系副词：when/where/why 2. 关系词 结构 9 我喜欢爱阅读的女孩。 I like a girl. The girl likes reading. who/that 先行词 定语从句 关系词 关系词的选择： I like the girl who/that likes reading. 找到相同部分 who在定语从句在充当何种成分？ 我昨天去拜访了我的老师。 She is a teacher. I visited the teacher yesterday. whom 先行词 定语从句 关系词 关系词的选择： She is the teacher whom I visited yesterday. 找到相同部分 whom在定语从句在充当何种成分？ 我打算买那辆脚踏喷漆红色的自行车。 I plan to buy a bike. The bike’s pedal is painted red. whose 先行词 定语从句 关系词 关系词的选择： I plan to buy the bike whose pedal is painted red. 找到相同部分 whose在定语从句在充当何种成分？ 我拜访了父亲成长的那座小镇。 I visited the village. My dad grew up in the village. where 先行词 定语从句 关系词 关系词的选择： I visited the village where my dad grew up. 找到相同部分 where在定语从句在充当何种成分？ where = in which 我依然记得我从大学毕业的那天。 I still remember the day. I graduated from university on the day. when 先行词 定语从句 关系词 关系词的选择： I still remember the day when I graduated from university. 找到相同部分 when在定语从句在充当何种成分？ when = on which 她告诉我汤姆没来的原因。 She told me the reason. Tom didn’t come here for the reason. why 先行词 定语从句 关系词 关系词的选择： She told me the reason why Tom didn’t come here. 找到相同部分 why在定语从句在充当何种成分？ why = for which 关系词 先行词 充当主语 充当宾语（可省） 关系代词 which 物 √ √ that 人或物 √ √ who 人 √ √ whom 人 √ whose 人或物（充当定语，“谁的”） 关系副词 when 时间 在句中充当时间状语 where 地点 在句中充当地点状语 why 原因 在句中充当原因状语 限制性定语从句 This is the house (which/that) we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那套房子。 从句对先行词起修饰限定作用 从句紧跟先行词，不用逗号隔开 从句不可省去 非限制性定语从句 The house, which we bought last month, is very nice. 我们上个月买的那套房子非常漂亮。 从句对先行词起补充说明作用 从句主句与从句之间有逗号隔开 如果省去，意思依然完整 Step1 Step3 Step2 1. 找准 ____________ 2. 判断先行词是指人还是指物 3. 把先行词带进从句中，判断 从句缺什么成分 先行词 如何选择准确的关系代词 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 行业PPT模板http://www.1ppt.com/hangye/ 18 e.g. I think that she is the teacher______ can help us to improve our English. 我认为她是能帮助我们学好英语的老师。 第一步：先行词“teacher”是人，可以确定引导词有：that，who， whom，whose 第二步：看从句缺不缺成分。 第二步：从句缺主语，因此确定最终引导词：that/who。因为that/who 在从句可充当成分并能充当主语，whom只能充当宾语，whose 不能充当成分。 ★ 使用关系副词的注意事项： ① 三个关系副词在意义上都相当于“介词 + which”结构。 e.g. I was in Beijing on the day when (=___________) he arrived. e.g. The office where (= __________) he works is on the third floor. e.g. This is the main reason why (=___________) we did it. 【识记指导】 • 介词后只能用 which/whom，不能用 that。 • 介词根据动词与先行词的搭配来选择。 on which at which for which ★ 使用关系副词的注意事项： ② 当occasion 表示“特定的时刻 ”时， 定语从句引导词用when。 e.g. Describe an occasion when you had to give up some important things. ③ 当point, situation, position, case, condition, stage(阶段)等词作先行词表示 “情况， 境地， 场合 ”等意思时， 定语从句引导词用 where。 e.g. We were put into a position where we had either to accept we were less important, or fight the government. ★ 使用关系副词的注意事项： ④ 当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等，表地点的 place, house 等，以及表原因的why 时 ，一定要注意分析关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 I will never forget the day ______ I first met you. 先行词时间，从句完整 I will never forget the day ___________ you spent in Beijing. 先行词时间，从句不完整 when that / which ★ 使用关系副词的注意事项： ④ 当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等，表地点的 place, house 等，以及表原因的why 时 ，一定要注意分析关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 I will never forget the place ______I first met you. 先行词地点，从句完整 I will never forget the place ___________ you told me. 先行词地点，从句不完整 where that / which ★ 使用关系副词的注意事项： ④ 当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等，表地点的 place, house 等，以及表原因的why 时 ，一定要注意分析关系词在从句中所充当的成分。 I will never forget the reason _____ you scolded me. 先行词原因，从句完整 I will never forget the reason ____________ you told me. 先行词原因，从句不完整 why that / which 拓展延伸 “介词 + 关系代词”引导定语从句时 ，关系代词常用 which（指物） 或 whom （指人） ， 即“介词+which/whom”。 • 当介词放在关系代词的前面时 ， 关系代词 which 或 whom 不能省略。 e.g. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person, ___________ she could turn for help. • “名词 / 代词 + 介词 + 关系代词”结构。此类结构常见的有 some/several/a few/a little/many/more/most of +which/whom 等。 e.g. Here are the questions, some of _______ I think are difficult for you. to whom which • 关系代词前介词的确定。（一先二动三意义） a. 一先 ---- 根据先行词的搭配习惯来确定。 e.g. She can’t forget the month ___________ she stayed there. b. 二动 ---- 依据定语从句中动词的固定搭配来确定。 e.g. I bought many books, __________ I spent all my money that I saved. c. 三意义 ---- 根据所表达的意思来确定。 e.g. The colorless gas __________________ we cannot live is oxygen. 没有氧气，我们就无法生存。 拓展延伸 in which on which without which ★ 一些含有介词的动词固定短语在定语从句中一般不拆开使用，介词仍放在后面。如：look for, look after, take care of, hear from等。 He is the boy whom/who/that the woman has looked after for many years. This is the painting which/that I’m looking for. 27 ① 先行词为不定代词 ，或被不定代词修饰时： 包括： all, any, some, much, few, little, no, much, one, none... ( +thing) e.g. Everything that you want is here. e.g. All the books that you offered have been given out. ② 先行词被形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 e.g. This is the best film that I have ever seen. (1) 只用that的情况： 用法 ③ 先行词既指人又指物时 e.g. The people and things that he met were strange to him. ④ 先行词指物且被 the only, the very , the same, the next修饰时 e.g. This is the only book that he has. ⑤ 主句是以who，或which开头的特殊疑问句 e.g. Who is the man that is making a speech? (1) 只用that的情况： 不定、 序数和最高 有人有物、 怕重复 用法 (2) 只用which, who, whom的情况： ① 在非限制性定从中 ，只能用which 指代物 ，用 who/whom 指人。 e.g. He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. ② 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中 ，只能用 which 指物 ，whom 指人。 e.g. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. 用法 (2) 只用which, who, whom的情况： ③ 先行词本身是 that/those ，指物时 ，关系词用 which； 先行词为 those, one, he ，指人时 ，多用 who e.g. What's that which flashed in the sky just now? e.g. Those who respect others are usually respected by others. ④ 在一个句子中有两个定语从句，为避免重复前一个用that的话，另一个就用which。 用法 ① 限制性定语从句：名词前有such, so, as, the same修饰时 ，关 系代词用as。 e.g. I have never seen such a fool as he is. e.g. This is the same knife as I lost. e.g. He is so kind a person as is willing to offer us help. e.g. The spot is so attractive a place as it used to be. 用法 (3) as与which的区别： ② 非限制性定从：位置上---- as 可前可后 ，which只能置后 含义上：as有“正如 ，就像”之意 ，which没有。 e.g. As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. (句首) e.g. The famous musician Beethoven, as we all know, is from Germany. (句中) e.g. The sixth mass extinction may occur, as the scientist expected. (句末) 用法 (3) as与which的区别： 先行词是 the way, 意为“方式， 方法” 时 ，且关系词在从句中作状语时， 引导定语从句的关系词用 that/in which 或省略 e.g. I didn't like the way that / in which / ×she talked to me. 用法 (4) 特殊固定用法：先行词是the way 定语从句 主句完整 从句不完整 从句完整 关系代词 who/ whom/whose that/which/as 关系副词 when where why 解题思路 35 He drove his new car at an amazing speed，________ resulted in a terrible accident. A. who B. that C. when D. which 2. Those _________ have six or more close friends are described as“very happy.” A. who B. whose C. what D. when D A 随堂演练 36 3. This kind of book is for children ________ native language is Chinese. A. which B. twho C. whose D. whom 4. Our country should set up more national parks _______ animals can live freely. A. where B. whose C. when D. that C A 随堂演练 37 Two thirds of people _____________ lived there were dead or injured. Workers built shelters for survivors __________ homes had been destroyed. The picture for ___________ he paid $1000 was once owned by the soldier. This is the house _________________ I lived 20 years ago This is the person _______________________ you should thank for helping your son. One of the reasons ________________ he was refused in the interview was that his spoken English was terrible. 随堂演练 who/that whose which where/in which who/whom/that/省略 why/for which 38 （2023全国甲卷）There was once a town in the heart of America ________________ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful...... 随堂演练 where/in which 划分主从句 主句完整 从句完整 从句：___ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful..... 定语从句 关系副词——when/where/why 39 （2023全国乙卷）But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place_______________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life. 随堂演练 that/which 划分主从句 主句完整 从句不完整 从句：___welcomes the fast-paced...... 定语从句 关系代词——that/which/as 40 $$