热点09 人与自然：气候危机下的共生之路（天气、自然环境及动植物）-2025年中考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（上海专用）

热点09 人与自然：气候危机下的共生之路 （天气、自然环境及动植物） 全球气候变暖引发极端天气频现，热浪、洪涝与干旱威胁生态系统平衡，推动“气候适应型城市”建设成为焦点。COP28等国际会议强化减排承诺，但南北国家责任分担争议犹存。 中国持续推进生态修复，云南亚洲象北迁、长江十年禁渔等案例彰显生物多样性保护成效，乡村生态旅游与“绿电”技术助力低碳转型。青少年通过校园气象站观测、AI识别濒危物种等项目，践行自然守护。 未来热点将围绕“自然资本”量化评估、气候难民权益及基因编辑技术在物种复活中的伦理争议。教育需深化“生态共情”，从记录天气日记到参与公民科学，引导青少年在科技与传统的交织中探索可持续发展智慧。 （建议用时：40分钟） 天气预报 文章 1 （2024·上海静安·二模）Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words.（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给） The Answer Is In the Trees Dave Meko, a scientist at the University of Arizona, noticed that from 1999 to the following years it became drier and drier. And water levels in the huge Colorado River were dropping rapidly. This was the b 1 of a serious drought (干旱). Everyone began asking, “How long will it last?” Meko believed that he could find the answer in the trees. Meko is a tree-ring expert. He studies the rings within a tree to find information about climate change. Each year, a tree adds a new layer of wood. These layers look like a series of rings. During times of h 2 rainfall, a ring is wide. When there is a shortage of water, a ring is narrow. These rings are nature’s record of rainfall and climate change. Meko and his team quickly started a new research project. Their goal was to find out how long previous droughts lasted. The team collected as many old wood samples as possible. They tested wood samples from 1,200 years ago until the p 3 . When they examined the rings, the news about rainfall in the past was not good. Meko’s research showed that, the 20th century was an unusually wet time. Trees from this period had wide, healthy rings. Rain was plentiful d 4 that century, millions of people moved to the region. Before that time, however, the rings showed that droughts occurred on a regular basis. In fact, drought was part of the usual climate pattern. There were severe droughts in the 900s, the 1100s, and the late 1200s. Human history seems to s 5 Meko’s findings. The native Anasazi lived in this area for hundreds of years, starting around 500 AD．They were farmers and depended on water to grow their crops. However, at the end of the 13th century, the Anasazi s 6 left the area. Experts do not know exactly why the Anasazi left. They think it was because there was no longer enough water to farm. And Meko’s tree rings clearly show a serious drought at that time. How long will the current drought last? Using nature’s c 7 from the past, experts predict that this drought may continue for another 50 years. 【答案】1．(b)eginning 2．(h)eavy 3．(p)resent 4．(d)uring 5．(s)upport 6．(s)uddenly 7．(c)lues 【导语】本文主要讲述了树的年轮和气候的关系。 1．句意：这是一场严重干旱的开始。根据“Everyone began asking, ‘How long will it last?’ Meko believed that he could find the answer in the trees.”可知，这是干旱的开始。beginning“开始”，名词。故填(b)eginning。 2．句意：在强降雨的时候，环是宽的。根据“When there is a shortage of water, a ring is narrow.”可知，此处与雨水少相反，表示雨水多。heavy rainfall“强降雨”。故填(h)eavy。 3．句意：他们测试了1200年前到现在的木材样本。根据“from 1,200 years ago”可知，测试了1200年前到现在的木材样本。present“现在，目前”。故填(p)resent。 4．句意：在那个世纪，雨水充足，数百万人迁移到这个地区。结合句意和首字母可知，那个世纪雨水是充足的。during“在……期间”。故填(d)uring。 5．句意：人类历史似乎支持Meko的发现。根据“The native Anasazi lived in this area for hundreds of years, starting around 500 AD. They were farmers and depended on water to grow their crops.”可知，历史与Meko的发现是一致的，因此人类历史支持Meko的发现。support“支持，赞同”，不定式符号to后接动词原形。故填(s)upport。 6．句意：然而，在13世纪末，阿纳齐族人忽然离开了这个区域。根据“Experts do not know exactly why the Anasazi left.”可知，他们是忽然离开的。suddenly“忽然”。故填(s)uddenly。 7．句意：利用大自然过去的迹象，专家预测这种干旱可能还会持续50年。根据“experts predict...”可知，是根据过去自然界的迹象所提供的线索，预测干旱可能还会持续50年。clue“迹象，线索”，此处用复数。故填(c)lues。 文章 2 Do you know how weather influences our lives? Well, it influences where we go, what we do, and what we wear. And it also influences how we feel and behave. It is a big part of our lives! We often use weather language to describe how we feel. For example, if we are feeling ill, we say we are “under the weather”. If we are feeling stressed and busy, we can say that we are “snowed under”. We use “bad” weather (rainy, cold, etc.) to describe a bad feeling, and “good”weather (sunny, warm, etc.) to describe a good feeling. And that is not all. The weather can even change the way we feel! For example, sunlight helps our body to produce vitamin D (维生素D). This kind of vitamin can improve our feelings. But some parts of the world get less sunlight in winter, so people can feel unusually sad. However, when it is hot, some people may get angry easily too! Scientists are still studying how the weather changes people’s feelings and behaviours (行为). If we spend too much time inside, we can’t get enough fresh air or sunlight. It can make us feel down. It is very important to go outside once in a while, no matter how the weather is, rainy or sunny! 1．How does the writer start the passage? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By listing a number. D．By giving an example. 2．What can sunlight help our body produce? A．Vitamin B． B．Vitamin C． C．Vitamin D． D． Vitamin E. 3．When may people get angry easily according to the passage? A．When it’s rainy. B．When it’s hot. C．When it’s snowy. D．When it’s cold. 4．What are the scientists studying? A．The four seasons. B．Different kinds of vitamins. C．Some parts of the world. D．The influence of the weather on people. 5．What does the writer advise us to do? A．Eat Vitamins. B．Describe the weather. C．Go outside sometimes. D．Know about our feelings. 【答案】1．B 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．C 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了天气对我们有很大的影响。它影响了我们的感受和行为。 1．细节理解题。根据“Do you know how weather influences our lives?”可知，是提问了一个问题开始这篇文章的，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“For example, sunlight helps our body to produce vitamin D.”可知，阳光能帮助我们的身体产生维生素D。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“However, when it is hot, some people may get angry easily too!”可知，当天气热的时候，有些人也很容易生气。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据“Scientists are still studying how the weather changes people’s feelings and behaviours.”可知，科学家们正在研究天气如何改变人们的感觉和行为。故选D。 5．细节理解题。根据“It is very important to go outside once in a while, no matter how the weather is, rainy or sunny!”可知，作者建议我们不管天气如何，偶尔出去一次是很重要的。故选C。 自然景观及灾害防范 文章 1 The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world. It covers over nine million square kilometers across North Africa. The weather there can be very different in a day’s time. During the day, temperatures rise above 40℃, while nights can be very cold. It is one of the toughest (艰难的) environments on Earth. The Sahara is as big as Canada but has very few people. Less than two and a half million people live there, most of them nomads. Nomads are people who have no permanent (固定的) homes. They move from place to place, carrying everything they need to live. The nomads of the Sahara are called Bedouin, which means “desert people”. They depend on goats, sheep, and camels for food and transport. Water is the most important for them, they need water to live, so they must carry enough water or know where to find it. Without water, life is impossible. A desert is not defined (定义) by sand but by the lack of rain. To be a desert, a place must get less than 250 mm of rain each year. Surprisingly, only 25% of the Sahara is covered in sand. The rest is rock and gravel (砂砾). Long ago, the Sahara was covered in ice and later turned into grasslands. Over time, it became the desert we see today. Truly, the Sahara is a place of history and change. 1．Where is the Sahara? A．In North Asia. B．In North Africa. C．In North Canada. D．In North America. 2．What does the underlined word “nomads” probably mean? A．农耕民族 B．渔猎民族 C．定居民族 D．游牧民族 3．Which of the following is TRUE about Bedouin? A．The word means people who love deserts. B．Bedouin uses cars and trucks to get around. C．The most important thing for Bedouin is water. D．Life is impossible without goats, sheep and camels. 4．According to the text, what is a desert? A．A place that has nomads living in it. B．A place that is very hot and dry all year round. C．A place that has more than 25% sand on its surface. D．A place that gets less than 250 mm of rain every year. 5．What is the passage about? A．Facts about Sahara. B．The people of Sahara. C．The weather of Sahara. D．The history of Sahara. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 4．D 5．A 【导语】本文主要介绍了撒哈拉沙漠的地理位置、气候特征、居民生活方式以及沙漠的定义和历史变迁。 1．细节理解题。根据“The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world. It covers over nine million square kilometers across North Africa.”可知，撒哈拉沙漠位于北非，故选B。 2．词义猜测题。根据“The nomads of the Sahara are called Bedouin, which means ‘desert people.’ They depend on goats, sheep, and camels for food and transport. Water is the most important for them...”可知这些人是游牧民族，他们靠牲畜和水生存，不定居。D选项“游牧民族”最符合题意。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“Water is the most important for them, they need water to live, so they must carry enough water or know where to find it.”可知，对贝都因人来说，最重要的是水，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“A desert is not defined by sand but by the lack of rain. To be a desert, a place must get less than 250 mm of rain each year.”可知，沙漠的定义是年降雨量不足250毫米，而不是由沙子决定的。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。文章详细描述了撒哈拉沙漠的地理位置、气候特征、居住的游牧民族以及历史变化等内容，全面介绍了撒哈拉沙漠的相关事实。A选项“关于撒哈拉的事实”最符合主旨。故选A。 文章2 In early 2008, it was still winter in the northern hemisphere, but because of the “La Niña” phenomenon, southern China had a lot of humid (潮湿) air. This met with cold air from the north, especially south of the Yangtze River. Normally, in the spring, this mix of air can lead to heavy rains, but since it was winter, the humid air met the cold weather and caused a lot of snow and freezing temperatures in southern China. Snow is very rare in most parts of southern China, and people there usually worry about droughts (干旱) or floods, not snow or ice. But in early January 2008, snow started to fall in some southern areas. People were surprised at first, but when strong winds mixed with the snow, it turned into a disaster. Starting in January, over 20 provinces in central and western China had heavy snow for nearly a month. The snow and ice caused serious problems with transportation, electricity, and communications. The snow was followed by ice, which was even worse. The ice built up, causing buildings to collapse, cars to freeze, and roads to block (封锁). In some areas, the power lines broke, and trains could not run. Chenzhou in southern Hunan was one of the worst-hit places. The city lost electricity, and everything stopped. As the Spring Festival came, millions of people were stuck in trains or at train stations. The roads were blocked, and food and water were hard to find. The government quickly sent rescue teams to help, and people worked together to survive. The snowstorm affected millions of people and caused great damage. But it led to big improvements in China’s infrastructure (基建). It helped develop stronger power lines, more high-speed trains, and better weather forecasting. These changes have made disaster management easier and reduced the risk of future problems. 1．What caused the snowstorm in southern China in early 2008? A．The “La Niña” phenomenon. B．Heavy rains during the winter season. C．Strong winds from the north. D．A change in seasonal weather patterns. 2．What was unusual about the snowstorm in southern China? A．It happened in summer. B．Snow is rare in southern China. C．It mainly affected northern China. D．It was caused by a typhoon. 3．What was the main impact of the snowstorm on transportation? A．Trains stopped running, and roads were blocked. B．More trains were added to help with transportation. C．Flights became more frequent in affected areas. D．People could travel by bus more easily. 4．What improvements were made in China after the snowstorm? A．More high-speed trains, stronger power lines, and better weather forecasting. B．Roads were built higher to prevent flooding and improve safety. C．The government started building more schools to improve education. D．Enough Food and water were well prepared in case of disasters. 5．What does the last paragraph teach us? A．Weather forecasting is not important for disaster management. B．Snowstorms always cause very serious damage. C．The government should focus on better healthcare. D．Disasters can lead to positive changes and improvements. 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．A 4．A 5．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了2008年初中国南方雪灾由“拉尼娜”现象导致罕见暴雪及冰冻天气‌。这场灾害对交通、电力及民生造成严重破坏，但促使中国加强基建，包括升级电网、发展高铁和提升气象预报能力‌。 1．细节理解题。根据“but because of the “La Niña” phenomenon, southern China had a lot of humid (潮湿) air.”可知，雪暴是由于拉尼娜现象导致的潮湿空气与北方冷空气相遇而产生的。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据“Snow is very rare in most parts of southern China”可知，暴风雪在中国南方是不寻常的。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“The snow and ice caused serious problems with transportation, electricity, and communications. The snow was followed by ice, which was even worse. The ice built up, causing buildings to collapse, cars to freeze, and roads to block (封锁).”可知，雪暴导致火车停运和道路封锁。故选A。 4．细节理解题。根据“It helped develop stronger power lines, more high-speed trains, and better weather forecasting”可知，雪暴之后中国在高速铁路、电力线路和天气预报方面进行的改进。故选A。 5．推理判断题。根据“But it led to big improvements in China’s infrastructure.”可知，灾害虽然带来了破坏，但也促使了中国基础设施的改进，即灾难可以带来积极的变化和改善。故选D。 文章3 （23-24九年级上·上海长宁·期末）在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给。 Every year, thousands of people’s lives are affected by disasters. This week the editor Becky in News Magazine i 1 a disaster survivor Fiona. Becky: Fiona, you were in a cyclone (龙卷风). Where was that? Fiona: In north Australia, in Normanton. That’s where I live. Becky: What did you do when the cyclone arrived? Fiona: We all stayed inside, in the basement, because that’s the s 2 place. We could hear the storm coming closer and closer. The noise was awful. At one point there was a really loud noise. I thought: “That’s it! It’s going to destroy the house!” I was s 3 . Becky: And what happened after the cyclone? Fiona: There were terrible floods. More than 360 millimetres of rain fell in just twenty-four hours. The army had to bring food and water to the whole area by plane and helicopter. The s 4 thing was that waves from the coast and rivers flooded the land and carried three crocodiles to near my house! One of my neighbours hit a crocodile with his car—it was 1.6 metres long. Becky: Really? That’s hard to believe! So is everything b 5 to normal again now? Fiona: Not really. The floods have gone, but they destroyed a lot of homes and farms. It’s going to cost at least 110 million dollars to repair the damage. Becky: Is the w 6 usually this bad? Fiona: No, but this summer was very hot. If it stays hot, there will probably be another cyclone. All the experts say that the chances of the extreme temperatures and heavy rain will i 7 because of climate change. 【答案】1．(i)nterviewed 2．(s)afest 3．(s)haking/(s)cared 4．(s)trangest 5．(b)ack 6．(w)eather 7．(i)ncrease 【导语】本文是一篇访谈，根据记者和幸存者的对话，展示了飓风后的幸存者生活的地方以及当时发生灾难的场景。 1．句意：本周，《新闻杂志》的编辑Becky采访了一位灾难幸存者Fiona。根据“This week the editor Becky in News Magazine…a disaster survivor Fiona.”及首字母提示可知，此处指采访，interview“采访”符合；句子时态为一般过去时。故填(i)nterviewed。 2．句意：我们都呆在里面，在地下室，因为那是最安全的地方。根据空前的“We all stayed inside, in the basement”和下文“We could hear the storm coming closer and closer.”及首字母提示可知，此处指最安全的地方，safest“最安全的”符合。故填(s)afest。 3．句意：我在发抖/害怕。根据上文“ We could hear the storm coming closer and closer. The noise was awful. At one point there was a really loud noise. I thought:‘That’s it! It’s going to destroy the house!’”及首字母提示可知，此处指害怕得发抖，shake“颤抖”或scared“害怕的”符合；根据空前的“was”可知，此处应用现在分词形式shaking。故填(s)haking/(s)cared。 4．句意：最奇怪的是，来自海岸和河流的海浪淹没了土地，把三条鳄鱼带到了我家附近！根据空后的“waves from the coast and rivers flooded the land and carried three crocodiles to near my house”和下文“Really? That’s hard to believe!”及首字母提示可知，此处指最奇怪的，strangest“最奇怪的”符合。故填(s)trangest。 5．句意：现在一切都恢复正常了吗？back to normal“恢复正常”，固定词组。故填(b)ack。 6．句意：天气通常这么糟糕吗？根据下文“No, but this summer was very hot. If it stays hot, there will probably be another cyclone.”及首字母提示可知，此处指天气。故填(w)eather。 7．句意：所有专家都表示，由于气候变化，极端温度和暴雨的可能性将增加。根据空后的“because of climate change”及首字母提示可知，此处指增加，increase“增加”符合；根据空前的“will”可知，此处应用动词原形。故填(i)ncrease。 人与动植物 文章 1 There’s nothing better than a walk in the countryside for lifting our spirits. Connecting with nature can help our mental health (心理健康). For many people, it feels great to take a walk through a forest, but as we admire the trees around us, it’s worth knowing these trees are doing more than just being nice things to look at. We have already noticed that trees play an important role in taking care of our world—they produce oxygen and clean the air we breathe by taking in about a quarter of all human-caused carbon dioxide emissions (二氧化碳排放). But there’s more to these trees than we might think. Researchers have discovered that they are actually very smart. It’s thought that trees use a fungal network (真菌网络) to talk and share resources right under our feet. Under the ground are tree roots, bacteria and super fine threads of fungi. And research has shown that they are all mixed together. They can help each other by sharing “food”, and they can even tell them some coming dangers. Scientists say it’s like the trees are talking to one another. Ecologist Suzanne Simard has called this network the Wood Wide Web. She discovered that parent trees use this network to help their children. She also found that trees are smart enough to change their behaviour to live in a changing environment. So it seems trees really are the stars of our natural world, and with around three trillion of them on our planet, it’s time to show them some respect if we want them to grow better. 1．What can trees do in taking care of our world according to paragraph 2? ① Produce oxygen. ② Clean the air. ③ Produce carbon dioxide. ④ Provide food. A．①② B．②③ C．①④ D．②④ 2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Scientists. B．Ecologists. C．Trees. D．Humans. 3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Ecologist Suzanne Simard does quite a lot of research on mental health. B．It’s thought that trees talk and share resources by using a fungal network. C．Trees take in three quarters of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions. D．Trees never change their behavior to live in a changing environment. 4．Where can we probably read this passage? A．In a book review. B．In a travel guide. C．In a medical report. D．In a science magazine. 5．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Ways to Clean Air B．The Importance of Trees C．Ways to Protect Nature D．Planting Trees More 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．B 【导语】本文讲述了树木在自然界中的重要性，包括其净化空气、通过真菌网络交流及适应环境变化的能力，以及我们应给予尊重以促进其更好生长。 1．细节理解题。根据“...that trees play an important role in taking care of our world —they produce oxygen and clean the air we breathe...”可知，树木能产生氧气并净化空气。故选A。 2．词义猜测题。根据“But there’s more to these trees than we might think. Researchers have discovered that they are actually very smart.”可知，此处“they”指代上句的“trees”，表示“树木实际上非常聪明”。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“It’s thought that trees use a fungal network (真菌网络) to talk and share resources right under our feet.”可知，人们认为，树木通过我们脚下的真菌网络进行交流并共享资源。故选B。 4．推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了树木在自然界中的重要性，适合出现在科学杂志中。故选D。 5．最佳标题题。通读全文可知，本文讲述了树木在自然界中的重要性，最佳标题应是“树木的重要性”。故选B。 文章 2 （2025·上海普陀·一模）在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给。 They are summer-time singers. They’re found everywhere except in the North and South Poles. And even though they’re common, they’re also quite fascinating. Who are they? Grasshoppers! A 1 Body Grasshoppers have an exoskeleton which means the skeleton is on the outside of their body. They have two sets of wings. The front pair is hard and strong, like a shell. The back pair is soft and flexible, which allows the grasshopper to change directions quickly and smoothly during f 2 . The grasshopper also has three pairs of very strong legs. They use these to walk and to jump 20 times their own body length. Imagine if you could do that! Have you ever tried to catch a grasshopper? You won’t even have a chance. It’s because they have five eyes in total, which help them see in almost every direction. This means they can r 3 miss noticing any danger coming. Music Makers If you hear a pleasant chirp (唧唧声) on a summer night, it could be a male grasshopper trying to attract a female one, or ask other males to stay away. It p 4 the sound by rubbing the back leg against its forewing, just like playing the violin. Next time you hear the chirping sound in summer, remember it’s a grasshopper’s l 5 song or a warning call. Friend or enemy? Some grasshoppers like the taste of wheat, corn and cotton—all things we use and farmers hate to l 6 . In fact, a large group of grasshoppers called locusts can quickly and easily eat up a farmer’s crops in just a few minutes. However, not all grasshoppers are monsters. A type of grasshoppers called Turnbull helps c 7 the growth of weeds (野草) by eating them. The Two-Striped grasshoppers eat plants that are harmful to cows. 【答案】1．(A)bout 2．(f)light 3．(r)arely 4．(p)roduces 5．(l)ove 6．(l)ose 7．(c)ontrol 【导语】本文主要介绍了蚱蜢的特征、行为及其对人类的影响。 1．句意：关于身体。根据“Grasshoppers have an exoskeleton which means the skeleton is on the outside of their body...to jump 20 times their own body length.”可知，此段介绍关于蚱蜢的身体结构。结合首字母提示可知，about“关于”符合句意，标题句首字母大写。故填(A)bout。 2．句意：背对柔软灵活，使蚱蜢在飞行过程中能够快速平稳地改变方向。根据“The back pair is soft and flexible, which allows the grasshopper to change directions quickly and smoothly during...”可知，此处介绍背对在蚱蜢飞行中能够快速平稳地改变方向。空前during是介词，空处填名词或动名词，结合首字母提示，flight“飞行”，名词，符合句意。故填(f)light。 3．句意：这意味着他们很少会忽视任何即将到来的危险。根据“It’s because they have five eyes in total, which help them see in almost every direction.”可知，蚱蜢有五个眼睛，因此几乎可以规避来自任不同方向的危险。结合首字母提示可知，rarely“很少”，作副词，修饰动词miss。故填(r)arely。 4．句意：它通过用后腿摩擦前翅来产生声音，就像拉小提琴一样。根据“the sound by rubbing the back leg against its forewing,”可知，此处介绍蚱蜢如何发出声音。分析句子结构可知，空处缺少动词作谓语；结合首字母提示，produce“产生”符合句意，结合上下文可知，时态是一般现在时，主语it是单数第三人称，谓语动词用单三形式。故填(p)roduces。 5．句意：下次你在夏天听到唧唧声时，记住这是蚱蜢的情歌或警告。根据本段第一句“If you hear a pleasant chirp (唧唧声) on a summer night, it could be a male grasshopper trying to attract a female one, or ask other males to stay away.”可知，蚱蜢发出的唧唧声，是雄性蚱蜢的情歌或者对其他蚱蜢发出的警告。结合首字母提示可知，love“爱”，抽象名词，符合句意。故填(l)ove。 6．句意：有些蚱蜢喜欢小麦、玉米和棉花的味道——这些都是我们使用的东西，农民都不想失去。根据“Some grasshoppers like the taste of wheat, corn and cotton—all things we use and farmers hate to”可知，此处指农民们不想失去蚱蜢喜欢的那些农作物——小麦、玉米和棉花。结合首字母提示可知，lose“失去”符合句意，空前是不定式符号to，可知空处填动词原形。故填(l)ose。 7．句意：一种名为特恩布尔的蚱蜢通过吃杂草来帮助控制杂草的生长。根据“A type of grasshoppers called Turnbull helps...the growth of weeds (野草) by eating them.”可知，这种蚱蜢吃杂草可以控制杂草的生长。结合首字母提示，control“控制”符合句意，根据“help do sth”可知，空处填动词原形。故填(c)ontrol。 How do you describe the surface of one thing? Round, square, or smooth? You may have different answers. But we know that we can describe the earth’s surface through landforms (地形). A landform is a natural mixture of rock and soil found on the earth. Landforms come in different kinds of shapes and sizes. Mountains, small hills, plateaus and plains are the four main kinds of landforms. A landform might be as large as a land or as small as a pool. Landforms are made by some kinds of forces of nature. The force could be wind, water or ice. And it usually takes a very long time to form different landforms. It could be hundreds or thousands of years or even longer. For example, you may see many valleys (山谷). At first, there may have been only one high hill here, but over time, water and wind wore down (侵蚀) two or three sides of the high hill, and then created valleys. Most landforms are formed by water. These processes happen over a long time, sometimes even millions of years. What are the differences among the landforms? Valleys are usually found between hills or with many high mountains around. And there is usually a river at the bottom of the valleys. A delta (三角洲) is another landform created by water. Deltas can be found at the mouths of rivers. They are created when sand, soil and rock mix together. Hills and mountains are other landforms. A hill is raised land. A mountain is usually higher with a top. Most mountains are like towers but a few of them are like tables which have flat tops. 1．What are the four main kinds of landforms? ①mountains   ②lakes   ③plains   ④hills   ⑤plateaus   ⑥deltas A．①②③⑥ B．①③④⑤ C．①②③⑤ D．①②④⑥ 2．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 2? A．By asking a few questions about the surface of Earth. B．By comparing the forces of nature that can form the land. C．By listing the number of valleys that were formed by human. D．By giving an example about the slow but huge change in landforms. 3．How are landforms formed mostly? A．By water. B．By wind. C．By ice. D．By soil. 4．Where can you find a delta? A．B．C． D． 5．What is the writer’s purpose in writing the text? A．To show us why landforms are interesting. B．To tell us how to find landforms. C．To introduce different kinds of landforms. D．To discuss the relation between landforms and mountains. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了地球表面的地形及其形成过程。详细描述了山脉、丘陵、平原和高原四种主要地形，并解释了地形是如何通过自然力量在长时间内形成的。 1．细节理解题。根据“Mountains, small hills, plateaus and plains are the four main kinds of landforms.”可知，四种主要地形是山脉、丘陵、平原和高原，即①③④⑤。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“For example, you may see many valleys. At first, there may have been only one high hill here, but over time, water and wind wore down two or three sides of the high hill, and then created valleys.”可知，作者通过举例说明地形的缓慢但巨大的变化。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“Most landforms are formed by water.”可知，地形主要是由水形成的。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据“Deltas can be found at the mouths of rivers. They are created when sand, soil and rock mix together.”可知，三角洲位于河流的入海口，是沙子、土壤和岩石混合在一起形成的。图片D最符合。故选D。 5．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，作者通过介绍山脉、丘陵、平原和高原等地形，并解释地形的形成过程，旨在向读者介绍不同种类的地形。故选C。 Covered by snow and ice, Antarctica (南极洲) is the coldest and most mysterious (神秘的) continent on Earth. With so difficult conditions, why does this wild place still attract people to explore it? Despite all the difficulties, the Antarctic is a great place to research the land, ocean, air, ice shelves and biology. It also has rich sources like coal, fresh water and seafood. More than 30 countries have built research stations in the Antarctic. During the past 40 years, China has built five stations: Changcheng, Zhongshan, Taishan, Kunlun and Qinling. With an average temperature ranging from -25℃ to -30℃ all year round in the Antarctic, scientists there don’t have many choices for traveling. If the weather is good, scientists will go outside to collect samples (标本) of water, rocks and other things. But when it’s too cold or windy outside, which happens quite often, they have to stay indoors and work in the various laboratories (实验室) at their stations. Scientists in Antarctica can balance work with recreation very well. They have found many ways to relax. At Zhongshan Station, for example, there is a sports field where they can play basketball, volleyball and badminton. Zhongshan Station is not far from stations built by Russia, India and Australia. Sometimes, people from the four stations will meet and hold big parties and sports events. Although life in the Antarctic can be tough, people there get to learn more about the unknown world and appreciate the beauty of nature. That might be the best part of visiting the area. 1．How does the writer start this article? A．By talking about how cold and difficult Antarctica is. B．By asking why people are attracted to Antarctica. C．By listing the natural resources found in Antarctica. D．By telling the history of research stations in Antarctica. 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How scientists work in Antarctica. B．How terrible the weather in Antarctica is. C．What samples scientists collected. D．What indoor activities scientists have. 3．What does the underline word “recreation” mean in Paragraph 5? A．Daily tasks. B．Relaxing activities. C．Scientific research. D．Important experiments. 4．Why do scientists continue to explore Antarctica? A．Because they enjoy the cold weather there. B．Because there’s a lot of coal and water there. C．Because it’s fun to have parties and sports events in Antarctica. D．Because they are interested in the unknown and beautiful world. 5．What would be the best title for this article? A．Explore Antarctica. B．Vacation in Antarctica. C．Scientists in Antarctica. D．Build Stations in Antarctica. 【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D 5．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了南极洲的恶劣环境、科学研究、生活条件以及科学家们如何在工作与娱乐之间找到平衡。 1．细节理解题。根据“Covered by snow and ice, Antarctica (南极洲) is the coldest and most mysterious (神秘的) continent on Earth. With so difficult conditions, why does this wild place still attract people to explore it?”可推知，作者通过提问为什么人们被南极洲吸引来开始这篇文章。故选B。 2．主旨大意题。根据“With an average temperature ranging from -25℃ to -30℃ all year round in the Antarctic, scientists there don’t have many choices for traveling. If the weather is good, scientists will go outside to collect samples (标本) of water, rocks and other things. But when it’s too cold or windy outside, which happens quite often, they have to stay indoors and work in the various laboratories (实验室) at their stations.”可推知，第4段主要讲述了科学家们如何在南极洲工作。故选A。 3．词句猜测题。根据“Scientists in Antarctica can balance work with recreation very well. They have found many ways to relax.”可推知，南极的科学家们能够很好地平衡工作和娱乐。他们找到了许多放松的方式。“recreation”指的是放松的活动。故选B。 4．细节理解题。根据“Although life in the Antarctic can be tough, people there get to learn more about the unknown world and appreciate the beauty of nature. That might be the best part of visiting the area.”可推知，科学家们继续探索南极洲是因为他们对未知和美丽的世界感兴趣。故选D。 5．标题归纳题。根据文章内容，特别是第1段“why does this wild place still attract people to explore it?”以及最后一段“people there get to learn more about the unknown world and appreciate the beauty of nature.”可推知，文章主要讨论了探索南极洲的意义和科学家们的生活。因此，最佳标题是“探索南极洲”。故选A。 As climate change brings dangers to people, we are now facing another problem—underground climate change. With the development of cities, the rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up and deform (变形), reported a study team from Northwestern University, US. In the last three years, the team had put more than 150 temperature sensors (感应器) under Chicago. The temperatures they recorded were surprising. For example, air temperatures in underground can be up to 25°C higher than the normal ground temperature. After collecting information in Chicago, the team created computer models to see how temperatures will influence the ground until 2051. The models showed, when heated, the ground may go up by as much as 12 centimeters, or go down by as much as 0.8 centimeters. This may even cause the ground to break up, leaving people who live and work above in dangerous situations. However, Rotta Loria, who led the study, said in a report “it takes a long time to see the bad effects”. As scientists have already known a lot about underground climate change, future plans for cities should be considered. Materials that take in heat can be used to keep the heat from entering the ground. The team also pointed out that the rising temperature could be seen as an opportunity. City planners can try to collect heat underground and send it above for heating. 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．According to the passage, what may NOT happen to the ground when heated? A．It may go up. B．It may go down. C．It may break up. D．It may become smaller. 2．How does the writer express his idea in Paragraph 2? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By showing a picture. D．By giving an example. 3．What can we do to avoid the underground climate change? A．The number of people who take the underground should be limited. B．Fans should be fixed in the ground. C．The materials that can take in heat should be used. D．More sensors can be put in the ground to record the temperature. 4．What can we infer (推测) from the passage? A．The underground heat may be used to warm the house in winter. B．Climate change influences the underground temperature. C．The underground temperature has risen to 25°C． D．The rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up. 5．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．C 4．A 5．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了地下温度不断上升，给人们带来危险。然而科学家认为气温上升可以被视为一个机会。城市规划者可以尝试在地下收集热量，并将其输送到上面供暖。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“The models showed...in dangerous situations.”可知，地面受热时，地面可能上升，可能下降，甚至破裂。选项ABC都有可能发生，选项D“可能变小”未提及。故选D。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段“In the last three years, the team had put more than 150 temperature sensors (感应器) under Chicago.”可知，作者通过在芝加哥的研究这一实例表达观点。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“Materials that take in heat can be used to keep the heat from entering the ground.”可知，我们可以用吸热材料来避免地下温度升高。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“City planners can try to collect heat underground and send it above for heating.”可知，城市规划者可以尝试在地下收集热量，并将其输送到上面供暖。由此推断冬季可利用地下热量为房屋取暖。故选A。 5．篇章结构题。根据第一段“As climate change brings dangers to people, we are now facing another problem—underground climate change.”可知，第一段引出本文说明对象——地下温度不断地上升；根据第二段“With the development of cities, the rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up and deform”和第三段“The models showed...situations.”可知，二、三两段主要介绍了地下温度不断上升的消极影响，属于并列关系；根据第四段“Materials that take in heat can be used to keep the heat from entering the ground.”和第五段“The team also pointed out that the rising temperature could be seen as an opportunity.”可知，四、五两段介绍了地下温度不断上升的积极影响，属于并列关系，故选B。 For the people of Dahuangba village in Yunnan, wild Asian elephants were once a big problem. Living near the forest where elephants are, villagers often saw their crops (庄稼) eaten by these large animals. Some even faced scary moments, like being trapped in cars as elephants shook them. While it might be fun for the elephants, it was frightening for the locals. Because of this, many villagers used to dislike the elephants. However, things are now changing. New technologies, such as early warning apps that track the elephants, and a special team paying attention to their movements, are helping. Signs are also placed on roads to warn people when elephants are nearby. These signs tell people to stay away, not pass, not take photos, and never try to scare the elephants. Villager Tao Daqiang said the elephants often come to the farmland, especially during fall, because they know where the best food is. This problem is made worse because the village is close to the Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve (保护区), a large forest and one of the elephants’ main homes. Tao explained that almost everyone in the village has encountered (遇见) the elephants at some point. He believes the best way to live peacefully with them is for people and elephants to avoid each other as much as possible. After all, no encounter with a wild elephant is ever easy. 1．Why were wild Asian elephants once a big problem for people of Dahuangba? A．They broke cars in the forest. B．They were not fun to play with. C．They lived in people’s houses. D．They ate crops and scared villagers. 2．What do villagers do to change the situation? ①take photos    ②put up signs    ③start a special team    ④use early warning apps A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①②④ D．①③④ 3．Which of the following sign will you probably see in Dahuangba? A． B． C． D． 4．In which season do the elephants often visit the farmland? A．In spring. B．In summer. C．In autumn. D．In winter. 5．What does Tao think is the best way for elephants and people to live peacefully? A．Avoiding seeing each other. B．Putting the elephants in the zoo. C．People moving the village away. D．Bringing enough food to elephants. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．C 5．A 【导语】本文介绍了云南大荒坝村村民与野生亚洲象之间的冲突及通过新技术和措施改善这一情况的过程。 1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容，“... villagers often saw their crops eaten by these large animals. Some even faced scary moments, like being trapped in cars as elephants shook them.”可知，大象的问题主要体现在吃庄稼和吓到村民。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“New technologies, such as early warning apps that track the elephants, and a special team paying attention to their movements, are helping. Signs are also placed on roads to warn people...”可知，村民通过使用早期预警App、组建特别团队、以及设置警示标志来改变情况，没有提到拍照。选项B“②③④”符合，故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据“Signs are also placed on roads to warn people when elephants are nearby. These signs tell people to stay away, not pass, not take photos, and never try to scare the elephants.”可以推断，标志会警告人们远离大象、禁止拍照、不要试图惊吓大象等。选项C的标志“Do not enter, elephants nearby.”（禁止进入，大象附近）符合文意，故选C。 4．细节理解题。根据“The elephants often come to the farmland, especially during fall, because they know where the best food is.”可知，大象尤其在秋季来到农田，故选C。 5．细节理解题。根据“He believes the best way to live peacefully with them is for people and elephants to avoid each other as much as possible.”可知他认为最好的办法是尽可能避免人与大象的接触。故选A。 I never used to care about animals or the environment. But when I knew some animals were in danger, I changed my mind. I decided to look after them and protect them. I always enjoy watching the sea, so I joined an organization to protect loggerhead turtles last summer. I learned a lot about loggerhead turtles there. They are disappearing because people have built houses near the sandy beaches where loggerhead turtles lay their eggs. Also, baby loggerhead turtles sometimes need the moonlight to find the sea. But if there is a town near the beach, the baby loggerhead turtles will be misled (误导) by the lights and they may never reach the sea. In this case, they may die. Besides, loggerhead turtles may eat plastic rubbish from the town, which is harmful to their health. They need clean beaches to live safely. I had an interesting job. Every day, I searched for loggerhead turtle nests and counted the eggs in them. Then I put cages around the nests. At night, I checked the beach to make sure that no animals were trying to eat the eggs. I also cleaned the beach and helped baby loggerhead turtles return to the sea. It was great fun. Animals are our good friends, so we have the responsibility to protect them. A world without animals would be a “grey” world. Humans and animals should live together in harmony (和谐). 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．When did the writer join the organization? A．Last spring. B．Last summer. C．Last autumn. D．Last winter. 2．What is introduced in Paragraph 2 about loggerhead turtles? A．The way of cleaning the beaches. B．The result of protecting baby loggerhead turtles. C．The location of loggerhead turtles’ home. D．The reason for the disappearance of loggerhead turtles. 3．What did the writer put around the nests? A．Cages. B．Baby loggerhead turtles. C．Food. D．Loggerhead turtles’ eggs. 4．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To warn people not to swim in the sea. B．To call on more and more people to protect animals. C．To encourage people to join an organization actively. D．To show the relationship between humans and animals. 5．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．My Wonderful Summer Holiday B．The Importance of Protecting Wild Animals C．My Experience of Protecting Loggerhead Turtles D．The Habits of Loggerhead Turtles 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．B 5．C 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。主要介绍了作者对动物和环境保护从漠不关心到参与红海龟保护活动的经历。呼吁人们保护动物并与动物和谐相处。 1．细节理解题。根据“so I joined an organization to protect loggerhead turtles last summer.”可知，作者去年夏天加入了这个组织。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据“They are disappearing because people have built houses near the sandy beaches where loggerhead turtles lay their eggs.”可知，第二段介绍了红海龟消失的原因。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据“Then I put cages around the nests. ”可知，作家在红海龟巢周围放了笼子。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据“Animals are our good friends, so we have the responsibility to protect them. A world without animals would be a ‘grey’ world. Humans and animals should live together in harmony”可知，这篇文章主要是想呼吁越来越多的人保护动物。故选B。 5．最佳标题题。通读全文并根据最后一段可知，主要介绍了作者对动物和环境保护从漠不关心到参与海龟保护活动的经历。呼吁人们保护动物并与动物和谐相处。选项C“我保护红海龟的经历”最适合当标题。故选C。 Sperm whales (抹香鲸) may have taught each other how to avoid harpoon (鱼叉) when whalers began hunting them 200 years ago. A new study presents facts of social learning in the animals and offers a window into a form of whale culture. The research focused on 19th century whaler diaries from the North Pacific, which recorded details of hunts, such as the number of whales found or harpooned on a given sailing. Studies show that ship strike rate fell by 58% in less than two and half years after the whalers first arrived in the region. The researchers thought that the drop-off wasn’t due to other factors, for example, whalers chose to target weak whales. Instead, they believed that Sperm whales, which have the largest brains of any animal on the Earth and live in complex social structures, came to understand the danger and adapted to new escape strategies, such as swimming upwind of the wind-powered ships. This information was then shared, suggesting rapid social learning and real-time communication. This study helps to highlight that whales and dolphins have culture and social learning, says Hodgins, a researcher at Whale & Dolphin Protection. “There’s certainly an element of watch-and-learn in these animals, watching their parents’ behavior and then mimicking it.” Whaling hasn’t been allowed since the 1980s but tens of thousands of whales are still killed by humans every year. “Today, whales have to learn how to avoid boats and ship strikes,” Hodgins says. “We know that whales and dolphins are incredibly intelligent and must have complex social lives. This meaningful research not only proves that this happens, but hopefully means we can in turn protect them better.” 1．Why do sperm whales strike less often with ships? A．The whales can adopt new escape ways by social learning. B．Effective measures have been taken to protect the whales. C．The whales can keep away from ships’ tracking devices. D．Whalers have been changing their hunting targets. 2．What does the underlined word “mimicking” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Supporting. B．Changing. C．Copying. D．Improving. 3．What is Hodgins’ attitude to the research? A．Uncertain. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Uncaring. 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．The ship strike rate fell mainly because whalers chose to target weak whales. B．The research focused on the 18th century whaler diaries. C．This study shows whales and dolphins have social and culture learning. D．This research is meaningless for us to protect whales. 5．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Number of Sperm Whales Is on the Increase B．Whaling Business Is Driving Whales to Extinction C．Sperm Whales Are Adapting to Changing Ocean Conditions D．Smart Sperm Whales Can Teach Each Other to Survive Hunting 【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．C 5．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述一项基于19世纪北太平洋捕鲸者日记的研究，发现抹香鲸在200年前捕鲸活动开始后，通过社会学习采用新逃避策略减少与船只碰撞，体现鲸鱼和海豚的文化及社会学习能力，对保护鲸鱼有重要意义。 1．细节理解题。根据第三段“Instead, they believed that Sperm whales, which have the largest brains of any animal on the Earth and live in complex social structures, came to understand the danger and adapted to new escape strategies, such as swimming upwind of the wind-powered ships. This information was then shared, suggesting rapid social learning and real-time communication.”可知，抹香鲸通过社会学习采用了新的逃避方式，所以与船只碰撞减少。故选A。 2．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“whales and dolphins have culture and social learning”可知鲸鱼和海豚有文化和社会学习能力，再结合划线词所在句“There’s certainly an element of watch-and-learn in these animals, watching their parents’ behavior and then mimicking it.”，这里说动物有观察和学习的元素，观察父母行为然后……，可推测“mimicking”意思是“模仿”，选项C“复制”与之意思相近。故选C。 3．观点态度题。根据最后一段“This meaningful research not only proves that this happens, but hopefully means we can in turn protect them better.”可知，Hodgins认为这项研究有意义，能帮助更好保护鲸鱼，所以他对研究的态度是积极的。故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“This study helps to highlight that whales and dolphins have culture and social learning” 可知，鲸鱼和海豚有社会和文化学习能力。故选C。 5．最佳标题题。文章主要讲述了抹香鲸在200年前捕鲸者开始捕杀它们时，可能互相学习如何躲避鱼叉，体现了抹香鲸的聪明以及互相学习生存技能。故选D。 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 热点09 人与自然：气候危机下的共生之路 （天气、自然环境及动植物） 全球气候变暖引发极端天气频现，热浪、洪涝与干旱威胁生态系统平衡，推动“气候适应型城市”建设成为焦点。COP28等国际会议强化减排承诺，但南北国家责任分担争议犹存。 中国持续推进生态修复，云南亚洲象北迁、长江十年禁渔等案例彰显生物多样性保护成效，乡村生态旅游与“绿电”技术助力低碳转型。青少年通过校园气象站观测、AI识别濒危物种等项目，践行自然守护。 未来热点将围绕“自然资本”量化评估、气候难民权益及基因编辑技术在物种复活中的伦理争议。教育需深化“生态共情”，从记录天气日记到参与公民科学，引导青少年在科技与传统的交织中探索可持续发展智慧。 （建议用时：40分钟） 天气预报 文章 1 （2024·上海静安·二模）Read the passage and fill in the blanks with proper words.（在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给） The Answer Is In the Trees Dave Meko, a scientist at the University of Arizona, noticed that from 1999 to the following years it became drier and drier. And water levels in the huge Colorado River were dropping rapidly. This was the b 1 of a serious drought (干旱). Everyone began asking, “How long will it last?” Meko believed that he could find the answer in the trees. Meko is a tree-ring expert. He studies the rings within a tree to find information about climate change. Each year, a tree adds a new layer of wood. These layers look like a series of rings. During times of h 2 rainfall, a ring is wide. When there is a shortage of water, a ring is narrow. These rings are nature’s record of rainfall and climate change. Meko and his team quickly started a new research project. Their goal was to find out how long previous droughts lasted. The team collected as many old wood samples as possible. They tested wood samples from 1,200 years ago until the p 3 . When they examined the rings, the news about rainfall in the past was not good. Meko’s research showed that, the 20th century was an unusually wet time. Trees from this period had wide, healthy rings. Rain was plentiful d 4 that century, millions of people moved to the region. Before that time, however, the rings showed that droughts occurred on a regular basis. In fact, drought was part of the usual climate pattern. There were severe droughts in the 900s, the 1100s, and the late 1200s. Human history seems to s 5 Meko’s findings. The native Anasazi lived in this area for hundreds of years, starting around 500 AD．They were farmers and depended on water to grow their crops. However, at the end of the 13th century, the Anasazi s 6 left the area. Experts do not know exactly why the Anasazi left. They think it was because there was no longer enough water to farm. And Meko’s tree rings clearly show a serious drought at that time. How long will the current drought last? Using nature’s c 7 from the past, experts predict that this drought may continue for another 50 years. 文章 2 Do you know how weather influences our lives? Well, it influences where we go, what we do, and what we wear. And it also influences how we feel and behave. It is a big part of our lives! We often use weather language to describe how we feel. For example, if we are feeling ill, we say we are “under the weather”. If we are feeling stressed and busy, we can say that we are “snowed under”. We use “bad” weather (rainy, cold, etc.) to describe a bad feeling, and “good”weather (sunny, warm, etc.) to describe a good feeling. And that is not all. The weather can even change the way we feel! For example, sunlight helps our body to produce vitamin D (维生素D). This kind of vitamin can improve our feelings. But some parts of the world get less sunlight in winter, so people can feel unusually sad. However, when it is hot, some people may get angry easily too! Scientists are still studying how the weather changes people’s feelings and behaviours (行为). If we spend too much time inside, we can’t get enough fresh air or sunlight. It can make us feel down. It is very important to go outside once in a while, no matter how the weather is, rainy or sunny! 1．How does the writer start the passage? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By listing a number. D．By giving an example. 2．What can sunlight help our body produce? A．Vitamin B． B．Vitamin C． C．Vitamin D． D． Vitamin E. 3．When may people get angry easily according to the passage? A．When it’s rainy. B．When it’s hot. C．When it’s snowy. D．When it’s cold. 4．What are the scientists studying? A．The four seasons. B．Different kinds of vitamins. C．Some parts of the world. D．The influence of the weather on people. 5．What does the writer advise us to do? A．Eat Vitamins. B．Describe the weather. C．Go outside sometimes. D．Know about our feelings. 自然景观及灾害防范 文章 1 The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world. It covers over nine million square kilometers across North Africa. The weather there can be very different in a day’s time. During the day, temperatures rise above 40℃, while nights can be very cold. It is one of the toughest (艰难的) environments on Earth. The Sahara is as big as Canada but has very few people. Less than two and a half million people live there, most of them nomads. Nomads are people who have no permanent (固定的) homes. They move from place to place, carrying everything they need to live. The nomads of the Sahara are called Bedouin, which means “desert people”. They depend on goats, sheep, and camels for food and transport. Water is the most important for them, they need water to live, so they must carry enough water or know where to find it. Without water, life is impossible. A desert is not defined (定义) by sand but by the lack of rain. To be a desert, a place must get less than 250 mm of rain each year. Surprisingly, only 25% of the Sahara is covered in sand. The rest is rock and gravel (砂砾). Long ago, the Sahara was covered in ice and later turned into grasslands. Over time, it became the desert we see today. Truly, the Sahara is a place of history and change. 1．Where is the Sahara? A．In North Asia. B．In North Africa. C．In North Canada. D．In North America. 2．What does the underlined word “nomads” probably mean? A．农耕民族 B．渔猎民族 C．定居民族 D．游牧民族 3．Which of the following is TRUE about Bedouin? A．The word means people who love deserts. B．Bedouin uses cars and trucks to get around. C．The most important thing for Bedouin is water. D．Life is impossible without goats, sheep and camels. 4．According to the text, what is a desert? A．A place that has nomads living in it. B．A place that is very hot and dry all year round. C．A place that has more than 25% sand on its surface. D．A place that gets less than 250 mm of rain every year. 5．What is the passage about? A．Facts about Sahara. B．The people of Sahara. C．The weather of Sahara. D．The history of Sahara. 文章2 In early 2008, it was still winter in the northern hemisphere, but because of the “La Niña” phenomenon, southern China had a lot of humid (潮湿) air. This met with cold air from the north, especially south of the Yangtze River. Normally, in the spring, this mix of air can lead to heavy rains, but since it was winter, the humid air met the cold weather and caused a lot of snow and freezing temperatures in southern China. Snow is very rare in most parts of southern China, and people there usually worry about droughts (干旱) or floods, not snow or ice. But in early January 2008, snow started to fall in some southern areas. People were surprised at first, but when strong winds mixed with the snow, it turned into a disaster. Starting in January, over 20 provinces in central and western China had heavy snow for nearly a month. The snow and ice caused serious problems with transportation, electricity, and communications. The snow was followed by ice, which was even worse. The ice built up, causing buildings to collapse, cars to freeze, and roads to block (封锁). In some areas, the power lines broke, and trains could not run. Chenzhou in southern Hunan was one of the worst-hit places. The city lost electricity, and everything stopped. As the Spring Festival came, millions of people were stuck in trains or at train stations. The roads were blocked, and food and water were hard to find. The government quickly sent rescue teams to help, and people worked together to survive. The snowstorm affected millions of people and caused great damage. But it led to big improvements in China’s infrastructure (基建). It helped develop stronger power lines, more high-speed trains, and better weather forecasting. These changes have made disaster management easier and reduced the risk of future problems. 1．What caused the snowstorm in southern China in early 2008? A．The “La Niña” phenomenon. B．Heavy rains during the winter season. C．Strong winds from the north. D．A change in seasonal weather patterns. 2．What was unusual about the snowstorm in southern China? A．It happened in summer. B．Snow is rare in southern China. C．It mainly affected northern China. D．It was caused by a typhoon. 3．What was the main impact of the snowstorm on transportation? A．Trains stopped running, and roads were blocked. B．More trains were added to help with transportation. C．Flights became more frequent in affected areas. D．People could travel by bus more easily. 4．What improvements were made in China after the snowstorm? A．More high-speed trains, stronger power lines, and better weather forecasting. B．Roads were built higher to prevent flooding and improve safety. C．The government started building more schools to improve education. D．Enough Food and water were well prepared in case of disasters. 5．What does the last paragraph teach us? A．Weather forecasting is not important for disaster management. B．Snowstorms always cause very serious damage. C．The government should focus on better healthcare. D．Disasters can lead to positive changes and improvements. 文章3 （23-24九年级上·上海长宁·期末）在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺。每空格限填一词，首字母已给。 Every year, thousands of people’s lives are affected by disasters. This week the editor Becky in News Magazine i 1 a disaster survivor Fiona. Becky: Fiona, you were in a cyclone (龙卷风). Where was that? Fiona: In north Australia, in Normanton. That’s where I live. Becky: What did you do when the cyclone arrived? Fiona: We all stayed inside, in the basement, because that’s the s 2 place. We could hear the storm coming closer and closer. The noise was awful. At one point there was a really loud noise. I thought: “That’s it! It’s going to destroy the house!” I was s 3 . Becky: And what happened after the cyclone? Fiona: There were terrible floods. More than 360 millimetres of rain fell in just twenty-four hours. The army had to bring food and water to the whole area by plane and helicopter. The s 4 thing was that waves from the coast and rivers flooded the land and carried three crocodiles to near my house! One of my neighbours hit a crocodile with his car—it was 1.6 metres long. Becky: Really? That’s hard to believe! So is everything b 5 to normal again now? Fiona: Not really. The floods have gone, but they destroyed a lot of homes and farms. It’s going to cost at least 110 million dollars to repair the damage. Becky: Is the w 6 usually this bad? Fiona: No, but this summer was very hot. If it stays hot, there will probably be another cyclone. All the experts say that the chances of the extreme temperatures and heavy rain will i 7 because of climate change. 人与动植物 文章 1 There’s nothing better than a walk in the countryside for lifting our spirits. Connecting with nature can help our mental health (心理健康). For many people, it feels great to take a walk through a forest, but as we admire the trees around us, it’s worth knowing these trees are doing more than just being nice things to look at. We have already noticed that trees play an important role in taking care of our world—they produce oxygen and clean the air we breathe by taking in about a quarter of all human-caused carbon dioxide emissions (二氧化碳排放). But there’s more to these trees than we might think. Researchers have discovered that they are actually very smart. It’s thought that trees use a fungal network (真菌网络) to talk and share resources right under our feet. Under the ground are tree roots, bacteria and super fine threads of fungi. And research has shown that they are all mixed together. They can help each other by sharing “food”, and they can even tell them some coming dangers. Scientists say it’s like the trees are talking to one another. Ecologist Suzanne Simard has called this network the Wood Wide Web. She discovered that parent trees use this network to help their children. She also found that trees are smart enough to change their behaviour to live in a changing environment. So it seems trees really are the stars of our natural world, and with around three trillion of them on our planet, it’s time to show them some respect if we want them to grow better. 1．What can trees do in taking care of our world according to paragraph 2? ① Produce oxygen. ② Clean the air. ③ Produce carbon dioxide. ④ Provide food. A．①② B．②③ C．①④ D．②④ 2．What does the underlined word “they” in paragraph 3 refer to? A．Scientists. B．Ecologists. C．Trees. D．Humans. 3．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? A．Ecologist Suzanne Simard does quite a lot of research on mental health. B．It’s thought that trees talk and share resources by using a fungal network. C．Trees take in three quarters of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions. D．Trees never change their behavior to live in a changing environment. 4．Where can we probably read this passage? A．In a book review. B．In a travel guide. C．In a medical report. D．In a science magazine. 5．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Ways to Clean Air B．The Importance of Trees C．Ways to Protect Nature D．Planting Trees More 文章 2 （2025·上海普陀·一模）在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给。 They are summer-time singers. They’re found everywhere except in the North and South Poles. And even though they’re common, they’re also quite fascinating. Who are they? Grasshoppers! A 1 Body Grasshoppers have an exoskeleton which means the skeleton is on the outside of their body. They have two sets of wings. The front pair is hard and strong, like a shell. The back pair is soft and flexible, which allows the grasshopper to change directions quickly and smoothly during f 2 . The grasshopper also has three pairs of very strong legs. They use these to walk and to jump 20 times their own body length. Imagine if you could do that! Have you ever tried to catch a grasshopper? You won’t even have a chance. It’s because they have five eyes in total, which help them see in almost every direction. This means they can r 3 miss noticing any danger coming. Music Makers If you hear a pleasant chirp (唧唧声) on a summer night, it could be a male grasshopper trying to attract a female one, or ask other males to stay away. It p 4 the sound by rubbing the back leg against its forewing, just like playing the violin. Next time you hear the chirping sound in summer, remember it’s a grasshopper’s l 5 song or a warning call. Friend or enemy? Some grasshoppers like the taste of wheat, corn and cotton—all things we use and farmers hate to l 6 . In fact, a large group of grasshoppers called locusts can quickly and easily eat up a farmer’s crops in just a few minutes. However, not all grasshoppers are monsters. A type of grasshoppers called Turnbull helps c 7 the growth of weeds (野草) by eating them. The Two-Striped grasshoppers eat plants that are harmful to cows. How do you describe the surface of one thing? Round, square, or smooth? You may have different answers. But we know that we can describe the earth’s surface through landforms (地形). A landform is a natural mixture of rock and soil found on the earth. Landforms come in different kinds of shapes and sizes. Mountains, small hills, plateaus and plains are the four main kinds of landforms. A landform might be as large as a land or as small as a pool. Landforms are made by some kinds of forces of nature. The force could be wind, water or ice. And it usually takes a very long time to form different landforms. It could be hundreds or thousands of years or even longer. For example, you may see many valleys (山谷). At first, there may have been only one high hill here, but over time, water and wind wore down (侵蚀) two or three sides of the high hill, and then created valleys. Most landforms are formed by water. These processes happen over a long time, sometimes even millions of years. What are the differences among the landforms? Valleys are usually found between hills or with many high mountains around. And there is usually a river at the bottom of the valleys. A delta (三角洲) is another landform created by water. Deltas can be found at the mouths of rivers. They are created when sand, soil and rock mix together. Hills and mountains are other landforms. A hill is raised land. A mountain is usually higher with a top. Most mountains are like towers but a few of them are like tables which have flat tops. 1．What are the four main kinds of landforms? ①mountains   ②lakes   ③plains   ④hills   ⑤plateaus   ⑥deltas A．①②③⑥ B．①③④⑤ C．①②③⑤ D．①②④⑥ 2．How does the writer develop his idea in Paragraph 2? A．By asking a few questions about the surface of Earth. B．By comparing the forces of nature that can form the land. C．By listing the number of valleys that were formed by human. D．By giving an example about the slow but huge change in landforms. 3．How are landforms formed mostly? A．By water. B．By wind. C．By ice. D．By soil. 4．Where can you find a delta? A．B．C． D． 5．What is the writer’s purpose in writing the text? A．To show us why landforms are interesting. B．To tell us how to find landforms. C．To introduce different kinds of landforms. D．To discuss the relation between landforms and mountains. Covered by snow and ice, Antarctica (南极洲) is the coldest and most mysterious (神秘的) continent on Earth. With so difficult conditions, why does this wild place still attract people to explore it? Despite all the difficulties, the Antarctic is a great place to research the land, ocean, air, ice shelves and biology. It also has rich sources like coal, fresh water and seafood. More than 30 countries have built research stations in the Antarctic. During the past 40 years, China has built five stations: Changcheng, Zhongshan, Taishan, Kunlun and Qinling. With an average temperature ranging from -25℃ to -30℃ all year round in the Antarctic, scientists there don’t have many choices for traveling. If the weather is good, scientists will go outside to collect samples (标本) of water, rocks and other things. But when it’s too cold or windy outside, which happens quite often, they have to stay indoors and work in the various laboratories (实验室) at their stations. Scientists in Antarctica can balance work with recreation very well. They have found many ways to relax. At Zhongshan Station, for example, there is a sports field where they can play basketball, volleyball and badminton. Zhongshan Station is not far from stations built by Russia, India and Australia. Sometimes, people from the four stations will meet and hold big parties and sports events. Although life in the Antarctic can be tough, people there get to learn more about the unknown world and appreciate the beauty of nature. That might be the best part of visiting the area. 1．How does the writer start this article? A．By talking about how cold and difficult Antarctica is. B．By asking why people are attracted to Antarctica. C．By listing the natural resources found in Antarctica. D．By telling the history of research stations in Antarctica. 2．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How scientists work in Antarctica. B．How terrible the weather in Antarctica is. C．What samples scientists collected. D．What indoor activities scientists have. 3．What does the underline word “recreation” mean in Paragraph 5? A．Daily tasks. B．Relaxing activities. C．Scientific research. D．Important experiments. 4．Why do scientists continue to explore Antarctica? A．Because they enjoy the cold weather there. B．Because there’s a lot of coal and water there. C．Because it’s fun to have parties and sports events in Antarctica. D．Because they are interested in the unknown and beautiful world. 5．What would be the best title for this article? A．Explore Antarctica. B．Vacation in Antarctica. C．Scientists in Antarctica. D．Build Stations in Antarctica. As climate change brings dangers to people, we are now facing another problem—underground climate change. With the development of cities, the rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up and deform (变形), reported a study team from Northwestern University, US. In the last three years, the team had put more than 150 temperature sensors (感应器) under Chicago. The temperatures they recorded were surprising. For example, air temperatures in underground can be up to 25°C higher than the normal ground temperature. After collecting information in Chicago, the team created computer models to see how temperatures will influence the ground until 2051. The models showed, when heated, the ground may go up by as much as 12 centimeters, or go down by as much as 0.8 centimeters. This may even cause the ground to break up, leaving people who live and work above in dangerous situations. However, Rotta Loria, who led the study, said in a report “it takes a long time to see the bad effects”. As scientists have already known a lot about underground climate change, future plans for cities should be considered. Materials that take in heat can be used to keep the heat from entering the ground. The team also pointed out that the rising temperature could be seen as an opportunity. City planners can try to collect heat underground and send it above for heating. 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．According to the passage, what may NOT happen to the ground when heated? A．It may go up. B．It may go down. C．It may break up. D．It may become smaller. 2．How does the writer express his idea in Paragraph 2? A．By telling a story. B．By asking a question. C．By showing a picture. D．By giving an example. 3．What can we do to avoid the underground climate change? A．The number of people who take the underground should be limited. B．Fans should be fixed in the ground. C．The materials that can take in heat should be used. D．More sensors can be put in the ground to record the temperature. 4．What can we infer (推测) from the passage? A．The underground heat may be used to warm the house in winter. B．Climate change influences the underground temperature. C．The underground temperature has risen to 25°C． D．The rising underground temperature is causing the ground to heat up. 5．Which of the following shows the structure of the passage? A． B． C． D． For the people of Dahuangba village in Yunnan, wild Asian elephants were once a big problem. Living near the forest where elephants are, villagers often saw their crops (庄稼) eaten by these large animals. Some even faced scary moments, like being trapped in cars as elephants shook them. While it might be fun for the elephants, it was frightening for the locals. Because of this, many villagers used to dislike the elephants. However, things are now changing. New technologies, such as early warning apps that track the elephants, and a special team paying attention to their movements, are helping. Signs are also placed on roads to warn people when elephants are nearby. These signs tell people to stay away, not pass, not take photos, and never try to scare the elephants. Villager Tao Daqiang said the elephants often come to the farmland, especially during fall, because they know where the best food is. This problem is made worse because the village is close to the Xishuangbanna National Nature Reserve (保护区), a large forest and one of the elephants’ main homes. Tao explained that almost everyone in the village has encountered (遇见) the elephants at some point. He believes the best way to live peacefully with them is for people and elephants to avoid each other as much as possible. After all, no encounter with a wild elephant is ever easy. 1．Why were wild Asian elephants once a big problem for people of Dahuangba? A．They broke cars in the forest. B．They were not fun to play with. C．They lived in people’s houses. D．They ate crops and scared villagers. 2．What do villagers do to change the situation? ①take photos    ②put up signs    ③start a special team    ④use early warning apps A．①②③ B．②③④ C．①②④ D．①③④ 3．Which of the following sign will you probably see in Dahuangba? A． B． C． D． 4．In which season do the elephants often visit the farmland? A．In spring. B．In summer. C．In autumn. D．In winter. 5．What does Tao think is the best way for elephants and people to live peacefully? A．Avoiding seeing each other. B．Putting the elephants in the zoo. C．People moving the village away. D．Bringing enough food to elephants. I never used to care about animals or the environment. But when I knew some animals were in danger, I changed my mind. I decided to look after them and protect them. I always enjoy watching the sea, so I joined an organization to protect loggerhead turtles last summer. I learned a lot about loggerhead turtles there. They are disappearing because people have built houses near the sandy beaches where loggerhead turtles lay their eggs. Also, baby loggerhead turtles sometimes need the moonlight to find the sea. But if there is a town near the beach, the baby loggerhead turtles will be misled (误导) by the lights and they may never reach the sea. In this case, they may die. Besides, loggerhead turtles may eat plastic rubbish from the town, which is harmful to their health. They need clean beaches to live safely. I had an interesting job. Every day, I searched for loggerhead turtle nests and counted the eggs in them. Then I put cages around the nests. At night, I checked the beach to make sure that no animals were trying to eat the eggs. I also cleaned the beach and helped baby loggerhead turtles return to the sea. It was great fun. Animals are our good friends, so we have the responsibility to protect them. A world without animals would be a “grey” world. Humans and animals should live together in harmony (和谐). 根据材料内容选择最佳答案。 1．When did the writer join the organization? A．Last spring. B．Last summer. C．Last autumn. D．Last winter. 2．What is introduced in Paragraph 2 about loggerhead turtles? A．The way of cleaning the beaches. B．The result of protecting baby loggerhead turtles. C．The location of loggerhead turtles’ home. D．The reason for the disappearance of loggerhead turtles. 3．What did the writer put around the nests? A．Cages. B．Baby loggerhead turtles. C．Food. D．Loggerhead turtles’ eggs. 4．What’s the purpose of the text? A．To warn people not to swim in the sea. B．To call on more and more people to protect animals. C．To encourage people to join an organization actively. D．To show the relationship between humans and animals. 5．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．My Wonderful Summer Holiday B．The Importance of Protecting Wild Animals C．My Experience of Protecting Loggerhead Turtles D．The Habits of Loggerhead Turtles Sperm whales (抹香鲸) may have taught each other how to avoid harpoon (鱼叉) when whalers began hunting them 200 years ago. A new study presents facts of social learning in the animals and offers a window into a form of whale culture. The research focused on 19th century whaler diaries from the North Pacific, which recorded details of hunts, such as the number of whales found or harpooned on a given sailing. Studies show that ship strike rate fell by 58% in less than two and half years after the whalers first arrived in the region. The researchers thought that the drop-off wasn’t due to other factors, for example, whalers chose to target weak whales. Instead, they believed that Sperm whales, which have the largest brains of any animal on the Earth and live in complex social structures, came to understand the danger and adapted to new escape strategies, such as swimming upwind of the wind-powered ships. This information was then shared, suggesting rapid social learning and real-time communication. This study helps to highlight that whales and dolphins have culture and social learning, says Hodgins, a researcher at Whale & Dolphin Protection. “There’s certainly an element of watch-and-learn in these animals, watching their parents’ behavior and then mimicking it.” Whaling hasn’t been allowed since the 1980s but tens of thousands of whales are still killed by humans every year. “Today, whales have to learn how to avoid boats and ship strikes,” Hodgins says. “We know that whales and dolphins are incredibly intelligent and must have complex social lives. This meaningful research not only proves that this happens, but hopefully means we can in turn protect them better.” 1．Why do sperm whales strike less often with ships? A．The whales can adopt new escape ways by social learning. B．Effective measures have been taken to protect the whales. C．The whales can keep away from ships’ tracking devices. D．Whalers have been changing their hunting targets. 2．What does the underlined word “mimicking” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Supporting. B．Changing. C．Copying. D．Improving. 3．What is Hodgins’ attitude to the research? A．Uncertain. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Uncaring. 4．What can we infer from the passage? A．The ship strike rate fell mainly because whalers chose to target weak whales. B．The research focused on the 18th century whaler diaries. C．This study shows whales and dolphins have social and culture learning. D．This research is meaningless for us to protect whales. 5．What can be the best title for the text? A．The Number of Sperm Whales Is on the Increase B．Whaling Business Is Driving Whales to Extinction C．Sperm Whales Are Adapting to Changing Ocean Conditions D．Smart Sperm Whales Can Teach Each Other to Survive Hunting 1 / 2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$